Architecture thesis 2015 dwelling types and respective spatial form : a case of ahmedabad by Ragin Shah

DWELLING TYPES AND RESPECTIVE SPATIAL FORM : A case of Ahmedabad

INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE

HEMCHANDRACHARAYA NORTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY, PATAN

by Guided by

RAGIN SHAH AR. MEERA CHATWANI

DWELLING TYPES AND RESPECTIVE SPATIAL FORMATION : a case of Ahmedabad

fig. CONTRASTING BUILT FORM OF CITY, Residential Cluster, Ahmedabad: Housing based on the traditional Pols by KANIKA AGARWAL.

RAGIN SHAH

Institute of architecture , H.N.G.U, Patan

DWELLING TYPES AND RESPECTIVE SPATIAL FORM : A case of Ahmedabad

by RAGIN SHAH

Submitted to the INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan on June 22nd 2015 in fulfillment of the requirements and approval as credible work for the approval of the study only for the purpose for which it has been submitted and satisfies as the requirement laid down by the Institute of Architecture, Hemchandracharya University North Gujarat Universtiy,Patan Degree of Bachleor of Architecture Studies

Signature of author

_________________________ 35/AR(CT)/10

Gudied by

_____________________Ar. Meera Chatwani

Certified by

_______________________Ar. Mayank Patel (Head of Department)

CONTENTS ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Chapter 1 Introduction

.................... 1-2

Chapter 2 History...a glance

.................... 3-6

Chapter 3 Cases Overview

.................... 7-12

Chapter 4 Analysis

....................13-32

Chapter 5 ....................33-35 Synthesis and Inferences Observation Chapter 6 Further exploration

....................36-38

Chapter 7 ....................39-40 Conclusion and future scope BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABSTRACT The thesis seeks to formulate an approach to design intervention in the city of Ahmedabad, by first developing an understanding of the context. This is to be undertaken by applying the formulated framework which analysis dwelling and its spatial formation. â&#x20AC;&#x153; dwelling location, typical cluster, arrangementâ&#x20AC;? In applying this framework to the city, the study endeavors to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dwelling types. The exercise of applying framework to the city, also provides way of evaluating the framework, and their efficacy as methods for observing different dwelling of various cities. The observations derived from the application of the framework, may be helpful as a basis for formulating strategies for design intervention in the walled city of Ahmedabad. Thesis Supervisor: Meera Chatwani Professor of Architecture

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my gratitude to: My advisor Professor Meera Chatwani, for her guidance, sharp criticism, patience and constant encouragement throughout the course of the thesis. - Ar. Abhijeet Chandel, whose constructive criticism, contribution and stimulating discussions provided a clearer insight into his theory, were very valuable. - CITY HERITAGE CENTER, AHMEDABAD and Mr. Rajeev Patel for providing me with the opportunity to work with them. - MR. Nikhil Vyas, in recognition of his interest and enthusiasm in his role as my advisor at CITY HERITAGE CENTER, AHMEDABAD. - Ar. Anand Patel, for his keen mind and discussions at various stages of the thesis. - Ar. Hardik Vyas, Ar. Akshay Anand whose criticism and input helped in shaping the thesis. - Ar. Yatin pandya, Ar. Narendra, My senior Jay Bhanushali for his generous assistance during the begining of my research. - Deep Patel, Saanchi Agrwal, Vidhi Naik, Devaki Chachar, Alexander Haemmerle, Christopher kekse for each for help in their own special way. - My roommates Kevin Dalia, Tonoy Sarma, Preyan Mehta and special friends Khushboo Mittal, Nirali Patel and all other collegemates for their support throught their five years.

And to my family for their understanding and indispensable support all along the way.

ch.1 introduction

DWELLING TYPES AND RESPECTIVE SPATIAL FORMATION : a case of Ahmedabad

INTRODUCTION

AIM

Ahmedabad, like many other cities in India, is experiencing a rapid rate of urbanization. This unprecendented growth is putting enormous pressure on the walled city. Over a period of time, Ahmedabad has been inflicted with many wounds to its historic areas and the city as a whole. This rapid growth rate is likely to perpetrate further damage to the city if the trend of intervention is allowed to continue. Destruction of the fort wall of the city was a blow to its historic character. Some of the pols (residential neighborhoods) in the city were demolished when new roads were laid out, and existing roads widened. Before the city is sacrificed at the altar of its rapid growth rate, and incongruent structures become the norm, it is imperative to see how we as professionals can develop a strategy to intervene in the urban fabric of Ahmedabad so as to establish a sense of continuity in the built environment. The idea is not to treat the walled city as a monument, but to accept the dynamics of change within the life of the city.

To study and delineate dwelling types based on the formed framework to comperahand its spatial formation and embody the respective characteristics by deriving its inferences and observation which can develop larger understanding towards built habitat .

In fact, as the city has been described, “Unlike Bombay, Calcutta, Madras and Kanpur, Ahmedabad wavs not a creation of the British, but a city which, while remaining true to itself, successfully adapted to the new industrial age, carrying over commercial and industrial skills and patterns of traditional social organization. In no great city of India can the continuity of the past and present be seen as clearly as in Ahmedabad” It is this characteristic of continuity in the urban fabric which needs to be carried forward in future interventions in the city.

OBJECTIVE This study seeks to formulate an approach to understand the current built habitat and its parameters in Ahmedabad. “Design never begins with a virgin situation, never for sees a completed work. Properly it thinks in terms of process, prototype, guidance, incentive and control and is able to concrete, homely details”*1 Therefore, to engage in the process of design (i.e. to intervene in an existing urban fabric of a city) it is crucial to develop an understanding of the setting in question before formulating strategies for built habitat for the same. City’s built habitat design occurs at the confluence of anumber of forces. The issues and questions are both of theoretical and practical relevance. Such questions are theoretically relevant since the solution of practical problems will be made much easier if it is founded on a body of theoretical knowledge which has previously undergone empirical examination.

ch.1 introduction

FRAMEWORK

WORK PROGRAMME

The study seeks to develop an understanding of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s built habitat by developing a framework to the context under study.

As all research programmes, constitutes tightly bound whole in terms of function or morphology. This work looks at three different levels of dwelling the city.

The framework consists of (i) Dwelling location, (ii) Typical cluster, (iii) Arrangement of dwelling.

The pol dwellings The row houses The bungalows

The framework has it own idiosyncracies, biases, and concerns, but it developes the methods to observe the dwelling. It is the interest but emphasis that this study hopes will lead to a more comprehensive and deeper understanding of the city and its built form. As part of the process of the exercise of applying the framework to the dwellings, the study entails an evaluation of the framework and their usefulness in comprehending the city.

its location its typical cluster and arrangement of the dwelling.

An inventory analyitical framework was Analysis of a dwelling will be carried out with carried out on the selected housing typology, so as to understand its respect to the parameters of the framework, analysis will develope observations about the importance of its formation before user participation which constitutes built habitat of Ahmedabad.

Certain aspects are likely to affect the framework of the study. The application of framework is based on methods which require empirical evidence from which to derive certain inferences. Since the study is being conducted with the time constraints, the evidence presented is a collection of written material, informal talks with the residents, and my own observations made during a period of visit. The understanding of the city and the observations arrived at can provide a basis which may help to structure one of the approach to design new dwellings in the Ahmedabad.

Three dwelling typologies were studied in detail with respect to the formed framework. The purpose of this test was to develop a method of analysis and set forth understanding of the current built habitat which could be applied to any house type or typology. Rough stylistic and dating analysis was conducted at the level of the houses to extract inferences and observations. For each three levels, broadest possible approach was looked with the extracted inferences and observation for the further exploration of typology at the end of the report which concerns a sequence of continuity which appears necessary sense to intervene in the built habitat of city Ahmedabad.

ch.2 history...a glance

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The form of a city can be explained as a response to a number of factors and forces. It can be also expressed as a changing response to changing factors. Therefore to develop a complete understanding of the present day structure of the city, it is important to examine the historical account of the city and, the various factors that were influential in its evolution. The objective here is to trace the evolution of the walled city of Ahmedabad to its present day, and to identify factors influencing its pattern of development. This has involved in observing the city at two levels: one, is at the macro scale of the city, and second, is at the micro scale of the neighborhood. The material has been acquired from historical sources and, the observations of the city have been derived through research, experience, informal talks and interviews with the residents. The material has been structured with respect to the major political phases of the city, and the socio-economic, and physical changes that occurred at the time

ch.2 history...a glance

GROWTH AND EVOLUTION OF AHMEDABAD *3 Cities appear and disappear only to reappear in the tableaux of indian civilization. The historic city of Ahmedabad, located in the western indian state of Gujarat was founded in the surge of islamic conquests that had swept through india. It was established in 1411 AD by a noble, Ahmed shah, who had rebelled against his overlords in Delhi. Mirat-i-Ahmadi states that the ceremony of the foundation stone of the city was conducted by four Ahmads of the realm of great piety and was further helped by twelve Qalandar faquirs who were the direct disciples of saint Hadrat nizamud-Din Aulia of Delhi. New Muslim rulers must have been awed by the prosperity of the solanki kingdom and its stupendous secular as well as religious architecture. The new rulers, keen on establishing their superiority in the material realm, undertook a frenzied program of building activities in Ahmedabad. Their model was the impressive Hindu architecture of the previous centuries which they wanted to outshine. The result, after one and a half centuries, was the celebrated “sultanate Architecture” of Ahmedabad, considered a high point of world architectural heritage. The architecture and the design of the newtown of Ahmedabad (latt. 23* 00, long. 72* 35’), a walled town situated on the river sabarmati, was a continuation of the Hindu traditions by other means.

in 1856 Buist had noted that “Ahmedabad is still famous for its gold, its silks and its carved work, and its merchants and brokers enjoy a distinguished reputation for liberality, wealth, and enlightenment.” A treaty with the rulers of western india, the Poona Peshwas, brought Ahmedabad under the British rule in 1817. The British were keen on annexing Ahmedabad because of “the commanding influence which the sovereignty over the city of Ahmedabad confers on its possessor in the estimation of the country at large. ” Both the Mughal and the Peshwa rulers had left the city exhausted and depopulated. At the time of the British arrival, the medieval economy of Ahmedabad had hung on three threads: gold, silk, and cotton. The British rule of law helped flowering the strength of the Ahmedabad “mahajans” (trade guilds), and, aided by the opium trade to China, by 1839 the town was “in a most flourishing condition and progressing rapidly” and its merchants impressing the europeans by being “the most enlightened and wealthy in india”. Modern textile technology further oiled the Gujarati virtues of pragmatism, innovation and collaborative partnership in “reinventing” Ahmedabad. Its booming business in textiles had given Ahmedabad the status of “the Manchester of india” by the time of the first World War. It was for this town that Mahatma Gandhi had felt a predilection after his return from south Africa in 1917, staying on in the town for thirteen years conducting his campaign against colonialism that was to conquer the entire colonized world. *3

ch.2 history...a glance

FIG. EVOLUTION GROWTH MAP OF AHMEDABAD CITY*3

FIG. OVERALL GROWTH MAP OF AHMEDABAD CITY

ch.2 history...a glance

POL HOUSES

WALK-UP APPARTMENT

ROW HOUSES

CO.OP.HOUSING

TWIN BUNGALOW

INDIVIDUAL BUNGALOW

LOW RISE APPARTMENT

HIGH RISE APPARTMENT

FIG. TYPES OF TYPOLOGIES IN AHMEDABAD ALONG WITH IT’S TRACES

FARM HOUSES

SLUM SETTLEMENT

ch.3 cases overview POL DWELLING

ROW DWELLING

BUNGALOW

ch.3 cases overview : POL

POLS OF AHMEDABAD In 1872 there were 356 pols in the city. A pol is a residential neighborhood with well defined boundaries. There is an entrance through a main gateway, a primary street, and secondary streets along which a cluster of houses adjoin. Often there was a quadrangle, with a temple/mosque and well, and there were common latrines at the entrance. The pol has a defined area of jurisdiction spread over continuous houses, binding the families under certain rules and regulations, and creating a sense of belongingness among its inhabitants. The house property in the pols was to some extent, commonly held. In 1879 this was the situation: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Formerly no man could sell or mortgage a house to an outsider without first offering it to the people of the pol. Though this rule is not now kept, inmates of a pol are careful to sell to men of their own class and never to people of low caste. When a house is mortgaged or sold, the people of the pol have a right to claim from one-half to two percent of the money received. Again on wedding and other great family occasions, each householder is expected to feast the whole pol, and in some cases all men of the pol, though not of the same caste,are expected to attend any funeral that may take place.If the pol rules are slighted,the offender is fined, and, informer times, till he paid, he was not allowed to light a lamp in his house or to give a feast. The money gathered from gifts, fines, and the percentage on house property sales forms a common fund managed by the leaders, seths, of the pol. This is spent on repairs to the pol gate, the pol privies, or the pol well. The configuration of the pols provided for privacy to the occupants in spite of the proximity to the public areas. Another interesting aspect of the pols was that, there was no differentiation of area of residence by wealth.

In the formation of the guilds was reflected the social structure of the city. This became mani fest in the grouping of the pols in Ahmedabad, which were occupied by people from the same guild or the same caste These densely packed clusters of rows upon rows of houses, joined by labyrinthine streets are where the thousands of years old indian architectural traditions continue to live. These pols are the exuberant riots of beautiful wooden facades, lovely wooden brackets, lovingly carved fenestrated windows, magical balconies, otlas, chabutaras (bird feeders), khadkis and chowks. VARITIONS IN THE POL DWELLINGS*4

FIG. POL STREET AND ITS FORMATIONS*4

ch.3 cases overview : POL

FIG. TYPICAL POL DWELLING*4

FIG. MAP OF WALLED CITY AND LOCATION OF THE DWELLINGS*4

1. BAVISI HOUSE: LOCATION : DHAL NI POL, ASTODIA AREA : 133 SQ.MT

2. JAGDEEP MEHTA HOUSE: LOCATION : MOTO SUTHAR WADO, KHADIA AREA : 100 SQ.MT

3. BIMAL PATEL HOUSE LOCATION : DARIYAPUR AREA : 120 SQ.MT

FIG. DRAWINGS OF POL DWELLINGS, CLUSTER ARRANGEMENT, PLAN AND SECTION

ch.3 cases overview : ROW HOUSES

ROW HOUSES Keen to do housing, the architects, planners dicovered route through developers and not institutions. Developers were vary of architects notorious of cost over runs and design charges. Objective was to give a house for the price of an apartment in the proximity from the city centre.

VARITIONS IN THE ROW DWELLINGS

One of a series of houses, often of similar or identical design, situated side by side and joined by common walls, The row house form with the inward looking open-space which has territorial behaviour of it own cluster and a common community open space derieved from the concept of an Ahmedabad ‘pol’ with the addition of private open spaces at front and back was the main feature of the houses. Also, its fully paved or landscaped exterior spaces and other added ammenities like club house, swimming pool.

FIG. TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF ROW DWELLINGS

VARITIONS IN THE ARRANGEMENT OF ROW DWELLINGS

FIG. TYPICAL CIRCULATION NETWORK FOLLOWED IN ROW HOUSES

ch.3 cases overview : ROW HOUSES

1. SHYAMAL ROW HOUSE : LOCATION : ANANDNAGAR AREA : TYPE A - 80 SQ.MT TYPE B - 115 SQ.MT

TYPE-A

TYPE-B

2. JAY-SHEFFALI ROW HOUSE : LOCATION : SATELLITE AREA : TYPE A - 93 SQ.MT TYPE B - 114 SQ.MT

TYPE-A

TYPE-B

FIG. DRAWINGS OF ROW DWELLING, CLUSTER ARRANGEMENT, PLAN AND SECTION

ch.3 cases overview : BUNGALOWS

BUNGALOWS With the expansion of the city and elite class obtaining the sense of status, richness and indiviuality with time there was a tremendous shift towards the western part of the city, people obtained their private land and the bugalow played a role in catering their housing needs. Bungalow defines virtually any small to medium home or plan built or designed between 1900 and 1930 as a bungalow. It’s primary characteristic is a relatively open, single story floor plan. Considered a “type,” It can be any “style” that is, Craftsman or Revival. A bungalow represented a modern, progressive philosophy and lifestyle. They were simple and often vernacular, they were peoples houses in the most democratic sense. The style “bungalow” doesn’t really exist in the city. It is instead a type or form of house. As such, there are a few key characteristics that define a bungalow.

FIG. TYPICAL BUNGALOWS WITH DIFFERENCE IN RATIO OF BUILT MASS AND OPEN SPACE

MAIN ROAD

SECONDARY STREET PLOT OPEN SPACE BUILT MASS

FIG. ARRANGEMENT OF BUNGALOW DWELLING

VARITIONS IN THE ARRANGEMENT OF BUNGALOW

A large front porch. Horizontal orientation. An open floor plan. The bunglow continued catering the needs with time and hence the bunglow type evolved. Lifestyles were more formal, so entrance to a home was more strictly guarded; visitors waited in a reception room or front hall before being admitted to the living room or sitting room. Private rooms like bedrooms and bathrooms were often on a second floor with addition of other rooms for ammenities. A feature of the well designed bungalow was the cross-ventilation in most rooms. Most homes were designed to maximize air flow throughout the house which makes it possible even now to live quite comfortably in many bungalows during the heat of the summer.

FIG. CONCEPTUAL PLANNING OF BUNGALOW DWELLING

ch.3 cases overview : BUNGALOWS

1. HOUSE OF KISHAN BABU : LOCATION : UNIVERSITY ROAD AREA : UNIT 1 - 154.50 SQ.MT UNIT 2 - 154.50 SQ.MT

2. NEELA BEN PAREKH HOUSE LOCATION : BOPAL ROAD AREA : 315 SQ.MT

FIG. DRAWINGS OF AN INDIVIDUAL BUNGALOW

ch.4 analysis POL DWELLING

ROW DWELLING

BUNGALOW

ch.4 analysis : POL

1. DWELLING POSITION 1.1 DWELLING LOCATION

ROAD/STREET BUILT MASS DWELLING

CITY ROAD

POL

CHOWK

SHERI

The dwelling location is composed of several layers, the city road is connected to the main street which forms a pol , The pol is further linked to a chowk which has a temple which is signifies the people belonging to specific group of houses which forms a cluster called â&#x20AC;&#x153;Sheriâ&#x20AC;? The location of the house is circumstantial and incidental, as the pol cluster is formed on the basis of of people belonging to certain group. The edge of the street character shapes the formation of the cluster and the dwelling.

DWELLING

1.2 BUILT MASS

BUILT MASS DWELLING

The built mass surrounding the house has composite and combined nature, The built mass depends on land use and size of the dwelling and the dwelling mass and form depends on the adjacent houses. So as to acquire climatic benefits, the dwellings share the longitudinal wall to the adjacent dwelling. Which played a major role in climate. The main pol street is dived into several other streets based on the cluster, here the house back side belongs opens into a narrow open space which also belongs to other cluster/sheri, both cluster mass from different group of mass but share the narrow open space which is used for the climatic purpose.

ch.4 analysis : POL

2. TYPICAL CLUSTER 2.1 CLUSTER FORMATION

TERRITORY

The organizational pattern of the sheri makes it appear as a unified spatial unit with the row of houses defining the edge, and the nodes of the street controlling the access to it. The areas in the sheri is accessible to the inhabitants of the sheri who are like a close knit community. Besides temple and the street nodes there are no other means of control within the sheri where people live in a community.

CLUSTER BOUNDARY

STREET ADJOINING CHOWKS

STREET TEMPLE WELL DWELLING

The cluster arrangement is in linear form which has two nodes to reach the Dwelling, The dwellings are arranged in linear form in accordance with the street and temple. The houses are directly connected to the street and the street has several pockets due to alignment of the houses which forms a community space for the cluster group. The temple and the well on the street results in alignment as to develop a proximity and visual connection.

ch.4 analysis : POL

2.2 CLUSTER COMPONENTS

STREET TEMPLE WELL DWELLING

The cluster is composed of different houses, the scale of the house determines the economic factor of the family. The cluster has a common space where the temple is the identity of the people of the sheri. This temple acts as the main entrance of the sheri. The temple is at the main chowk of the Sheri. During festivals or other social occasions the community as a whole uses it. A well is situated in the proximity of all the houses, The liner street from the temple which connects to other pols.

2.3 CLUSTER OPEN SPACE AND DWELLING

CLUSTER OPEN SPACE DWELLING OPEN SPACE CLUSTER COMPONENTS

The open space of the cluster is formed with in the street and it has direct relationship with the dwelling, the front otla is a semi-private space which is the part of the street character and, as street being very narrow as it is responsible for shading, the chowk of the dwelling is used for the light and air flow and to form a balance to achieve openness with the dwelling, because the adjacent dwelling covers the longitudinal walls and the narrow street makes the cluster compact, hence the light and ventilation path is geared by central court or chowk.

ch.4 analysis : POL

3. DWELLING ARRANGEMENT 3.1 ARRANGEMENT The dwelling is arranged linearly and layer wise, all the rooms are arranged in accordance of the proximity and are visually connected with full height openings. The otla is the entrance of the house and it is adjoined with the toilet , khadki forms a multi-purpose space for living, The central court “the chowk” , Parsal is the connection and transitional space from the chowk to the inner room “ordo” , The storage space for the valuables and room used in accordance with cultural aspects “ordo” which is at the depth in the dwelling.

The orientation of the dwelling is in north-south direction hence the longer facade of the dwelling has kept adjoined as to minimize the effect of the sun and keeping the ambient temperature, the chowk /central court of the dwelling is used for air flow and light.

COURTYARD ADJOINED WALLS

ch.4 analysis : POL

3.2 PLANNING The dwelling has been planned in accordance with neighbor dwelling where the vertical or longitudinal walls are shared with adjoining dwellings, thus the house has an Introvert character without opening or without any social connection of the longitudinal walls whereas the front and back area which has shorter walls opens on the street and back area which has a narrow lane for commutation. The longer side of the house is submerged completely in response to the climate. The dwelling develops the proximity and collectiveness of the space.

3.3 MASS-VOID RELATIONSHIP

PLAN

ELEVATION

The dwelling ratio of mass-void has relevance with the climate and behavioral character of the user. The centre space that acts as a central court is visually connected throughout the whole house making a balance of connection as well as acts as a ventilation shaft which results in openness as the walls on the two longitudinal sides are completely covered by the adjacent houses. The front facade is completely transparent with full height opening to achieve air flow and light. Narrow streets and open courts form a balance and spatial connection. MASS : VOID PLAN - 93:7 ELEVATION - 55:45 SECTION - 70:30

SECTION

ch.4 analysis : POL

3.4 STATIC AND DYNAMIC SPACES DYNAMIC SPACES Otla - It has most variation in usability, the morning activities of reading newspaper, offering prayers and other social interaction functions are carried out but during the noon time after lunch it is used as a sitting space and later the otla isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t used till the evening, in the evening and night otla is used for household work, sitting purpose and interaction purpose. Khadkhi - It has the most dynamic features as it acts as a bedroom, a living room, a place for work and also used for other interaction purpose. The usability throughout the day is varied. The khadki is well connected with the chowk and thus it is also used while family functions and get together during festivals. Chowk - It remains constant, as chowk acts as a heart of the house so the usability of the chowk is used dynamically for various purposes. In morning used for offering prayers, noontime for lunch activities and sleeping, evening for the household work and at the night for eating and sleeping. STATIC SPACES Parsal - It acts as an transition space between chowk and ordo, generally the usability of parsal remains same. It is used for local storage purpose and its acts as a transitional space for the chowk. Ordo - It is the most static space as it is only used for storage purpose thus the space remains static.

ch.4 analysis : ROW DWELLING

1. DWELLING POSITION 1.1 DWELLIN LOCATION

ROAD/STREET BUILT MASS DWELLING

CITY COMMUNITY STREET ROAD SPACE

ROW

The dwelling is located on a trapezoidal site on main city road, the city road is further linked to the entrance of the cluster which is a transitional space between the cluster and road, further connected to the internal street of the planned cluster and the street has a circular ring network, connected to both central community space and semi private open space of the house which acts as a transitional space between the street and house.

CITY ROAD

1.2 BUILT MASS Prototype units lead to linear sequence of repetitive architecture built mass. Repetition of standard form, size and details. Staggering of units reduces this effect. It breaks the linearity and separates the unit in row.

BUILT MASS DWELLING

Low rise built mass with sloping roof towards the street relates well and provide good spill over to the cluster spaces. Sloping roofs at alternate bay constantly change the roof-line and shift the surfaces, highlighting both separation and joining. It benefits mutual shading of surfaces and protects against adverse climate. Projected balconies at upper level, providing individual identity to each unit, supports it. Coherence is maintained by unified style, material and color.

ch.4 analysis : ROW DWELLING

2. TYPICAL CLUSTER 2.1 CLUSTER FORMATION

CLUSTER TERRITORY CLUSTER BOUNDARY

PRIVATE TERRITORY

STREET CLUB HOUSE COMMUNITY SPACE WELL

The organizational pattern of the row houses makes it appear as a combined spatial unit with the centered open spaces and row of houses defining the edge, the formation is such that the open space of dwelling forms an edge with the boundaries which defines the house. The dwellings has linear staggered formation and has open cavity in the front and back, the dwellings are formed of frontal open space, back yard and dwelling which defines the territory of the individual dwelling.

Dwelling are placed adjacent to each other forming linear rows. Dwelling in a row is bounded by two other units on its two Longitudinal sides. The houses have a front yard, which opens up on the street, which has a loop condition. 1. The massing in the rows at site boundaries is staggered alternatively units in a pair are attached close to each other and slightly isolated from the next pair of dwellings. Staggering of mass breaks the linearity and highlights both individuality and collectivity.

DWELLING

2. The massing at the rows internally loacted are arranged in straight linear form.

ch.4 analysis : ROW DWELLING

2.2 CLUSTER COMPONENTS The common plot, clubhouse are located at the centre of the site, which are the major components of the cluster, the street links the dwelling and the cluster components.

STREET CLUB HOUSE COMMUNITY SPACE WELL

Community open space is located at the centre of cluster, close from the entrance; it creates an image for housing and demarcates its own position.

DWELLING

2.3 CLUSTER OPEN SPACE AND DWELLING The open space is well defined at the boundaries, on its two shorter sides the space gets defined by lower walls of the dwelling-b backyard and thus giving the dwelling a good enclosure. On its two longer side it limits the visual link up to certain extent, the plantation and level change segregate the space from the street and the dwelling-a.

CLUSTER OPEN SPACE DWELLING OPEN SPACE

Central location is evidently more successful as it is close and visually connected from most of the dwellings. The space becomes element of interest and focus, as well as activity generators, which help in uniting the dwellings as one settlement.

ch.4 analysis : ROW DWELLING

3. DWELLING ARRANGEMENT 3.1 ARRANGEMENT

TYPE-A

Smaller dwellings as compared to type-b dwellings, house form is rectangular with common walls on two parallel sides. Dwelling have narrow frontage. Consist of well sized private open space at front and back. Living area is adjoined with verandah and kitchen space spill over at back. A small room of storage is provided at the back which is near to the kitchen.

Larger houses as compared to type-b dwellings, houseform is rectangular with common wlls on two parallel sides. Dwelling have wider frontage. Consist of well sized private open space at front and back. Living area is adjoined with verandah space spill over at back.

TYPE-B

ch.4 analysis : ROW DWELLING

3.2 PLANNING Inward focus planning The cluster arrangement form a Perimeter Ring, the dwelling are located parallel to four site boundaries following the shape of the site. Dwellings are facing and accessible from inside. Dwellings have a face to face position where the two sides has liner cluster with dwellings on two sides and street acts as cluster open space between the rows

TYPE -B

TYPE -A

3.3 MASS-VOID RELATIONSHIP Both the dwelling types has open space in the front and back of the mass, majorly air flow and ventilation is achieved by cross-ventilation. A small cavern duct on the roof acts as a void for light passage on the living room.

PLAN

As, the mass of the dwelling has both front and back open spaces, the mass form has no void in plan and section. MASS:VOID

SECTION

TYPE - A PLAN - 100:0 ELEVATION - 70:30 SECTION - 100:0 TYPE - B PLAN - 100:0 ELEVATION - 65:35 SECTION - 100:0

ELEVATION

ch.4 analysis : ROW DWELLING

3.3 STATIC AND DYNAMIC SPACES Living room - The space is used as meeting and family purpose, though it doesnt acts very dynamically, still the space in accordance with the back yard is used for varied purpouse depending upon the purpose.

TYPE -A

Bedroom - The bedroom is a very static space which is not used for any other purpose other than it gives a relaxing and calming feeling. Kitchen - It is used for cooking purposes whereas the use of this space is bounded only during morning and evening. Front yard /Back yard - The space is used for can be determined as dynamic and static. It is used for varied purpose depending on the purpose, sociology

TYPE -B

ch.4 analysis : BUNGALOW

1. DWELLING POSITION 1.1 DWELLING LOCATION

ROAD/STREET BUILT MASS

The dwelling is located on a rectangular site, the house is linked with the street and the street is linked to the main road. The access to the bungalow is direct and provides lesser depth to the access. The linked street acts as a transition space with respect to the city road. The transition street is perpendicular to both the city roads, which are parallel. Thus the layer wise the access to the unit is governed by city road, city road to Secondary Street and Secondary Street to the unit.

DWELLING

CITY ROAD

STREET

DWELLING

1.2 BUILT MASS The surronding mass is formed of plotting and individuality, It is composed of cellular formation, the mass has there own distribution and margins in accordance to the byelaws, the plots are divided and the unit is built by the individual. The distribution of the plots and the mass depends on the user.

BUILT MASS DWELLING

ch.4 analysis : BUNGALOW

2. TYPICAL CLUSTER 2.1 CLUSTER FORMATION The organizational pattern of the twin bungalow makes it appear as a single spatial unit with the individual dwellings surronded around the plot, Strong boundary on all the sides confines the dwelling and plot territory.

STREET BUILT FORM DWELLING

The single spatial unit is broken only at the center, the dwellings has different entrance face to face, which deďŹ nes the territory of the individual dwelling. The dwelling share a common wall and has open space with private open space and the backyard space. Dwelling is placed adjacent to each other forming a single mass unit with personalized entries. The dwellings have a front yard garden, which is a private open space and acts a marginal boundary, covered by fence and a wall towards the road. The central space is a semi-public and semi-private space used for parking.

ch.4 analysis : BUNGALOW

2.2 CLUSTER COMPONENTS The cluster is formed up the single spatial unit, all the units surronding has individuality and strong boundry covered on all the sides of the unit. The street acts as a component of the cluster which connects the main city road. ROAD STREET DWELLING

2.3 CLUSTER OPEN SPACE AND DWELLING The open space is well defined at the boundries, on its two shorter sides the space gets defined by lower walls of the dwelling-b backyard and thus giving the dwelling a good enclosure. On its two longer side it limits the visual link upto certain extent, the plantation and level change segregte the space from the street and the dwelling - a.

PRIVATE OPEN SPACE STREET - OPEN SPACE

Central location is evidently more successful as it is close and visually connected from most of the dwellings. The space becomes element of interest and focus, as well as activity genrators which help in uniting the dwellings as one settlement.

ch.4 analysis : BUNGALOW

3. DWELLING ARANGEMENT 3.1 ARRANGEMENT The single spatial unit consists of two individual dwelling. Units with no variation in size and area, house form is rectangular with wide frontage and common wall on a side. Both dwellings consist of well-sized private open space in front and small service area at the back. Ground ďŹ&#x201A;oor consists of living room/dining room, kitchen and one bedroom. The dinning space opens up on to the surroundings of the site, giving a feel of openness and living space has a private semi-open space connected to the front yard. First ďŹ&#x201A;oor consists of two bedrooms and a terrace. Backyard is approachable from the kitchen.

The orientation of the dwelling is in north-south direction, single facade is covered by adjacent house but other two sides remains exposed to the sun in morning and evenings.

ch.4 analysis : BUNGALOW

3.2 PLANNING Extrovert planning The arrangement of the dwelling has an extrovert planning form, where the focus is concentrated on the surrounding private open space of the house, dwellings as an individual are not visually connected, and they only share the common entrance. Again, connected at the back for the services.

3.3 MASS - VOID RELATIONSHIP The dwelling type has open space surrounding the mass, majorly air flow and ventilation is achieved by cross-ventilation and full height openings. As, the mass of the dwelling has open space in the surrounding, the mass form has no void in section and a small exterior courtyard welcomes at the entrance of the house. PLAN

ELEVATION

MASS:VOID PLAN - 90:10 ELEVATION - 75:25 SECTION - 100:0 SECTION

ch.4 analysis : BUNGALOW

3.3 STATIC AND DYNAMIC SPACES Living room - The space is used as for casual meetings , family purpose and dinning, thus it has its static functions and follows the function according to the space. Bedroom - The bedroom is a very static space, which is not used for any other purpose other than it, gives a relaxing and calming feeling. Kitchen - It is used for cooking purposes whereas the use of this space is bounded only during morning and evening. Front yard /Back yard - The front yard is generally used in mornings, evening and night, the garden is used in gatherings. Backyard is used for service purposes. Vestibule - It only acts as a space, which join the outer environment with inside environment

ch.5 synthesis and inferences

SYNTHESIS

ROW DWELLING

POL DWELLING

The unit of a pol, when evaluated by this criterion, portrays very positive characteristics. From the unit of an individual house, to the configuration of the pol as a functioning neighborhood, there seems to be a degree of congruence between the daily behavior of the inhabitants and the spatial setting, both of the elements in the house as well as the layout of the houses and other common facilities in the pol.

The unit of row houses, when evaluated by this criterion, potrays characteristics of divison and combination. The dwellings have well defined boundaries and a sense of enclousre. and domains of the rows are strongly connected to street as their edge,where rows merely get linked nd identified by street-network.

BUNGALOW DWELLING

The unit of bungalows , when evaluated by this criterion, potrays characteristics of a modern, progressive philosophy and lifestyle, they are peoples houses in the most democratic sense. Where the sense of individaulity and privacy plays major role. Bungalows epitomize simplicity, functionality.

Dwelligs get access and overall through a private open space in front as frontyards and face-to-face position promotes a sense of staying in community whilist coherence is maintained by uniform style, material and color.

POL DWELLING

STREET

BUILT MASS

DWELLING

SURRONDING DWELLINGS

TERRITORY

DWELLING

CLUSTER BOUNDARY

HIGH TRANSPERANCY

ROW DWELLING

MAIN ROAD STREET

BUILT MASS

DWELLING

TERRITORY

SURRONDING DWELLINGS

CLUSTER BOUNDARY

TYPE-A

TYPE-B

TYPE-A

TYPE-B

MEDIUM TRANSPERANCY

BUNGALOW DWELLING

MAIN ROAD STREET DWELLING

BUILT MASS

TERRITORY

DWELLING

CLUSTER BOUNDARY

SURRONDING DWELLINGS

LOW TRANSPERANCY

PARAMETERS

ACCESS

INFERENCES Movement through sqaures (i.e:chowks) Movement through common linakge connection

STREET

BUILT MASS

DENSITY PATTERN

TERRITORY

Transitional approach

Mix use

Combined

Direct approach

Standardization

Combined + Individual

Multiple approach

Repeatation

Individuality

Loop Formation

Plotting

PLAN

ARRANGEMENT

SURRONDING

TRANSPERANCY Connection with the neighborhood and surrondings

Arrangement is respective of the transitional space and the street character

Isolatation with the neighborhood and surrondings Using objects and varying size of compound wall to control trasperancy

USABILITY OF SPACES

Local habits defines the usablity of space Designated spaces for functions and purpose Sense of adjustment and adaptation

ch.5 observations

OBSERVATIONS

Mix use :

The observations made with the aid of the methodological tools of the framework shed light on both positive and negative characteristics of the built habitat of Ahmedabad. Some aspects of the built habitat like the neighborhoods as seen in the formation of housings, bungalows in the suburbs have proved their durability and have been adopted in new developments. Which have been successful, and can be adapted in future to enrich the city and provide clues to develop ideas for intervention in the city.

In the formation of the pols there was no distinction in the class structure; both the rich and the poor resided in the pols. The size of the houses was the only expression of status. There was grouping in the city, but it was not by the criteria of economic status.

Hierarchical organization:

The areas of a pol dwelling are arranged with respect to the privacy; the transition space of a dwelling clearly seggregates the public, semi-public and private spaces; in accordance to the transitional space adjoining the dwelling.

The hierarchy of the streets was expressive of territorial depth in the city, and the prevalence of deeper territories from the centre of the city to the pols, from the pols to the cluster, to the further sub-division of the houses. This permitted the simultaneity of public and private areas to co-exist, as well as a the presence of a variety of functions in different streets, which became identifiable according to the street location. Thus, providing a transitional space with various public domains. The access to the row house provides stronger sense of privacy to the cluster regardless of the transitional space. The community space within the cluster acts as a public domain. The access to the bungalow provides a lesser privacy to the unit with respect to its transition which is limited; absence of public domains. Public Participation : The decentralized control pattern that existed formerly in the city provided a base for participation by the inhabitants at different cluster in the city. The prevalence of user control maintained a cohesiveness between the pols and the dwellings. The centralized control in the city today does not facilitate active participation by the inhabitants but it defines the sense of enclosure and segregate the cluster spaces according to the function.

In the suburbs, the pattern of the fabric reflects the status of the residents, with a clear separation of the affluent users from the rest. Arrangement:

In the suburbs, the arrangement of the areas in a dwelling are not considered in accordance with the privacy; the private areas may merge with the semi-public space because the spatial form of the dwelling unit in itself provides a sense of private-enclosure. The above stated observations about the built habitat of Ahmedabad are a conglomeration of ideas, derived from the application of the framework adopted. These observations have not culminated in specific ideas for built habitat, but have fostered viewpoints about the nature of built habitat in the city, and ideas of making Ahmedabad a better city: A city which is comprised of an agglomeration of neighborhoods where there are occupants from a varied class, where there is a mix of functions; where there is a closer integration of home, work and leisure. These ideas are only at the analytical level and can be further developed into a set of of concrete solutions. These observations can be stepping stones to move forward, and be used as a basis to formulate an approach to intervene in the city, to make our contribution, a part of the dynamic change and maintain a continuity in the urban fabric of Ahmedabad.

ch.6 further exploration

FURTHER EXPLORATION A set of brief design aims were set which were mainly inspirations and observations from the study itself. These ideas are translated into design considerations. 1. Movement through Community and Social Interaction. 2. Urban situations defining street character. 3. Connection to the outside by establishing mass:void relationship. 4. Indoor comfort + Privacy by arrangement and position of the dwelling. 5. Changing needs. 6. Enhance local habits The principles of the study have come together and developed, through centuries of organic and inorganic evolution. Not one principle can be single out and replicated of any typology to achieve the whole essence, also the typology changes with the needs of humans and forces affecting with the change in time .

APPROACH CONNECTION THROUGH SQUARES

STREET PATTERN PRIMARY STREET SECONDARY STREET

Based on the inferences and observation the basic idea is to maintain a strict hierarchy of streets throughout, Public participation, Mix use and Arrangement of the house. These considerations will establish a principle through which an idea of neighbourhood can be developed on the base of the study and formulated framework. Similarly, different housing typologies can be analysed based on the formulated framework and different approaches can be formed to achieve a new sense of housing to satisfy the needs with the changing time by balancing the continuity to change the idea of housing adaptation and adjustments.

CLUSTER ORGANISTAION

fig : Design development, ideas in plan ref : Abstract form, residential cluster, kanika

ch.6 further exploration

Detailed Plan of a part of the exploration showing the plot divisions, plot entrances and courtyard based on the analysis, infernces, observations which satifies the principles of the study

ch.6 further exploration

STREET CHARACTER -

hierarchy of streets, Public participation The hierarchy of the streets is expressive of territorial depth like the observations derived from pol dwellings, and the prevalence of deeper territories from the street to the cluster, to the further sub-division of the houses. This permits the simultaneity of public and private areas to co-exist, as well as a the presence of a variety of functions in different streets, which became identifiable according to the street location. Thus, providing a transitional space with various public domains

TERRITORY -

Mix use

From the unit of an individual house, to the configuration of idea has a functioning neighborhood, there seems to be a degree of congruence between the daily behavior of the inhabitants and the spatial setting, both of the elements in the house as well athe positioning of the houses.

ARANGEMENTArangement of the house

The arangement of the areas in a dwelling are not considered in accordance with the privacy; the private areas may merge with the semi-public space because the spatial form of the dwelling unit in itself provides a sense of private enclosure along with the essence of community living.

ch.6 further exploration

MOVEMENT THROUGH SQUARES

TYPICAL DWELLING

SEMI-PRIVATE SPACE

fig : Schematic sections and views of explored housing idea

CONNECTION THROUGH BACKYARDS

ch.7 conclusion and future scope

ch.7 conclusion

CONCLUSION The project was set out to achieve the aspects of dwelling and its spatial formation. In this study, a sample of dwellings in Ahmedabad has been analysed in terms of their spatial formation with respect to the formed framework, analytical approach of the individual dwellings. In a city like Ahmedabad, where the housing needs are under strong influence, dwelling location, typical cluster and arangment was considered and analysed to be the most important aspect before user participation. Thus, the analytical framework which was proposed for the analysis is considered successful in achieving set of observation and inferences. During this research it was found that the three typologies are not separated and ensures sense of continuity and thus intervention in the city cannot be done without the theoritical approach. The set of observations and inferences were further used to explore the idea of housing and this set of observation and inferences were set up in an abstract idea which ensures Movement through Community and Social Interaction, Urban situations defining street character, Connection to the outside by establishing mass:void relationship, Indoor comfort + Privacy by arangement and position of the dwelling, Which caters Changing needs, Enhance local habits, street patterns, morphology of the built form and urban features.

ch.7 future scope

FUTURE SCOPE Of all the principles that determine , this project largely dealt with the dwelling and its spatial form. It would be worthwhile to take forward this study, into other areas of research that contribute to user adjustment and adaptation. One of the other interesting steps would be to review all the factors that would ensure user comfort and design and then use it as information to execute program distribution based on new ideas of the housing. As the dwellings and plots in the further ideas are so varied, the idea would be such that the program distribution for each house is unique to it.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. SHRADDHA SEJPAL THEORY AND CITY FORM: The Case of Ahmedabad: THESIS, CEPT 1982 2. Pandya Y. (2002) The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a millennium. Vastu-Shilpa Foundation for Studies and Research in Environmental Design. Ahmedabad India 3. Annals of reinvention: discovering ahmedabad, Heritage Department – Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Debashish nayak, P.K.v nair, P.D Patel, D. Bumtaria, nikhil vyas, vijay Pandya, laxman teli 4. Recommandations for the conservation and revitalisation of the walled city of ahmedabad, french report Ali Muhammed Khan. Mirat-i-Ahmadi: A Persian History of Gujarat 5. Briggs, H.G. The cities of Gujarashtra.Bombay, 1849. 6. Bhatt Panoobhai. Ahmedabad in Time and Space. 7. A History of Gujarat.2 Vols. (1297-1573 & 1573-1758) Bombay 8. Geddes, Patrick. CitiesinEvolution.London, 1915. 9. Jain, Kulbhushan. "Ahmedabad. A study in conservation." Urban ConservationSafeguarding India's Living Heritage.National Institute of Urban Affairs. New Delhi. 1986. 10. Jhote, Ratnamanirao. Ahrnedabadand OtherPlacesof Interestin Gujarat.Ahmedabad. 11. Hamesse, J.L. Sectoral and Spatial Interrelations in Urban Development. A Case Study of Ahmedabad-India.Edition Herodot. 1983. 12. Lang, Jon. "The Nature of Theory for Architecture and Urban Design." Urban Design International, Vol.1 #2 Jan-Feb. 1980. 13. Residential Cluster, Ahmedabad: Housing based on the traditional Pols KANIKA AGARWAL1 Sustainable Environmental Design (E+E) Architectural Association School of Architecture, London, United Kingdom 14. Nagarkatti, Arjun. An Intervention in an Extant Situation:A Guideline Case Study: Ahmedabad,India. Thesis MIT, Cambridge, 1984. 15. Shah, Vinay. StreetDevelopment:Case ofAhmedabad,India.Thesis MIT, Cambridge, 1982. 16. EFFECTS OF HOUSING MORPHOLOGY ON USER SATISFACTION Assist. Prof. Ç. Aslı SUNGUR Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Architecture