The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. by Rahul Deepak Kumar Jain

The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. Understanding and Solving Issues within the Urban Renewal Strategy of Dharavi.

Rahul Deepak Kumar Jain 19082625 Email: 19082625@stu.mmu.ac.uk

The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. Understanding and Solving Issues within the Urban Renewal Strategy of Dharavi. August 2020 Project by Rahul Deepak Kumar Jain MA Architecture and Urbanism (2019-2020) Manchester School of Architecture

Acknowledgement Firstly, I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my course advisor Eamonn Canniffe Principal Lecturer of the MA Architecture and Urbanism Course at Manchester School of Architecture for his continued support and metorship. I am grateful to David Chandler for his constant support and constructive critiques, helping me with the completion of this project. I am also thankful to the courseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s highly experienced teaching team for all the thoughtful guidance. FInally, the people who stood by me through this entire year by being such wonderful friends, the class of MA A+U 2019-2020. This journey wouldn't have been the same without you all, I'm taking so much on personel and professional level from each one of you. It has been an incredible year of new learning and experiences. - Rahul Deepak Kumar Jain.

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“A slum is not an chaotic collection of structures, it is a dynamic collection of individuals who has figured out how to survive in the most adverse of circumstances”[1]

1. Sharma, K. Rediscovering Dharavi : stories from Asia’s largest slum. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000. P xxxiv.

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CONTENTS 1. Introduction.

2. Context.

2.1. Defining Slums.

2.2. Slums in India.

2.2. Why Dharavi?

3. Understanding Dharavi.

3.1. History of Dharavi: When it was not a Slum.

3.2. Living Conditions.

3.3. Work - Life at Dharavi

3.4. Sence of Community.

3.5. Summary

4. Challenges and Interventions.

4.1. Attempts to Redevelop.

4.2. Case Study: Successful Urban Renewal Projects.

4.3. Summary.

5. Strategies.

6. Conclusion.

7. Bibliography

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. List of Figures: Front Cover: Illustration of Unorganized yet Lively Settlement. Source: Author. Fig 1.1: In Mumbai, a highway divides the “formal city” and the “informal city.” Source: Yue Zhang. Fig 2.1: Countries and Territories with Urban Population exceeding 100,000 by 2050. Source: UNICEF. Fig 2.2: Physical Growth of Seven Islands of Bombay to Mumbai (Dharavi Once on Northernmost Corner becoming part of City Centre). Source: Author Fig 2.3: Property Value in Mumbai. Source: Magicbricks.com FIg 2.4: Location of Dharavi in Mumbai Showing Centrality of Dharavi in Mumbai. Source: Author Fig 3.1: Bombay’s Expansion; source: Correa, Ch., The New Landscape., 1989. Fig 3.2: Chronology of urban fabric of Dharavi Since 1800s. Source: Author Fig 3.3: Time line of Dharavi Since 1800s. source: Re Dharavi. Fig 3.4: Neighborhood map of Dharavi. Source: Urbz. Fig 3.5: Physical Attributes of Dharavi. Source: Author. Fig 3.6: Street sections Illustrating Street Activities in Lanes, Streets and Main Streets. Source: Author. Fig 3.7: Urban Fabric of Different Neihborhoods of Dharavi. Source: Author. Fig 3.8: Map showing the location of Kumbharwada in Dharavi. Source: Author. Fig 3.9: Urban Fabric of Kumbharwada. Source: Author. Fig 3.10: Map of Kumbharwada. At the top of the image is 90 Feet Road, an important commercial street for the area, and where many potters have small shops. Source: Urbz. Fig 3.11: Plan and section of a typical House of Kumbharwada. Source: Author. Fig 3.12: Illustration of Courtyard Space in Kumbharwada used for Work and Celebration. Source: Devansh Maru and Abhijeet Mooley. Fig 3.13: Map showing the location of New Transit Camp in Dharavi. Fig 3.14. Urban Fabric of New Transit Camp. Source: Author. Fig 3.15: (Top) Narrow lane in New Transit Camp acts as a semi public space for neighbors to interact, (Bottom) Broader street acts as a public space for various street level activity. Source: UDRI. Fig 3.16: One of the busy main roads of Dharavi, Showcasing various scale of commercial activities. Source: Quartz India. Fig 3.17: Process of recycling in Dharavi. Source: UDRI and Re Dharavi. Fig 3.18: Finished Wallet from Dharavi ready to be exported. source: Re Dharavi.

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List of Figures. Fig 3.19: (Left)Dharavi leather market on main road, (Right) A worker cuts leather pieces from a hide for a wallet at a leather workshop in the Dharavi slum area of Mumbai, India. source: The Print and Bloomberg. Fig 3.20: (Top) Craftsman working on Zordozi, (Bottom) Final Product. Source: Re Dharavi. Fig 3.21: (Top) Printing Workshop, (Bottom) Tailoring workshop. Source: Re Dharavi. Fig 3.22: (Top-Left) Backyard space shared by different houses used for working, (Top-Right) Front of the House used as a storefront, (Bottom) Backyard space shared by different houses community gathering space during special occasions. Source: UDRI and Slumming IT. Fig 4.1: Dharavi Redevelopment Project Scheme. Source: Dharavi.org. Fig 4.2: (Above)Plan showing Pacca and Kaccha Houses. (Below) Propose plan maintaining the permanent structures. Source:http://prasannadesaiarchitects.com/insitu-slum-rehabilitaion-project-yerwada-pune.html Fig 4.3: Yerwada Slum Redevelopement Community Participation. Source: Archdaily. Fig 4.4: Yerwada Slum Redevelopement Housing Typologies for People To Choose based on One's Requirement. Source: Archdaily. Fig 4.5: Perspective of a street as a miniature, by B.V. Doshi. Source: Vastu Shilpa Foundation. Fig 4.6: (Top Left) Aranya Low Cost Housing and a variety of semi-public and public spaces, (Bottom Left) A street from Aranya Housing with different typologies of houses, (Right) Aranya Low Cost Housing and the relation between streets and entrances. Source: Vastu Shilpa Foundation. Fig 4.7: House Form Variation. Source: Vastu Shilpa Foundation. Fig 5.1: Retaining the Identity of Each Neighborhoods. Source: Author. Fig 5.2: Multiple typologies of building suiting to oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s personal needs.Source: Author. Fig 5.3: Relationship between different Stakeholders .Source: Author. Fig 5.4: Creating an Intricate Urban Fabric taking Inspiration from the Present Dharavi. Source: Author. Fig 5.5: New Connections Integrating Dharavi to Mumbai's Urban Fabric. Source: Author.

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum.

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Abstract. Abstract. About 30% of the total population in India lives in urban area out of which 50% of the total urban population live in slums, which is projected to increase in coming years. This increase in urban population and shortage of land significantly contribute towards the growth of slums. This usually happens due to migration of rural population to urban areas often finding shelters in the informal settlements or slums due to the cheaper rent. Half of the Indian Population lives in slums and it is an ever-growing problem for the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s image. This slums initially ignored comes in notice when it is surrounded by formal structures. Despite the fact that there is various scheme by government, most of them fail to succeed in their goals due to various reasons. This dissertation aims to understand the issues with existing and proposed situation in terms of both physical and social attributes with the case of Dharavi in Mumbai, India and providing strategies for a socially integrated slum intervention solution.

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum.

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Introduction.

1. Introduction.

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum.

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Introduction. 1.1. Introduction. Slums are usually a gateway to the cities for the rural population which migrate to urban areas in search of jobs hoping for a better lifestyle and find shelter in these informal settlements. The UN-Habitat report on Slums from 2004, highlights four basic type of urban population expansion which significantly contribute towards the growth of informal settlements. 1. Rural - Urban Migration. 2. Natural Growth. 3. Combination of Natural and Migration Growth. 4. Population displacement due to armed conflict, internal strife or violence During the census of 2011 it was seen that more than 30% of the total urban population lives in slum (Table 1).[2] Based on the census of 2011 Mumbai has the highest number of slum population and is also sometimes refered to as "slumbai". As India's Financial capitol and most populous city with total population of almost 12.44 million 42% of the

total population lives in slum. Mumbai also host Dharavi which is often known as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Asiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest Slumâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Dharavi is spread across 239 hectares with population of over 1 million people. It has an explosive mix of different communities that live in impossibly crowded surroundings. Dharavi although being a slum provides jobs to almost 80% of its inhabitants. The landuse of Dharavi is a mix of Housing, commercial and industrial spaces. Dharavi has not just emerged suddenly, its been here since even before when Mumbai was called Bombay. It was ignored by many until 1970s but suddenly started getting attention due to its location. Before 1947 Dharavi was on the northen most part of the Colonial Bombay but when city started expanding towards north due to restrictions in south and west, Dharavi became the part of centre of city increasing its land value, inturn getting attentions from government and developers. Due to this location advantage today Dharavi is also known as a "Goldmine Location". The addition to the prime locations Dharavi also got worlds attention due to

Table 1: Slum and Non-Slum Population in Major Million Plus Cities in India-2011. Source: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, 2011.

2. Slums in India: A Statistical Compendium, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, India, 2015. P.6.

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. various national and international movies and documentaries like Slumdog Millionaire and Slumming it which showed the situation of Dharavi. Dharavi home to a large number of microindustries, including pottery, tanning and leatherworking, and plastic recycling. It is not clusters of temporary shelters, but complex ecological and economic systems, “a city within a city.” Many slum dwellers in Mumbai are not the official poor who live below the poverty line, but are well-educated, middleclass people who are deprived of adequate housing.[3] There are several attempts made by many to redevlop or uplift slums or designing for lower income groups with common intention of creating a better life for the dwellers but most of them fails due to ignorance of architectural, social and cultural character of the location. While there are some successful cases where the dwellers have accepted the upgraded proposal, many projects are rejected by the dwellers leading to its failure. Similarly in case of Dharavi there are various interventions made by government and local bodies in the past few decades to upgrade the conditions of slums, but all attempts have their own reasons of failure.

urban renewal project in case of Dharavi and research on the social structure of the site. The research intends to study the community aspects of Dharavi and understand what we as designers are missing. The research also tennd to study the physical aspects and finding issues. Finally it is intended to provide strategy based on the findings which can further be used to practically implement in a design.

fig 1.1: In Mumbai, a highway divides the “formal city” and the “informal city.”. Source: Yue Zhang.

Designing housing for a place like Dharavi requires special attention. Rather than solving the tangible problems one must understand the untangible community structure of Dharavi. The social structures like community and neighborhood play an important role in the liveliness of slums like Dharavi which the designers usually ignore focusing on the physical problems. Thus the understanding of the social structure may help finding solution for the problems in the redevelopement The dissertation project based in Mumbai will tend to unserstand the issues with the 3. Zhang, Y., Building a Slum-Free Mumbai. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/building-slumfree-mumbai,. 2016.

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Introduction. Research Question.

Methodology and Structure.

• What are the physical issues with the existing condition of Dharavi?

The dissertation is mostly based on a extensive analysis of case study of Dharavi, which is achieved by literature study and mapping. In order to conduct the research appropriately the dissertation is divided into four parts.

• Why the past and current urban renewal strategy for Dharavi failed? • How can a designer solve the physical issues of a slum while retaining its social structure?

Research Aim. • To understand how people living in incredibly crowded lanes have figured out how to survive in the most adverse circumstances. • To analyse precedent studies of successful slum upgradation projects like Yerwada Slum Redevelopment, Pune, India and Incremental housing project for EWS(Economically Weaker Section) like Aranya Housing, Indore, India. • To critically analyse the site with respect to physical issues and social structure of site. • To provide possible solutions for effective slum intervention which is socially acceptable.

First Part: This part is an introduction to slums in India and the case study using Literature study. Second Part: The second part focuses on the evolution of Dharavi into present condition and Living conditions and work life of Dharavi is analysed using Literature study, mapping and Interviews (online). It also focuses on existing social context of Dharavi to get deeper understanding of the importance of community and its role in placemaking. Third Part: The series of interventions that were implemented to redevelop Dharavi are Analysed. Also, precedent studies of successful slum upgradation projects and Incremental housing project were studied to find solutions for effective slum intervention using literature study. Fourth Part: Conclusion to the Research is given with strategies to redevelop Dharavi based on the finding and analysis of parts above.

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum.

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Context.

2. Context. 2.1. Definition of Slums. 2.2. Slums in India. 2.3. Why Dharavi?

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum.

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Context. 2.1. Defining Slum. "A slum is a highly populated urban residential area consisting mostly of closely packed, decrepit housing units in a situation of deteriorated or incomplete infrastructure, inhabited primarily by impoverished [4] persons." The problem with defining slum is that their is no particular definition for slum defined by a unified institution or authority around the world. But based on a report by UN-HABITAT, it defined slum if "A slum household is a group of individuals living under the same roof in an urban area who lack one or more of the following five conditions: 1. Durable Housing. 2. Sufficient Living Area. 3. Access to Improved Water. 4. Access to Sanitation. 5. Secure Tenure. Not all slums are the same or not all the dwellers experience the same issues.

The degree of deprivation of a slum and its dwellers depends on how many of the above-mentioned conditions are prevalent. For example, in Rio de Janeiro, living area is insufficient for both the middle classes and the slum population and is not a good indicator. It could either be omitted, or it could be combined with another indicator to denote two or more shelter deprivations."[5] Globally, due to rapid urbanization more people teend to live in urban areas compared to rural areas, in 2014 more than 50% of the world population resided in urban areas. [6] It is expected that by 2050 this number will rise upto 66% with almost all countries having their urban population more than 50% as seen in figure 2.1. This rural ti urban migration is known to be major cause of congestion in urban areas and formation of informal settlements. This informal settlements usually are gateway to the cities for the rural population which migrate to urban areas in search of jobs and better lifestyle and are usually referred to as slums my many government or local bodies depending on the region.

Fig 2.1: Countries and Territories with Urban Population exceeding 100,000 by 2050. Source: UNICEF.

4. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Slum.â&#x20AC;? definition in Wikipedia. 5. UN-HABITAT state of world cities 2006/7.â&#x20AC;? unhabitat.org. P 21. 6. World Urbanization Prospects, UN - Habitat, New York, 2014. P.1.

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. 2.2. Slums in India. The word “slum” is often used to describe informal settlements within cities that have inadequate housing and miserable living conditions. Although there is no specific definition for slums its definition is adopted by State government of the particular state and is based on Slum Acts of the respective States i.e. based on legal stipulations. "The concept, perception and definition of slums vary across the states, depending on their socio-economic conditions but their physical characteristics are almost similar."[7]

organised urban area. With time the value of the land occupied by the informal settlement increase due to lack of land and slum being the centre of this urban areas. Dharavi from Mumbai for example in Figure 2.2. shows how once a fishing village at the northern most part of Mumbai during colonial period is now became part of city centre, making it a valuable property. As the population of the escaltes the competition for the same facilities increases, and ofcourse the rich wins , pre-empting desirable urban land.[9]

In Maharashtra, the definition of slums for purposes of policy formulation is found in the Maharashtra Slum (Area Improvement, Clearance and Redevelopment) Act, 1971. A ‘Competent Authority’ (generally the Collector) is authorised to declare an area as a slum if the ‘Competent Authority’ is satisfied that “(The) area is or may be a source of danger to health, safety or convenience of the public of the area or of its neighbourhood, by reason of the area having inadequate or no basic amenities, or being insanitary, squalid, overcrowded or otherwise or; The buildings in any area used or intended to be used for human habitation are: 1. In any respect, unfit for human habitation or 2. By reasons of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement and design of such building, narrowness or faulty arrangement of streets, lack of ventilation, light or sanitation facilities or any combination of these factors, detrimental to the health”[8] Slum typically starts at the outskirts of any city or urban area which usually does not have any clear title. Over time when this urban area develops and expand around this informal settlement, enclosing the slum in the 7. Slums in India: A Statistical Compendium, Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, India, 2015. P.6. 8. World Urbanization Prospects, UN - Habitat, New York, 2014. P.1. 9. Correa, C., The New Landscape. Bombay: Mimar Books, 1989. P.27.

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Context.

Fig 2.2: Physical Growth of Seven Islands of Bombay to Mumbai (Dharavi Once on Northernmost Corner becoming part of City Centre). Source: Author.

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. 2.3. Why Dharavi? The metropolis of Mumbai is often called Slumbai or Slumbay with probably the largest number of slum-dwellers in the world (over six milion).[10] Mumbai being the financial capital of India attracts many skilled miggrants for job and slums become the first stop for stay due to high property value. Their are many slums in Mumbai but the most famous one being Dharavi, which also is labelled as Asia's largest slum. Since its inception Dharavi has attracted many immigrants as it housed many industries and commercial activity providing the miggrants with job oppurtunity.

Fig 2.3: Property Value in Mumbai. Source: Magicbricks.

"Dharavi was recently in the centre of a storm – with clouds of different development plans hovering overhead. Global capital investment companies, local real estate developers and the State Government have all been viewing Dharavi as a privileged gateway to Mumbai’s transformation."[11] What really makes Dharavi so interesting is the location in the heart of financial capitol of the country, Mumbai. Dharavi due to its prime location has gained many attention from both government and private developers. The Heart Shaped spread of settlement is located centrally between Mumbai's two main suburban railway lines, Western and Central Railway. This are the two main lifelines of Mumbai transporting thousands of people from one end of metropolis to another.[12] This also became the important factors for the increase in land value at Dharavi As seen in Figure 2.3.

10. DAY, R. R[e] interpreting, imagining, developing Dharavi. Mumbai, Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres. 2010. P 6. 11. DAY, R. R[e] interpreting, imagining, developing Dharavi. Mumbai, Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres. 2010. P 6. 12. Sharma, K. Rediscovering Dharavi : stories from Asia’s largest slum. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000. P xvi.

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Context.

Fig 2.4: Location of Dharavi in Mumbai Showing Centrality of Dharavi in Mumbai. Source: Author.

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum.

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Understanding Dharavi.

3. Understanding Dharavi. 3.1. History of Dharavi. 3.2. Living Conditions. 3.3. Work - Life at Dharavi. 3.4. Sence of Community.

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum.

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Understanding Dharavi. 3.1. History of Dharavi: When it was not a Slum. In order to gain a better understanding of Dharavi’s numerous characteristics, in relationship with the city’s context. It is important to trace the historical facts to understand the connection between the evolution of Dharavi with respect to the transformation of Mumbai.

A Fishing Village:

Dharavi which now is known to be Asia’s largest informal area with almost 1 million inhabitants, which is in a globalizing Mumbai was once considered as a village in the city. Prior to the colonial era, it was a fishing village known as Koliwada when Mumbai was undergoing various transformations. Until the end of the 19th century, Mumbai (then known as Bombay) was classified into two main parts, the colonial part being at the southern edge and the native part at the north of the colonial part. Dharavi Occupied the Northernmost edge of the native part, close to the sea and therefore its identity as a fishing village. 1877 marked as the arrival of a new community in Dharavi, potters from Saurashtra in Bombay who, through years, relocated to Dharavi and they settled in the potter’s community also known as “Kumbharwada” which still resides in the area. In 1887 the first tannery arrived in Dharavi with which arrived Muslim tanners from Tamil Nadu. For the first time since its emergence, new social groups and professions inhabited Dharavi expanding its economic status in new commercial activities. This was the time when Dharavi started taking the current form.[13]

Early 20th century:

Dharavi evolved drastically in the next few decades, both in terms of population and site area. At the beginning of the 20th century, Bombay with its port becoming a hub for trade

attracted a large number of immigrants from all over the country. Especially the potters from Gujarat and the tanners from Tamil Nadu establishing a community and setting up community spaces such as temples and schools. The number of immigrants steadily increased over the years where the original settlers were joined by new immigrants from different parts. To accommodate the large inflows of people, the city started reshaping its centre and expanding towards the north as seen in Figure 3.1. Dharavi once located on the northern edge of the city became part of the city centre.

Fig 3.1: Bombay’s Expansion; source: Correa, Ch., The New Landscape., 1989.

13. Kolokotroni, M., Beyond the Stereotype; Dharavi. Sustainable Human(e) Settlements Conference proceedings, 2012. P 2.

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. Post Independence:

After Independence Mumbai saw a great surge in migration of immigrants into the city and its surroundings. Dharavi being the centre part of the city became the place for the arrival of people. This also increased the number of informal settlements in the city creating large pockets of urbanization in suburban regions. In the 1970s as Dharavi became the centre of city geographically Tanners were moved to the outer part of the city as they were not seen suitable for a central location, and the empty land was given for development. In the late 20th century Dharavi became the centre of talk when Mumbai saw a steep increase in land value due to the continuous migration of people in the city while constraint of land. Dharavi rose in importance, due to its visible position in centre of the city. During this time several attempts were made to redevelop Dharavi, but none were successful due to various reasons. Today, Dharavi is known as a "goldmine locationâ&#x20AC;?[14] which occupies 239 hectares of a very expensive piece of land with proximity to railway line and airport.

Fig 3.2: Chronology of urban fabric of Dharavi Since 1800s. Source: Author.

14. Mashian, S., Dharavi: When a Slum becomes a Goldmine, Cornell Real Estate Review, 2018.

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Understanding Dharavi.

Fig 3.3: Time line of Dharavi Since 1800s. source: Re Dharavi.

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. 3.2. Living conditions in Dharavi. Dharavi is not one place, there are number of distinctive neighbourhoods conveyed by numerous mazes of lanes.”[15] All this neighbourhood has its own characteristics, with different planning. The common characteristic feature between this neighbourhoods are houses connected to vast labyrinth[16] of narrow streets, public toilets shared my the neighbourhood, lack of basic infrastructure such as toilets, lack of light and ventilation as the houses are built close to one other without setbacks. The settlements converge and part in mysterious ways. As seen in figure 3.4., where one nagar ends and another begin only the residents can tell you. And by what logic the divisions are made are also beyond the knowledge of the outsider. Each neighborhood or locality differ greatly from each other, not just by the communities in that locality but by the history of their developement. For example The Chawls which are low rise buildings with tiled roof usually single bedroom opening out on same side to a common corridor built for mill workers. Today these chawls are surrounded by unplanned structures mostly not so structurally sound.[17] Then there are some neighbourhood evolved to cater to the profession of the communtiy like Kumbharwada where the backyard of the house is a work space where as the front acts a shop to sell their product. One mor different neihbourhood is the Transit Camp. As the name suggests, these were supposed to be temporary structures built by government to relocate people residing on the main road to expand the road. Currently this structures have become permanent with houses being two storey high. Although there are some developement done in some neighbourhoods where the tanneries where moved out. On such sites sits high rise buildings which compared

to the surrounding landscape of slum and unplanned structure seems abnormal. Most of this development is seen only on the outer edges of the settlement i.e. 60feet road and Sion- Mahim Link Road. Althouh there are private developers involved in development, major part of Dharavi remains like most other slums in Mumbai, badly in need of organization, of sanitation, of adequate and clean water, and of decent housing.[18] Further detailed study on 2 distinctive neighbourhoods of Dharavi: 1. Kumhbarwada. 2. New transit camp.

15. Kevin McCloud, Slumming It – Ep1, 2010. 8:10 – 8:20. 16. Labyrinth - a complicated irregular network of passages or paths in which it is difficult to find one's way; a maze. 17. Sharma, K. Rediscovering Dharavi : stories from Asia’s largest slum. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000. P xxviii. 18. Sharma, K. Rediscovering Dharavi : stories from Asia’s largest slum. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000. P xxx.

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Understanding Dharavi.

Fig 3.4: Neighborhood map of Dharavi. Source: Urbz.

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. Site Analysis. Dharavi is a 239 hectares of informal settlement with variegated nature of Landuse. Dharavi has an enormous spread almost of a size of a small township. What is even more intimidating than its size is the density of population, an estimated of 18,000 persons per acre. In this densely packed area you find twenty seven temples, eleven mosques and six churches.[19] The land use of Dharavi consist of variety of functions varying from Housing, commercial to industrial as seen in Figure.3.5A, Showing people living in Dharavi but also working here. Most of these structures are declared as hut by the Govenment, due to its construction quality and structurally unsound nature. Most of the Commercial space and major Industries are lined along the main roads and main streets where as the housing are in the inner clusters. The Western most part of the Dharavi is DOminated by Industries and has very minimal residence. Major industries of Dharavi are located in this part where as smaller industries are scattered in other parts of the settlement hiding in between housing or sometimes on upper floors of housing. The Developement by government and High rises are seen along the Main Roads specifically 60feet road and in the areas which where previously dominated by tanneries but now are developed as the tanneries where asked to relocate to outskirts of Mumbai leaving large empty sites for developers to build high rise. One can enter into Dharavi through several different routes. It is conveniently located within easy reach of three stations, Matunga and Mahim on the Western Railway and Sion on the Central Railway. It is also linked by two link roads that connect East and West Mumbai - Sion and Mahim, Thanks to the new developements.[20] The Eastern and Southern boundaries of Dharavi are the Railway tracks

of Central and Western Railways respectively whereas the Eastern and Northern boundary of Dharavi is created by Sion - Mahim Link road creating a triangular shape plan for Dharavi as can be seen from Figure 3.5 C. The Internal Settlement is connnected by two major roads the 90 Feet Road running North-East to SouthWest and 60 Feet Road running North-West to South-East. Most major streets of Dharavi are connected to these Roads. It is seen from the landuse map that most of the major formal developement in Dharavi is done along These Roads. The Urban Fabric of Dharavi many distinctive characters of different neighborhoods. The differentiation between two neighborhoods or nagar is seen in some places due to its distinct planning like Kumbharwada, New Transit camp and 13th Compound but the area around the Chamda Bazaar cannot be distinguished as all the nagars have unplanned structures in informal manner making it really difficult for an outsider to distinguish between two nagars. Each Neighborhood has its owns texture of urban fabric as seen in Figure 3.7. with its own distinct character. 13th compound has a course urban fabric due to Industries and its size the streets are even wider compared to other neighborhoods to accomodate heavy vehicular movement for transporting goods. The area around Chamda Bazaar has a very informal structure of urban fabric with a distinct character of mazes of streets leading to open/public space. The Urban Fabric of Kumbharwada forms four divisions which the locals call wadis. This divisions are actually the common linear open spaces behind their houses used as workspace and public space. This divisions also have distinct character i.e. each division makes a specific type of pottery. The New Transit camp has a very fine fabric but formal planning with narrow lanes as access to houses.

19. Sharma, K. Rediscovering Dharavi : stories from Asia’s largest slum. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000. P xxvii. 20. Sharma, K. Rediscovering Dharavi : stories from Asia’s largest slum. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000. P xxvi.

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Understanding Dharavi.

Fig 3.5: Physical Attributes of Dharavi. Source: Author.

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum.

Lanes:

The Lanes are usually smaller than 1.5m wide Going as low as 0.6m in some areas with Buildings on both sides usually two to three storey high. 1.5m wide streets although have some street level activity the smaller lanes only acts as access to houses.

Streets:

Usually lined with entrances to buildings on both sides. The entrance is usually seperated by a plinth which acts as a semi public space to sit, interact with neighbors and engage social life. The plinth sometimes also contains stairs leading to upper floors. These streets are usually 2m-3m wide allowing very little street activity.

Main Street:

The only streets which usually has vehicular access. The building along this streets are usually two to three storey structure with the ground floor typically beinng a commercial space like neighborhood grocery store, tea shop or a tailor and the upper floor being residential space. The structures still have the plinths which acts as a pedestrian and social space. The street width is more than 3m and this street are usually access streets to other streets and lanes.

Fig 3.6: Street sections Illustrating Street Activities in Lanes, Streets and Main Streets. Source: Author.

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Understanding Dharavi.

13th compound.

Chamda Bazaar.

Kumhbarwada.

Transit Camp.

Different unit sizes dues to industries. Maze of streets leading to open Units in line creating common work All units places in grid with very space. space in backyard. narrow streets.

Fig 3.7: Urban Fabric of Different Neihborhoods of Dharavi. Source: Author.

[ 39 ]

The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. Kumbharwada:

Kumbharwada is one of the first settlements in Dharavi, built by migrants from Gujarat in the second half of the 19th Century.[21] Potters from Saurashtra, Gujarat migrated to Dharavi when their native was hit by drought. A community which started with 250 families during its inception is now almost 2000 families involved in pottery making.[22] The community presently occupies 12.5 acres of prime property at the southern tip of Dharavi at the junction of two main roads of Dharavi

which are Sulochana Shetty Road (60 feet Road) and the 90 feet road. The Kumbharwada community is itself divided into two different community based on which part of Gujarat they migrated from. The reason for migration for both the communities was same, due to drought in their respective home towns. The first community to settle were Gujarati kumbhars from Shaurastra and then came the Kutchi Kumbhars from Kutch.[23]

Fig 3.8: Map showing the location of Kumbharwada in Dharavi. Source: Author.

21. Cameron (2020). Kumbharwada - a pottery village | urbz. [online] Urbz.net. Available at: https:// urbz.net/articles/kumbharwada-pottery-village. 22. DAY, R. R[e] interpreting, imagining, developing Dharavi. Mumbai, Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres. 2010. P 15&22. 23. The Kachchhi potters of Kumbharwada, Dharavi | Mumbai, People's Archive of Rural India. 2015.

[ 40 ]

Understanding Dharavi. Kumbharwada in Dharavi is uniquely configured around the live-work lifestyle of the potter community. The livelihoods of many communities in Dharavi depend on such live-work typologies. “Kumbharwada is made up of five lanes, dotted with over 120 kilns, with houses and workshops crowded around them.”[24] Similar to the other housing typologies of Dharavi, housing typology of Kumbharwada is based on the activities of the people. The Urban Fabric of the Potter’s Neighbourhood shows a very distinctive character compared to other community or industries. Most of the built form of the community is long and narrow which opens on both edges of the typology, “one opens onto the yard where production happens and where the shared bhatti or kiln is sited; the other entrance opens onto the street, where the finished goods are displayed and sold.”[25] The structures are attached to each other side by side creating a row of houses with a informal lane between two rows of houses this lanes are used as workspace with many shared kiln and production space, also this spaces usually doubles up as a community space for gatherings. This type of planning creates a very close group of neighbourhood where “social circles are very localised and hybridised, with friends, colleagues, extended families, employees and business rivals all close by.”[26] This informal space formed by row of built forms has multiple uses

other than just being a space for work "people play, work, even wash their clothes and dishes outside their front doors, so that much of the daily drudgery is social affair done with neighbours, it's what we call community."[27]

Fig 3.9: Urban Fabric of Kumbharwada. Source: Author.

Fig 3.10: Map of Kumbharwada. At the top of the image is 90 Feet Road, an important commercial street for the area, and where many potters have small shops. Source: Urbz.

24. Cameron (2020). Kumbharwada - a pottery village | urbz. [online] Urbz.net. Available at: https:// urbz.net/articles/kumbharwada-pottery-village. 25. DAY, R. R[e] interpreting, imagining, developing Dharavi. Mumbai, Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres. 2010. P 22. 26. Cameron (2020). Kumbharwada - a pottery village | urbz. [online] Urbz.net. Available at: https:// urbz.net/articles/kumbharwada-pottery-village. 27. Kevin McCloud, Slumming It - Ep1, 2010. 26:30 – 26:45.

[ 41 ]

The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. The usual typology of the house in the community is very distinctive from other houses from Dharavi. The usual typology of houses of this communities are multifunctional where the ground floor is usually living space with space for storage and a shopfront in the front of the house and the first floor is a space for sleeping. Although this spaces in the houses are flexible and not fixed with one use - "the key to making a space for yourself here is flexibility, every room here is a work room, living room, dining room and a bedroom."[28] The spaces in the houses are flexible and changes based on peoples needs, this is developed due to scarcity of land leading to people developing new ways to accommodate various functions in small parcel of land.

The houses of Kumbharwada “are generally built with brick and sometimes with wooden frames and tin sheet cladding”[29] on the ground floor and the upper floor is usually built as a temporary structure “built with either wooden or steel frames and clad with tin or cement sheets. The roofs are made up of corrugated cement sheets.”[30] The interiors of the houses usually lacks natural light and ventilation as the houses of this neighborhood are built sharing the wall on sides with other houses providing opening only on two smaller sides of the built form. As seen in Figure 3.12. the Courtyard space is also used as spill over space for families and neighbours during evening when daily work is over or during occassional group cheers and celebrations on festivals.

Fig 3.11: Plan and section of a typical House of Kumbharwada. Source: Author.

28. Kevin McCloud, Slumming It - Ep1, 2010. 24:10 – 24:20. 29. Gupte, R. & Shetty, P. Typologies and Beyond, Collective Research Initiatives Trust (CRIT), Mumbai. 2010. P 9. 30. Gupte, R. & Shetty, P. Typologies and Beyond, Collective Research Initiatives Trust (CRIT), Mumbai. 2010. P 9.

[ 42 ]

Understanding Dharavi.

Fig 3.12: Illustration of Courtyard Space in Kumbharwada used for Work and Celebration. Source: Devansh Maru and Abhijeet Mooley.

[ 43 ]

The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. New Transit Camp:

New transit camp was initially built as a temporary shelter for slum dwellers by Municipality in 1985 before they were shifted to semi subsidized apartment blocks. Now, the camp acts as a permanent structure for the migrants and houses most of the industries and commercial structures of Dharavi. The Location of the camp is in North of Kumbharwada neighbourhood, in line with the 90 feet road. Unlike the other neighbourhoods of Dharavi, this one is planned and was not evolved with time.

Fig 3.13: Map showing the location of New Transit Camp in Dharavi.

[ 44 ]

Understanding Dharavi. New Transit Camp has a very distinctive Urban fabric compared to other neighbourhoods of Dharavi. It is planned in grid pattern with all units of similar sizes with streets forming a network of grids. The reason for this is that the camp was set up as a temporary structure built to relocate the people who came in way of expanding Dharavi's main roads or for laying sewer or water lines. But today the temporary structures have been strenthened and houses are built with brick by the dwellers. The Houses in these neighbourhoods are ussually Two storey high going upto 24 feet while according to government regulations only 14 feet high structure is allowed.[31] The Construction quality of the houses are also not good with ground floor usually made up of brick and first floor made up of Temporary material with roof usually made up of corrugated sheet. Most of the houses in these neighbourhood are mixed use with the ground floor usually inhabits dweller and the upper floor are used for commercial or industrial purpose. The size of street follows a hierarchy where the streets connecting to main road is wider compared to the succession street in network leading to individual house. The smallest street is less than 1m. This series of different lanes create a new identity for this neighbourhood where each street type has its own identity where broader street acts as larger community space, the narrow lanes acts as more intricate semi public space for neighbours to interact with a sense of privacy as can be seen in Figure 3.15.

Fig 3.14. Urban Fabric of New Transit Camp. Source: Author.

Fig 3.15: (Top) Narrow lane in New Transit Camp acts as a semi public space for neighbors to interact, (Bottom) Broader street acts as a public space for various street level activity. Source: UDRI.

31. Sharma, K. Rediscovering Dharaviâ&#x20AC;Ż: stories from Asiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest slum. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000. P xxviii.

[ 45 ]

The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. 3.3. Work at Dharavi Since the 19th century due to the migration of new social groups and professions generated a variety of opportunity for people seeking a job. This migration also created a mixture of industries such as leather tanning, pottery, textile, etc making Dharavi an example for sustainable living and creating employment for almost 80% of the slum inhabitant. Dharavi consists of around 1500 small and medium scale factories making products that are shipped around the globe.[32] It is estimated that the annual turnover of the industries in Dharavi is around 1billion$, although this cannot be confirmed due to the informal nature of these enterprises and several enterprises being in the shadow of illegibility. Core industries of Dharavi such as

leather and recycling connect Dharavi to not only other parts of Mumbai but also other parts of worlds as the products are exported. Other than the major industries Dharavi also contributes to the economy and links Dharavi to the rest of the world with its smallscale industries such as ready-made food industries and pottery. Dharavi also provides bulk services such as housemaid, laundering, milk supply, and vegetable supply to the nearby localities. The presence of different economic activities in the settlement is very vibrant, that “Dharavi is home and workplace to about 6,00,000 people who live and work here. So all kind of services are available here as in the formal city: hairdressers, laundries, restaurants, cobblers, craftsmen, entertainers and grocery shops.”[33]

“You name it – Dharavi will produce it.”[34]

Fig 3.16: One of the busy main roads of Dharavi, Showcasing various scale of commercial activities. Source: Quartz India.

32. Kevin McCloud, Slumming It - Ep1, 2010. 37:45 - 37:50. 33. DAY, R. R[e] interpreting, imagining, developing Dharavi. Mumbai, Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres. 2010. P 27 34. DAY, R. R[e] interpreting, imagining, developing Dharavi. Mumbai, Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres. 2010. P 27

[ 46 ]

Understanding Dharavi. Recycling:

Dharavi has one of the worlds biggest recycling schemes. Based on a survey by National Slum Dweller’s federation or NSDF from 1986 Dharavi accounted for 722 scrap and recycling units, employing about 5000 people.”[35] In 1986 according to the survey “the turnover of this recycling industry in Dharavi was an estimated Rs.60 lakh a year and which would be much higher now.”[36] Due to its vast nature involving various process the recycling industry of Dharavi is divided into multiple scales involving collection, segregation, recycling and reselling.”[37] The process of recycling follow a standard stages, first collection involving ragpickers from Dharavi collecting and initially sorting

waste from dump yard and garbage from all over the city, which comes to kabaddi shops in Dharavi in big sacks where the plastics are segregated and this segregated waste is collected by larger recyclers specializing in plastics, paper , iron, etc. This recyclers are based at the 13th Compound, “this is the famed 13th Compound – where everything gets recycled. Oil cans, plastic drums, chemical drums, cotton scrap, iron scrap, empty tins, empty bottles and plastic drums, anything.”[38] Most of the waste coming in is recycled and things which cannot be recycled are mostly cleaned and reused. ”In the UK 23% of the plastic wastes are recycled where as here in Mumbai its an incredible 80%.”[39]

Fig 3.17: Process of recycling in Dharavi. Source: UDRI and Re Dharavi.

35. Bhide, A. & Spies, M. “Dharavi - Ground Up”:A Dwellers-Focused Design Tool for UPrading Living Space in Dharavi, Mumbai,2013. P 11. 36. Bhide, A. & Spies, M. “Dharavi - Ground Up”:A Dwellers-Focused Design Tool for UPrading Living Space in Dharavi, Mumbai,2013. P 32. 37. Kevin McCloud, Slumming It – Ep2, 2010. 38. DAY, R. R[e] interpreting, imagining, developing Dharavi. Mumbai, Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres. 2010. P 24. 39. Kevin McCloud, Slumming It – Ep2, 2010. 5:35-5:45.

[ 47 ]

The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. Leather:

Dharavi’s first industries were leather tanning industries set up by migrants from Tamil Nadu in late 19th century, which grew rapidly during the colonial period and attracted many migrants from other parts of India as well searching for jobs. During 1970s due to the problem with pollution and Dharavi being the centre of the city leather tanning was banned in the city limit and tanners were shifted to outer parts of the city. “Dharavi’s main leather business today is of finished goods, there being about 30 large leather goods manufacturers and about 5,000 persons doing job/work.”[40] The finished leather products from Dharavi are showcased in air conditioned showrooms on the main roads of Dharavi where “Customers from all over the city flock here in increasing numbers – globally too.”[41] Although the finished leather goods which sit in air conditioned showrooms the sad reality is the workforce is cramped in a small loft over the showroom or workshops in filthy conditions with bad light and ventilation. Regardless of the tough conditions the leather business is one of the prominent trade which one associates Dharavi.”[42]

Fig 3.17: Finished Wallet from Dharavi ready to be exported. source: ReDharavi.

Fig 3.18: (Left)Dharavi leather market on main road, (Right) A worker cuts leather pieces from a hide for a wallet at a leather workshop in the Dharavi slum area of Mumbai, India. source: The Print and Bloomberg

40. DAY, R. R[e] interpreting, imagining, developing Dharavi. Mumbai, Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres. 2010. P 15. 41. DAY, R. R[e] interpreting, imagining, developing Dharavi. Mumbai, Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres. 2010. P 16. 42. DAY, R. R[e] interpreting, imagining, developing Dharavi. Mumbai, Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres. 2010. P 16.

[ 48 ]

Understanding Dharavi. Textile:

Dharavi’s textile industry started during the decline of textile industry in Bombay in 1960s and 70s. The fall in cotton mills in Bombay led to small informal industries developing in Dharavi. This industry had separate units for weaving, printing, tailoring, etc, spread across the slum, which workes on collaborative basis to produce garments.”[43] This industry also deals with a lot of outsourced production, making products for garment companies around the world. Other than the modern day garments the textile industry of Dharavi is also involved in making garments based craft such as hand embroidery or ‘zardosi’ and machine embroidery. “A rough estimate of people employed in textiles and tailoring in Dharavi is 500, with another 100 doing hand embroidery or zardozi, and machine embroidery.”[44]

Fig 3.19: (Top) Craftsman working on Zordozi, (Bottom) Final Product. Source: Re Dharavi.

Fig 3.20: (Top) Printing Workshop, (Bottom) Tailoring workshop. Source: Re Dharavi.

43. DAY, R. R[e] interpreting, imagining, developing Dharavi. Mumbai, Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres. 2010. P 18. 44. DAY, R. R[e] interpreting, imagining, developing Dharavi. Mumbai, Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres. 2010. P 15.

[ 49 ]

The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. Pottery:

Located right at the junction of two main roads of Dharavi which are Sulochana Shetty Road (60 feet Road) and the 90 feet road is a community of potters known as Kumhbarwada. The community of migrants from Gujarat who settled in Dharavi in late 19th century. Similar to the other communities of Dharavi the migrants of this community also came in to seek the opportunity and try their fortune. Kumhbarwada occupies 12.5 acres of prime property in Dharavi with almost 2000 families involved in pottery making, amongst which 250 families having a special place in the community for being in business since inception.â&#x20AC;?[45] The pottery community has a very distinctive character compared to other community or industries. The houses in the community is a combination of home and workplace. The usual typology of the house being â&#x20AC;&#x153;narrow and long structures with two entrances: one opens onto the yard where production happens and where the shared bhatti or kiln is sited; the other entrance opens onto the street, where the finished goods are displayed and sold.â&#x20AC;?[46] These structure are usually attached to each other creating a spaces between used as workspace with many shared kiln and production space, this spaces usually doubles up as a community space for gatherings. The houses of this communities are also multifunction where the ground floor is usually living space with space for storage and a shopfront in the front of the house and the first floor is a space for sleeping. Although the pottery industry has an advantage of more working space over other industries the business has not seen much growth compared to others as the clientele is localised.

45. DAY, R. R[e] interpreting, imagining, developing Dharavi. Mumbai, Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres. 2010. P 15&22. 46. DAY, R. R[e] interpreting, imagining, developing Dharavi. Mumbai, Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centres. 2010. P 22.

[ 50 ]

Understanding Dharavi.

Fig 3.21: (Top-Left) Backyard space shared by different houses used for working, (Top-Right) Front of the House used as a storefront, (Bottom) Backyard space shared by different houses community gathering space during special occasions. Source: UDRI and Slumming IT.

[ 51 ]

The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. 3.4. Sense of Community Dharavi’s people have recognised themselves as part of smaller districts each with distinct characteristics based on the work they do or the place they migrated from or ethnic homogeneity creating a community of similar caste, profession or place they belong to. "Dharavi is not one place, there are dozens of distinct neighbourhoods negotiated by a mindboggling mazes of lanes."[47] Dharavi is a place with a mix of many different communities divided into nagars consisting of Tanners of Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh, Kumbhars from Gujarat, Kolis from Maharashtra, and other migrants from Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala.[48] Although some parts of Dharavi is home to Distinct communities from all parts of India live together irrespective of their caste, religion or profession. For instance Muslim Nagar “a typical mix of communities speaking different language, having different faiths, but supporting each other in daily battle of survival.”[49] "Neighbors look after each other’s kids and provide cheap subrentals when other families need space. The efficient, hyper-dense, and complex neighborhood we know today grew through this process of interlocking lives and needs."[50] There is an hierarchy of community space in where people interact with neighbours each level has its own level of privacy with which people interact for example the plinth outside house acts as a transition space between the house and the street and is a semi public space where the dweller interacts with the closest neighbour, the street is public space

with less privacy with more people gathering, while open spaces are the least private space where neighbours gather to form a community space "people play, work, even wash their clothes and dishes outside their front doors, so that much of the daily drudgery is social affair done with neighbours, it's what we call community."[51] This hierarchy of spaces create an interesting layers where each layer has a different level of privacy and element of surprise based on the layer whereas " we just get bored of very quickly, we get bored of housing estate, we get bored of industrial estate, we get bored of shopping centres because it just don’t offer that depth and layering and it’s all here."[52] Other than taking care of one another in everyday activity the people also guard one’s neighbourhood. The dense nature of Dharavi is a conclusive factor in preventing routing policing most people will assume there must be lawlessness whereas, the reality is totally opposite. “Every settlement, consisting of narrow lanes converging into one another in an apparently disorderly manner but with and internal order which an outsider cannot comprehend --- has a grocery store, a laundry, a phone booth, a doctor(unfortunately, most often an unqualified quack), and a chai shop. With lanes that lanes that are barely three feet wide, with this multiplicity of establishments, petty crime is virtually impossible.”[53]

47. Kevin McCloud, Slumming It – Ep1, 2010. 8:10 – 8:20. 48. Sharma, K. Rediscovering Dharavi : stories from Asia’s largest slum. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000. P xxx. 49. Sharma, K. Rediscovering Dharavi : stories from Asia’s largest slum. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000. P xxxiii. 50. ECHANOVE, M. & SRIVASTAVA, R. This is Not A Slum: What the World can Learn from Dharavi. World Policy Journal 1 June 2016; 33 (2): 19–24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/07402775-3642500. P. 21. 51. Kevin McCloud, Slumming It – Ep1, 2010. 26.30-26.45. 52. Kevin McCloud, Slumming It – Ep1, 2010. 28.10-28.25. 53. Sharma, K. Rediscovering Dharavi : stories from Asia’s largest slum. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2000. P 131.

[ 52 ]

Understanding Dharavi. 3.5. Summary. Dharavi is an explosive mix of different communities that live in impossibly dense informal settlement. Its acts as a gateway to the city of Mumbai for many people who migrated for different parts of India as it offers jobs oppurtunities. Dharavi is a place where people work where they live. Dharavi is not one place, but dozens of different neighborhoods negotiated by a mind boggling mazes of lane which can only be diffrentiated by the local. "Dharavi demonstrates the possibility for an urban future fueled by productive life, an imaginative use of space, and piecemeal growth. It should teach us that families and community networks can be the foundations from which a built environment emerges."[54] People although from different caste or faith or speak different language live together, enjoy festivals together even share their daily drudgery with their neighbors, its what we call community.

54. ECHANOVE, M. & SRIVASTAVA, R. This is Not A Slum: What the World can Learn from Dharavi. World Policy Journal 1 June 2016; 33 (2): 19â&#x20AC;&#x201C;24. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/07402775-3642500. P. 24.

[ 53 ]

The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum.

[ 54 ]

Challenges and Interventions.

4. Challenges and Interventions 4.1. Attempts to Redevelop. 4.2. Case Studies: Successful Urban Renewal Projects. 4.3. Summary.

[ 55 ]

The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum.

[ 56 ]

Challenges and Interventions. 4.1. Attempts to Redevelop: Efforts to redevelop Dharavi started when the government’s attitude towards slum population changed and marked the beginning of the Maharashtra Slum Areas Improvement, Clearance and Redevelopment Act of 1971.[55] There were various attempts to redevelop Dharavi since then and all had their own reasons for failure.

Slum Improvement Programme (SIP):

The first attempt followed by the Maharashtra Slum Areas Improvement, Clearance and Redevelopment Act of 1971 was The Slum Improvement Programme (SIP) of 1972. The salient feature of this attempt was to provide basic civic amenities like water, electricity, latrines and sewage disposal to slum areas, but it failed and could not be executed as at that time no comprehensive census of the slum areas of Mumbai existed.[56] In 1976 the residents of various slums were surveyed and were given a photo identity but were required to pay a licence fee of twenty rupees, of which one rupee was taken as land rent. However the census were thought to be incomplete as it was restricted to slums on state government land. The SIP is still being implemented in Dharavi, on land that is owned by the municipal corporation. But it has not been very successful because no provisions were made for the day-to-day maintenance of the amenities that were provided under it.[57]

Slum Upgradation Programme (SUP):

In 1985 The World Bank funded the Slum Upgradation Programme (SUP). This programme required the slum dwellers to form a cooperative group and the existing slum land was leased out to this groups at affordable rates, and loans were granted for

environmental and housing improvements[58]. Unlike SIP in this programme the slum dwellers were responsible for improving the infrastructure. However, The programme could only be implemented on land owned by municipal or government which became the main problem of the programme as a large portion of the area to be redeveloped was held by private developers, the acquisition of private land was proving to be full of complications and hurdles.

Prime Minister’s Grant Project (PMGP):

In the same year as The World Bank funded the SUP, The Prime Minister’s Grant Project (PMGP) was introduced with a grant-inaid of Rs. 1 billion sanctioned by the then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, of which Rs.300 million was reserved for Dharavi alone, making Dharavi as the main focus of the programme. It was the first scheme that actually considered slum redevelopment in a systematic fashion and planned for the construction of new residential structures for slum dwellers on the same site where they had squatted.[59] However, this project could not be successfully implemented as the planners had not accounted for the tremendous population density of the slum, which made it difficult to relocate residents to allow for development work.[60]

55. Chatterji, R., 2005. Plans, habitation and slum redevelopment: The production of community in Dharavi, Mumbai. Contributions to Indian Sociology. P 202. 56. Chatterji, R., 2005. Plans, habitation and slum redevelopment: The production of community in Dharavi, Mumbai. Contributions to Indian Sociology. P 202-203. 57. Chatterji, R., 2005. Plans, habitation and slum redevelopment: The production of community in Dharavi, Mumbai. Contributions to Indian Sociology. P 203. 58. Jagdale, R., 2014. “An overview of slum rehabilitation schemes in Mumbai, India”, Report, University of Texas. P 20. 59. Chatterji, R., 2005. Plans, habitation and slum redevelopment: The production of community in Dharavi, Mumbai. Contributions to Indian Sociology. P 205. 60. Chatterji, R., 2005. Plans, habitation and slum redevelopment: The production of community in Dharavi, Mumbai. Contributions to Indian Sociology. P 206.

[ 57 ]

The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. Slum Rehabilitation Scheme (SRS):

In 1995, the Shiv Sena came into power With BJP and announced a new Slum Rehabilitation Scheme (SRS) as promised in their election manifesto. The Slum Rehabilitation Authority (SRA) was set up under the Maharashtra Housing and Area Development Authority (MHADA) to assess SRS. The scheme had been modified majorly by taking feedback from the shortcomings of previous schemes. The scheme involved private developers to develop the parcel of land on their expanse and would be compensated with extra FSI and transferable development rights (TDR) [61] Although the scheme was better then its predecessor it failed due to various reason First, the sudden collapse of the real estate market resulted very few builders taking the offer.[62] The Scheme required the consent of 75% of the slum dwellers, which made execution difficult. “The performance of the schemes was not up to the expectations. In the period of 1991-2000, only 3486 units had been redeveloped.”[63]

the developers than the slum dwellers. The DRP is divided into sector, once the sectors are allotted to private developers it is up to the developer on how to redevelop in order to generate profit for itself, therefore ignoring the primary actors of the project the slum dwellers. A large portion of the dwellers argue that the DRP has not considered the current livelihood and socio-economic networks.

Dharavi Redevelopment Project (DRP):

In 2004 the Government of Maharashtra proposed Dharavi Redevelopment Project (DRP), where it was planned to carry out redevelopment of Dharavi as an integrated township project, in which developers would rehouse Dharavi’s residents in 300 square feet apartments built in high rise tower blocks, thus freeing up space for their own development projects. It was decided to develop the area by dividing the land into various sectors and appointing the developers for the development. While the tower blocks resolve the issue of hygiene and sanitation that previously plagued the slum, it has encountered major resistance from its residents as the project is more beneficial to

Fig 4.1: Dharavi Redevelopment Project Scheme. Source: Dharavi.org.

61. Chatterji, R., 2005. Plans, habitation and slum redevelopment: The production of community in Dharavi, Mumbai. Contributions to Indian Sociology. P 212. 62. Chatterji, R., 2005. Plans, habitation and slum redevelopment: The production of community in Dharavi, Mumbai. Contributions to Indian Sociology. P 212. 63. Jagdale, R., 2014. “An overview of slum rehabilitation schemes in Mumbai, India”, Report, University of Texas. P 26.

[ 58 ]

Challenges and Interventions.

Table 2: Various slum Development projects for Dharavi. Source: Author.

[ 59 ]

The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. 4.2. Case Studies. (Where People Accepted Slum Upgradation) There have been very few successful attempts to solve the problem of slum upgradation or redevelopment around the world where the dwellers have accepted the proposal. Following are two case studies one being a slum upgradation whereas the other is a low-cost housing scheme with similar principle. Both the case studies are from India with Two different approaches one being the upgradation of the site whereas the other being the master plan development.

Yerwada Slum Redevelopment, Pune, India: The project started in 2009 with the longterm goal of the Pune Municipal Corporation is to achieve a “Sustainable slum less city”. The authorities partnered with various NGO’s such as Mahila Milan, the National Slum Dwellers Federation (NSDF), and the Society for Promotion of Area Resource Centres(SPARC) to plan and to develop an Incremental Housing Strategy that could be implemented anywhere. A sustained process of housing improvement is only possible with the beneficiary community’s contribution, participation and consent.

There are Four main design features by Architects Filipe Balestra and Sara Göransson from Stockholm, first being the most significant where the project uses the existing organic patterns of the neighbourhood that have been evolved during time and the existing social networks are respected. With this feature the neighbours remain neighbours. The effort has been to retain the overall fabric of the slum in terms of existing street patterns and existing footprints of houses. At first the team identified the structures as Pacca and Kaccha houses where Pacca houses means permanent houses or houses which are structurally sound with basic infrastructure and Kaccha houses is temporary houses that that is houses made of temporary material and lacking basic infrastructure. Based on this research the architects identified the structures to keep and structures to upgrade.

Fig 4.2: (Above)Plan showing Pacca and Kaccha Houses. (Below) Propose plan maintaining the permanent structures. Source:http://prasannadesaiarchitects.com/insitu-slumrehabilitaion-project-yerwada-pune.html

64. http://www.architecturepressrelease.com/in-situ-slum-rehabilitation-project-for-urban-poorunder-bsup-jnnur-scheme-yerwada-pune-by-prasanna-desai-architects/ 65. http://prasannadesaiarchitects.com/insitu-slum-rehabilitaion-project-pune.html 66.http://prasannadesaiarchitects.blogspot.com/2011/08/1-insitu-slum-rehabilitationproject_10.html

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Challenges and Interventions. The team proposed Three prototypes of single family house for the upgradation, where each family had the liberty to choose one of the three design based on their personal needs. The individuals also had the freedom to make minor changes in the chosen prototype to suit individual needs or not at all participate in the project. The user had the liberty to add an extra floor in future as the structure although proposed as two storey had the structural stability to support three storeys. The design of the prototype were as follows: House A: a 2 story house structured as a 3 story house, allowing the owner to extend the house vertically without structural risks in the future., House B: a 2 story house on pilots, allowing for the owner to either leave the space open for parking or to increment it as a shop or an extra bedroom., House C: a 3 story house with a void in the middle. This void can be used like a veranda, living or working space, and the family can close it in order to create a new bedroom in the future. The project featured successful collaboration between different stakeholders with involvement of Government, Professionals, NGO, Beneficiaries and Local Representatives throughout the project. Which helped in bringing the community together and also involving them in the design process and training them to understand what they really want, being the end users. The community workshops with NGOs and local representatives with 3d models helped the dwellers to visualize and giving them perspective of the spaces, street hierarchy and density of the neighbourhood. This also helped determine the final layout of the housing.

upgraded house being 25sqm. the rules of the grant say each family has to contribute with 10% of the total cost of house, and for those who cannot afford to pay the down payment Mahila Milan offered construction jobs. Once the basic structure is ready the family is free to customize their house with tiles, paint etc. Each family at the end of compilation receives a ninety nine Year lease making the community legal.

Fig 4.3: Yerwada Slum Redevelopement Community Participation. Source: Archdaily.

The finance scheme of the project is also one of the significant features of this project. Being a part of Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), devoted to upgrading the urban infrastructure, with the 67. https://www.dezeen.com/2009/05/05/incremental-housing-strategy-by-filipe-balestra-andsara-goransson/ 68. https://www.archdaily.com/21465/incremental-housing-strategy-in-india-filipe-balestra-saragoransson

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum.

Fig 4.4: Yerwada Slum Redevelopement Housing Typologies for People To Choose based on One's Requirement. Source: Archdaily.

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Challenges and Interventions. Aranya Housing, Indore, India.

The project was initiated in 1983 by Indore development Authority (IDA) for 6,500 families primarily from Economically weaker section (EWS) of society or lower income group (LIG). The project was designed by Vastu-Shilpa Foundation and was lead by B V. Doshi. The site measuring 86 hectares and is located 6kms away from the city center. A sence of continuity of fundamental values of society is the essence of good habitat. The ideological basis for planning Aranya has been Vitality, Imageability, Equity, Efficiency, Flexibility and feasibility.

this the community becomes empowered and responsible for making housing decision based on once ability.

The settlement is designed as collection of six self-sustained neighbourhoods, which incorporates all neighbourhood facilities such as schools, medical center, shops, etc. to sustain community. The commercial, community and recreational amenities are located in the center of the settlements while the local shops and other facilities are dispersed in the neighbourhood at walking distance. During the time of implementation there was a decline in total investment on housing from 34% to mere 7.4% due to which site and service master plan was proposed for this project over ready-built dwelling units. As it reduced the cost of construction for the government. In site and service process basic infrastructure is provided to the user and the residents can upgrade their houses with time. Its an incremental process which upgrades over time and also invites involvement of users in building their houses and neighbourhood. In case of Aranya Housing the process was applied such that each family was given a small parcel of land comprising of toilet and kitchen with varying services based on the users ability to pay for services. The services provided were water taps, sewer connection, street light, paved access and so on. With

Fig 4.5: Perspective of a street as a miniature, by B.V. Doshi. Source: Vastu Shilpa Foundation.

69. http://web.mit.edu/incrementalhousing/articlesPhotographs/pdfs/aranya-3-Details1146.pdf

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum.

Fig 4.6: (Top Left) Aranya Low Cost Housing and a variety of semi-public and public spaces, (Bottom Left) A street from Aranya Housing with different typologies of houses, (Right) Aranya Low Cost Housing and the relation between streets and entrances. Source: Vastu Shilpa Foundation.

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Challenges and Interventions.

Fig 4.7: House Form Variation. Source: Vastu Shilpa Foundation.

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. 4.3. Summary. It is seen that every attempt to uplift Dharavi from its recent condition since 1972 has failed due to various reasons like missing census data, miscalculating spatial density, and in the latest attempt not considering the needs of the dwellers in design. The precedents studies showed the successful implementation of Slum upliftment in similar context in other cities of India. The case studies showed a deeper insight on how important is to have community actively participating in the design process from start to finish, which in Dharavi was totally neglected leading to dwellers on slum not excepting the Redevelopment Plan. The case study also showed how the process of incremental housing where the house is considered as a process rather than one final product which reduces the economic burden on the user while making a home of his own needs. The studies also highlights the importance o finances in such project where the Government or public body pays the amount for construction as loan to the dweller which the later repays as instalment and the house is given to the dweller on lease till the loan is repaid after which the dweller becomes the owner of the house. Both project although being different have applied the same ideologies and have made the end user happy, which can also be used in case of Dharavi where the user is involved in design process and is given an opportunity to choose based on its need with proper financial strategy the project can be accepted by the people of Dharavi.

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The Chaotic and Dynamic Slum Settlement of India.

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum.

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Strategies

5. Strategies

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum.

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Strategies 5. Strategies It is evident from all the studies and analysis that Dharavi has multicolored landscape of land use and structures where people not only live here but also work. The attempts made earlier by government is not acceptable due to its ignorance of various industries and commercial activity which Dharavi supports Although there are hazardous industries which are to be taken care off there are small industries which are not an hazard. Due to Dharavi's variegated nature a single uniform strategy cannot be applied to the whole area. Some strategies which can be applied to uplift the present conditions of Dharavi based on the finding and Precedent studies are as follows:

allow each nagar or neighborhood to retain its identity so that people stays in the same neighborhood after redevelopement with their existing neighbors with whom they have been since ages. This strategy will therefore provide the dwellers with sence of Ownership and title for their own home.

A. Community led Design Solutions.

Dharavi Shows that needs of each neighborhood is different due to its variety of industries. Solution for one neighbourhood cannot be suitable for some other neighborhood as the requirement of each neighborhood is different, for example a solution to Accomodating small industries of New Transit Camp can be providing a Loft space as part of the residence with higher floors but the same solution is not feasible for Kumbhars for Kumbharwada as their trade requires space on ground level for their potter's wheel and Kiln. Hence, treating Dharavi as one uniform slum and imposing a uniform solution will just not work, rather flexibility and Community participation in design process ensuring finding solutions to the problems. Each Neighborhood of Dharavi has its own identity with different level of intricacy depending on its propotion as seen in Figure3.7. and the previous attempts tends to ignore this identity. The Aim should be to

Fig 5.1: Retaining the Identity of Each Neighborhoods. Source: Author.

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. B. Incremental Housing as Method.

In this Method the user is allowed to chouse the house based on its present requirement and can expand in future based on one's Financial condition. The method also relieves the financial stress for the Government as it only builds the house for the dweller based on his/her present needs and leases out to the dweller. The Dweller then based on his financial capability does modifications to the house. The dweller also has the oppurtunity to select the house design based on the need from multiple design typologies. This will give the dwellers a sence of ownership. This process cna only be acheived by Successful collabration of stakeholders from Government, Professionals, to the slum dwellers with local representatives and NGO's as Mediators to communicate with the Dwellers. This Strategy will help the people of Dharavi an oppurtunity to grow, Improve and build upon.

C. Inspiration from Existing.

Dharavi has evoveled since ages creating a self sustaining self regenarating community. The people have created space in ways only few Architects can do. They are survival artists who have created spaces from trial and error which works for them. So taking an inspiration from the existing Dharavi will only help the designer to enhance the desin and add life to the Redeveloped Project. We as Designers think only about spaces and structures but not lives of people creating a dreamy project without life, whereas places like Dharavi flourishes attracting people with its spirits. Producing an intricate urban fabric just like the existing Dharavi will enhance street life and forming small pockets of communal space. This strategy will help creating a Design and spaces which adapts to peoples of Dharavi and its Cultures.

Fig 5.2: Multiple typologies of building suiting to oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s personal needs.Source: Author.

Fig 5.3: Relationship between different Stakeholders .Source: Author.

Fig 5.4: Creating an Intricate Urban Fabric taking Inspiration from the Present Dharavi. Source: Author.

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Strategies D. Integrating at Macro Level.

Dharavi although being the part of Mumbai even before the time Mumbai was known as Bombay, it has been seen as a seperate patch on the map of Mumbai. The strategy aims to Produce new connections to the outside world, blending Dharavi in Mumbai while maintaining its spirit. The Lack of Appropriate connection between the formal and informal settlement creates a sence of seclusion between the two parts, with these new connection and Formalised urban fabric will creating a sence of interaction between the formal and informal settlements. This new connection also benifits both Dharavi and Mumbai for their economic trades. This strategy will help open and merge Dharavi into the Existing Urban Fabric of Mumbai.

Fig 5.5: New Connections Integrating Dharavi to Mumbai's Urban Fabric. Source: Author.

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum.

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Conclusion.

6. Conclusion

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum.

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Conclusion. 6. Conclusion Most of the urban areas in the world faces with the problem of informal settlements or slums. Several attempts made by many to redevlop slums and formalise them but fail in doing so as the standard principle adopted to design this slums by Architect or planners are usually to uplift by finding solutions to physical issues of the slums and ignoring the architectural, social and cultural character of the location. The same problem of ignorance is seen in most of the urban renewal projects of India. The research involved a critical analysis of the case study with respect to its existing condition and various attempts of redevelopment and reason for their failures. Dharavi is a 239 hectares of informal settlement showcasing a variegated nature of Landuse with an explosive mix of different communities that live in impossibly crowded surroundings. Dharavi not only provides shelter to people but also provides job to almost 80% of total Dharavi's population. The land use of Dharavi consist of variety of functions varying from Housing, commercial to industrial. Each neighborhood of Dharavi has its own identity based on the community that live in or the profession of the people living in that neighborhood. The differentiation between two neighborhoods or nagar is seen in some places due to its distinct planning like Kumbharwada, New Transit camp and 13th Compound but the area around the Chamda Bazaar cannot be distinguished as all the nagars have unplanned structures in informal manner making it really difficult for an outsider to distinguish between two nagars. Dharavi teaches us how families and community networks can be the foundations from which a built environment emerges. Since 1970 there were various attempts made to uplift Dharavi which were, the

SlumImprovement Programme (SIP) of 1972, the Slum Upgrading Programme (SUP) in 1985 and the Prime Minister Grant Project (PMGP) of 1985, the Slum Rehabilitation Scheme (SRS) of 1995, and the Dharavi Redevelopment Project(DRP) of 2004. Each project had its own drawback where the overall result was a failure. The First attempt(SIP) failed due to unavailability of data, the second attempt (SUP) failed due to the restriction of land. PGMP failed as the designers did not considered the density of population. The reason for Failure of SRS scheme was the sudden collapse of real estate market and the Latest attempt is the DRP which was first introduced in 2004 but has seen multiple changes uptill 2014. The DRP was hugely criticized by the people of Dharavi as it didn't take into account the work life of Dharavi and relocated them into highrise towers. Two main reason for people not accepting the scheme was one it did not considered the work life of Dharavi as the scheme only provided housing to the people and not work space and other it ignored the social structure of Dharavi. This ignorance of needs of the dwellers in design is seen in most of the urban renewal projects. The precedent studies showed a deeper insight on how community networks can be the foundations from which a built environment emerges, which in case Dharavi was totally neglected leading to dwellers on slum not excepting the Redevelopment Plan. The Studies showed how user led design process help in success of a project providing people with sence of ownership and title for their own home. Financial strategy also plays an impotant role in projects like this where the Government or public body pays the amount for construction as loan to the dweller which the later repays as instalment. Both project although being different have applied the

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum. same ideologies and have made the end user happy, which can also be used in case of Dharavi where the user is involved in design process. The Strategies are obtained by studying the existing conditions of Dharavi to find solutions to the Physical tangible issues while considering the social and communtiy structure of Dharavi. The strategies are based on the analysis from the precedent studies. Due to Dharavi's variegated nature a single uniform strategy cannot be applied to the whole area. The strategies are very basic but can be used to improve the current conditions while retaining the social structure of slum. This will help tackle the current issues with slum more easily.

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Conclusion.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Dharavi, a slum of energy, enterprise and hope. Where every hand is busy, every head held high. Where people could be miserable but choose to be happy. A choice each of us can make.â&#x20AC;?[70]

70. Bansal, R., Gandhi, D. and Gandhi, D., Poor Little Rich Slum. Chennai: Westland, 2012. Cover.

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The Chaotic And Dynamic Slum.

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Rahul Deepak Kumar Jain MA Architecture and Urbanism Manchester School of Architecture University of Manchester Manchester Metropolitan University 2019 - 2020