Masters of Architectural Science Sustainable Design Principles DESC9147
Ragin Shah
Table of Contents
Introduction Case study - Solarsiedlung Freiburg Site climate conditions and options Site analysis
Location Methodology Climate Sustainable design Strategies Sustainable design principles House design Landscape
The design development Material selection criteria Daylight comfort analysis Energy consumption
Site planning and zoning References Appendix - 1 Drawings, Elevation and Sections
Appendix - 2 Simulation results
Sustainable Design Principles
Introduction Sustainable architecture can be achieved by using “best of old and best of new’’ (Lechner, 2014). Ideas of sustainability can flourish with the modern technology and traditional ideas and methods. Since Buildings are the highest contributors of carbon and energy consumption, but if the building designed correctly can be the least contributor of carbon emissions and lot of energy can be saved and recycled/reused from the building embodied energy. Lot of opportunity lies within the environment which can be used to conserve tremendous amount of energy in any building. Microclimate of any space is the most important aspect for built environment and has the maximum potential and acts as a base for energy consumption. Use of available materials locally for building can contribute in the total cost reductions of the building with reducing the carbon emissions involved in the transportation and use of efficient and minimum resources for living can make a drastic change in the energy consumption of any building. This could be possible with energy efficient buildings and involvement of the user. This report aims to showcase the relation between the sustainability principles and microclimate of the design. How design can affect a building towards the energy consumption, Solarsiedlung in freiburg designed by Rolf dish is a marvel in solar passive design. Using the same building which has been designed with certain specifications and needs according to its micro-climate, the idea is to see how can we make alterations in its specifications, design and materials to make it sustainable in Sydney according to its micro-climate. Since Sydney being by proximity of ocean the climate shifts from mild and cool in winter to warm and hot in the summer, with no extreme seasonal differences as compared to Freiburg one of the warmest and sunniest regions of Germany with approximately 1800 hours of sunshine per year with average temperature lower than Sydney. In this report, the design strategies and principles applied for designing solarsiedlung are identified and analysed and modified based on the given site in Sydney. Recommendations are given to : a. Optimise site orientation in relation to climate. b. Optimise current settlement form in relation to climate. c. Optimise individual building plan and section to reduce energy consumption and improve comfort. d. Consider building services will reduce energy consumption and improve comfort. e. Optimise the shading. f. Improve the environmental performance of the materials. g. Improve the water saving measures for the building.
Sustainable Design Principles
Case Study, Solarsiedlung, Freiburg. Solarsiedlung is located in a Quartier Vauban area, about 260 m above sea level. It is surrounded by mountains to the east and the south. The settlement has passive design strategies composed and designed for energy efficiency and using sun for energy generation, The electricity generated by the PV panels on the roof of 52 houses and the sunship building is fed into the grid and extracted as per the use and requirement, any additional electricity in winter due to maximum use of heating appliances is provided by wood chip fuelled power station. The solar passive strategies includes south facing roofs supported by galvanised steel structure, large overhangs of the roof provide shading during summer and allows penetration of sun during winters to increase solar heat gain. Electricity and heating consumption is monitored by conventionally installed instruments in the houses which provides data of 24 households and 20 house data on heating and electricity, Indoor climate and domestic hot water consumption (Heinze & Voss, 2009). Occupants participate by giving their feedback where they enjoy living in solar home and contribute to resource efficient lifestyle. Materials and Construction U-values Reinforced concrete structure Timber post and beam Triple glazed windows Vacuum insulated panels Ventilation and Heat recovery
Exterior walls 0.12 W/m2K Floors 0.16 W/m2K Roofs 0.11 W/m2K G value glass › 55%
Figure : Interactive 3d model of solarsiedlung, Freiburg, Germany
Sustainable Design Principles
Sustainable Design Principles
Site climate conditions and options Car park, Skelton Street Darwin, NT.
Darwin situated in the Northern Territory have just two seasons: the Wet and the Dry. The Wet is summer (November-April) when the region is hot, humid and rainy, while the Dry (May-October) is almost as warm, but not nearly so humid with precipitation average of 68 inches annually. Car park, University of Sydney.
Sydney situated in the south east coast is humid subtropical, shifting from mild and cool in winter to warm and hot in the summer with precipitation average of 1222 inches annually.
Car park, NPWS MSU Admin & Visitor Centre, Perisher.
Perisher has a subpolar oceanic climate with cool summers and cold winter with precipitation average of 77 inches annually. Source : www.weatherzone.com.au/climate and Google Earth Sustainable Design Principles
Location Since the climate of sydney varies throughout the year with warm days in summer and cooler days during the winter time, Sydney tends to be more opportunistic to explore the design strategies used for solarsiedlung, Freiburg. Perisher being cold climate the strategies used at Freiburg could be pretty similar and Darwin being hot the strategies and building envelope needs large and variety of refinement. Design strategies of Sydney could be implied on any site with different climate throughout Australia as it will cater strategies in relation to hot and cold climate. The selected site being situated around the University of Sydney campus can cater the needs of students as well as families who can live in a passive designed home with maximum energy efficiency and less consumption of energy. The base concept of this report is to redesign Solarsiedlung in Sydney according to the micro-climate using maximum applications possible and require to generate a passive living and built a community which contributes to resource efficient life style with occupant’s participation, feedback and monitoring which is practiced similarly in Solarsiedlung. The data can be compared with Solarsiedlung can could be used for other research purposes.
Methodology Site analysis Environmental Performance Benchmarks and Targets Design strategies and principles Draft proposal of individual house Material considerations Energy consumption of individual house Design of the settlement Landscaping Energy saving measures Water conservation measures Waste management Occupants participation
Sustainable Design Principles
Climate Sydney’s latitude and longitude are 33.86°S and 151.21°E respectively, with an elevation of 39 m above sea level (Australian Bureau of Meteorology data for Observatory Hill meteorological site). In the warm temperate Sydney climate there are 4 distinct seasons, with spring and autumn weather usually within the human comfort range. The mild winters have low humidity and the hot summers have moderate to high humidity along the coast and temperatures during summer and winter can exceed the threshold of human thermal comfort. In summer (December - February), average maximum temperatures are around 26°C. It can also be humid at this time with an average humidity of 65 per cent. Average maximum temperatures in the winter months (June-August) are around 16°C. This temperature is around 5-6°C below comfort zone. The radiation range shows that in summer the radiation that hit directly perpendicular and parallel to surface is around 3,000 to 4,000 Wh/m2 per day, and in winter is around 2000-3000 Wh/m2 per day. The global horizontal radiation is lower and have higher standard deviation compared to direct normal radiation. The sun shading chart shows that during summer the shading is required to protect the building from heat gain and in winter the building needs more sun exposure togain heat from the sun. Moreover the shading needs to be controlled according to the season. The wind wheel shows the characteristic of wind throughout the year. Most dominant wind is blown from NE for most of the hours with wind speed of almost 12m/s, Most powerful wind blows from the west with avg velocity of more than 15m/s. The winds from the east are cooler as compared to the winds from the west. The psychrometric chart shows that climate condition range in Sydney is mostly distributed in a range of below 18°C and above 26°C. Some effort needed to shift the condition into the ASHRAE Standard 55 Model range. The most adaptive comfort improvement that can be achieved (50%) is by doing internal heat gain, (20%) solar heat gain and increasing the ventilation (20%).
Figure : Temprature Range
Figure : Radiation Range
Figure : Sun Shading
Figure : Psychrometric Chart
Figure : Wind Wheel
Figure : Sky Cover Range
Sustainable Design Principles
Figure : Site and surroundings
Afternoon/ Evening Breeze
Winter Winds
Morning Breeze Figure : Site analysis with Sun path and Wind direction
Sustainable Design Principles
Sustainable strategies Adaptable housing design All the house can function as a house with 3 bedroom or each floor can be used as a studio, The concept is to have simple planning for efficient living and minimal ground footprint which will allow less use of energy for heating, cooling and ventilation purpose Energy conservation The building envelopes are designed to facilitate development that minimises energy consumption for heating and cooling. Houses built within the building envelopes will maximise access to winter solar gain and enable natural cooling ventilation in summer Sitting The dwellings are aligned in free form according to the sun path to maximize number of houses in the site, The houses are specifically laid on high level to achieve maximum sun and equal solar gain to all the house and to avoid shadows from the adjacent building. All houses have front yard and backyard with community organic farm on north east end of the site. Pond is located in the centre of the site where the level of the site is minimum to conserve and channel stormwater. Residential development is located on higher grounds in the site (Roberts 2012). Orientation and winter solar gain The houses are designed to maximise the solar heat gain in winters which reduces heating energy consumption, the orientation of houses are towards the north, The living rooms and bedrooms occupy the frontal edge of the house. Buildings height and Winter Sun setback line are aligned at an angle from the horizontal, measured from a point ground level on the south boundary which doesn’t allow the casting of shadows on other buildings Ventilation, zoning and sealing For effective air movement during summers, effective natural ventilation using courtyard and wind tower on the east facade in relation to the zoning of the spaces assist in reduction of cooling energy. All the openings are sealed to allow minimum infiltration Cross-flow ventilation throughout the dwelling. Vertical stack effect by ventilating through courtyard upwards, and / or through high and low level windows. Construction and Building materials To restrict heat flow from and to the internal spaces, Building materials are used which can insulate against the flow of heat. Plumbing lines for Hot water to and from the showers and basin to be planned openly which will allow heating through radiation inside the houses near the service core. Appliances and utilities Low energy consumption, low carbon emitting appliances are installed, Appliances should consume less water.
Sustainable Design Principles
Renewable energy supply Using PV panels of 45m2 on each house will produce greenhouse free electricity. PV cells to be connected with the electricity grid with meter, all extra electricity generated in sent back to the grid to electricity retailers. All the electricity bills will show energy used and energy produced . Electricity load limiters Residents can set the load limit according to their selection of appliances. The cost can be minimised with reducing the load limit. This will generate active participation of the residents in contributing energy efficient living . Water All the terraces and roof to be used for rainwater conservation. The site is excavated and designed to collect the stormwater and all houses will be installed with rainwater tanks with backflow prevention and overflow pipe which is connected to the pond within the site, which can be recycled and reused for washing and irrigation. Efficient appliances and fittings (e.g. taps) and “low water use landscape� design will further minimise the amount of water used. Drinking water to be provided by Sydney water mains. Wastewater: Greywater from all the units collected and treated in centralised system on site and then reticulated to units for use for toilet flushing, laundry and above ground irrigation use and black water discharged to sewer (Roberts 2012). Earth work and waste management The removal of earth from the site is used to terrace some parts of the site for orchards, nursery and vegetable gardens and for construction of pond. Kitchen and garden organic waste directed into nutrient-rich compost pit, for use in community organic farm and private gardens. This organic waste is recycled into farm to produce fruit, vegetables and flowers (Roberts 2012).
Sustainable Design Principles
House design Modular eco green character All the houses have a front yard where landscaping could be selected from the planting list provided, Moreover on-site organic farming to be practised by the community depending on the season and produce which could be later used by the occupants or sold out at monthly market which will be on site by the community. Built form The houses to have diverse character with use of different colors and decoration by the users, users can choose the way they want to change the character of the house depending on their interest and profiles. Dwellings and connections with the site The dwelling can be connected by the front passage if it's a studio block, which will provide a sense of communal living. Fencing and boundary walls No boundary walls to be used to designate outdoor spaces. Site to be fenced using small bushes and shrubs or timber frame. Services Central gas powered heating system as main generator to be used for hot water demand, cogeneration with wood chip-powered generator, supported by gas and oil boilers when heating demand is increased.
Landscape All landscape should be responding to the Design approach with open Front gardens. Amenities like compost bay, water connection to be provided in Backyard and garden Farmland and bush to be conserved, which will produce buffer and screening from other buildings and surrounding, which will enhance the character of the space. Planting selection Planting list to be provided according to the provision for the growth of each species, particularly based on the foliage and size of trees, bushes and shrubs. Irrigation At the organic farm, Automated control of watering is used which will control the exact need of water requirement.
Sustainable Design Principles
The Design Overall project is to achieve the efficiency in the performance as well as design. Individual houses will cater the needs of the individual and the settlement overall will cater needs for the community living. Modular design for individual house to be used which can be transformed freely depending on the need. All houses can work or transformed into studio Performance of each individual house to be simulated by using reference model with minimum requirements for passive design house according to the BCA. The best outcome with the orientation, materials and openings in respect to the simulation to be used for the further development of the project. Use of renewable resources is another major key aspects, Solar energy using PV panels and biogas using compost bay system for waste, on site Water conservation and methods of permaculture to be followed by each individual houses. User participation and involvement is recorded as another key aspect for the settlement, where community can participate in efficient living system.
Figure : Conceptual draft plan of the house
Sustainable Design Principles
Material Selection Criteria
Wall insulation
Thermal mass appropriate, contributes towards passive house standards. Aesthetics & Reflect Willowdale Eco Modular housing.
To improve thermal performance, use good insulation with above options of wall.
● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Options for wall insulation,
Minimum maintenance and durability Low embodied energy Renewable resources Use of recycled where possible Low Volatile Organic Compounds Price Compliance BCA Easily Replaceable
Rockwool, Glass Wool, Sheeps wool, Cellulose fibre, Reflective foil sheets, Sislation and Aircell. Recommendations A minimum of R2 is recommended. The thickness of the insulation should be matched to the cavity to ensure the insulation is not compressed.
Floors The base floor should be in direct contact with the earth for heat absorption from internal spaces and other heat gain like solar radiation in winters, This enables the floor to release heat in the enclosed and sealed internal space in winter and release the heat to the atmosphere during summer.
Minimum requirement : R.20 polystyrene Wall with insulation - 0.35 W/m²
Windows
Options for floor construction, Ground floors Concrete “slabs on ground”. Upper floors Suspended floors to upper storeys of solid concrete construction. Suspended Hebel floor on timber frame. Suspended timber floor on timber frame.
Use of large windows for design and views, natural lighting, ventilation whilst achieving increased comfort throughout the seasons and lower energy consumption. Double glazed windows achieves excellent performance give cooling improvements between 33% - 54% and heating and improvements between 32 - 43%. Options for WIndows, Window Types Aluminium, Aluminium Thermally Broken, Timber, uPVC, Fibre glass, Composite
Recommendations Use dark color tiles or no floor covering where sunlight strikes directly. Avoid using carpets, which reduce and insulate solar heat gains in winters.
Glass Types Clear Low E, Clear IGU, Clear IGU Low E Recommendations
Minimum requirement : Concrete slab Suspended floor R - 2.25 , U - 0.44 W/m²
Sealing of the openings gives lowest infiltration rates which in terms achieves thermal comfort and better energy consumption. The correct selection of the double glazing unit can also give a low solar heat gain and high visible light transmission.
Walls Walls should be constructed on the flooring system which is in direct contact with the ground. Insulation to be used which is less than 0.5. Solid masonry walls, have the capability to absorb and retain heat.
Minimum Requirement : Single clear glass in aluminium frame Uw - 3 to 5 W/m² SHGCw - 0.8 W/m²
Solid masonry walls has thermal mass which enables walls to absorb heat from the internal spaces, which in terms maintain lower temperature during the day whilst releasing the stored heat during the night into cool night air.
Roofs And, during winters the heat generated in the internal spaces (from the sun or other heat sources) is absorbed, which is released later during the night which effects in the energy consumption and indoor comfort.
To reduce high impact of solar radiations in summers and heat loss through roof in winters, roofs should be fitted with reflective foils and insulation should be fitted underside of roofing purlins, all roof spaces should be insulated to an R 3.5 rating.
Options for wall construction, Options for roofing, High Thermal performance walls Minimum requirement : Plasterboard 13 mm with R3.5 Tiles (concrete) not insulated or sarked Roof with insulation - 0.39 W/m²
Autoclaved aerated concrete AAC (Hebel) external/brick internal. Polystyrene/cement panel (Quick'n Tough) exterior/brick internal. RBV light weight cladding external/brick internal. Mud brick or rammed earth. Cavity brick. Insulated concrete form (eg. Lock Form).
Source :
Recommendations
ABCB, NCC VOLUME ONE ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROVISIONS, fourth edition 2016.
Traditional brick veneer construction with high level insulation and controlled glazing can achieve high thermal performance.
Berry, Stephen, and Tony Marker. "Residential Energy Efficiency Standards In Australia: Where To Next?". Energy Efficiency 8.5 (2015): 963-974.
Minimum requirement : Cavity brick + R.20 polystyrene Wall with insulation - 0.35 W/m²
Illabunda masterplan, vol.1, Masterplan report ,http://www.illabundavillage. com.au/data/Ill_masterplan_final.pdf. N.p., 2017. Web. 25 may 2017
Sustainable Design Principles
Balcony, not connected with the slab to avoid thermal heat gain
Vent style opening to allow cross-ventilation
Bamboo green wall to achieve thermal comfort and avoid direct sun heat gain on west wall for individual house
Graden, Greywater used for water requirements
Thick double cavity wall (optional) with insulation
Low U value windows, Full height for unobstructed views
Livi
ng a bed rea an roo ms d Cou rtya rd. for ven stack tila tion Toi
Louvre window, Small opening at bottom
lets Kitc
hen
and
ser vice
s
Dense Landscape and vegetation on the west to reduce direct sun heat gain
Customised shading wall (semi-covered / louvre style opening to allow night breeze)
Horizontal and vertical shading to avoid direct sun heat gain and for shading purpose
45 sq.m PV panels. High efficiency Roof gutter
Bamboo green wall to achieve thermal comfort and avoid direct sun heat gain on west wall
Winter time Customised shading wall (semi-covered / louvre style opening to allow night breeze)
Louvre window with small opening to control airflow as required
During summer time
Suspended floor Timber floor on timber frame
Night breeze
Cross vent Ground floor Concrete slab
Summer sun 79 degree
Terrace Garden
Winter Sun 33 degree Penthouse
Balcony, not connected with the slab to avoid thermal heat gain
Bedroom/Studio
Horizontal and vertical shading to avoid direct sun heat gain and for shading purpose
Bedroom/Studio
Living room/Studio Stack Ventilation
Figure : Detail typical floor plan with elevation and section views to determine the strategies used for the design
Sustainable Design Principles
Daylight Comfort - Simulation analysis using Sefaria
Figure : The typical floor achieves average DF of 6.45% and 75% of the area has at least 300 lux illuminance measured at 0.85 m above floor plate which determines daylight comfort and use of less artificial light during the day.
Figure : Daylighting analysis of the Passive house - Achieving all well lit standards for a house. Size of the opening and performance values are determined after using section j glazing calculator
Sustainable Design Principles
Energy Consumption Using bioclimatic design guidelines and appropriate materials can reduce energy consumption, as well as the carbon emission associated with any house. The intention of energy efficient and passive house design is to reduce need of energy consumption of electricity, natural gas etc for heating and cooling purpose and to use resourceful design features and renewable energy for the same. This enables to save the overall energy consumption cost for a dwelling, adding natural thermal comfort, reducing carbon emissions and thereby impact on the natural environment is minimised. For the 6 star energy rating, the following is considered in evaluating a building’s thermal performance: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
Location (climate zone) Orientation (with respect to North) Building materials (floor type, wall type, roof type etc.) Windows/glazing (size/location/frames material/type of glass etc.) Insulation (ceiling/roof/wall/floor, the type, the thickness, the brand etc.) Roof and Wall Colours Ventilation Ceiling Fans Lighting Floor Coverings
The annual heating and cooling energy assessment includes: ● ● ●
Total energy consumption include all energy consumption keeping lighting and equipment constant at (5 W/m²). Total heating and cooling energy in kWh per year. Total energy expressed as a percentage of proposed building and reference building.
Overall using the main keys which includes energy consumption in the house. Results are based on simulation results, where reference model is used for comparison, materials based on BCA section J minimum requirements are used for the reference building. For proposed building different materials and building construction techniques are simulated and the best result is used in the comparison. Cooling energy consumption remains same, but large amount of heating energy is reduced by using simulated specified materials, Reduction in heating energy reduces cost associated and reduction in the use of appliances, less energy would be need for the appliances to heat/cool and hence reducing overall carbon emissions in the building. Buildings using the guidelines provided will minimise use of heating and cooling systems overall, all appliances if installed should be selected based on energy ratings and type of source of the energy used. Recommendation for gas powered heating which has less carbon emissions as compared to electric resistance heating.
Sustainable Design Principles
Construction :
Brick Veneer
|
Timber frame
Concrete slab
Element
Material Type
Ground Floor
Concrete Slab (no in-slab heating system)
0.30
Solid Concrete Ground Based Floors - Insulation below the Floor Slab
Suspended Floor
Suspended timber floor on timber frame
0.28
TILED TIMBER, SUB-FLOOR WALLS, BULK INSULATION BETWEEN JOISTS, CAVITY CONNECTED
External Walls
Reverse brick veneer
Internal Walls
Cladding (Double thickness can be provided on nw wall for extra thermal comfort)
Windows
U Value
|
Timber frame Alu clad with double glazing low e
0.22
U Total 2.5
Pitched metal roof with cathedral ceiling below raters (concealed rafters) r 2.0
External cladding 70mm framing, Breathable building membrane 90mm framing, bulk insulation Plywood Cladding, Timber studs 70mm framing, Air space (non-reflective) 90mm framing Brick internal cladding
SHGC 0.35 Roof
Detail
0.27
Solid sustainable Australian hardwood frame and sash, High performance sealing, Double glazed low e glass with 14mm Air space, Powdercoated aluminum external
Outdoor air film, Metal roof cladding, 40mm air gap, sarking, Air space. Ceiling insulation, 10mm plasterboard, Indoor air-film
Figure : Materials to be used for the houses to achieve maximum performance *Following materials are used for final simulation for energy assessment of proposed house after definitive and multiple research based on the performance, LCA, emissions and simulation outputs. The following graph and table summarises the results of the analysis:Energy
Proposed Building
Reference Building
(Area:541 m²)
(kWh/yr)
(kWh/yr)
Heating
8173 -
↓ 37%
14896
Cooling
963
963
Lighting (5 W/m²)
5478
5478
Equipment (5 W/m²)
5478
5478
Fans
1833
2373
Pumps
173
213
Total
27576 kWh/yr 48 kWh/yr/m²
34879 60 kWh/yr/m²
*reducing the lighting and equipment load can reduce large amount of energy consumption which will help to achieve 2030 sustainability goal. Refer appendix 2 to see the energy consumption with low consuming lighting and equipment devices
Fig : Graph representation of Annual energy consumption of Proposed building with materials used as per recommendation and reference building materials used with minimum requirement to achieve 6 star as per section j report
Site Planning and Zoning - Community Living
ORGANIC FARM
POND
FR
ON T
YA
RD
FRONTYARD BUSHLAND
FR
ON
TY
AR
FRONTYARD
D
Figure : Site Plan with zoning
Figure : Site Street Elevation showing higher plinth levels to accommodate solar heat gain, Colorful community living
COMPOST PIT
Figure : Kitchen and garden organic waste directed into nutrient-rich compost pit, for use in community organic farm and private gardens
STORMWATER COLLECTION
Figure : The site is excavated and designed to collect the stormwater and all houses will be installed with rainwater tanks with backflow prevention and overflow pipe which is connected to the pond within the site
Figure : Use of PV panels for electricity generation and electricity distribution to the house and to the national grid
Figure : Water management and Waste management on-site
S
N
Figure : Directional Wind catchment through the wind tunnel and customized shading wall on the east, Stack ventilation through the courtyard
Sustainable Design Principles
Figure : Site view during Summers, Solar heat gain is cut down due to long south facing roofs and orientation of the house. Landscape is used for extra shading.
Figure : Site view during winters, Solar heat gain due to low angle of sun. Allows building to heat up and store heat for the night.
Any design can achieve maximum performance with using appropriate climate responsive strategies, Surroundings should be used as opportunity and design must blend with the surroundings. Application of principle correctly leads to building with adequate amount of daylight, Sunshine necessary for thermal mass during winters and shady in summers involving minimum cost for operation throughout their lifespan. Whilst, contributing to energy efficient living with minimum carbon emissions.
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Berry, S., et al. (2013). "The impact of niche green developments in transforming the building sector: The case study of Lochiel Park." Energy policy 62: 646-655. Cleugh, H., et al. (2011). Climate change: science and solutions for Australia, CSIRO. Cordero, E. (2001). Sustainability in architecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. DeKAY, M. (2014). Sun, wind and Light - Architectural Design Strategies, John Wiley. Ecovillage, C. P. (2012). The Cape Design guidelines. Live at the cape, Cape Paterson Ecovillage Pty. Ltd Edwards, J. and B. Pocock (2011). Comfort, convenience and cost: the calculus of sustainable living at Lochiel Park, Centre for Work+ Life. Fraser, E. D., et al. (2006). "Bottom up and top down: Analysis of participatory processes for sustainability indicator identification as a pathway to community empowerment and sustainable environmental management." Journal of environmental management 78(2): 114-127. Giddings, B., et al. (2002). "Environment, economy and society: fitting them together into sustainable development." Sustainable development 10(4): 187-196. Lechner, N. (2014). Heating, cooling, lighting: Sustainable design methods for architects, John wiley & sons. Minke, G. (2012). Building with earth: design and technology of a sustainable architecture, Walter de Gruyter. Mitchell, G. (1996). "Problems and fundamentals of sustainable development indicators." Sustainable development 4(1): 1-11.
Sustainable Design Principles
Roberts, M. (2012). "Illabunda MasterPlan." Illabunda Masterplan report 1(3.3). Sagheb, A., et al. (2011). The role of building construction materials on global warming: lessons for architects. National Conference on Recent Trends in Civil Mechanical Engineering. Available at:, www. researchgate. net% 2Fprofile% 2FPradeep_Ramancharla% 2Fpublication% 2F26 9031946_The_Role_of_Building_Construction_Materials_on_ Global_Warming_Lessons_for_ Architect. Sassi, P. (2006). Strategies for sustainable architecture, Taylor & Francis. Smit, B. and O. Pilifosova (2003). "Adaptation to climate change in the context of sustainable development and equity." Sustainable development 8(9): 9. W.B.D.G. (2017). "Whole building design guide." National Institute of Building Sciences. Williams, D. E. (2007). Sustainable design: Ecology, architecture, and planning, John Wiley & Sons. Publications City of fremantle,Energy efficient design,2012 Energy Efficiency. 1st ed. 2017. Leichhardt Park Child Care Centre, Leichhardt NSW JV3 Energy Modelling - Compliance Report NCC Section J – National Australian Built Environment Rating System (NABERS).
Sustainable Design Principles
Appendix 1 - Conceptual drawings of the house
Ground Level
Second Level
First Level
Roof Level
Terrace Level
0
5
10
Figure : Elevation options, Staircase core can be used as common stairway if occupancy is different owner on each floor or the houses could be connected through front corridor by using staircase at any end of the cluster
Figure : Typical section of the house
Appendix 2 - Simulation results Simulation results for the proposed building - using recomend high performing materials based on research and simulation outcomes
Simulation results for the reference building - using the minimum requirements of section J base building