VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN PAKISTAN RAHEMA MARYUM B. ARCHITECTURE.
ROLE OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN PAKISTAN
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VERNACULAR TRADITIONS ROLE OF PASSIVE DESIGN IN VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE CASE STUDIES FOR PASSIVE DESIGN ARCHITECTURE REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE CURRENT SITUATIONS OF REGIONAL VERNACULAR ARCH. CONCLUSION
CONTENTS
Pakistan's cultural identity speaks for it self, from the remains of Mohinjo- Daro and Harappa, to Mughal and Colonial Eras eras after Independence, Pakistan is a country rich from culture, heritage and climate variations.
01
This culture is reflected majorly in Pakistan's architecture where vernacular dwellings reflect the cultural and technical traditional methods. Being a 3rd world country the citizens of Pakistan rely majorly on cost effective means, therefore the rural areas of Pakistan such as the villages and underdeveloped areas, to this day use vernacular materials such as mud, clay and wood and use traditional techniques to build their houses that suit their regional climate.
NOITATNESERP ERUTCETIHCRA
ROLE OF VERNCULAR ARCH. IN PAKISTAN
CLIMATIC IMPACT TPakistan has three major seasons; cold winters (October to February), followed by hot summers (March to June) and monsoon season (July to September). These variations impact the different vernacular techniques and materials throughout the country.
SOUTHERN PLAINS- PUNJAB Hot, scorching summers, mild winters and heavy rainfall. Bricks and mud are the abundantly available.
NORTHERN PLAINS - BALUCHISTAN & KPK The mountain region of Pakistan which oversees heavy snowfall and long winters. Wood and Stone are mostly use to create houses.
DESSERT PLAINS - CHOLISTAN Hot-arid climate with long summers and chilly nights. Sand and mud are majorly available.
Semi covered spaces and Jali work to ventilate air flow. Brick is used to give preserve the cultural look of traditional architecture while being cost-effective.
Gable and sloped roofs are used to tackle the heavy snowfall, the openings are minimized to passively heat the house and wood is used due to its abundance in the region.
Sand and Mud forts were built to reside the royalty and residential houses known as Kacchay Ghar.
03
ROLE OF PASSIVE DESIGN IN VERNACULAR ARCH. Since vernacular architecture relies solely on available resources and technology the use of passive techniques is essential to make the building comfortable for the user without the use of artificial HAVC. Thus passive design takes advantage of the climatic behavior of the region to maximize the use of 'natural' sources to tackle the issues and desires of the user while being energy efficient and cost effective to create comfortable conditions inside buildings.
TECHNIQUES
PASSIVE VENTILATION (STACK EFFECT) Orientating the building perpendicular to the prevailing wind with windows placed on the opposite facades will allow the air to cross ventilate through the space by allowing cool air in and hot air to rise.
PASSIVE HEATING
PASSIVE COOLING
By using materials with thermal mass,such as concrete slabs, brick walls, and south orienting the windows, allows the walls to trap heat and convey it into the interior.
Orientating the building to less sun sun exposing sides, using lighter materials and colors as well as creating semi open spaces and large windows can allow the constant air flow in and out of the building and keep it cool.
KIKUMA WATANABE, JAPAN This house set in Eastern Japan where the climate has hot and humid summers and cold winters with very heavy snow, is passively designed. The window is based on the south side where the eaves shut off the intense sunlight in summer while receives it in winter.
The tradional material of wood is used throughout the interior giving the house a natural and light ambeince. The openings are placed across or adjacent to each other to enable the process of cross ventilation.
CASE STUDY 1: PASSIVE ARCH.
built-in sundial, the time can be told through the line drawn by top light as well as act as a cross ventilating opening.
ORIENTATION The plan of passive house with sundial is divided into two areas. The brighter of the two contains the living and kitchen. Meanwhile, the other is north facing area in where the atelier is and between the two, small spaces such as the bath and toilet are set along the east and west axis.
The overhanging roof provides horizontal shade to the south facing windows preventing the head in summer while allowing it in the winter.
CASE STUDY 2: PASSIVE ARCH.
HOUSES, ADAPTIVE REUSE, GERMANY
THE BARN WAS ORIGINALLY AN AGRICULTURAL BUILDING USED FOR STORING EQUIPMENT CONVERTED INTO A RESIDENCE & MEETING SPACE.
Gypsum fibre boards integrated in the timber construction serve as thermal mass and lead to pleasant room temperatures even at higher outside temperatures. In winter, the building is supplied with fresh air through controlled living space ventilation with efficient heat recovery.
The timber frame latticework was an open structure with planks attached on the inside, was openly ventilated and served only as protection against rain, snow, and sun.
Roof overhangs and an integrated external sun protection reduce the solar radiations into the building. In summer the building can be ventilated naturally.
Large roof windows in the threshing floor are used for cooling by effective night ventilation.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE OF LAHORE !ﺟﻨﮯ ﻻﮨﻮر ﻧﮩﯿﮟ وﯾﮑﮭﯿﺎ او ﺟﻤﯿﺎ ﮨﯽ ﻧﮩﯿﮟ
The vernacular architecture of Lahore of is rich in culture and heritage. Haveli's of the Walled City are one of the oldest surviving example of vernacular architecture in Lahore.
CASE STUDY: VERN. ARCH
HAVELI BAROOD KHAN WALLED CITY, LAHORE, PAKISTAN
Haveli is the regional name for a courtyard house, which were a concept used by Mughals, contructed based on vernacular materials and passive techniques.
VERNACULAR ARCH. ANALYSIS TRADITIONAL MOSAICS (CULTURAL IDENTITY) Glazed tiled mosiacs are placed over doors and widows and the floor pattern in the main courtyard is comprised of designs constructed with circles, curves and octagons, which is a traditonal decorative element in pakistan.
LAKHURI BRICKS (LOCAL MATERIAL) The walls of the haveli are made of the traditional ‘Lakhuri’ bricks, which is one of the vernacular material derived from Indian-Subcontinent and used popuarly in Lahore. The bricks are held together r with lime mortar which has cooling properties.
SOCIAL SPACES AND COMFORT Lahore's cultural is that of bonding and social gathering, the haveli comprises of multiple open spaces such as courtyards and beitakhs for people to gather in.
PASSIVE COOLING & ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS
JHAROKA & JALI The jharokas (balconies) are semicovered spaces, covered with jalis
ORIENTATION
VINES
(screens) prevent glare and allows
Vines covering the jharokas follow the
The maximum number
The terraces and the
light and air to enter. The
of windows open to the
courtyards are on the
prevention of direct solar radiation
northern side where there
south side which
keeps the interior spaces cool.
is least amount of sun
allows maximum light to
Movable shading devices, which in
their foliage and
throughout
enter the courtyard and
winters are used to avoid heat loss
allowing the sun heat in
the year
provide minimum shade.
through the openings.
climate, provide coverage during the summer with
winter
The inner courtyard towards the west has a fountain in the center, bedrooms on the south side, a sheesh mahal on the west and a veranda on the north.
CENTRAL COURTYARDS The central courtyards keeps acts as a ventilator throughout
The second inner courtyard is
the haveli, bringing the cool air in and evaporating the warm
smaller in size with a veranda
air out of the interiors.
on the north side that leads to the dining hall and the
The fountains also act as a cooling water body in the courtyard.
kitchen.
CROSS VENTILATION The haveli the principle of both cross-ventilation and stack effect through placing two openings in the same wall, Which results in the interior
PASSIVE VENTILATION
air velocity 22% higher than the outside air velocity. This results in better rate of cross-ventilation and cooling.
STACK EFFECT Ventilators with high ceilings create stack ventilation. The warm air rises and escapes through the ventilators and the cool air enters the room through the windows.
WINTERS In the winter season, the roof and the
SUMMER During the summer season, the basement and the courtyards of the haveli are cool at daytime and at night the terrace and roof tops allow the cool breeze to remove heat from the haveli. This is known as stack effect.
PASSIVE VENTILATION
courtyards have maximum exposure to the sun during the day and at night the first floor is occupied because of the warmth it had occupied from the sun.
PRESENT VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE IN LAHORE
IN LAHORE, PEOPLE ARE STILL PROUD OF THEIR ROOTS AND ENRICHED , HOWEVER THE PRIORITIES HAVE CHANGED FROM LIVING IN A VERNACULAR RESIDENCE TO VIEWING IT AS SIGHTSEEING. THE WALLED CITY OF LAHORE, IS STILL WELL PRESERVED BUT NOW USED AS A COMMERCIAL SECTOR OF SIGHTSEEING AND TRADE. MATERIALS SUCH AS BRICKS AND PASSIVE ELEMENTS OF COURTYARDS AND VERANDAS ARE STILL WIDELY USED TODAY IN THE HOMES OF LAHORIS.
CONCLUSION THE TRENDS OF GLOBALIZATION AND MODERNISM HAVE AFFECTED THE WHOLE WORLD, INCLUDING PAKISTAN. CAUSING THE LOSS OF HERITAGE AND IDENTITY. HOWEVER PAKISTAN IS A COUNTRY PROUD OF THEIR CULTURE AND ROOTS WHICH STILL TO THIS DAY REFLECTS IN THE MONUMENTAL AS WELL AS RESIDENTIAL ARCHITECTURE SUCH AS HAVELIS. ANY SUCCESFUL VERNACULAR DESIGN IS IMPLENTED WITH PASSIVE TECHNIQUES WHICH ALLOW THE BUILDING TO CUT DOWN ON ENERYGY COSTS AND OTHER GLOBAL ISSUES WE FACE TODAY, BY MAKING USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES SUCH AS THE CLIMATE AND DESIGN ACCORDINGLY.
RESEARCH PAPERS Vasudevan, K. (2002) Ancient gardens of India., 2014,from
REFERNCES
http://www.chitralakshana.com/ancientgardens.html
ARTICLES
W. Carpenter, J. (1858). Street scenes in Lahore Illustrated London News. Walled City of Lahore authority, WCLA. (2014). http://www.walledcitylahore.gop.pk/
Tania Qureshi, Pakistan Today,“Shahi Guzargah” inside the Walled City of Lahore
Hildebrand, G. (2008). Biophilic architectural space. Kellert, S.,
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Heerwagen,Homes Pakistan. (2015). from
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Mumtaz, K. K. (1985). Architecture in Pakistan Mimar.
Sundial / Kikuma Watanabe
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BOOKS
1050.pdf) Olgyay, V. 1963. Design with Climate: Bioclimatic Approach to Architectural Regionalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. [Google Scholar] Qureshi, R. A. (2015). The traditional courtyard house of Lahore: an analysis with respect to Deep Beauty and sustainability (Doctoral dissertation, Kansas State University).
Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., & Silverstein, M. (1977). A pattern language: Towns, buildings, construction (center for environmental structure series). DeKay, M., & Brown, G. (2013). Sun, wind, and light: Architectural design strategies John
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Havelis of Lahore.(2011) The Nation