Spatial Data in Ahmedabad an Informaton Assessment by Rahul Parmar

Spatial Data in Ahmedabad â&#x20AC;&#x201C; An Assessment

Rahul Parmar (UP2211) April, 2015 Name of the Guide: Mr Mahroof M

Dissertation Year:2015-16

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD – AN ASSESMENT

BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

Undertaking

I, Rahul Parmar, author of the thesis titled “Spatial Data in Ahmedabad – An assessment ”, hereby declare that this is an independent work of mine, carried out towards partial fulfilment of the requirements for award of Bachelors Degree in Planning at the Faculty of Planning , CEPT University, Ahmedabad.

This work has not been submitted to any other institution for the award of any

Degree/Diploma.

Date:

Name of Student: Rahul Parmar

Place: Ahmedabad

Code No. : UP2211

Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

Disclaimer This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the Faculty of Planning, CEPT University. All views and opinions expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the institute.

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SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

Executive Summary As many if us aware that urbanisation as a phenomenon is increasing day by day and with recent estimates more than 50% people all around the world are living in urban areas and it is expected to increase in coming years. The complex nature of urban areas is also dynamic at the same time and meeting the needs, requirements and aspiration of people with equality in distribution of resource is becoming increasingly difficult. One of the backbone for efficient management and governance is a sound database through which the local government is enabled in decision making. The concern to which the study was aimed was that most of the Planning in Indian context is done through Development plans and Masters plans. Time and again it has been attributed that these plans are not dynamic and are not able to respond to the present needs as well as future aspirations. One of the main reason being delays in preparation and execution which can be partially attributed to absence of efficient data base system for planning and management of the city. Data in terms of spatial data caught the eye in all those concerns as spatial plans are one of the major ways and methods through which any physical change can be seen on the ground. So it was very important to understand what is the status of spatial data in the city of Ahmedabad , Ahmedabad considered as one of a major developing cities in India so to understand and find the gaps if any that exists in the systems regarding the management of city of which spatial data is main focus of study. The study will be analysis and assess the spatial data, there are many other countries and cities who are trying to manage the city in a better way needs to be understood with the initiatives that are taken in India for the spatial data management.

1.1.

Aim:

To do an assessment of the spatial data in the city of Ahmedabad.

1.2.

Research Question

How is the data collected, used and updated by nodal agencies at city level for the development activities? What are the formats in which spatial data can be used at City level? What are the institutional set up or a financial model through which spatial data can be managed? How is spatial data accessible to other stake holders except the data owners which include the departments within the government, private developers, NGOs, non-profit organisation, research organisation and common people?

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SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD – AN ASSESMENT

1.3.

BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

Objective

To understand the spatial data, its utility value and how it is used in planning processes To study the guidelines, best practices in the world and initiatives at national, state and local level for spatial data management. To study the mechanism in which spatial data is collected, stored and handled at Ahmedabad Level. 

To study how spatial data is collected, used and updated by the local government



To find out what are the formats in which spatial data is stored at local level.



To study and map the present mechanism and the type of institutional setup formal or informal in nature to manage spatial data.



To study the accessibility and sharing mechanism within the agency owning the spatial data and outside

1.4.

Scope and Limitation of the study

The scope of this study to find the gaps in the data management related to Land and Building as well services (water, waste water, solid waste etc.), but these service are taken as they are part of land and building the distribution network etc. is not taken into consideration. Area of AMC is only taken when we are talking about Ahmedabad as AUDA is a planning agency and does not have a function to manage the city and there are many issues of jurisdiction of AUDA, AMC and adjoining villages which will shift the focus of the study.

1.5.

Literature review contents

It was very important to define what are spatial data that is being talked about the Literature review was done first to know what is spatial data?, what are different uses of spatial data and how can these spatial data used in management of city and its governance. On the top of that what are tools and modes that people have used in past as well as they are using in the present context to manage the spatial data. Spatial data is any data that has a geographical address attached to it can be a physical , topological or geographical feature or it can be name place , location address etc. In simple words anything that can be mapped is called spatial data. Spatial data can be used for many functions for management of a city to natural resource management, rise assessment, detailed feasibility of an infrastructure projects. Then it was looked upon the transformation and evolution of spatial data from a mapping tool used for military and travelling purposes to more comprehensive uses with the expansion of banking sector and introduction of technology. The focus being that how people have managed spatial data in past what are they doing in the present context and what are the future expectation. In this cloud it is very important where India is and what is the status of Ahmedabad for Spatial data management for planning and governance of the city.

Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

The case of Netherlands and INSPIRE Europe regarding creating a common spatial data infrastructure for resource management as integration and collation of already collected data has helped countries in the Europe to manage cities in a better way. In these 27 countries who are the part of INSPIRE directive to create a common platform for sharing of essential data as well as providing standards for data content management so that integration of one levels with the other, past data with present data and eventually future

data

possible.

Since the study focussed on management of Land , building the mechanisms relating to the Land (Development Plan , Town Planning Scheme) and building (Building permission , building use permission needs to studied upon. But also, how other country manages the system is also very important. Planning permission and building permission and Local Development plan of UK is very similar to Indian context so it was studied upon which gave some useful insights on what basis development is governed and what and where is role of data managers come in to play. Some of the essential take always were sustainable development as the central focus, making planning and development process more participatory and easy for people and users to understand. From the attempts off UK to simplify the process for people and user group to be more interactive and responsive the local government ended up cleaning the mess of complicated processes within the government which helped them a lot. Furthermore a more responsive, efficient and easy to manage system is what they are aiming with spatial data being the key to connect the missing dots. Then we come to the India s context and understand what are the initiatives that the government at all levels have taken and attempted to manage the spatial data what is the present status compared to what the initiatives and works are being done at Ahmedabad level. NSDI is one of the milestone project that is aimed at creating a spatially enabled and Knowledge India and it is in much resonance with the Data system in USA where a centralised platform is created and government is the facilitator and not the soul creator of data. But the projects and initiatives does have many issues and not considerable amount of work has been done on ground with NSDI. NLRMP was such project aimed at digitisation of land records in rural areas, NSUI was one of the schemes for creating GIS based maps for the urban areas and few of the cities were selected. But when we see at Ahmedabad level not much work has been done as NSUI has not been implemented at district level and so the city has not been part of any such scheme. Moreover , the traces of NSDI can be seen in Ahmedabad when a recent RFP was given out for GIS based mapping and E-governance for the city of Ahmedabad where data content standards and norms of NSDI are talked about which is still in a liquid state at the moment.

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SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

1.6.

BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

Status of Spatial data in Ahmedabad

So after doing the background study of it was very important to analyse the present context of data collection, storage, updating, and management. There were three major sectors in which the study focusses upon Land, Building and Services. Land includes all the mechanisms through which land management happens in Ahmedabad so they are TP scheme and Development plan, in case of building there is building permission and building use permission when a transaction or flow of data happens and for the services TP scheme is the mechanisms plus only access information of services were looked upon which got covered in building permission and Building use permission. There were two ways in which the study of understanding the process was done. One with respect to the flow of data and its storage and use and other was the process and institution set up itself through which those data were collected or stored. A detailed process mapping was done which showed the departments the people and posts involved at each and every step, the processes that are done in order to receive and collect that particular spatial data. Also, each and every place where there is a storage of data was checked upon how that information is accessed and the storage mechanism for the same. The contents of the data were also looked upon in order to know what kind of spatial data is needed for management of Land and building Vis a Vis a check list which was prepared by looking at different cases and different initiatives of government programs like NSDI.

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SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

Then the after mapping and understanding the process and input output matrix was created in order to understand what are the gaps in present system and how are same things managed in other countries like UK the difference in approaches technologies and priority. The study showed that in Ahmedabad there are many information which are input in some of the processes and outputs of others are inputs for some. There is whole cycle in which data should ideally flow. Eg. the information related to building, plot details, dimension of building, services and safety installed etc. are collected when a BU permission is given but when it comes to preparation of DP same information is required but it cannot be used as the formats in which the information is stored and kept is unusable and creating new information takes less time. There is no comprehensive storage or system in which information that is collected can be stored kept, updated and used in future. There are many incomplete cycles such as these which occur and the work load of the AMC gets increased. Moreover, there are issues with the kind of institution set up Ahmedabad has private sectors not included in main stream planning , too many departments and duplication of efforts etc.

1.7.

Conclusion and Future scope of work

From the study it was established that the data cycles are not complete which causes problems and duplication of efforts, the institution set ups are such that they do not allow private sectors or any other agency involved in development activities to participate in the main stream planning, processes are complex not easily understandable by people and no prescribed standards for the collection and storage of the data. How other countries like UK who are giving maximum preference to a responsive participatory planning. It is not to say that such methods should be adopted in the context of India but they have found out a way to solve these issues which we need to address. But, in recent times an RFP has been given for GIS database creation and e-governance a vendor has been hired to do the job for AMC. The RFP has specification regarding what data should be collected, the data standards and many other service for the citizen and users. The RFP has laid down a detailed specification of maps , data required and the kind of system that is required. There are also provision for data content standards which follows according to the NSDI standards which is a very good step towards a sptially enabled Ahmedabad. The kind of services that are targetted are web portal, mobile application , citizen interface feature etc. The details regarding the security of the online system and access standards and for whom is very well descibed in the RFP. It should be noted that technology may not be a complete solution and a key to spatially enabled society and good city mangement and governance. The RFP given for GIS based mapping and E-governance may provide the solution to take into account the use of technology but what about the skill base and capacity building of people. A soud analysis of how to manage those huge volumes of data which at present is already there in one form or another is somewhere missing. How will AMC clean the mess or several departments and present practices of mangement of the city. How is the transformation envisaged Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

from a paper based manual system to a GIS based online system. Or there will be a situation where there will be differernt IT department or a cell looking after this database and rest of the functions will go on buissness as usual then the data base created is of no use if it can not be used for planning and management of the city. It can be said that management of this data base once created is a question that needs answering . Also, there are many jobs and duties the local governement has to perform so the man power requirement and skill based requirement with the kind of system that is presently vis a vis future requirement when we will have to move towards a digitial world is the future scope off this work. When it comes to data the insitution setup and the data managers are equally important. In this research only data its functions and cycles are studied with limited time and resource available but without the insititutional gaps and capacity building a comprehensive solution can not be made to this problem which has been identified in this research.

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SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD – AN ASSESMENT

BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

List of Abbreviations 

AMC- Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (Local Authority)



AUDA- Ahmedabad Urban Planning Development Authority (Planning Agency for Ahmedabad)



AUSLIG- Australian Surveying and Land Information Group



BPMC Act- Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporation ACT



BU permission- Building Use Permission



DoLR- District Officer of Land Record



DP- Development Plan



DPR- Detailed Project Report



FSI- Floor Space Index



GDR- General Development Regulation



GEB- Gujarat Electricity Board



GIS- Geographic Information System



GPS- Geographic Positioning System



GTPUDA- Gujarat Town Planning and Urban Development Act



ICT- information and Communication Technology



ISO- International Organisation of Standards



ISRO- Indian Space Research Organisation



LDP- Local Development Plan (UK)



LPA- Local Planning Authority



MIS- Management Information System



MoUD- Ministry of Urban Development



NDSAP- National Data Sharing and Access Policy



NGO- Non Governmental Organisation



NLRMP- National Land Record Modernisation Program



NMP- National Mapping Agencies



NSDI- National Spatial Database Infrastructure



NUDBI- National Urban Data Bank and Indicators



NUIS- National Urban Information Scheme



OGC-Open Geo Spatial Consortium



SDI- Spatial Data Infrastructure



SOI Survey of India

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SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD – AN ASSESMENT

BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY



SWOT- Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat



TCPO- Town and Country Planning Organisation



TDO - Town Development Officer



TP or TPS- Town Planning Scheme (Neighbourhood Planning Tool in Gujarat)



UK- United Kingdom



ULB- Urban Local Body

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Acknowledgements Prima Facea , I would like to thank God for good health and wellbeing that was required to complete this thesis. I would like to express my sincere thanks to CEPT University and Faculty of Planning for giving me an opportunity to explore the topic of my interest and also providing with necessary resources to complete the thesis. I am grateful to my guide Mr Mahroof, Research Assistant at PASS. I am extremely thankful and indebted to him for sharing his expertise, sincerity and valuable encouragement and guidance that was extended to me from time to time without which the thesis would not have had such satisfactory output. I place on record my sincere thanks to Prof. Mona Iyer , Prof. Ravi Sanabhatti and Prof Sejal Patel for initial conceptualisation and channelizing my raw ideas. Their initial guidance has helped me to think a lot after which I arrived on my topic. I would like to thank my thesis review panels and all its members for providing me with necessary counter arguments and guidance with helped me a lot to scope down my work along with my guide. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the officials of AMC who have given a lot of time as well as shared their information with me. I would specially like to thank Dr Vatsal Patel (Chief City Planner, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation), Mr Mayank Rawal (Assistant Town Planner , City Planning Department , AMC) and Mr Jay Dhandhukia (Assistant Town Planner , New west Zone, AMC) for providing with the access and crucial information required to do my research. Last but not the least I would like to thank my parents and family to encourage me persuade work and research of my interest which provided an immense moral support to me. I would like to throw my gratitude to all my friends and batch mates with whom I always discussed my work and which gave me a different perspectives to go ahead. I also place on record, my sense of gratitude to one and all, who directly or indirectly, have lent their hand in this venture.

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Contents 1.

Background and Introduction of the study ................................................................................. xviii

Background and Introduction of the study .......................................................................................1

2.1.

Spatial Data in Ahmedabad- An information Assessment .......................................................2

2.2.

Aim: ........................................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

2.3.

Research Question ....................................................................................................................3

2.4.

Objective ..................................................................................................................................3

Spatial Data and its uses ...................................................................................................................7 3.1.

Spatial Data ..............................................................................................................................7

3.2.

Spatial Data Uses: ....................................................................................................................8

3.2.1.

Land Administration.........................................................................................................8

3.2.2.

Spatial Data in Utility management .................................................................................9

3.2.3.

Spatial data use in agriculture.........................................................................................10

3.2.4.

Disaster Management and Risk Assessment ..................................................................11

3.3.

Components of Spatial Data ...................................................................................................11

3.3.1.

Collection .......................................................................................................................12

3.3.2.

Storage ............................................................................................................................12

3.3.3.

Ownership ......................................................................................................................13

3.3.4.

Sharing of the data ..........................................................................................................14

3.3.5.

Updating the Data ...........................................................................................................15

Spatial Data Infrastructure and its benefits ....................................................................................17 4.1.

Spatial data Infrastructure ......................................................................................................17

4.2.

Benefits of Spatial Data Infrastructure ...................................................................................17

Spatial Data Infrastructure and Data management (Netherlands, UK) ..........................................22 5.1.

Modern Approach to Spatial Data ..........................................................................................23

5.2.

INSPIRE- Spatial Data Infrastructure for European Countries ..............................................24

5.2.1.

Data Sharing at National Level ......................................................................................24

5.2.2.

Spatial Data Infrastructure in Netherlands .....................................................................25

5.2.3.

The Situation NSDI in Netherlands ................................................................................25

5.2.4.

The parameters that the Netherlands government has taken into consideration for

Implementation of Spatial Data Infrastructure ...............................................................................27 5.3.

Some initiatives taken to implement the Spatial Data Infrastructure .....................................28

5.4.

Data systems in UK ................................................................................................................28

5.4.1.

Planning Permission and Local Development Plan in UK .............................................29

5.4.2.

Planning and Building permission in UK .......................................................................31

5.4.3.

Building Permission .......................................................................................................32

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SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD – AN ASSESMENT

5.5.

Review of Planning Processes in UK .....................................................................................32

5.5.1.

Planning Process and Institutional Setup .......................................................................32

5.5.2.

Sharing and Updating of Spatial Data ............................................................................33

5.5.3.

Use of the data ................................................................................................................34

Indian Perspective on Spatial Data and Initiatives taken ...............................................................36 6.1.

Need and opportunity in India ................................................................................................36

6.2.

NSDI: National Spatial Data Infrastructure a GoI undertaking MoHRD...............................37

6.2.1.

Introduction ....................................................................................................................37

6.2.2.

Need of NSDI .................................................................................................................37

6.2.3.

Towards a Spatial Society ..............................................................................................38



Increasing emphasis on sustainability ........................................................................................38



Emergence of community based governance. ............................................................................38 6.2.4.

6.3.

Organisational Framework for NSDI and major players................................................38

Challenges for implementation...............................................................................................38

6.3.1.

Technical Challenges .....................................................................................................38

6.3.2.

Institutional Challenges ..................................................................................................39

6.3.3.

Organisational Challenges ..............................................................................................39

6.3.4.

Financial Challenges ......................................................................................................39

6.4.

National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP) – 2012 ........................................40

6.4.1.

Need for the Policy .........................................................................................................40

6.4.2.

Benefits of the data sharing policy .................................................................................41

6.4.3.

Types of Access..............................................................................................................41

6.4.4.

Summary and Conclusion: .............................................................................................42

6.5.

National Urban Information System (NUIS) .........................................................................42

6.5.1.

Urban Spatial Information System (USIS) .....................................................................42

6.5.2.

National Urban Databank and Indicators .......................................................................43

6.6.

BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

The National Land Records Modernization Programme (NLRMP) ......................................43

6.6.1.

Introduction ....................................................................................................................43

6.6.2.

Objectives and Aim ........................................................................................................44

6.6.3.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAMME ...........................................................44

Spatial Data status in Ahmedabad ..................................................................................................48 7.1.

Land Development in Ahmedabad .........................................................................................50

7.2.

Rationale for Taking up functions of AMC not AUDA .........................................................51

7.3.

Land Management in the city of Ahmedabad. (Mayank, 2015) .............................................51

7.4.

Land ........................................................................................................................................51

7.4.1. Development Plan Preparation process ..........................................................................51 Rahul Parmar UP2211 xv

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

7.5.

BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

Building ..................................................................................................................................55

7.5.1.

Building Permission (Dhandhukia, 2015) ......................................................................55

7.5.2.

Building Use Permission ................................................................................................58

7.6.

Roles and Responsibility of Different Departments in the Process ........................................60

7.6.1.

Building Pool Scrutiny Department ...............................................................................60

7.6.2.

Engineering Department.................................................................................................60

7.6.3.

City Planning Department ..............................................................................................61

7.6.4.

Ward and Zone office .....................................................................................................61

7.6.5.

State Government and the Revenue Department ............................................................61

7.7.

Services ..................................................................................................................................62

7.7.1.

Water, Electricity, Gas ...................................................................................................62

7.7.2.

Details of the plot and property ......................................................................................62

7.7.3.

Details of the structure ...................................................................................................63

7.8.

Input Output Comparison of data ...........................................................................................64

7.9.

Insitutional gaps .....................................................................................................................66

................................................................................................................................................................69 8.

Conclusion and future scope of work .............................................................................................71

Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................73

10.

Annexure ....................................................................................................................................77

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List of tables Figure 1Strategies of government for Implementation of the NSUI ......................................................45 Figure 2: Organisation Structure of AMC highlighting the Different Departments and hierarchy ........49 Figure 3: Process mapping and spatial data flows for DP preparation ...................................................52 Figure 4: Process mapping for Building Use,data flow and storage ......................................................56 Figure 5: Building permission process mapping to understand the process, data flow and storage ......57 Figure 6: Building Use permission process mapping .............................................................................59 Figure 7: Ideal system in which data flows from one department taking care of the input and output data that is generated ......................................................................................................................................69 Figure 8: The data flow in case of AMC dotted line showing he missing links ....................................70

Table 1:Spatial Data uses in Different sectors for Planning and Management of the city .....................19 Table 2:Stakeholder, Policy and Department Matrix for UK government for Planning and Governance ................................................................................................................................................................30 Table 3:SWOT analysis for NSDI highlighting the status of the program ............................................40

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Background and Introduction of the study

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2. Background and Introduction of the study In the 21st century where more than half of the population lives in Urban areas , the management of urban areas is becoming more important as it provides livelihood to many of the rural areas and is a an economic magnet and even nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy depends very much on these urban centres. With many approaches around the world to manage the urban areas localisation of the previously centralised functions like Water supply, waste water management, transportation, electricity, resource management etc. is becoming important for the efficient planning and management of the city infrastructure and governance. One of the backbone of city management is a good database for analysing the present situation, planning of future and managing the present infrastructure, which can make our planning more efficient. All the schemes and projects that National, State and Local government does needs data that forms the main stream of planning in any country. The data can be spatial and non-spatial in nature but what is more important the availability and usability of that data and by whom. When the data and its functions are studies then its handling, storage, updating, the format in which stored, to whom it is accessible and who will be using the data is an area to be looked upon by data mangers and planners. In India major planning is done. Through the mode of Development plans and master plans and many times planners and city administration has to spend time in collecting the data, assimilating it. Many agencies collect same data differently for the same purpose, but absence of sharing platforms and mechanisms creates a waste of man hours and resources for all those who are collecting it. Say for example Development Plan is prepared in Ahmedabad every ten years and every time data is collected in order to map the existing infrastructure both physical and social infrastructure. IF systems are there to integrate data collected by other agencies involved in the Development activities like NGOs, education institutions (CEPT, IIM-A) and other non-profit organisations then our planning will become more dynamic. One of the major backlog of Development Plans and Master plans is that they get outdated when it gets implemented and we end up problems which didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t existed before. Also, one of the factors in the time loss apart from the time loss during the government processes is data collection and analysis. A situation in which data like Demographic details, service details (water, waste water, solid waste, electricity etc.), all the data required for administration of a city are known real time through a common platform will be better for planning and management. Then a ten years wait for preparing a Development Plan is not required, the process can be more dynamic more sustainable as now annual plans can be prepared which tackles the issue of outdated planning. So, we solve the problem that exists now, not Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD – AN ASSESMENT

BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

which existed 2 years early when the data was collected. The fire can be put off before it starts spreading. The planners identify some problems or are trying to understand a situation but many times what they end up finding is a solution to which was never needed at given time as it was solved organically or locally which gave rise to another problem which will be solved in future when data will be collected. The whole process of solving problems and achieving sustainability can be made easier if we are able to receive data timely and in the formats which can be used. Sometimes in order to establish some facts which are already known data is required and a sound analysis backed by an accurate and updated data can help convince the political wing who are major stake holders in the decision making in the democratic set up such as India’s. Some of the examples of initiatives at different levels and relevance of data in the process. BRTS Ahmedabad is one of successful systems in India. The feasibility study started in 2006 and the proposal was submitted in 2008 after a rigorous data collection from the whole of Ahmedabad city. A situation where some of the basic data would have already collected by the local government like road details and land use data the whole process would have saved a lot of man hours and added efficiency in our system and planning. Projects like SNP and BSUP which is implemented at local level and the national schemes that have local partners like AMC is a local partner for implementation of many centrally funded schemes. The data for the housing and slums would be much needed to implement the schemed but again all the data is collected as the data which is available is of census and the degree of accuracy can be challenged. If the data for such programs are readily available less time would have been spend so the enthusiasm of the local government as well as the community remains intact. Having a good and efficient data management has overarching benefits which may be direct such as saving time and money and indirect such as effect on the enthusiasm of NGOs and the community for the change of better future, if such important programs are done on time the trust is also earned and mutual binding can also be improved to certain extent. “Planners should plan and visualize not collect only data, let data mangers do the job and let’s create an efficient system together”, should be the motto. All the data weather spatial or non-spatial are required but for the purpose of physical planning and management spatial data is very important.

2.1.

Spatial Data in Ahmedabad- An information Assessment

Problem statement: There is a big question that is being posed that with the increasing size of the city and improved function of the city administration, are these agency able to manage their databases on a platform that is GIS and MIS, so that the planning process can be more dynamic and the plans that are outdated can be reformed with time. Is there a need for efficient management practices and policies so that we can improve the decision making that caters to needs for the community who are the major stake holders of our planning? Because of the absence of the data system our planning is very static, there is Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD – AN ASSESMENT

BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

duplication of data, absence of real time data and absence of an institutional framework by which data can be gathered, stored and updated in a financially sustainable way. Topic Details: To study the spatial data base created in the Ahmedabad by the AMC regarding the land related developments. The study primarily deals with understanding how the spatial databases are created in the city, how that data base is managed at different levels and how this database deals increase in efficiency of the organisation. Also, to study the data cycles and how that data is shared between the people, what is the nature of the data whether it is an organisation data or public data? If it is shared then at what levels and who can access that data. Moreover, what is the role of a department and the people within the department and to critically analyse that the function it is responsible to accomplish can be done with the data that is available or not. Furthermore, if the department or the organisation getting the data from elsewhere what are the efforts they have to make in order to do their duties. There is also a concern that how periodically the data is updated and relating it with the validity of the data. The study is aimed at answering some questions.

2.2.

Aim

To do an assessment of the spatial data in the city of Ahmedabad.

2.3.

Research Question

2.4.

Objective

To study how spatial data is collected, used and updated by the local government



To find out what are the formats in which spatial data is stored at local level.



To study and map the present mechanism and the type of institutional setup formal or informal in nature to manage spatial data.

Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD – AN ASSESMENT



BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

To study the accessibility and sharing mechanism within the agency owning the spatial data and outside

Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD – AN ASSESMENT

BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

Objective

Task

Tools

Output

To understand the spatial data, its utility value and how it is

Finding out form online sources: what is

Reading, articles published in journals,

Key parameters and components of spatial data were known to provide the base for

used in planning processes

spatial data, its uses, its benefits and

published papers, reports of government

the study. Uses of spatial data like Land administration, Risk assessment etc and

relevance in planning and function of a city

and other nodal agencies , published

what are the approaches in different parts of the world for spatial data and Spatial

administration

works of individuals scholars ,

data infrastructure , understanding the contextual use of the spatial data and SDI

University professors and private agencies

To study the guidelines, best practices in the world and

Finding out the scenarios of spatial data and

initiatives at national, state and local level for spatial data

how the development of spatial data and SDI

of management, policy and implementation aspects. Parameters on which data

management.

has taken place in some countries and in

should be collected to manage the city , approaches the government

India, what are the systems in the world and

implementation agencies have taken , technological preferences and institutional

what are the approaches and technological

set ups.

preferences for management of SDI and the

Initiatives like NSDI, NLRMP, NSAP, NUIS were studied which provided the

status of initiatives taken at different levels in

framework under which spatial data should be managed. The issues and challenges

India

faced for the integration of these different schemes.

To study the mechanism in which spatial data is collected,

•

stored and handled at Ahmedabad Level. •

•

To study how spatial data is collected, used and

then focusing one function ie Land

discussion with the officials

updated by the local government

management.

involved in the process and

Formats in which spatial data is stored at local level

The type of institutional setup formal or informal in

To study the accessibility and sharing mechanism

others providing the technical

•

Key inquiries

•

Land: DP process, TP process

•

Building: Permission and Use

•

Services: Water, Gas and Electricity

Spatial Data in USA and Netherlands were studied for providing the understanding

•

Expected output

•

Gaps in the process of data collection , assimilation and carrying out the functions regarding Land management .

•

outside.

•

Key Informants

•

City Planning Department of AMC

Mapping the Institutional; challenges regarding the sharing and updating of data if any.

support.

within the agency owning the spatial data and

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Interviews, meetings with the officials, Process mapping,

nature. •

•

city government and other functions

and study the data cycles and process mapping.. •

Identifying the core functions of the

Same as above

•

Identifying the efficiency and efficiency in the system.

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION OF THE STUDY

Spatial Data and its uses

Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD – AN ASSESMENT

SPATIAL DATA AND ITS USES

3. Spatial Data and its uses 3.1.

Spatial Data

Also known as geospatial data or geographic information it is the data or information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on Earth, such as natural or constructed features, oceans, and more. Spatial data is usually stored as coordinates and topology, and is data that can be mapped Spatial data describes the shape and location of features and boundaries such as natural features, buildings, survey marks, land parcels, street addresses and local government areas. The spatial data can be differentiated on the basis of how they are stored weather they are stored digitally or manually in books, journals or maps. “Historically, mapping was driven by, among other things, the needs of trade, exploration, military ambitions and security. The results of mapping provided information, which initially responded to local needs”. (Iam Williamson, Abbas Rajabifard, Donald Grant, april,2015) But as the markets and business expanded and people started travelling outside in the new world the need of accurate maps or spatial data of locations of certain important feature s like lakes and river for drinking waters, mountains and locations of different territories became increasingly important and the people who were at apex as well as travellers required these reliable data very often and libraries where these data were stored became one of the guarded areas. It can be said that the increased securities with data can be attached to its increasing importance of spatial data and its increasing use in the day to day activities. Even in modern times most of the spatial data in many countries is stored in manual format, for many purposes, but what is more important is that the spatial data is recorded and stored. Digital spatial data has become a vital tool for people who need information on land, the environment, transport, communications, utility services and demographics. It is also used in everyday through tools like GPS and online navigation. Virtually all nations developed national mapping agencies which produced small to medium scale maps and online system. The national mapping agencies of today are the legacy of the need of countries to map their domains and neighbouring regions for primarily military, security and economic perspectives, a need which started centuries ago and has continued to the present. And now GIS has become the tool to manage the spatial data digitally which can be customised according to the vendors need ,”GIS is more than software or application, it is a world of digital data, online portals, web services and location services that enable access to information when and where needed. As an enabling technology GIS is making a significant difference tool of good governing, better business and a healthy planet.” (Banks, 2004). The digital technology especially GIS is nowadays used widely to analyse social factors, road infrastructure, land use / Land cover, resource and utility management etc. The increasing complexities in the urban areas for finding solutions and limited resource base efficiency in the system needs to be Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

SPATIAL DATA AND ITS USES

there , the population pressure is equally contributing to the complexities and the dynamic world where technologies are changing at an accelerated rate digital solutions are very important .

3.2.

Spatial Data Uses:

3.2.1.

Land Administration

Applying spatial information can help to solve problems in cities. For example, Lagos Metropolis has emerged as one of the fastest urbanizing cities in the West African Sub-region. In the absence of a regular use of information management systems, limited effort had been made to keep track of change in the rapidly growing city for policy making in land administration. The energy radiated by the rapid urbanization rate in the area not only created unprecedented consequences by diminishing the quality of the environment but it raises serious implications for land management in the region. The factors fuelling the land crisis in the area which are not far-fetched consists of socio-economic, ecological and policy elements. To tackle these issues in a mega city as well as the smaller towns, up-to-date knowledge would be required to capture and analyse land information in order to control cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s expansion as well as infrastructure development and make well-motivated choices in planning and spatial designs. (kelly, 2007) City Governments are entrusted with the responsibility land to ensure that it is equitably exploited amongst a diverse set of users without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs for land. Decisions to support the sustainable development of this land, as a valuable and finite resource, merit a holistic approach to impact assessment. Many aspects and options need to be explored to arrive at an appropriate, objective decision. This can only be achieved if the decision makers, both city officials and citizens, have access to consistent and integrated information about land. A key element in providing this relevant land information is City-wide Land Information Management (LIM), the institutional and technical arrangements whereby information about all land and real property within a city are administered. (kelly, 2007) City-wide land information management provides the means to technically and institutionally integrate these component themes of land information into a truly corporate information resource. Some of the components based on which land administration can be done are Ownership, Use and Value of Land. 3.2.1.1. Ownership: Spatial data can be used in identifying the ownership of the land. This kind of information needs a spatial component because the planning my agencies can be done effectively if the authority knows what parcels of land is owned by what kind of stake holders. It makes this whole tiresome process of development easier. Also, the kind of data such as this needs a spatial component because there might be a situation in which plot number is there but the land is not present and vice versa. Furthermore the area the proximity to some resources is very important in determining the value of the land. Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

SPATIAL DATA AND ITS USES

Value of land: The land value is very much depended with the location of the land parcel which needs a spatial component. Firstly all land under a particular zone or proximity will have certain value while the other out of it might have different , so in order to take such important decisions regarding a standardised rates for the ownership of land the spatial location of the land and its other physical and geological components is very important. Eg a value of land lying on the salt pan will be less than the value of land lying on the river banks. 3.2.1.2. Use: The ownership and value along with the spatial location of the land are closely depended on the use of the land. All the components have interdepended and change in one of the factor can bring about the change in other. Ideally all the land under fertile soil (which is related to geological component) should be under agriculture use. But, when there is close proximity to a highway or a transport linkage of a if there is urbanisation then the decision to make becomes complex. But, in order to conclude use of land needs to be determined only if we have a spatial component. 3.2.2.

Spatial Data in Utility management

GIS based technology is very often used in Utility management, the dynamic utility sector is now no more the responsibility of the government, so in order to increase the efficiency many companies across the world are using GIS for their spatial data management. The service delivery expectations of the consumers is increasing equally so the system needs to monitored timely and real time data is required to come across any break down in the system. The spatial data regarding where the actual physical structure of the distribution system - where the lines run, where the connections are - can be duplicated or modelled on the computer, as can all of the other things, like streets, buildings, and land ownership boundaries, that have a bearing on the distribution system. GIS is emerging as an important sustainable planning, implementation management and operations management tool for these utility industries such as Telecom, Transportation, Energy and several urban utilities such as Water Supply, Waste Water and Health. Although a small number of utilities currently use GIS in their modelling, almost all the rest plan to use GIS in future. (services, Indepth Research, 2012) First of all spatial data is required for the management and installation of these utilities. Basic data such as the location of roads, buildings, kind of soil, slope etc. These are all spatial data Utilities throughout the world are facing unprecedented change .There is Privatisation of government-owned utilities, competition for wholesale and even retail customers, and mergers and acquisitions have added new elements of risk to the management of utilities today. No longer are energy and water providers are able to reply on the cadastral maps as the accuracy is often challenged which leads to friction between the departments managing these utilities within the government. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Better use of spatial data is one of the key areas of focus for many electrical, gas, and water utilities companies , this trend is mostly seen in the Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD – AN ASSESMENT

SPATIAL DATA AND ITS USES

areas and countries where the basic amenities like , water , gas , electricity is managed by the private companies.” (IBM, 2005) Improved hardware and software capacities in the Utility management have been creating new opportunities of which spatial data is the basis. GIS applications have evolved from their foundation in map production to advanced analysis tools for planning and operations. GIS products are commonly used by utilities for marketing, facilities location, and engineering applications. The utility industry has always relied on hardcopy maps to manage facilities, so it was natural that electric, gas, and water companies should be among the first users of digital mapping software. By incorporating geospatial data – data related to location or geography – into a data warehouse, utilities and Telco’s can benefit from a new dimension of analytical power. A spatially enabled data warehouse integrates customer, product and other business data with location-based data for analysis. It helps users visualise and understand how customer, product and other business data are impacted by geography,2 empowering utilities and telcos to be much more efficient in customer relationship. (MEYERS, 2005) 3.2.3.

Spatial data use in agriculture

Spatial data is playing an increasingly important role in today’s agriculture. New technology such as low-cost computers, remote sensing, and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) enable the growers to collect high resolution spatial data. Some of the farmers in the USA are trying to use the spatial technology and GPS systems such as some of the information regarding the weather and climate changes locally in order to take informed decisions regarding the harvesting and sowing of the crops and when to make available the storage of the food crops etc. Also, informed agriculture and such practices also helps in the food security of the area. All the farmers forming an association a platform where they can share some of the crucial data and information regarding the location of the water resources etc. can help them achieve sustainability Some of the latest technology such as GPS sensors which are most commonly used in biological sciences in order track some of the species climate in deep oceans etc. can be used in the agriculture in order to get information of soil and crop real time. “In the near future, it is expected that definite strategies will emerge in creation, upkeep and use of spatial data in almost all spheres of food and agriculture.” (R. Ehsani) Resource allocation and management Some of the important resources that are beyond the political boundaries require spatial data so that disputes can be minimised and a proper system can be put in place to share and use the common resource. Where the resource is located, how far, how big? Are some of the questions which can be answered with the help of spatial data? Some of the resource management include following: 

Water



Coal fields and oil mines



Minerals and metals

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SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

ď&#x201A;ˇ

SPATIAL DATA AND ITS USES

Forest, Vegetation and agriculture.

In order to solve the issues of multiple agencies owning a resource clear distinction of the boundaries is required and satellite imagery and other GIS tools can provide relatively accurate information. Having a good database or record system of the resource availability is very important to solve some of the issues pertaining to resource sharing such as water. Some of the agencies in the world have combined their spatial data system because they have common resource which are beyond the limit of the political boundaries. 3.2.4.

Disaster Management and Risk Assessment

One of the most well-known risks affecting urban areas is earthquake. Decision makers at local, state, and national levels require the spatial data so that they can restore order and mitigate the aftermath of the disaster and rescue damaged people. So the speed and quality of decisions taken in different disaster situations are critical factors for people to survive, in such situations spatial data regarding type of build structure and the in which earth quake zone they are lying decision can be made what will be the damage impact and precautions can be taken before hand. In some cases as of Australia even disasters like forest fires have been predicted based on the type of vegetation and the intensity and rate of the fire. Such data if stored in a particular formats can help a lot during such emergencies. Gathering data and providing crisis map, evacuation routes, evacuation shelters to early damage assessment and dispatching of resources in emergency situation is of prime importance for an effective rescue operation. So preparing fundamental information as well as vulnerability and rescue map for preparedness and mitigation of the disaster, before the accruing the event is required. Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) will provide accessing and sharing up-to date Maps and tables between responsible organizations to response to the disaster in emergency situations in short time. With this in mind, our main purpose in this paper is to review the concept of SDI and its role in disaster response and use of GIS as a platform that be used on the basis of SDI. For disaster management of earthquake, production of an inventory of land parcels with their ownership affected by earthquake, as well as the magnitude of the damage to the infrastructure is needed. Some organizations which become involved in disaster response to rescue damaged people such as medical emergency and utility companies need this report within two days so that they can decide on a locating rescue centres. It is obvious that in short time, organization cannot gather data about damaged areas and safe region to rescue people and how much medical utilities are needed. (Samadi Alinia, 2001)

3.3.

Components of Spatial Data

Collection Storage Updating Usage Rahul Parmar UP2211

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SPATIAL DATA AND ITS USES

Sharing Resolution Ownership 3.3.1.

Collection

Collection of spatial data is one of the first step towards spatial data management. Also there are some questions inquires and some mandates which need to be checked when there is collection of spatial data. 3.3.1.1. Locations Reported What are the locations the given task is referring to, and what are the types of that data. There are basically two types of spatial data site Location and Feature location data. The Site Location Data point may represent one of the following: the centre of the parcel/site, the main/front entrance, or the front gate/main entrance etc, analytical data, hydrological data, topographical data will represent the Feature data point. If a Feature Location data point has multiple samples or multimedia samples collected from that location only one location coordinate need be reported for that 3.3.1.2. Feature Location Data point if these samples have identical spatial coordinates The accuracy of the required data is also one of the important factor to be kept in mind while collection of spatial data is referred. In most cases, accuracy greater than 10 meters can be achieved with the use of modern handheld Global Position System (GPS) receivers. Also it depends on the task and the agency for which the work is to be done. Furthermore the type of storage is also important for collecting the data whether the data is digitally stored in some formats or it is stored and reported manually. There can be a situation where the data can be collected manually but stored in digital formats, or it can be collected digitally partially and rest is collected manually. Two methods in which modern day collection methods happens: Global Positioning System (GPS) Interpolation of large scale maps (Agency, M innesota Pollution Control) 3.3.2.

Storage

The spatial data can be stored in different formats mainly Digital and Manual. These are two broad terms in which the data storage can be taken into consideration. Also, say for example a data of toposheets is scanned and put in the systems, so do we call that kind of data as digital or is it manual? A quick recap from the historical storage of data and need to have a digital formats must be seen so that a better picture of data storage methods can be done. As early as the mid-1500s the Mughals knew clearly the extent of their empire. It had been surveyed in a rudimentary sense but, for their purposes, in an effective manner during the reign of Akbar (15561605). His able minister Abuâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;l Fazl developed and described the administrative boundaries under their imperial control. Much later in the mid-1800s the Pundits trekked thousands of miles through the Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD – AN ASSESMENT

SPATIAL DATA AND ITS USES

Himalayas, returning from their journeys with information, which enabled the authorities at Dehra Dun to complete the final sections of the geographical jigsaw left empty by the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India. The tools they used were the compass, well measured pacing, the boiling point of water gave the altitude of places visited and Tibetan prayer-wheels with a revolving barrel were used to conceal their observations from the eyes of prying frontier officials. The result of these initiatives and mapping observations was to reflect in paper form the reality of the earth upon which we live. (Iam Williamson, Abbas Rajabifard, Donald Grant, april,2015) In the last one and a half centuries, society became more sophisticated and banking systems became more comprehensive, land was seen as collateral and became a financial commodity. The concept of property rights was introduced whereby land was described and the owner and anyone having an interest in that land were recorded in some form. All these records were kept in tablet or written form .Early land transactions were often made in public to ensure wide knowledge of the change of ownership. Symbols of the transfer of ownership were often exchanged on the site to ensure a corporate memory of the transaction with these symbolic activities still important today in land titling activities in developing countries. As the analogue maps were replaced with digital mapping systems the integration of these layers became easier to accomplish and many combinations of information sets are now possible. In this environment an information deprived society is clearly limited in its social and economic development.” It follows that a society which is not geographically aware, or “spatially enabled”, is deprived of the ability to develop comprehensive socio-economic concepts and plans, and effective implementation.” How can any relational analysis be done if the relative positions of some basic parameters e.g development proposals, heritage sites, population dispersal or land use determination are unknown? (Iam Williamson, Abbas Rajabifard, Donald Grant, april,2015) So there have been surveying agencies that have captured the spatial data and stored them manually in form of books topographical sheets etc. But with the advancement in the technology the especially the telecommunication and internet more and more spatial data can be stored and for that reason people are using it for increasing functions. There are different formats which can be used for decision making and planning the future of society. 3.3.3.

Ownership

“It can be said that the in modern times spatial data has become a tradable commodity.” (SATISH K. PURI,1 SUNDEEP SAHAY,1 AND YOLA GEORGIADOU2, 2007).A key aspect of good data management of spatial data is the clear identification of the data owner. All data, information and knowledge must have an ‘owner’. In most cases, the owner is the organisation which originally commissioned the data collection or database development, and has managerial and financial control of the data. The data owner commonly has legal rights over the data, including copyright and intellectual Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

SPATIAL DATA AND ITS USES

property rights. These may apply even where the data are collected, collated or disseminated by another party as part of contractual agreements. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Data ownership implies the right to exploit the data and, in situations where continued maintenance becomes unnecessary or uneconomical, the right to destroy the dataâ&#x20AC;?. (Government, Australian Local, 2007)Ownership can relate to a data item, a merged dataset or a value-added dataset. Intellectual property rights can be owned at different levels. For example, a merged dataset can be owned by one organisation, even though other organisations own the constituent data. If the legal ownership is unclear, there is a risk that the data may be wrongly used, used without payment of royalty to the owner, neglected or lost. Usually the data is generated by many of the agencies which include different wings and departments of government at different levels, institutes that are researching on the field, NGOs and non-profit organisations that are doing the same job and the private developers and consultants. With the data ownership comes the cost of giving and accessing the data. The geospatial is platform is what the governments are targeting rather than generating all the data themselves. The ownership the cost of the data directly leads to sharing of the data, to whom, how much and how? 3.3.4.

Sharing of the data

Evidence-based Planning of socio-economic development processes rely on quality data. There is a general need to facilitate sharing and utilization of the large amount of data generated and residing among the entities of the Government of India. This would call for a policy to leverage these data assets which are disparate. There should be efficient sharing of data among data owners and inter and intra governmental agencies and with public calls for data standards and interoperable systems. There should be a platform to proactive and open access to the data generated through public funds available with various departments / organizations of Government. Asset and value potentials of data are widely recognized at all levels. Data collected or developed through public investments, when made publicly available and maintained over time, their potential value could be more fully realized. There has been an increasing demand by the community, that such data collected with the deployment of public funds should be made more readily available to all, for enabling rational debate, better decision making and use in meeting civil society needs. There has been trends in many countries today also of keeping the data to themselves and not sharing among the masses as well as others in the need of data doing a similar activity. But, now the time has come that the data should be shared as it develops trust among the masses both personal and professional. Also, the haring can enable the community to tell about the needs and requirements which may better help the policy makers, it basically bridges tha gap between the decision makers and common people. Some of the components of sharing of the data are security (differentiating it form general and specific users), transparency (decision making, collection), accountability (who is going to manage and what are Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

SPATIAL DATA AND ITS USES

the roles and responsibility), Integrity as mentioned in the above paragraphs about the development of trust and hence efficient decision making. 3.3.5.

Updating the Data

Any data needs to be updated based on the kind of the data, so validity of data is very important to be known by the data managers. There are some data which can be obsolete in some days others take month or months and some take years. So, it depends on what data or spatial data is being collected which needs to be updated. There are some specific formats in which data is stored which can be digital or manual. When we are talking about digital data storage updating becomes much easier, there are predefined rules and attributes according to which data can be updated or if another field is required then it can also be added.

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SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

SPATIAL DATA AND ITS USES

Spatial Data Infrastructure and its benefits

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SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE AND ITS BENEFITS

4. Spatial Data Infrastructure and its benefits 4.1.

Spatial data Infrastructure

Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) is an initiative intended to create an environment which enables a wide variety of users, who require coverage of a certain area covered by the SDI, to access and retrieve environment in which all stakeholders, both users and producers of spatial data, can cooperate with each other and utilise technology in a cost-effective way to better achieve the objectives at the appropriate political/administrative level. Many countries are developing SDI to better manage and utilise their spatial data assets. A number of publications document the various aspects of the development of National SDIs in recent years These countries are finding it necessary to cooperate with other countries to develop multinational SDIs to assist in regional decision-making that has an important impact across national boundaries. INSPIRE is one such initiative where due to close proximity of resources sharing common resources etc. has led to establish a common platform for all the EU countries. There is development of the Spatial Data Infrastructure a perspective that starts at a local level and proceeds through state, national and regional levels to a global level. (Abbas Rajabifard1, 2000) The Federal Geographic Data Committee (Federal Geographic data committe, 2011) defines the United Statesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; national SDI as an umbrella of policies, standards, and procedures under which organisations and technologies interact to foster more efficient use, management, and production of geospatial data. It further explains that SDIs consist of organisations and individuals that generate or use geospatial data and the technologies that facilitate use and transfer of geospatial data.

4.2.

Benefits of Spatial Data Infrastructure

Geographically referenced information has become indispensable for numerous aspects of urban and rural development, planning and management. The increasing importance of spatial information has been due to recent strides in spatial data capture (especially satellite remote sensing), management (utilizing GIS and database tools) and access (witness the growth in web mapping), as well as the development of analytical techniques such as high resolution mapping of urban environments. The concept of spatial data infrastructures (SDI) has been developed to encompass the efficient and effective integration, management, access and use of spatial data. SDI has been adopted in many countries around the world, notably at national level, but frequently found at sub-national levels based on regional or local government areas. One of the benefit of bottom up approach is that the local initiatives taken by many enthusiastic local government can be taken into consideration and such resource and time does not go waste.

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SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE AND ITS BENEFITS

SDI has been seen as a purely governmental mechanism and it is true that government agencies constitute the greatest collectors and users of spatial information. However, there is a clear trend to involve diverse user communities that incorporate elements of the private sector, non-governmental organisations as well as research institutes to ensure that investments in spatial data development yield the greatest possible benefit. The Geospatial Platform will significantly expand access to high quality data; enabling users to improve problem solving .It is expected that increased sharing and reuse of resources facilitated by the Geospatial Platform will reduce costs result in savings and wise investments, and improve decision making while stimulating innovation The benefits of spatial data Infrastructure goes well beyond the conventional cost benefit analysis as there are many indirect functions to which cost cannot be assigned and there are many functions to which putting a cost is impossible even if it can be done it may not be ble to give true picture. However, as the geospatial community is aware, the benefits are often indirect and future cost avoidance is difficult to quantify. For e.g. How do we account for the value of a child's life or that of a well-functioning ecosystem providing ground water that is safe to drink? Can we quantify the ways in which spatial information and technologies help protect public health and safety? But having a good SDI will help to better manage these things so it cannot be compared with the crores of investment made on that infrastructure installation and management. One of these projects in USA views spatial information as a way of helping youths connect with their community, find out about places to go and things to do, and as a tool to help prevent substance abuse and gang activity. In another project, spatial information helps to reduce chemical contamination of underground drinking water and its negative effects on people and animals. However, even with this potential for public benefit, there are many people that point out concerns about the impact on privacy rights and the use of spatial information as a way of conducting intrusive enforcement of regulations for the sake of generating more town revenue Spatial data also helps in management of the city and governance. It has many stakeholders that govern the city, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not a centralised approach that gives the best results but a bottom up approach. Collaboration, partnerships and agreements are needed to establish an environment where confidence and trust exist, and both daily and emergency operations take place efficiently. A governance structure that enables all sectors to work together for spatial data sharing and use does not exist. While in theory we should not need a formal governance structure to have all sectors work cooperatively on a national endeavour, the realities of our political, budgetary and administrative systems prove otherwise. Spatial data infrastructure helps to make our planning processes more dynamic as data is available at a regular interval so any decision to change the policy can be taken instantly and more and more data one collects more accuracy is there in understanding the trends and making future plans. Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE AND ITS BENEFITS

To conclude, SDI is much more than data and goes far beyond surveying and mapping, it provides an environment within which organisations and/or nations interact with technologies to foster activities for using, managing and producing geographic data. Also, with the rapid improvement in spatial data collection and communications technologies, SDIs have become very important in the way the spatial data are used throughout a company, a governmental agency, a nation, throughout regions and even the world. They allow the sharing of data, which is extremely useful, as it enables spatial data users and producers to save their efforts when trying to acquire new datasets. Moreover, an SDI is seen as basic infrastructure, like roads, railways and electricity distribution, which supports sustainable development, and in particular economic development, environmental management and social stability. (kelly, 2007) The development of an SDI is a matter of cooperation and partnerships between all stakeholders. Political support provides legitimacy and encourages the necessary financial investment for the SDI development. Knowledge about the types of data, its location and quality is also required. It is also important to provide access to the data as the measure of success of the SDI will be the widespread use that is made of it and an appreciation by its users that it is providing the promised benefits which were the justification for establishing the SDI. With increasing frequency, countries throughout the world are developing SDI to better manage and utilise their spatial data assets. A number of publications document the various aspects of the development of national SDIs in recent years. These countries are also finding it necessary to cooperate with other countries to develop regional and global (multinational) SDIs to assist in decision-making that has an important impact across national boundaries. The key factors that facilitate the development of regional (multinational) SDIs involve complex social, technical, institutional and political research, which is being conducted in association with AUSLIG and the Permanent Committee on GIS in Asia and the Pacific. (Iam Williamson, Abbas Rajabifard, Donald Grant, april,2015) A SDI not only provide the basis for a good land administration system, it also serve a range of city management processes not necessarily dependent on use of land. For example, the availability of a sound cadastral database covering spatial, legal and valuation systems is a key element of an SDI; other data sets not necessarily based on cadastral parcel are just as valid. Datasets can include census districts, administrative units defining communities and government agency services, road and utility service networks and natural feature boundaries. Various components on which Spatial data is needed and is used is as follows: Table 1:Spatial Data uses in Different sectors for Planning and Management of the city

Issue Environmental Land use planning Rahul Parmar UP2211

Use of spatial information

Examples

Describe spatial extent of allowable land uses

Land zoning maps 19

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SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE AND ITS BENEFITS

Impact of development

Describe land capability and sustainability

Terrain maps showing vulnerability to land slippage

Impact of climate change

Vulnerability to rising sea level and tidal surges

Flood prone land mapping and real-time weather mapping

Access to water

Location of dams and Catchment terrain maps fresh and waste water reticulation networks Location of broad and Inventory of properties point specific pollution and where hazardous wastes are hazardous wastes stored

Pollution and hazards

Governance Land allocation Access to serviced land

Secure property rights

Community participation

Fiscal sustainability

Public safety

Describe pattern of current land use Current location of serviced land

Digital cadastral database Cadastral map overlaid by current aerial photography and utility service networks

Spatial extent of existing property rights

Land titles register containing all rights, restrictions and obligations for each property Public access to cadastral, Public display of proposed planning and environmental developments, land suitability information affecting and other maps individuals and the community Comprehensive and Land valuations shown on accurate records of the extent of cadastral maps existing property rights and land use Comprehensive data about Emergency dispatch roads, properties and hazards system; bushfire models

Slum reduction

Location of vacant or Current aerial under-utilised land and photography, predictive population growth predictions modeling of land use

Measuring performance

Land change over time

Land change mapping

Social and economic infrastructure Employment Location of existing Maps showing land zoned enterprises and land zoning for for business use future business use based on predicted population growth Rahul Parmar UP2211

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Communal facilities

Location of land set aside for communal facilities

Utility services

Location and attributes of Cadastral maps showing fresh water, sewer, storm water, utility services electricity and telephone networks Location and attributes of In car navigation device public roads using up-to-date road network and GPS

Transport

External effects Rural sustainability

Access to raw materials

Street map showing location of communal facilities

Location, size and Satellite images of rural productive capacity of rural areas overlaid by cadastral properties boundaries Location of sources of Topographic mapping food and mineral production and series transportation corridors for their movement to the city

While individual city governments are developing their SDI, experience of many shows that they are more effective if they: Implement international best practice (such as use of ISO and OGC standards) 

Use data from higher levels (such as regional cadastral database, utility and transport network data and national topographic database)



Provide end-to-end processes merged with surrounding jurisdictions (such as regional planning processes and land use plans).

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SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE AND ITS BENEFITS

1. Spatial Data Infrastructure and Data management (Netherlands, UK)

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5. Spatial Data Infrastructure and Data management (Netherlands, UK) 5.1.

Modern Approach to Spatial Data

A new wave of technological innovation is allowing us to capture, store, process and display an unprecedented amount of map information about our country (and the Earth) and a wide variety of environmental and cultural phenomena. Much of this information will be “spatially referenced” – that is, it will refer to some specific geographic place or have 2/3-dimension coordinates to depict its location. With the availability of satellite-based remote sensing data and the organisation of spatial databases around a Geographical Information Systems (GIS), combined with the Global Positioning System (GPS), the process of semantic spatial information systems has now became a reality. (MINISTRY OF SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY, 2011) The advent of GIS technology has transformed spatial data handling capabilities and made it necessary for re-examining the roles of government with respect to the supply and availability of geographic information. Using GIS technology along with good spatial data infrastructure, users are now able to process maps - both individually and along with tabular data and “crunch” them together to provide a new perception - the spatial visualization of information. The role that SDI initiatives are playing within society is changing. SDIs were initially conceived as a mechanism to facilitate access and sharing of spatial data for use within a GIS environment. But these perceptions are within some of the developed countries where the basic SDI is developed like Australia, New Zealand, USA, Netherlands, UK etc. Still developing countries like India, South East Asian countries are trying for the basic SDI to be in place. “Users however, now require the ability to gain access to precise spatial information in real time about real world objects, in order to support more effective cross-jurisdictional and inter-agency decision making in priority areas such as emergency management, disaster relief, natural resource management and water rights”. (kelly, 2007) The ability to gain access to information and services has moved well beyond the domain of single organisations, and SDIs now require an enabling platform to support the chaining of services across participating organisations that are equally involved in the development activities and management of the city.

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5.2.

INSPIRE- Spatial Data Infrastructure for European Countries

INSPIRE is an agency to create spatial data infrastructure for the countries in the European Union. This will enable the sharing of environmental spatial information among public sector organisations and better facilitate public access to spatial information across Europe. A special Geodata Cooperation Agreement was put in place in 2011 and the authorities that are parties in the cooperation offer each other their spatial data for official use to an annual fee. The European INSPIRE Directive entered in force in May 2007, establishing a common infrastructure for spatial information in Europe to support Community environmental policies and policies or activities which may have an impact on the environment .There are 27 member state that are under the INSPIRE directive and are planning to create a regional spatial data infrastructure for all the European countries. This makes INSPIRE a unique example of a legislative “regional” approach. The INSPIRE directive is implemented in various stages, with full implementation required by 2020. INSPIRE is based on a number of common principles: 

Data should be collected only once and kept where it can be maintained most effectively.



It should be possible to combine seamless spatial information from different sources across Europe and share it with many users and applications.



It should be possible for information collected at one level/scale to be shared with all levels/scales; detailed for thorough investigations, general for strategic purposes.



Geographic information needed for good governance at all levels should be readily and transparently available.



It should be easy to find what geographic information is available, how it can be used to meet a particular need, and under which conditions it can be acquired and used.

5.2.1.

Data Sharing at National Level

The INSPIRE data sharing objectives are to facilitate collaboration, increase availability, ease accessibility, ensure compatibility and improve quality. In order to fulfil the INSPIRE requirement on data sharing between public authorities a special Geodata Cooperation Agreement was put in place in Sweden 2011. The following are the members of the INSPIRE: Italy, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Spain, Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden , Greece, Poland, Austria, Denmark, Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Portugal, Norway, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Ireland, Slovakia, Romania, Slovenia, Turkey. The platform created has common rules for data sharing and how to collect and mange that data. Also common agencies are hired to provide the countries with the software solutions. This helps in managing the common resources and sharing of data for regional planning and policy change. (HALDORSON)

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5.2.2.

Spatial Data Infrastructure in Netherlands

The Dutch NSDI can be described as the result of various initiatives taken in a bottom-up approach for more than 15 years. Different stakeholders take initiatives and eventually reach agreements for collaboration and elaboration. NSDI in Netherland is on the basis of directives of INSPIRE and the data standards and management practices are also common to all of the EU. In 2006, the GI-Board (‘GI Council’) was created. All ministries and agencies involved in the SDI (development and use) are represented in this board. Next to the GI-Board, Geonovum plays an important implementation role in the Dutch Geographic Information Infrastructure. The Geographic Information Council is the highest administrative advisory body for Geographic information in the Netherlands. In this GI-Board most government organisations (ministries, provinces, municipalities, water authorities, and government agencies) involved in the NSDI are represented. Netherlands. The organisation was founded in spring 2007 and devotes itself to providing better access to geo-information in the public sector. Geonovum develops and manages the geo-standards necessary to implement this goal. 5.2.3.

The Situation NSDI in Netherlands

In 2006, the GI-Board (‘GI Council’) was created. All ministries and agencies involved in the SDI (development and use) are represented in this board. Next to the GI-Board, the Geonovum foundation plays an important role in the Dutch Geographic Information Infrastructure. Together they took over the role of RAVI and the NCGI. Geonovum’s key tasks according to the website (www.geonuvum.nl) are: 1. To develop and standardise the geo-information infrastructure while also being innovative. 2. To build up and disseminate knowledge in the area of geo-information infrastructure. 3. To make the geo-information infrastructure more accessible to administrative bodies, institutions and departments in the Netherlands and the European Union. 4. In order to attain its goals Geonovum has set itself the following tasks (see website www.geonovum.nl): 

To share and make accessible all the geo-information available in the Netherlands.



To be a think tank in the domain of geo-information.



To be the 'voice of geo-information' that provides the minister of Infrastructure and Environment and the Council for Geo-information with professional advice and relevant knowledge. ECINSPIRE: Spatial Data Infrastructures in Europe: State of play Spring 2011 The Netherlands K.U.Leuven (SADL) 12 5



To develop high-quality and widely applicable standards and to monitor their use.

Part of the GIDEON strategy is to embed the INSPIRE Directive into Dutch legislation and to implement the technical infrastructure .The objective of the strategy is to transpose INSPIRE into Dutch legislation, while creating the technical infrastructure in consultation with the professional field. Rahul Parmar UP2211

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GIDEON is implemented by following a stepwise approach to construct the infrastructure while learning from results achieved along the way. Through a (half) yearly monitoring Process, the progress of the GIDEON vision is assessed and reported to the GIâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;council The results of the monitoring are used by the GI Council to further promote GIDEON implementation and to address potential barriers or delayed processes. There is a dedicated platform to share the spatial plans in the Netherlands. RO-Online is the portal used by the government to make available spatial plans in digital format. All spatial plans of the government can be accessed by using RO-Online. The spatial plans are displayed as one image to allow the showing of all the spatial plans currently made for a specific area in a glance. RO is accessible by everyone form 1 January 2010, governmental agencies are obliged (by the Law of Spatial Planning) to digitise spatial plans and to make them available via RO-Online. (Catharina Bamps, 2011) The objective of this initiative is to establish a central platform for geo-information. This could be achieved by making data centrally available, making commitments about the use, and working together on the development of data infrastructures such as INSPIRE and key registries. In this way, the partners of this initiative improve their service delivery to themselves and others. The National Georegistry is the catalogue of online geo-information in the Netherlands, Data providers are able to register their data meanwhile users can discover what data and services are available. Currently, each organisation has its own agreement and rules on data and service sharing .Generally, most datasets are exchanged between governmental organisations free of costs (except for most Cadastre datasets). An agreement on standards and licences has been set for all groups of stakeholders including the conditions of use. However, a number of conditions exist on the availability of data such as confidentiality of personal data. The minister of the former Ministry of Public Health, Spatial Planning and Environmental Affairs supported the transposition of the INSPIRE directive into the Dutch law by stating the following: Spatial information is key for the proper execution of environmental policies. Harmonisation through INSPIRE, including the requirement to share data, enables more effective future European environmental policy making. INSPIRE implementation will result in accessible, viewable, downloadable, and interoperable digital information. The impact of INSPIRE will be broader than just environmental policy making. It will result in a general spatial data infrastructure at the European level.

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5.2.4.

The parameters that the Netherlands government has taken into consideration for Implementation of Spatial Data Infrastructure

Making government data available and accessible through information infrastructures creates the need for re-structuring the government information architecture. The problem that the same data are registered many times in different databases without knowing the quality and source of the data and without appropriate access to those data, has proven to create an inefficient and ineffective informationenvironment, resulting in a government that: 

inconveniences the public and the business community with requests for the same data many times



does not offer citizens a rapid and good service – is misled



does not install the public and the industrial community with confidence makes costs higher than strictly necessary

The initiatives taken by the Dutch government in the first phase of implementing the Spatial Data Infrastructure are: Registration of personal records: There were issues regarding the ownership of land and assets by different department and there was multiplication and duplication of data sets which lead improper management of resources. So each and every individual was to be registered to the government data set and it will be identified based on location of that person. Trade register for people owning a business entity it can be a shop or a business enterprise but the registration was compulsory and it was also linked with the personal records. All the geographic information to be stored in the scale of 1:10000, the specification regarding the data standards and how to store them in given in the INSPIRE directives and it has to be followed by all the member countries unanimously. There are generalised standards for how to have the address but there is a little liberty given in case of different countries writing addresses in different formats, but the format should be constant within the country so that a spatial integration is possible. (Zeeuw, 2012) Additional registrations were registration of incomes, registration of wages, allowance , labour relations, register of taxation, value of real estate, register of citizens and non-inhabitants, large scale topography, geological and soil data etc. All the spatial plans should be digital in formats, it leads to better citizen participation and integration options with other data sets. Also all the zoning plans within the city limits should include the details of subsurface infrastructure and each infrastructure component like a valve or a station or the parts in the pipes should have a GPS tracker for day to day monitoring. All special legislation is submitted to the Parliament, providing state guarantees for quality specifications, compulsory use by al government bodies, the financial aspects, rules for liability, and compulsory feedback by users in case of mistakes. Laws for registers of personal records, cadastre, and geography were endorsed in the Dutch Parliament in early 2007. They came into Rahul Parmar UP2211 27

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force during 2008 (by 1st January). The Law on the business register was also submitted. New in this family of six are the register of buildings and the register of addresses. The government decided 11th of June 2004 to develop these registers from scratch. Laws for the authentic registers of buildings and addresses were submitted early 2007, and came into force by mid2009. (WUBBE, 2007)

5.3.

Some initiatives taken to implement the Spatial Data Infrastructure



Digital authentication of people via internet, personal logins for all the citizens.



Also professional log in for institutions like NGOs, Education institution and government and private institute, to provide a platform for the common data infrastructure.



SMS authentication of transactions that include some monetary and sensitive information increasing the security and reliability of the whole system.



Integration of E-services with the spatial information and creating a robust infrastructure.



One stop shop principle

5.4.

Data systems in UK

UK has one of the good systems for managing their spatial data and their planning processes and building and development permission. There are some policy initiatives based on which the development policies are designed. 

The core principles for the development of a spatial data management systems were:



Empowering the local people to shape their surrounding and the government is mediator and a facilitator for the development. Major decisions and action needs to be concerned by the local people.



A practical framework within which decisions on planning applications can be made with efficiency and predictability.



Means to improve the places which people use to live their life.



Good standards of amenity supporting high quality infrastructure with communication technology.



Planning and development is a nations right as well as it helps in boosting the economy so it should not have delays and in these kinds conditions in which economy is weak a sensitisation of people regarding the resource use needs to be there.

All the above principles are in accordance of sustainable development. The process is made more proportionate with more permitted development and streamlined  Processes for small scale development and streamlined information requirements where full Planning permission is required; 

The process is improved particularly in relation to pre-application and post decision stages.

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

Engagement is made more effective by improvements in the way elected members, statutory and non-statutory consultees and the wider community are involved in the process;



Changes in culture are encouraged by replacing time-based performance targets with a measure of customer satisfaction and by seeking ways to reward better quality applications;



Unnecessary complexity is removed by making the national policy and legislative framework clearer, simpler and more proportionate.

There were many issues like the planning application in UK were taking too long and it used to waste a lot of unnecessary time and efforts for development which had relatively low impact. The central aim or the lens through which anything is accessed is the impact it has on the environment , so it can be said that a project beyond a certain scale can only cause a considerable impact and which needs to be monitored and not every small construction and reconstruction of small residential and commercial structure. There was a need felt to separate the applications on the type of impacts the development has and they also started allowing some kind of development without a full-fledged planning application. The intensity and detailing of the steps involved in the whole process was minimised for low impact development so that more resources can be spend on important development which has considerable impact. Even some of the departments like infrastructure department was dissolved and merged in this planning department. It was envisaged that these planning permission will be simpler and easier for the people to follow so was that purpose a National Planning Policy framework was created. A number of Acts of Parliament in the UK were passed in 1990 to reform the planning system in England and Wales and consolidate previous legislation. The main one of these is Town and Country Planning Act 1990. Some of this legislation has been replaced or amended by the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 and the Localism Act 2011.The Planning Act 2008 relates to national planning permission for major new infrastructure projects such as airports, roads, and nuclear power and waste facilities. It too was amended by the Localism Act 2011. The Localism Act 2011 amends planning legislation, and introduces Neighbourhood. (Royal Insitute og Town Planners(RTPI), Planning AID (England), 2012) Planning, and the Duty to Cooperate. The national Planning Policy Framework was published by the government in March 2012. The Town and Country Planning (Local Planning) (England) regulations 2012 gives details of how local planning should be done including: who should be consulted (general and specific consultation bodies), bodies who should work together in the ‘Duty to Cooperate’, the form and content of Local Plans, how they should be prepared, their examination, the form and content of annual monitoring reports. 5.4.1.

Planning Permission and Local Development Plan in UK

There are some requirements which are mandatory and some of the requirements are optional according to the scale of planning permission. Planning in UK is also a three step process just like in the case of Rahul Parmar UP2211

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Gujarat. The National Planning policy Framework which lays down the foundation for local Area Plans and then Neighbourhood Plans for planning the locality. There is the Planning policy for UK under which there is a provision of Local area Plan which sets out the vision of the city and some important zoning and restriction regarding landscaping and impacts on the environment. Local areas Plan is prepared by Local Planning Authority which is prepared for a time frame of 15 years and is reviewed by a planning Inspector as well as a third party who is a consultant and it goes through an extensive public review process time and again. There are public hearing and consultations in which any citizen can watch and with due permission express opinion also. It has to happen 4 times in the stages of the plan and it takes a time period of 6 weeks for each consultation process. Moreover, it takes a fixed time period of 3 years and people can know the schedule of meetings and hearings for all the time period well in advance. Table 2: Stakeholder, Policy and Department Matrix for UK government for Planning and Governance

What?

Who?

How?

National policy

Through the National Planning Policy Framework

Local Plans

Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG) local authority

Assessment of Local Plans

Planning Inspectorate

Decisions on local planning Applications Neighbourhood Plans

Local authority

Parish/town council or neighbourhood forum, local authority, independent inspector and votes Neighbourhood Development Parish/town council or Orders neighbourhood forum Assessment of Neighbourhood Plans Independent qualiﬁed Inspector

Lead by Chief Planning Oﬃcer, agreed by Planning Committee a Government body, Examination process Decision by Planning Committee, or Planning Oﬃcer on its behalf Developed by parish council or Neighbourhood forum. Accepted as in line with Local Plan by local authority and independent inspector and voted on by at least 50% in a local ballot As above

Setting of Community Infrastructure Levy (CIL)

local authority

Assessment of CIL

Planning Inspectorate

Appeals against process of planning decisions by applicant Appeals against appeal decisions by Applicant

Planning Inspectorate

Appeals against planning decisions by third party Challenge to Inspectorate or Secretary of State decision by applicant Appeals against planning decisions by third party

High Court

Inspector appointed by the local authority will carry out a public Examination. Will recommend if can be put to a local ballot. If a local authority decide to set a levy then it must be in line with CIL regulations All CIL must be signed oﬀ by an independent planning inspector following a public Examination By written appeal, hearing or public inquiry Judicial Review, which can quash, prevent or require a decision, clarify the law or compensate the applicant Judicial Review as above

High Court

Judicial Review as above

Local Government Ombudsman

Government body that investigates complaints about local authorities in England

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5.4.2.

Planning and Building permission in UK

There are various stages in which planning permission is taken and the process is very simple and time and again there have been efforts to make it more available and accessible to people in general. But, in case of India the attempts are that the process is complex as possible and even the officials who are into this planning procedure are not fully aware of the complete procedure. It has been said and suggested by officials that it is for technical people and not for general public to know what is happening in the planning and management of the city. This is just contrary to what the initiatives that are taken in UK context where people, participation and sustainable are key principles on which the governance and management of the city is based. First of all the local government is responsible for providing planning permission which evaluates that a certain kind of development can come adhering to the context of the site surrounding and the provisions of LDP. It basically verifies the land use and the kind of impact the development will have. Then there is building permission in which the individual applicant have to adhere to the standards of buildings and all the structural details which will be assessed based on which permission will be granted. There are some mandatory documents that are required by the local authority in order to grant planning permission. Of these some of the followings are mandated by the National Government and some are mandated by local government of respective city and some are optional documents which if produced may help to get planning permission in less amount of time. Location Plan and Site plan are to be bought form one of the four vendors of government which is verified by the ordinance survey of UK and they have legal right as well as binding to sell the plan at some rates that the government and the policy of the government decides. The applicant can decide to buy the map and the layout or the site plan from somewhere else but the authenticity of those drawings are not known so the local government can reject those planning permission. The building should be in consideration with provisions made in local area plans that also includes some important zones which needs taken care of when planning permission is given. The applicant has to be submit the number, size, layout, site and external appearance of building. It also should have infrastructure available e.g. roads, water supply, proposed means of access and Impact of the structure and construction on the surrounding. Minor Planning application are solely decided by Senior Town Planning officer at Local Planning Authority. In case of some major development permission the planning officer will present recommendation to the planning committee which consists of elected councillors and the final decision is on the councillors. Any citizen is free to attend to these meetings and with due permission can express his/her views on the topic. Elected councillors vote on planning application and many times they may not listen to planning inspector for a recommendation. Also, there is a binding form the norms of LPA

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that a planning application cannot be rejected without sound explanation even if all the member of the council decided negatively for the application. (Government of UK, Scotland , Cardiff, 2015) The key consideration are weather proposal would affect amenities and existing use of land and building which should be protected for the public interest, there should be a reason given and communicated to the applicant for the refusal of planning application which can be challenged in court. 5.4.3.

Building Permission

There is a difference between planning permission and building permission, Planning permission basically talks about the feasibility of the project and has to do majorly with the kind of development and its impact in the surrounding environment and its relevance with the Local Development Plan. Building permission will deal with the design of the building the architectural details and the construction details. Usually an applicant hires an architect to do such job or he may go to a builder or developer who will take both planning permission and building permission. There are Local Authority Building Control services like Building Use Scrutiny Department in Ahmedabad. There is a private sectors approved Inspectors who also look after the building control measures. Also, there is something called self-certification mechanism to carry out some work according to the standards laid down by the LDP and government of UK. A party or an agency who has been for long has constructed some volume of buildings and works are given self-certification rights, it means that they can self-certify their work and they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need any other local agency to certify the development. This is done in order to reduce the load of the Local Government in certification and revenue charges so that it may take less time and efforts to be done. The Local authority Building Control services gives feedback on the plans and provides insights in site that has to be selected. Building control Regulation provide the minimum standards for the construction of the building or the development. Also, there is a 3rd party certification that usually a development beyond a scale obtain so that their process is faster as there will be less work for the Local Government. (Government of UK, Scotland , Cardiff, 2015)

5.5.

Review of Planning Processes in UK

The system that was updated in UK was in accordance with some of the key problems that were faced. There was subsequent blockages and delays during the planning application which was dues to the fact that there were many minor scale development which had very less considerable impact were taking same resources for processing the information as large scale projects so it has to be separated. Eliminate needless bureaucracy in the process and root out unnecessary complexities in the process. There are some of the elements on which the review can be done for planning processes in UK. 5.5.1.

Planning Process and Institutional Setup

The planning process in UK is a three step Process. First there is National Policy Framework which defines the roles responsibilities of the departments of Localities. It also defines the overall vision of the Rahul Parmar UP2211

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country and also the provision of shift in technology the methods for better management of development. Initially the Policy framework was a technical jargon and 1000 page document but in 2010 a need for felt for creating a simpler documents so that there can be a clarity about the aims and goals for Planning and Development of the Country. Also, many researchers have said that a step wise planning process is desirable for a good function of the city. After the Planning Policy then comes the Local Development Plan a broad brush Vision of the city with central aim of sustainability. So all the development will be looked upon through the lens of impact it has on the environment and resources. Then the lowest form of planning mechanism is Neighbourhood Plans which are not mandatory but can be taken up by individuals so that a more guided approach is taken into consideration. It is very important to note that all the stages of planning form Local Development Plan, Planning and Building Permission and Neighbourhood there is a huge component of public consultation which is often missing in the Indian Context. “The proposals are based on the principle of double devolution and advocate neighbourhood planning as a basis for plan making. The principle is that the existing residents of a specific neighbourhood are best placed to plan their own future. The Coalition government seem to wish to apply this principle both to plan making – district level plans should be an aggregation of neighbourhood based plans, and to development control – local residents should decide which development schemes are given consent”. (Bowie, 2010).Moreover, there are limited number of departments which look after all these activities which also reduces the management load of the local authorities. A department fully capable of providing all the permission is what they aim for which is in a way simplifying the planning process and making it more transparent and less time consuming. Planning process and making it more transparent and less time consuming. 5.5.2.

Sharing and Updating of Spatial Data

In the context of UK the people are in the centre of the planning process so sharing the data with people and within the departments is very important. Also, to note that that in UK there are not many departments which are involved in the Planning and Building Permission so sharing within the department is not as significant as sharing of the data with people. The process of sharing and iodation is very closely related with the stakeholders in the planning processes. In case of building and planning permission the applicant has to buy the data form government which is given by one of the four vendors those who are given permission by the government. The applicant gets the data and layers and gives the proposed development in the same format and if the plan is approved it is updated in the system that the local government. It is a self-sustaining mechanism in which data is updated by sharing and minimum resources if the local government are used. Recently the attempts have been made to store the 3D information of the building by the means of Building Information Modelling along with the spatial data of land and utility. This is one more step towards a spatially enabled society. There are audio as well as video guides to make process more known transparent and efficient. Rahul Parmar UP2211

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SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE AND DATA MANAGEMENT (NETHERLANDS, UK)

An example of South Cambridge Online expert system is very good way to help people as well as the authority about the status and the kind of development. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s an online system that determines whether an applicant needs a planning permission or not. The portal asks many question regarding the address of the proposed work and the kind of development envisaged and based on the norms and guidelines of the local area as well as in accordance with the National Policies. So, in this way the local authority knows what the kind of developments that are envisaged are and with the planning application details they may know the status of the development and also the basic details of the development, it is a step more closer to making cities more efficient and more responsive planning system. It

5.5.3.

Use of the data

The local government of UK as well as the national Government has very particular policies regarding the use of the data which is already collected. There are many instances at which for carrying out a job there are some input data that is required and there are some output of data a department or a process gets. In many cases output of one of the department or process is input for another and if these two things do not work in synchronisation then the efforts of both the agencies will increase. So, it is very important that whatever data is generated in the process is stored in the formats in which it can be used in future. The data base system is based on this principle so that more efficiency can be achieved as well as work of one department or agency can be compiled in a common platform where it can be shared and used differently with ease by many departments. There are databases that the government themselves have created over a period of time which are digital in nature a portal where all kinds of the data are available. It also gives the data to the required party with due cost some of which is free also. The authority buys data form other stakeholders like private developers and builders who are involved in the development activities that is how the system works. Easy storage and sharing which leads to updating of data which can be used as per the requirement of an individual stakeholder.

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SPATIAL DATA INFRASTRUCTURE AND DATA MANAGEMENT (NETHERLANDS, UK)

Indian Perspective on Spatial Data and Initiatives taken

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6. Indian Perspective on Spatial Data and Initiatives taken In India, Government continues to play a major role in inventory and mapping of major national resources and establishing a map information base in the country. Thus, Government has a major stake in managing the spatial information as government agencies are not only the main external providers of spatial information for most operational applications of GIS but also because they exert an influence on national developments as a result of “a cocktail of laws, policies, conventions and precedents which determine the availability and price of spatial data”. A major challenge over the next decade will be to increase the use of spatially referenced data to support a wide variety of decisions at all levels of society. Using an effective, efficient, and widely accessible infrastructure, spatial data could be readily transported and easily integrated both thematically (e.g., across environmental, economic, and institutional data bases) and hierarchically (e.g., from local to national and eventually to global levels). Transparent access to databases could provide the information for countless applications, e.g., facility management, real estate transactions, taxation, land-use planning, transportation, emergency services, environmental assessment and monitoring, and research. Work on these applications could take place in schools, offices, and homes across the nation. In addition, these activities will lead to new value- added services and market opportunities in emerging spatial information industries.

6.1.

Need and opportunity in India

“In a way, India has had a strong foundation of a spatial data infrastructure – though mainly analogue and paper-map based”. (INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANISATION, 2001) Traditionally, the central spatial information infrastructure has been managed by different agencies and there were overlaps in the roles and responsibilities. The data management role of central agencies has been that of data “stewards” for large homogeneous data sets (more often in paper map form rather than digital data sets) like SOI, Water Resource Department etc. As part of their mandates, these central agencies have collected and published data on maps that were then distributed to specific agencies on request. Relationships with states have been largely limited to ad hoc or cooperative projects with the states generally taking on the role of suppliers of data to the central agencies. This set of traditional arrangements is undergoing change, both obvious and subtle. The activities of the central agencies have been established largely as national survey charters, and although these may be initially tied to need, it has been difficult to keep up with changing technologies and changing requirements in the surveying and mapping technologies. Costs are difficult to identify, quantify, or control, and the government finds it increasingly difficult to maintain programs with increasing responsibility on the financial budget. Finally, programs of spatial data creation have often been slow Rahul Parmar UP2211

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and inadequately funded for data maintenance and people with the technical mind for the job are also limited in our country which often leads to hiring external agencies for doing the job. (INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANISATION, 2001) Public access to spatial information is also a concern. Most government agencies do not have public access mandates or sharing policies (like Delhi has). Developmental activities are no more the domain of government agencies. Private sector and NGOs are equally involved in developmental activities, specifically after the liberalization of the economy when large investments from private sector are being done for power, roads, communications, mining, petroleum etc. Further, as developmental activities are not to be considered as restricted to smaller areas and also cannot be “pinned” to locations, information for all areas must be accessible. The “non-access” of spatial information to the private sector is yet another major concern. Private companies see public access as a way to generate a revenue stream and also to generate a market for value-added products.

6.2.

NSDI: National Spatial Data Infrastructure a GoI undertaking MoHRD

6.2.1.

Introduction The XII Five Year Plan has a vision for rapid, sustainable and more inclusive growth. It emphasizes the need to put in place effective policies, particularly in infrastructure, energy, rural development, management of cities and governance, to give a fillip to growth. To achieve the ambitious targets included in XII Five Year Plan and beyond, it is pertinent to embrace information and communication technology, particularly geospatial technology for planning, implementing and monitoring of projects of national importance. Hence, Geospatial Education will be a crucial area for developing the human resources required for this purpose as also for utilising the employment and self-employment opportunities for skilled manpower in this emerging and inter-disciplinary field of study. (Development, Ministry of Human Resource, August , 2013)

6.2.2.

Need of NSDI

The nation today needs a NSDI much more than at any time. There are 2 major imperatives that drive the country towards establishing the NSDI: 

Enable the establishment of a national repository of a digital “warehouse” of the national map data holdings



Facilitate Sharing and access to the digital spatial information

Use of spatial information for resource management and decision-making is limited only by the imagination on how to combine the different data sets. Many a times new ideas create the need for even more data so as to achieve the end goals. This has been matched by a significant increase in the information retrieval capabilities of the GIS. It is because of this fact that GIS’s are now becoming Rahul Parmar UP2211

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widely popular and are being used for a wide range of applications - natural resources management, wasteland development, watershed development, urban management, coastal management, utilities management, and infrastructure 6.2.3.

Towards a Spatial Society



In the longer term, information needs will drive further technological developments



Expanding information inter-dependence.



Increasing emphasis on sustainability.



Emergence of community based governance.

6.2.4.

Organisational Framework for NSDI and major players

The stakeholders in the NSDI will be, on one hand, the Government agencies or the spatial information generators and, on the other hand, the users of such spatial information –government, private or the public. These are many and varied stakeholders to the NSDI and would include: 

Government at local, state, national levels (as both users and data collectors/owners)



Non-Government Organizations (NGOs)



Community groups



Aid/development organizations



Educational organizations and Academia



Science and environmental community



Private sector information/providers (including the value-added service providers) and endusers



Public sector agencies



Private citizens

6.3.

Challenges for implementation

6.3.1.

Technical Challenges

The whole process involves intense technological changes in the whole process by which data is collected, stored and validated. It involves major components of (a) network protocols, (b) hardware and operating systems, (c) spatial data files, (d) database management systems (DBMS), (e) data models, and (f) semantics. Also as the whole process is a top down approach and all the initiatives were to be integrated with it that are functioning well at local level. A bottom up approach would have had better acceptance as the local government was also involved in the process and all the things were emerging from a decentralised entity. There could have been an evolutionary approach in which combining the local initiatives could have been a primary approach. Rahul Parmar UP2211

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6.3.2.

Institutional Challenges

The challenges for the NSDI are external and the set up and the coherence of all the institution who are termed as data generators or data providers should be able to work for the common good rather their personal short term goals.. There are more than 17 government agencies who were given task of laying down different standards for different attributes of the database generation. E.g. NSAP for sharing the data, NMP by SOI to laid down the mapping policy standards for all the stake holders. There was a missing link between NSDI and NMP, photographs, after masking of vulnerable areas/vulnerable points would be freely available for processing and project generation. It was also mentioned that private agencies would be permitted to carry out aerial surveys in all parts of the country using public domain datum, provided they were registered agencies and accredited by SOI. However, both the policy document and the guidelines are silent on aerial photography or aerial photographs. (Singh, 2009) 6.3.3.

Organisational Challenges

Organisations refer to a group or association, formal or informal, in which there are defined and accepted roles, positions, and responsibilities structured in some relationship to each other in order to achieve specific objectives. Success of SDI would be a function of ability, capacity and willingness of an organisation to participate in it. The elements of inter-organisational collaboration cooperationcoordination are often necessary for implementation and successful operation of inter-organisational system or distributed information system entire process. 6.3.4.

Financial Challenges

Sustainable funding of SDI is a major issue of concern and more so in a developing country. The financial strategy for NSDI brought out by Natural Resources Data Management System (Sharma 2003).According to INSPIRE (2005), data should be collected and maintained at the level where this can be done most effectively. The role of SDI is to provide an environment in which all stakeholders of spatial information can cooperate with each other in a cost-efficient and cost-effective way to better achieve organisational goals (Rajabifard, 2003). There could be many ways of funding the geo-ICT infrastructure such as revenue collection through Tax, licensing and selling spatial data, selling spatial products and services, funding at the point where the data is collected, receiving donations, etc. However, public investment is needed for creation of up-to-date, accurate, and standard foundation dataset of at least administrative boundaries, and detailed road networks. Public investment is also needed for creation of up-to-date, and accurate national e-cadastre (cadastral level boundary) since government generates revenue from land registration and taxes. Once the standard foundation dataset and e-cadastre are available, the market may invest for further growth of

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Threats

Opportunities

Table 3:SWOT analysis for NSDI highlighting the status of the program

Strengths

Weaknesses

Strengths-Opportunities Strategies

Weaknesses-Opportunities Strategies

1. Publish data in NSDI at the earliest 2. Improve inter- and intra-departmental communication, involvement, facilitation and feedback 3. Exploit brand image 4. Operationalise data/ metadata servers 5. Respond to niche market 6. Address interoperability issues 7. Use reflexive standardisation process

1. Develop user friendly query shell for different categories of users 2. Exploit NSDI platform for improving access and discovery 3. Improve inter-organisational collaboration-cooperationcoordination 4. Understand users work-flow and provide quality data according to users need 5. Treat citizens as partners 6. Develop enterprise-wide geo-ICT infrastructure

Strengths-Threats Strategies

Weaknesses-Threats Strategies

1. Advertise success stories 2. Further liberalisation of restriction policy 3. Announce integrated spatial information policy covering all spatial data products and services 4. Establish fully functional NSDI portal for all spatial products and services 5. Adopt proper pricing of spatial data products and services 6. Adopt process-oriented management techniques 7. Make digital foundation dataset available in the public domain free of cost 8. Create innovative products and services by exploiting the convergence and fusion of various GI technologies

1. 2. 3. 4.

Adopt co-production model Prioritise data updating Adopt emerging technology without any time lag Understand users’ workflow and create spatial products according to their needs 5. Publish images, maps, models, and value added products through GeoPortal 6. Use multiple sources of energy to power geoICT installations in remote areas 7. Adopt market orientation

the spatial industry.

6.4.

National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy (NDSAP) – 2012

6.4.1.

Need for the Policy

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD – AN ASSESMENT

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which are disparate. The current regime of data management does not enable open sharing of Government owned data with other arms of the government nor does it expect proactive disclosure of sharable data available with data owners. Such regimes could lead to duplication of efforts and loss of efficiency of planning of activities focused on national development. Efficient sharing of data among data owners and inter and intra governmental agencies and with public calls for data standards and interoperable systems. Hence, National Data Sharing and Access Policy aims to provide an enabling provision and platform for providing proactive and open access to the data generated through public funds available with various departments / organizations of Government of India. The overarching function of the NSAP-The National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy will apply to all data and information created, generated, collected and archived using public funds provided by Government of India directly or through authorized agencies by various Ministries / Departments /Organizations / Agencies and Autonomous bodies. 6.4.2. 

Benefits of the data sharing policy Maximising use: Ready access to government owned data will enable more extensive use of a valuable public resource for the benefit of the community.



Avoiding duplication: By sharing data the need for separate bodies to collect the same data will be avoided resulting in significant cost savings in data collection.



Maximised integration: By adopting common standards for the collection and transfer of data, integration of individual data sets may be feasible.



Ownership information: The identification of owners for the principal data sets provide information to users to identify those responsible for implementation of prioritized data collection programs and development of data standards.



Better decision-making: Data and information facilitates making important decisions without incurring repetitive costs. Ready access to existing valuable data is essential for many decision making tasks such as protecting the environment, development planning, managing assets, improving living conditions, national security and controlling disasters.

 6.4.3.

Equity of access: A more open data transfer policy ensures better access to all bonafide users. Types of Access

6.4.3.1. Open Access Access to data generated from public funding should be easy, timely, user-friendly and web-based without any process of registration / authorization.

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6.4.3.2. Registered Access Data sets which are accessible only through a prescribed process of registration / authorization by respective departments / organizations will be available to the recognized institutions / organizations / public users, through defined procedures. 6.4.3.3. Restricted Access Data declared as restricted, by Government of India policies, will be accessible only through and under authorization. 6.4.4.

Summary and Conclusion:

National Data Sharing and Access Policy aims at the promotion of a technology-based culture of data management as well as data sharing and access. It opens up, proactively, information on available data, which could be shared with civil society for developmental purposes, their price details if any, and methods for gaining access to registered and restricted use. The policy has limited its scope to data owned by the agencies, departments/ Ministries and entities under the Government of India and forms a statement of the Government of India of its commitment to transparency and efficiency in governance. Department of Science & Technology will continue the process of evolving the policy further, keeping in tune with technological advancements and the National requirements and enrolling the State Governments.

6.5.

National Urban Information System (NUIS)

Ministry of Urban Development has launched National Urban Information System (NUIS) Scheme in March, 2006 to develop GIS databases for 137 towns / cities in the country in two scales i.e., 1:10,000 and 1:2000.As on date the total no. of towns in NUIS Scheme is 152. The inclusion/addition/deletion of towns as requested by State Govt. and approved by TAC. In addition utility mapping in 1:1000 scale will also be undertaken for 24 towns. Apart from spatial data, the Scheme has another component i.e. National Urban Data Bank and Indicators (NUDBI). The spatial and attribute databases thus generated will be useful for preparation of Master/Development plans, detailed town planning schemes and serve as decision support for e-governance. The total outlay of the scheme is Rs. 66.28 Crores of which 75% will be borne by the Central Govt. and the 25% will be the State, matching share. The NUIS Scheme comprises two major components as given under: 6.5.1.

Urban Spatial Information System (USIS)

Includes development of GIS based multi-hierarchical database, with application tools, to support Master/Zonal plan preparation; Urban Local Bodies (ULB) administration and utilities management. â&#x20AC;˘

Generate a comprehensive 3-tiered GIS database for each town/city that will be able to support the main objective of Urban Planning and management.

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•

1:10,000 scale GIS with parameters of spatial and attribute information that will be the core of Master Planning and Zonal Planning exercises in urban settlements

•

1:2,000 scale GIS database with parameters of spatial and attribute information in support of detailed town planning Schemes and urban administration.

•

Establish a 1:1000 scale utilities GIS on a pilot basis with inclusion of power, water-supply, sewerage and other utilities that will support Utilities Planning and Management in urban settlements.

•

Develop automated integration/application techniques in GIS to provide inputs to Master/Zonal level Planning and utilities management – to be utilised by the urban planners/ administrators.

6.5.2.

National Urban Databank and Indicators

National Urban Databank and Indicators (NUDB&I) – includes designing and establishing a comprehensive data bank and integration of these parameters to support planning and derive indicators for National Urban Observatory (NUO) for monitoring the health of urban settlements. •

Design a standard set of data parameters to be collected to support planning, and routine municipal functions listed in the 12th Schedule of the 74th CAA as part of NUDB&I for each urban settlement. The guidelines of TCPO/MOUD will be useful for this design.

•

Design a database for the NUDB&I and also develop front-end and integration software that will provide the indices. This design can also link the USIS and NUDB&I database, as required.

•

Develop town level NUDB&I databases for each town � Enable the establishment of a Local Urban Observatory (LUO) in each State which will integrate the NUDB&I databases for all towns within the State.

•

Support the National Urban Observatory (NUO) by integrating the NUDB&I database of all States and for each town at TCPO/MOUD.

•

Provide necessary inputs/ report on the health of urban settlements to MOUD, Planning Commission, States etc.

6.6.

The National Land Records Modernization Programme (NLRMP)

6.6.1. Introduction The National Land Records Modernization Programme (NLRMP) is launched by Government of India in August 2008, aimed to modernize management of land records, minimize scope of land/property disputes, enhance transparency in the land records maintenance system, and facilitate moving eventually towards guaranteed conclusive titles to immovable properties in the country. The major components of the programme are computerization of all land records including mutations, digitization of maps and integration of textual and spatial data, survey/re-survey and updation of all survey and settlement records including creation of original cadastral records wherever necessary, computerization of registration and Rahul Parmar UP2211

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its integration with the land records maintenance system, development of core Geospatial Information System (GIS) and capacity building. 6.6.2.

Objectives and Aim

The main objective of the NLRMP is to develop a modern, comprehensive and transparent land records management system in the country with the aim to implement the conclusive land-titling system with title guarantee, which will be based on four basic principles, i.e., (i) a single window to handle land records (including the maintenance and updating of textual records, maps, survey and settlement operations and registration of immovable property), (ii) the ―mirror‖ principle, which refers to the fact that cadastral records mirror the ground reality, (iii) the ―curtain‖ principle which indicates that the record of title is a true depiction of the ownership status, mutation is automated and automatic following registration and the reference to past records is not necessary, and (iv) title insurance, which guarantees the title for its correctness and indemnifies the title holder against loss arising on account of any defect there in. (Ministry of Rural Development, 2008) 6.6.3. 

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAMME The State Governments/UT Administrations will implement the programme with financial and technical supports from the Dept. of Land Resources, Government of India. Outsourcing to the extent necessary for meeting the critical gaps in technological resources shall be permissible, and the States/UTs may go for the public-private partnership (PPP) models in the non-sensitive areas.



The district will be taken as the unit of implementation, where all activities under the programme will converge. It has been decided to cover the entire country by the 12th Plan period. However, the States/UTs which wish to complete the work earlier can do so.

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ď&#x201A;ˇ

Initial funding will be provided to the States/UTs based on their eight-year perspective plan and annual plan for the first year. Thereafter, all sanctions will be done on the basis of detailed project reports (DPRs) prepared by the States/UTs in the prescribed proforma in Part-C-MIS. Funding will be conditional upon the States/UTs signing the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)

with

the

DoLR

and

following

its

stipulations.

These Guidelines attempt to assign duties and responsibilities as far as possible from the national level. However, State/UT-specific details can only be locally delineated. States/UTs must identify a nodal Department for implementing the NLRMP. This Department must, in turn, put

Figure 1Strategies of government for Implementation of the NSUI

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in place a Programme Management Unit (PMU) in the charge of an officer not below the rank of Secretary, to oversee the NLRMP in its entirety. This PMU must ensure coordination among all concerned Departments, as well as among the various units of the implementing Department. For each activity under this Programme, the duties and responsibilities of officials as well as of the vendors, if any, must be listed out in detail in harmony, as far as possible, with the Guidelines and also intimated to the DoLR. MoUs/agreements may be signed, wherever required. The PMU must ensure that milestones and timeframes, as well as physical and financial achievements, are monitored on a regular basis and online data are sent to the DoLR and other agencies as required. (Town and Country Planning Organisation, 2006)

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Spatial Data status in Ahmedabad

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SPATIAL DATA STATUS IN AHMEDABAD

7. Spatial Data status in Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation is the local body responsible for development and management of Ahmedabad city. The AMC get is power form Bombay Provincial Municipal Corporation Act where roles responsibility are clearly identified. As per Act the local government of a city has some mandatory functions, some discretionary function and other auxiliary functions. The Act mandates that the city should have a Standing committee (looking after the elected person in the city), Transportation Committee (Looking for the transportation infrastructure).In order to run the city there are some core functions in which the local government is solely responsible no other agency can take part in the process because of the type of work and certain other obligatory functions and some other functions. The function are as follows: 

Water Supply



Sewerage Management



Solid Waste Management



Roads and Transportation



Land Administration (Building Permission, Town planning)



Taxes (property taxes, professional tax etc.)

Other obligatory function are there in which private and other institution are also a stakeholder, they are: 

Power and Electricity



Housing and rent control



Public Health (Hospitals, awareness etc.)



Education (AMC, private , NGOs)



Fire Fighting and emergency services



Recreation and Other cultural Responsibility (Organising rath yatra etc.)

Other function that are changing from one city to another are: 

Birth and Death Registration



Licensing of Shops / Markets



Welfare and Awareness campaigns



Special Projects (BRTS, Sabarmati River front, Kankaria etc.)



Asset Management

But im Ahmedabad there are 12 committees that are formed in order to manage the city of Ahmedabad. 

Water Supply and Sewerage committee



Roads and Building Committee

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

Health Committee



Town Planning Committee



Housing and Improvement committee



Solid Waste Management Committee

SPATIAL DATA STATUS IN AHMEDABAD

Figure 2: Organisation Structure of AMC highlighting the Different Departments and hierarchy



Recreation Committee



Hospital Committee



Legal Committee



Estate Management Committee



Tax Committee



Secondary School working Committee



Staff selection and Appointment committee

Spatial Data is requirement is there in almost all of the functions of the city and local government. But the study will be focussing more on the core functions So the spatial data requirement for all the core sectors as per the case studies done of NSDI, Netherlands and USA and documents referred for the functions of local government.

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7.1.

SPATIAL DATA STATUS IN AHMEDABAD

Land Development in Ahmedabad

Gujarat Town Planning and Urban Development Act (GTPUDA), enacted in 1976 by the parliament. The act derives from early 20th century planning law devised by the British to improve and manage Indian cities. It also has been amended from time to time to keep pace with the changing requirements The GTPUDA also mandates the creation of a special planning authority—the Urban/Area Development Authority (UDA/ADA)—which is charged with the task of undertaking planning within the delineated Development Area.` Urban planning in Gujarat is a two-step process and is prescribed in the GTPUDA and its Rules. The first step is to prepare a “Development Plan” (DP) for the entire city or development area. The second step is to prepare “Town Planning Schemes” (TPSs) for smaller portions of the development area for which the Development Plan is prepared AUDA (Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority) is the development authority for sanctioning and overseeing and construction of sub urban areas of Ahmedabad. The Development Plan is revised every 10 years and is updated in the interim whenever a need arises to respond to the changing context. The process also includes limited public participation—after a draft DP is prepared by the Development Authority it is published and kept open for public inspection for a period of two months and objections and suggestions are invited. Each objection and suggestion is responded to and, if required, the DP is modified. It is published again to invite further objections and suggestions. These are again taken into account and the DP is modified. It is then sent to the State Government of Gujarat for approval and oversight. The State Government may suggest modifications, keeping the overall public good in view if required, before approving the DP. IT is very important to understand how a plan of the scale of the city is prepared how the data is collected or made available for the purpose of the Land development and Infrastructure provision, what are efforts and who the stakeholders in the process are. The DP is a broad-brush development vision for the city—a dynamic document which then is detailed gradually. Most importantly, the new areas for growth to be opened up for development are clearly marked and divided into smaller areas of about 100 to 200 hectares. Each such area is called a Town Planning Scheme (TPS). The TPS are micro plans prepared for about 100 to 200 hectares. The TP scheme works on the principle in which the land is taken from each and every stakeholder and again redistributed, a maximum of 30% of land can be taken for the purpose but in return the owner of the land gets access of each plot by a functional road and infrastructure facilities both Physical and Social. TPS are in the resonance with the zones and the guidelines laid down by the Development Plan, DP provides the framework for the development on which a TP has to follow. E.g. a road marked in DP cannot be changed (in terms of width, functionality and spatial location) in a TP but Vice versa is possible. Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

SPATIAL DATA STATUS IN AHMEDABAD

Initially all the TP scheme and development plan are prepared by AUDA only then recently even AMC has started to prepare the TP schemes and some of the TP schemes are transferred private developers also .AMC and AUDA have different jurisdiction as well as functions but there are many overlaps in the functions and often the change in the jurisdiction is not smooth which creates problem at the user end. The process is that AUDA will provide the plan of Final plots in the TP schemes it will provide the infrastructure and then it will be transferred to AMC for the maintenance of the infrastructure. AMC has time and again increased its jurisdiction as more area is taken up by AUDA for urban development form the rural areas.

7.2.

Rationale for Taking up functions of AMC not AUDA

The study focusses majorly on the functions of the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation because is responsible for the management of the infrastructure and governance of the city. Moreover, AUDA is the planning agency and its function ends when the DP or TP is put in place so taking the jurisdiction of the AUDA will not be appropriate for the study. Also, there are many issues with jurisdiction and rights with the village panchayat, AUDA and AMC also so for the simplicity only area covering AMC is taken as these issues can shift the focus of the study. But, not to forget the processes of TP and DP are also taken into consideration as they are principle mechanisms through which the planning and development of land is done is Ahmedabad. Furthermore AUDA reports to state government and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s under the state act that it is given the powers , they are not answerable to people in general which AMC is so certain processes can be better understand when taking only AMC area.

7.3.

Land Management in the city of Ahmedabad. (Mayank, 2015)

The study focusses on three broad aspects

7.4.

Land

In land there are two mechanism through which planning is done in Ahmedabad Development Plan, Town Planning scheme. For the purpose of study these two processes are to be studied in detail which will focus on the process itself and the data need and data cycles for the whole process. This will bring out the issues and good practices in the system for carrying out a particular job. Also, a study of people and posts involved in the process is from its initiation to its end when it is implemented needs to be recorded. It will include a process map and an analysis of process map will help to find out and establish some concerns of data management. 7.4.1.

Development Plan Preparation process

According to the act of GTPUDA 1976 a Development Plan preparation for the city was to be made in order to have to have comprehensive development. The Act also mandated the creation of an Area Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

Figure 3: ProcessAuthority mapping andand spatial data flows for DP preparation Development Urban Development authority,

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SPATIAL DATA STATUS IN AHMEDABAD

the prime reason being with the rapid 52

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

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urbanisation many developers and private individuals started converting the plots to Non agriculture and started haphazard development which lead to a need of a planning agency for the sub-urban which then came to be known as AUDA. AUDA and AMC have different jurisdiction and they plan their respective areas and then the plan is given to the state government for sanctioning of the DP, it may take a long time 3-4 years in many cases for the state government to approve the plan, this was the process followed till DP 2011. AMC (City planning department) will prepare the zoning and Land use for the respective areas within the jurisdiction of AMC (city limits) and AUDA will fill in the gaps and plan for the sub urban areas in need of development that is how the planning is done, no talks or meeting with the other agency. But, for DP 2021 an Urban Planning Cell was created that had planners form AMC and AUDA and were chosen on competitive basis to do the job for the whole city of Ahmedabad. After that there are various steps for preparing the DP that included population projection (used census data), then zoning and Density were decided as per the need to the city, some assumptions that we also do usually and the vision of the city which was decided in resonance with the administrative and political wing of the city. The development to be done has two type of things involved green (development of agricultural plots, no previous development done) and brown field (redevelopment of the areas in the city which are already developed) development. In DP each land parcel was being surveyed al areas including agricultural plots and has been rechecked. It took a time period of 6 months two times (first time the survey is done then it is again re checked). IN this also AMC surveys areas under its own jurisdiction and AUDA its own There are people with technical background in each ward (2 engineers and inspectors 64 wards in total), AUDA has limited staff but have mostly agriculture plots to survey so they do it from a vehicle. They only record the use of land, it has been coded, there are 7-8 major categories of land use which has been subdivided and a total of 45 categories were there. Each person who is surveying is given that sheet to survey upon and it is coded and the person is given the key and all the data was digitize by the Planners in the Urban Planning Cell. One of the interesting facts that cam e across was that these TP drawings are old many times and may not provide the correct information as they are not updated until it is required or some changes need to be done, people local to the city (the city officials) know the area and land use my heart so they also make use of such things in order to get the data for planning. In the areas TP is prepared they take up that map that also AMC takes its own and AUDA does its own. It was found that in very circumstances there was sharing of data or common resources was done for the purpose of planning. In the area where there is no TP data form the revenue department is taken at state level (District Inspector of Land Records) under the collectors department has the data. There is no charge of the data form the revenue department but there is a procurement process and it will be verified by revenue officers with its own staff, the data is verified on request basis. There is only a transaction of data when there is a change in land use or a new TP is laid out. But when A TP is laid out there is a total station survey of Rahul Parmar UP2211

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SPATIAL DATA STATUS IN AHMEDABAD

each land parcel of the TP scheme which is then planned by the city planning department.. They cross check the data they have collected during the survey of DP and TP from Google earth as well the NA records of the revenue departments. All the data is stored in the drawing department within the city planning department and it is stored in manual format. There are four steps in the DP which he mentioned about Survey and study analysis, Policy Proposals, GDCR, Drawings and maps. A specialist cell was created for Planning of the Development Plan 2021 in Ahmedabad, there were planners and city managers form AMC and AUDA with the help of staff of AUDA and AMC were able to do the exercise of Development Plan preparation. A digital base map was created for Ahmedabad for the specific purpose, it took a time of two long years to compile the data and make it for the purpose of Development Plan. All the details were there in bits and pieces and no comprehensive plan or map for the revenue record were ever collected. So plans of all TP scheme were joined together but transference of the data was very difficult because the data created in CAD had many errors and it was not possible to compile the data in the given time. SO all the data was created new and the surveys done by the surveyors of AMC and AUDA an excel file was prepared which had all the data of land parcel majorly the use of the land. But the integration of that MIS data with GIS data was not possible due to technical limitation and the time constraints, so it was all added manually to crate the base map. Apart the details of land parcels the details of infrastructure both physical and social were computed and were compared with the standards of URDPFI, IRC etc. The details which were included in Physical Infrastructure are Water, Waste water, Storm Water and Solid waste. All the information regarding the supply lines are recorded when TP is made with the engineering department but all this information is there but in bits and pieces. For some areas there is information which is there regarding the location of the system lines in other areas it has be verified by the site visit and no spatial information is there regarding these things. All the information is locally available say for example the line man might know it but it is not recorded. The present status is understood mapped and the gaps are known in the present context. There are some recommendations that are made to the respective authority weather AUDA or AMC and plans for the future demand are taken into consideration. No land is kept reserved through DP mechanism all the land is reserved through TP scheme when they are proposed in the respective zones. There are some problems in the system which has many management and political reasons. In the present context no initiatives have been taken for the E-governance and NUIS, a vendor has been selected but itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a long way to go before it will be ready. Urban Planning Cell no longer exists and the works done and initiatives taken to map and plan the city were only limited to DP purpose it has not been able to continue for long. This means that for the next development plan all the exercises have to be carried out again and it will not be updated for 10 years. There were also some suggestions regarding monitoring and review of Development Plan early or biyearly but due to absence of a specialist authority for carrying out the job it has not been possible. Also, for AMC and AUDA a spatially referenced revenue records and base map was created which lagged in many aspects needed to be improved but could not happen Rahul Parmar UP2211

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SPATIAL DATA STATUS IN AHMEDABAD

as the work on the process has virtually stopped. There are many people and planners in AMC and AUDA that believe that a specialist agency such as Urban Planning Cell that was created for a temporary purpose of making a DP can be made a permanent department. This was a first step towards and organised and systematic planning and management of Ahmedabad City, but due to many political reasons and change in the priority of the government and especially the state government things didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t mould the way it could have been. The cell was also involved in making a GIS data base for the city which can then be updated in time and a proper planning and review of development plan can be done.

7.5.

Building

One of the important and most crucial part of Land management is the built form and building on which there are many people involved and the owner himself is involved in the process so how these permission differs for different use different stakeholders and what are the data requirements in the process and who does that job. The process of checking and rechecking how it works. Answering some of the questions regarding what data and details they store and why the other details are not stored and how it is stored and who manages it. So there are three phases in which transaction on the building is done, one when a new building has to be built which will include the acceptance of the guidelines in the particular zone in accordance with the DP and TP. Then is the Building Use when it is decide that what use the building is put to and the when there is any addition or subtraction of a building and structure. 7.5.1.

Building Permission (Dhandhukia, 2015)

Building permission is one of the fundamental ways in which data related to the buildings is collected and stored in AMC. The process of getting a building permission is a lengthy process and involves many stakeholders at ward level, central level and some state departments also. The first and the foremost requirement is proof of ownership which the applicant has to get from the revenue department, i.e. mamlatdars office. It has the details of the property and Rs 5 is charged per copy of document that is being taken form the revenue department. Then the next step is getting the zoning certificate form AUDA (if the plot is within the AUDA jurisdiction) or AMC (if the plot falls under AMC jurisdiction).If the plot is beyond the limits of AUDA and AMC then there has to be a consent taken form the Chief Town Planner who will be able to give suggestions regarding the future development in the area. In AMC the drawing department keeps all the record and will be given the part plan which has to be bought based on the survey no. and size of plots. The details that are required are survey no, Final Plot no. and in case of non TP are survey no and village name. There are different type of forms which are to be filled and F form has the details of the TP and adjoining plot details. In case of walled city area no village but a sheet no is given by the AMC according to their convenience for the management of the whole area, for the development. There are four things which are included in Town Planning Impact Opinion (TPI) which the owner or the applicant has to take, it includes: Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD – AN ASSESMENT

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SPATIAL DATA STATUS IN AHMEDABAD

Effect of roads as given to the property as given in the Proposed Development Plan which the Chief City planner (CCP) gives.

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The effect of the protected if any in the near vicinity according to the ASI rules and guidelines.

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Effect of airport on the building how close and how height can the person go for the purpose.

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Functional Road adjacent to the plot, if that use and building will be catered by the road that is available or are there any future plans for expansion.

Then the city planning department of AUDA checks weather the Betterment Charges are paid by the plot owner and when there is changes in the TP scheme of plot boundaries so the authority checks weather the possession is done according to the scheme or not, also the records of previous tax is being paid or not is being checked. The surveyor of the ward goes to survey the area, then a No Objection Certificate (NOC) is issued. Then the next step is the scheme opinion has to be taken weather on ground situation about the difference in original plot and final plot is ok or not. There are surveyor at ward level whose job is to survey and check the plots according to the TP. There are manual records kept by the surveyor himself, no formal system of keeping the record. Some keep a good manual record and others don’t, so they have to check the ground reality every time it is requested. Also there is an informal system of settling things as there can be some variation in the drawings done by the authority also. The data is updated as per the will of the surveyor no systematic approach to the whole process. Then a form of development permission has to be filled by the applicant which includes appointment of structural engineer, Engineer, Architect and register clerk of work who will look after the development activities. These details are to be submitted to Build Plan Scrutiny Department, located in Memnagar. This department looks after the Building permission of whole of the Ahmedabad City, it has the technical staff of Inspectors, Sub- Inspectors, Assistant Town Planners and Town Development Officer. As the applicant fills the form it has to pay the scrutiny fee for processing the information. Other most important job of this department is to check the dimensions of each and every detail in the plan and verify according to the General Development Regulation (GDR). If they have a doubt regarding anything a formal response is written to the applicant and engineer to suggest changes within a time period of one week. If the applicant or the engineer is not able to do the job in given time period then the applicant has to repeat the process again. Furthermore, if there are any queries regarding the site details, a written response is given to the surveyor of that particular ward to check and give the formal reply. Then all the data and the files go to the City Civic Centre and is approved by the competent person in power. There are some projects approved by the Assistant Town Planners, Other take Deputy Commissioner to approve, the powers are delegated according the wills and needs as mentioned by the commissioner. In the City Civic Centre that is the Central Office of AMC where all the fees are to be paid by the applicant and a computerised system where all the data are feed in but there is no spatial Figure 4: Process mapping for Building Use,data flow and storage

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SPATIAL DATA STATUS IN AHMEDABAD

Figure 5: Building permission process mapping to understand the process, data flow and storage

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SPATIAL DATA STATUS IN AHMEDABAD

data regarding the location of the plot? Then the challan is issued and at the same time commencement certificate is issued which is signed by the inspector at ward level. Then all the plans and the document are to be scanned and kept with the Building Permission and scrutiny department. Then the files are distributed zone wise as the further work and progress is checked by the Inspector at Ward level. All the transfer of the files and data from one department to other is done by outdoor peons they are hired specifically for the job and they always have to take this data stored in different files from one department to another. Work can be started on site after Commencement Certificate is issued, when the first plinth of roof is constructed then Inspector at Ward level is informed by the applicant and Engineer, form to be filled by the engineer and applicant. If the inspector founds that the building is not according to the plan then he may suggest to demolish or get the revised plan approved by AMC. Then all the records of the Building [permission are given to the ward office and stored there until there is a need to check the details. Moreover, there is a very little acceptance of new technologies such as GIS in AMC is very difficult. Also, the personal are not trained and it becomes difficult to manage the city and its planning processes. 7.5.2.

Building Use Permission

A form is to be filled by the applicant in which approved plans, structural drawings, working drawings, expense certificate and Building permission plan has to be produced at Central office (Town Development Office), BU permission of whole of the Ahmedabad are done in this department. Then again for the BU permission a fee to the Building Permission and Scrutiny department is given and it is send for further approval. The applicant has to obtain a Fire NOC (from Fire Officer), Lift NOC form State government and Police NOC in case of theatres and public buildings. Then the ward department and zone department Inspectors, Assistant Town planner and Deputy Planners do the site visits to check whether the building is done according to plans and then it reports to the sanctioning authority and it approves the plan then BU permission is got by the owner and builder. All the records are kept in a single file of Building Permission and Building Use Permission, then it is kept in the record room at AMC central office for reference. Some of the details are taken and noted down by the Drawing department and then they are kept in record room so whenever there will an issue with the records the owner can go to AMC to procure that record.

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Figure 6: Building Use permission process mapping

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7.6.

Roles and Responsibility of Different Departments in the Process

7.6.1.

Building Pool Scrutiny Department

The main role of this departments include 

checking the validity of the TP scheme in context of the Development Proposed,

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Checking whether the Development Proposed is in accordance of GDR(General Control Regulations) and

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Giving the Building Use Permission Certificate

The checking and rechecking is done manually by the staff of the department and they look after almost all of the Building Use permission in the city of Ahmedabad. They check the measurement of all the construction and see whether it is in accordance with the GDR or not. There are sub inspector, inspectors that do the job for the department. But, form the field visit it was known that there are signature of many officials at every point so everyone checks the contents of the file according to the wish and whims of an individual officer. One of the most important functions and responsibility of Building Pool Scrutiny Department is that they keep the scan copy of the files in their record. There is a excel file that is created which has the reference no. and the address of the applicant and the status of those is recorded weather the data is available or not. The data is then scanned and kept in the hard drive which is never used for any purpose. Then the files are send to the zone office and then ward office. There are many delays in the process because not all the departments do their job on time and when they have send the file for the changes to be made the process take longer than expected. Sometimes it takes months to get the plan out of the department. 7.6.2.

Engineering Department

All the permission regarding the water, waste water and storm Water is given by Engineering Department at AMC. They play a crucial role when it comes to giving Building Use certificate. They give water and drainage connection to the respective plots or schemes. There is an assistant City Engineer that is there between 2-3 wards. Then they do site visit and check the details about the requirement according to the use and kind of development and after that an authentication certificate is given. But if in 15 days there is no certificate received form the engineering department BU is given. All the data regarding the lines of water, Drainage and storm water is there when TP was laid but no geo referenced data or comprehensive data is there or stored. The respective layers when TP was finalised is given to Engineering Department for safe keeping but is never used for any purpose. Even when DP 2021 was being prepared the information of the infrastructure was collected and assimilated from TP and ward data. Moreover, surveys were done to know the access of the service from which coverage area was known which was then used for the purpose of DP infrastructure gaps and demand analysis.

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7.6.3.

SPATIAL DATA STATUS IN AHMEDABAD

City Planning Department

City Planning Department, Estate Department and Town Development Department and the Drawing Branch are the departments that work in coherence. City Planning Department gives the survey no and part plan to the applicant in case of applying for Building Use. Also, this is the department responsible for Planning in the AMC area which includes planning of TP schemes. The drawing department procures the plans. Also there are many opinions like Tax opinions, CCP opinions, Scheme opinions etc. which city planning department is responsible. Drawing department is data owner and manager in the city planning department when spatial data is talked about. They also approve the 7.6.4.

Ward and Zone office

Ward and zone office are the places where much of the verification and transaction of building use and Building permission takes place. Ward office and zone office are linked as many wards form a zone and whenever a file or information has to be sent itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s been done for zone to ward. Zone office has surveyors, sub inspectors, inspectors, Assistant TDO, Deputy TDO and Deputy Commissioner. They all have a specific role to play when it comes to giving building permission and Building use permission the surveyor is one of the key person who has all the data in the carto sheets, now they have digital mapping technics. The job of the surveyor is check whether the mapped things are there on ground or not. They check that after the TP is made the possession has been made by the respective owners or not. They keep a manual data base according to the whims and wishes of the surveyor no systematic way to keep the record is prescribed which creates a lot of discrepancies. Also, all the records that are kept at zone office are not kept properly in terms of place at which those records are kept the way in which they are kept and the compilation of the content . When the final permission is given the applicant is asked to give a CD which contains the details of the plan, the commencement certificate and details of the property but it is kept never to be used again. 7.6.5.

State Government and the Revenue Department

The revenue department at State government is the sole keeper of the data of Land records that ae beyond the city limits. Whenever a new development is proposed in DP or TP the records are procured by the AMC or AUDA form District Inspector of Land Records that falls under the Collectors department. It is good that there are no charges for getting that data but when it comes to procurement procedure it is sometimes lengthy and takes a lot of time. Other function that is related to the state government is the Lift NOC which is required in any kind of development that requires the lift to be used within the structure and this NOC certificate is very important for getting building use permission.

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7.7.

SPATIAL DATA STATUS IN AHMEDABAD

Services

When we are referring to a unit or a building as a unit some services are very important without which the building is incomplete. So the basic access and the ideally these services though the local government should have access to such data for the planning and sustainability of the city and some of these resources usage can be a very good indicator of disparity in the city. 7.7.1.

Water, Electricity, Gas

As mentioned earlier that all the details of the infrastructure like water supply, waste water and storm water is taken care by the engineering department. In case of Ahmedabad as the electricity is privatised, most of the area of AMC is supplied by torrent power in the peripheral area it’s the GEB and AEC that supplies the electricity. But, from the interviews and meeting with many officials of AMC it was known that there is no data base or data sharing that happens between the Torrent Power and AMC when torrent has to give supply it has its own team to take that into consideration own identifying parameters and own billing system which is completely separated from any functioning of AMC. Even when the time of preparing a DP AMC has to depend on their own survey team of inspectors and sub.- inspectors for getting an idea whether an area is surveyed by the electricity or not. One of the major reasons for not sharing of the common data is that under the BPMC act electricity is not a mandatory function of the local government, but it is very much required when planning of the city is done so, there are such gaps in the system and an absence of a common platform to do so is widening this gap. As, far as water supply, waste water and storm water is considered there is no mechanism or practices that store even the basic data at plot level or at network level. The details of the network are known the serviceability of the infrastructure is not known. All the information are there in peace meal. The information is there at ward level. When a TP is made the map of the spatial data record of detail of line is given to the respective engineering department in the ward but it is not integrated with the Building permission and Building use department. As of today when there is no information spatial or non-spatial that says the status of the city in terms of service delivery of water, waste water and storm water. When a DP has to make then the survey is done and the information is compiled by the HH survey that gives area under the service but it is a very broad indicator and does not take into consideration the comprehensiveness of the information. These are some of the contents of the data that should be there with the department and local government when land and building is taken into consideration. 7.7.2.

Details of the plot and property

Some of the details and the attributes that needs to check when a study is done for the land are as follows: 

Use Type (residential, commercial, industrial, ancillary user, MIX, Municipal*, state government, Central Government, etc.), Trust, Temple, Dharmsala.

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Plot, plinth and built areas,

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SPATIAL DATA STATUS IN AHMEDABAD

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Lease period/adoption period

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Expiry date/lease or adoption

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FSI consumption

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Property Tax details

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Plot and building boundaries

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Inspection report.

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Rateable value of each property.

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1st date of assessment for each property.

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Carpet area for each property.

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Year wise rate of property taxes.

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Gates and Entrance

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Trees and Bushes

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Zonal division of lands with ready reckoner rates. Ward No and AC no

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Built up area, plinth area, floor wise details, use category, plot dimensions with margin, date of possession

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Landmarks of plots with nature of land

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Election wards

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Legal information of plots

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Functional Road Class adjoining

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Status of construction

7.7.3.

Details of the structure

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Building type (Single/Multiple)(Number of floor/units, no of car parks)

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Walls, roof, openings,(material), facade, structure etc.

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Type of structure – Chawl, RCC, Load bearing

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Name of the owner, Name of the renter

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Occupants

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Contact details

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Name of the building and constructions

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Name of the government services

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Address

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Building height approximated to the nearest meter with number of floors.

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Building age, name, locality and street no.

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Cellular transmission antenna/ cabins/Solar Equipment / Rain Water harvesting.

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City survey number/ village details

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SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD – AN ASSESMENT

SPATIAL DATA STATUS IN AHMEDABAD

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Ready reckoner rates

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Energy performance of the building (air conditioning units, heaters, solar equipment, materials of construction, type of lighting in the structure)

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Details of heritage structure and buffer

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All the auxiliary details of the property depending on the property should be added like for hotels (no of rooms, types of services,), this all depends on the type of the service.

From all the cases and the study done in the literature reviews done , it is quite clear that spatial data is needed for performing basic functions like Land Management , Resource management, Utility installation and management and many other auxiliary functions that are for the efficient planning , management and governance of the city. In order to access the city of Ahmedabad regarding weather the data is managed in the formats which can be shared as mentioned by the INSPIRE directives and NSDI. The data collected are spatially referenced.

7.8.

Input Output Comparison of data

There are many kinds of data that are input to one of the process and at the same time they are output or the result of another process. For a system to work to efficiently it is very important that the data are collected once and used many times for many different purposes. In the ideal context it can be said that all the data that relate to the planning and management of a city need to be accessed every stakeholder that is involved in the City planning and management. The analyssis can be done in two terms first being the data and the data cycles and the process and the insitutionqal set up through which data can be manged in a better way. In the process of getting the building permission and Building use permission the ownership records are procured form the state government which the local goernment is not aware of, again when a TP scheme has to be prepared the land records are procured form the state government again and again when the DP preparation is done the recordds are asked form the state goernement. In the process AMC or the local givernment has already procured the data once so it can be easily shared among the different processes within the AMC but it is not done. One of the major reason being that the process and the requirement are such that the state government has to be involved as land is thstate subject. Another reason being that once the data is procured it is not stored or updated in a way that it can be used again when the time comes by AMC so it has to time and agin depend on the revenue department at the state level which takes its own time and efforts. There are duplication of efforts as the data is not stored in a systematic manner. The ownership of the data cab be with teeh respective owner but the access can be given to all those who are involved in the process.

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SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

SPATIAL DATA STATUS IN AHMEDABAD

The applicant and the private developer in the process is generator of a lot of spatial data related to the building and land eg Build up details, FSI ,services , infrastrcture (water, waste water), safety standards of strcture etc. All these details are submitted to AMC through the mechanism of building permission. But when the time comes for the development plan preparation then they again surey the land use and land parcel which was already collected but was kept as a dead database which cant be used for the planning activities. There are also provisions for getting the digital data such as the CAD drawing and the detail layout of the building but it is stored in the CD and all the spatial data is in raw form and often using that data is more time consuming then to create once more for the purpose. When the TP scheme is prepared it is prepared in the lines of Development plan and after the final plots are being alloted and the compensation is given the detail plan of the infrastructure like Waste water, water supply , strom water is prepared by the AMC or AUDA dependin upon the area in which the TP scheme is prepared. TP scheme also allocates the public land in the scheme area as well ass the open space and amenity details which are very much needed in Development Plan preparation. The layers of infrastcture are then send to the engineering department which they keep in the manual format in bits and pieces, the result being that road department not being aware of the position and location of water or drainage lines ends up breaking the line and since its not the responsibility of road department and the other department was not responsible for the accident people end up suffering. This issue can be easliy solved if the spatial location of the lines are known to all the related departments and agencies then unexpected delays can be stopped. The data requirements especially the spatial data which is generated as an output in the process of TP scheme and Building Permission and Building use permission acts as the input data for Development plan preparation and Land management in the city of Ahmedabad. So ideally all the data collected in these two processes should help as feed in data for DP and no other data except some other essential data should be collected by authority again for the plannning. But , what happens is that that AMC and AUDA collect the data regarding the building and Land use , infrastructure (social and physical). But that data is not used while preparing the Development Plan , they indipendently do surveys for the same data and then prepare the demand and supply gaps. In DP 2021 it took 2 years to create a base map having all the land parcels as there are no data content standards for giving the CAD drawings also . The inability to adopt GIS technology is due to the skill based and the will of the local government to do so. The figure shows the missing linkages between the processes. Also, in case of Ahmedabad electrcity is managed by a Private service provider that is Torrent power and the houses and the property on which torrent supplies are not given to the AMC and some other details like the energy consumption and number of important heating and cooling appliances is very important to know when the question is about sustainable development. So the torrent does not access the list and database of property owners and the location which AMC has so the missing link is that torrent does the same work using its own resources for Land and property details and AMC does survey of its own to know the access of Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

SPATIAL DATA STATUS IN AHMEDABAD

electricity.All the dat that is required for the management of the city is collected and the system can be more efficient if there are system to update , store and use the data that is collected by the local governement.

7.9.

Insitutional gaps

During the preparation of DP before 2021 the approach of the city for less comprehensive. The city planning department used to plan the area inside the AMC limit and AUDA then used to fill the gaps and thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s how planning was done without much of consultation with the other authority. The very purpose of Development Plan i.e. comprehensiveness is missing in the approach that the local government was using before 2021 DP. So in order to correct such mistake and make the planning more efficient and responsive to the needs of the future for the holistic development of Ahmedabad an Urban Planning Cell was created which as a specialist agency for Planning of the city. They tried to create the GIS based map i.e. base map for the Ahmedabad which was to be attached to the excel or the data base they created for each land parcel but that integration was not possible as it was very time consuming affair. All the drawings were made in auto-Cad and there were no prescribed standards according to which the files should be made which resulted incomplete spatial data on land and the subsequent details were not being able to attach to the master base map. This is an example or poor management of the spatial data and lack of proper rules and regulation to store the spatial data already in the hands of AMC. In past there have been efforts taken where an attempted plan was created to make the GIS data base for the city but because of changing priorities and political agenda the project did not take off. Presently, the Urban Planning Cell is dissolved and the employees have been transferred to other daily routine works in AMC. In an interview with on of the AMC officials he said that if the Urban Planning Cell had continued their work of preparing and improving the data base quality they would have been able to achieve a proper data base for the city of Ahmedabad which can be further carried on integrated with the e-governance. The exercise was a time bound and many mistakes of the past about storing already collected spatial data and data content standard was improved upon and complete system would have been the result. It has to be said that there are spatial data, there are systems and means to collect those data but an absence of a mechanism through which data base management can be done is missing. Moreover, the kind of institutional setup in each and every process form building permission , TP scheme , Development Plan preparation and Building use permission is very complex. The complete process has many stages that are involved and there are many people and posts that are involved in the process. DP and TP preparation is less close to the general public whereas Building Permission and Building Use permission general people are involved and at many times during the surveys and visits on the site it was a very thorough exercise to know all ins and outs of the process. Many officials were themselves were not able to explain the process in detail so there rises a question that do these processes need to be this complex so that people are not able to follow it? Rahul Parmar UP2211

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SPATIAL DATA STATUS IN AHMEDABAD

In the case of UK the agenda of the government was to make people more aware of the process rather than shunning away from perception in the process. Participatory planning is somewhere discouraged when the processes are more complex moreover the load of the authorities also increases when there are repeated efforts that the authorities do themselves and other stakeholders in the similar process do. In case of Ahmedabad there are many department that are involved which creates a lot of delays. E.g. the water supply and the drainage of the scheme is checked by the Engineering department before giving BU permission and if they take more than 15 days to check and send the report (which often happens ) then the BU permission is given without the confirmation of water and sewerage supply and lines. With many inquires done in the offices and different stakeholders it was known that the applicants do not submit the document in the proper formats which many times takes a lot of time. But, here again the question arises regarding the complexities involved in the process no thorough explanation of the process which is implicit in nature. The process is never documented which can be referred by the applicant. So, in this way all these uncertainties causes issues in carrying out the duties of the local government and not enough attention is given to management of the data base as they are too much over burdened with the daily activities so that future planning and management of the data becomes a problem and a second priority. As far the private sector is concerned the sharing of the data comes into play. All the service which are basic in nature includes water supply, waste water, solid waste, transport and road infrastructure and storm water is managed by AMC and electricity is one of the sector which was initially a state subject and state government was the sole provider of the electricity but in Ahmedabad there are private sector i.e. torrent power that is the service provider. Also, when we are talking about the gas supply Adani Gas is the service provider. In the times to come many of these essential functions will be done by the private sector so sharing and integration of the data becomes very important. Torrent and Adani Gas requires the spatial data of the owners and if spatial data is availed that will of great help to them at the same time the data regarding the consumption of these resources the AMC and Local government should be well aware off as sustainable development is the future of development and energy consumption is very closely related to emissions and local government can very well integrate these kinds of data in the main stream planning. All these missing links are explained in the diagram which shows that despite the presence of data at one point the authority collect the data again rather than storing and updating of the data and using it for multiple purposes. In the figure it is shown that for the purpose of Building Permission and Building use permission the input data that is required is the ownership and the land details which include the survey number, Final Plot number etc. Then in the process the applicant and the engineer and architects are the generators of the data which includes Plot and dimension details, Location details of adjoining features, structural details, Service Details of the plots and building and tax details. All these data are generated and are Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

SPATIAL DATA STATUS IN AHMEDABAD

stored at AMC which can be used during the DP preparation. But what actually happens is that the AMC and AUDA does the land use and infrastructure surveys to find out gaps in the provision. And in the case of TP scheme the input is received form the revenue department of the state and the Development Plan but the output that is received are some of the service details and the distribution networks which are also not included or taken as input data for DP preparation. So, the efforts to collect the data in Building Use and Building permission as well as TP scheme is doubled as for the planning of the city the survey data is used..the figure 2 the diagram shows how logically the data flow should be that output of one process is the input of another and it should be managed in such a way that no external or extra efforts should be made by the agency to collect the data again and again. Then there are some external agencies who should be included in the main stream planning and decision making process. There should be a free flow of data and the cycle should be complete for it to be more efficient and taking less time. In the context of UK and other developed they have adopted the National Spatial Data Infrastructure which provides a common platform to share the data related to all the fields which are used for the planning, management and the governance of the city. This common platform enables easy access, sharing as well as updating of the data which has been established and studied upon by many researchers. In the global world almost all the countries are trying to make an attempt to create a spatially enabled society which provides transparency as well as real time data. It is not to say that Ahmedabad needs that kind of systems which are digitally enabled , but that kind of integration will definitely of a lot of help.

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SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

Figure 7: Ideal system in which data flows from one department taking care of the input and output data that is generated (Dhandhukia, 2015)

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SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

Figure 8: The data flow in case of AMC dotted line showing he missing links

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SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK

8. Conclusion and future scope of work From the study it can be concluded that Ahmedabad as city is growing and is in the need of efficient spatial data management practices as well as sound insituional set up, updating and storage mechanisms in order to manage the city in a better way. The benefits of Spatial Data Infrasrtcture are very well estlablished but intergration with thee main stream planning in the context of Ahmedabad is still a question. There are many attempts done by the givernment like NSDI, NLRMP,NSUI etc for creating a spatially enabled cities and India but not much work has been done till date. The intergration of these big program with big investment is also a question which needs answering. In case of Ahmedabad the mechanisms of TP, DP and BU are very well enrooted in the system for the management of Land and the merits of these system is very well known but for efficient opertation and city governance it needs systems methods so that spatial data can be easliy shared , updated if possible and stored in the formats and ways so that other agencies involved in the development and management of city can also contribute equally. But, the first priority of the Local governeent should be clean the mess and cob webs of old and outdated system of mangement of the city and adopt some of the new ideas and technology too. One more lecuna of the not establishment of Spatial data Infrastcture is that the benefits of that cannot be calculated with traditional cost benefit analysis and many times this fails to catch the eyes of officials and decision makers and that has been happening for a long time in AMC. But, in recent times a lot of work has been done to create an online system for mangement of taxes, bills etc but spatial data is sokmewhere missing in the whole story. A Request for Proposal has been given by the AMC to make the data base system of Ahmedabad along with integration of that database with e-goernance . The RFP has laid down a detailed specification of maps , data required and the kind of system that is required. There are also provision for data content standards which follows according to the NSDI standards which is a very good step towards a sptially enabled Ahmedabad. The kind of services that are targetted are web portal, mobile application , citizen interface feature etc. The details regarding the security of the online system and access standards and for whom is very well descibed in the RFP . The attempt is to intergrate the online system of taxes and spatial data , land , building , service and infrastructure details into one common platform. It should be noted that technology may not be a complete solution and a key to spatially enabled society and good city mangement and governance. The RFP given for GIS based mapping and E-governance may provide the solution to take into account the use of technology but what about the skill base and capacity building of people. A soud analysis of how to manage those huge volumes of data which at present is already there in one form or another is somewhere missing. How will AMC clean the mess or several departments and present practices of mangement of the city. How is the transformation envisaged from a paper based manual system to a GIS based online system. Or there will be a situation where there Rahul Parmar UP2211

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD â&#x20AC;&#x201C; AN ASSESMENT

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK

will be differernt IT department or a cell looking after this database and rest of the functions will go on buissness as usual then the data base created is of no use if it can not be used for planning and management of the city. It can be said that management of this data base once created is a question that needs answering . Also, there are many jobs and duties the local governement has to perform so the man power requirement and skill based requirement with the kind of system that is presently vis a vis future requirement when we will have to move towards a digitial world is the future scope off this work. When it comes to data the insitution setup and the data managers are equally important. In this research only data its functions and cycles are studied with limited time and resource available but without the insititutional gaps and capacity building a comprehensive solution can not be made to this problem which has been identified in this research.

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REFRENCES

9. Refrences Abbas Rajabifard1, I. P. (2000). From Local to Global SDI initiatives:. Cape town: Australian Land Information Group. Agency, M innesota Pollution Control. (n.d.). Superfund and Emergency Response Section. Bowie, D. (2010). Spatial Planning within a localism agenda: Developing new approaches to implementation. Westminister: University of Westminster. Catharina Bamps, D. B. (2011). Country Report of The Netherlands. Development, Ministry of Human Resource. (August , 2013). National Task Force on Geo Spatial Education. New Delhi: Govenment of India. Dhandhukia, J. (2015, march 21). Building Use permission Details and Insights. (R. P. (Author), Interviewer) Federal

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data

committe.

(2011,

July).

Geospatial

Platform.

Retrieved

from

www.GeoPlatform.gov Government of UK, Scotland , Cardiff. (2015, April 5). Buy a Plan . Retrieved from Planning Portal: http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/planning/applications/plans Government, Australian Local. (2007). Local Government Spatial Information Management Toolkit version 2. Australian Local Govvernment Associiation. HALDORSON, M. (n.d.). Quality benefits from a spatial data Infrastructure. Sweden. Iam Williamson, Abbas Rajabifard, Donald Grant. (april,2015). Land Administration and Spatial Data Infrastructure. cairo. IBM. (2005). ADD MORE VALUE TO CRM WITH GEOSPATIAL DATA. N E X T G E N E R A T I O N U T I L I T I E S M A N A G E M E N T. INDIAN SPACE RESEARCH ORGANISATION. (2001). NATIONAL SPATIAL DATA STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN. Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. kelly, P. (2007). Role of Spatial Data Infrastructures in Managing Our Cities1. Athens: International Federation of Surveyors. MEYERS, J. R. (2005). GIS in the utilities. ed.ac.uk. Ministry of Rural Development, G. o. (2008, August). National Land Records Modernization Programme - MIS. Retrieved from National Land Records Modernization Programme - MIS: http://nlrmp.nic.in/ MINISTRY OF SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY. (2011). National Spatial Data Infrastructure – India ASPIRATION. New Delhi: Govt of India. NSDI India. (2011). National Spatial Data Infrastructure – Aspiration. New Delhi: Ministry of Science and Technology, Governement of India. Rahul Parmar UP2211

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REFRENCES

Peer Experience and Reflective Learning (PEARL) Programme. (n.d.). E governance of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation AMC. New Delhi: National Institute of Urban Affairs. R. Ehsani, C. D. (n.d.). SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND MODELING IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Spatial Food and Agricultural Data. Florida: Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, USA. Rajabifard, A. M.-E. (2003). National SDI Initiatives”. CRC Press. Royal Insitute og Town Planners(RTPI), Planning AID (England). (2012). A Handy Guide to planning. London. Samadi Alinia, M. R. (2001). Applications of Spatial Data Infrastructure in Disaster Management. Tehrain: Universtity of Tehrain. SATISH K. PURI,1 SUNDEEP SAHAY,1 AND YOLA GEORGIADOU2. (2007). A Metaphor-Based Sociotechnical Perspective on Spatial Data Infrastructure Implementations: Some Lessons from India. ESRI Press. services, Indepth Research. (2012, december 10). Indepth Research Services (IRES) -Training and Professional Consulting in GIS, Remote Sensing, and Emerging Technologies. Retrieved from Indepth

Research

services:

http://www.indepthresearch.org/index.php?view=details&id=122%3AUseofGISandRemoteSe nsinginUtilityManagement++&option=com_eventlist Singh, P. K. (2009). Spatial Data Infrastructure in India: Status, Governance Challenges, and Strategies for Effective Functioning∗. International Journal of Spatial Data Infrastructures Research, Volume 2009. Town and Country Planning Organisation. (2006). National Urban Information System (NUIS) Scheme, Guidlines for Implimentation. New Delhi: Ministry of Urban Developement, GOI. WUBBE, P. V. (2007). E-Government and E-Land Administration. Costa RIca: FIG Regional Conference. Zeeuw, K. d. (2012). Country Report on Netherlands. Ntherlands: Cadastre, Land Registry and Mapping Agency.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

10. Bibliography Abbas Rajabifard1, I. P. (2000). From Local to Global SDI initiatives:. Cape town: Australian Land Information Group. Agency, M innesota Pollution Control. (n.d.). Superfund and Emergency Response Section. Bowie, D. (2010). Spatial Planning within a localism agenda: Developing new approaches to implementation. Westminister: University of Westminster. Catharina Bamps, D. B. (2011). Country Report of The Netherlands. Development, Ministry of Human Resource. (August , 2013). National Task Force on Geo Spatial Education. New Delhi: Govenment of India. Dhandhukia, J. (2015, march 21). Building Use permission Details and Insights. (R. P. (Author), Interviewer) Federal

Geographic

data

committe.

(2011,

July).

Geospatial

Platform.

Retrieved

from

SPATIAL DATA IN AHMEDABAD – AN ASSESMENT

BIBLIOGRAPHY

NSDI India. (2011). National Spatial Data Infrastructure – Aspiration. New Delhi: Ministry of Science and Technology, Governement of India. Peer Experience and Reflective Learning (PEARL) Programme. (n.d.). E governance of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation AMC. New Delhi: National Institute of Urban Affairs. R. Ehsani, C. D. (n.d.). SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND MODELING IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Spatial Food and Agricultural Data. Florida: Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, USA. Rajabifard, A. M.-E. (2003). National SDI Initiatives”. CRC Press. Royal Insitute og Town Planners(RTPI), Planning AID (England). (2012). A Handy Guide to planning. London. Samadi Alinia, M. R. (2001). Applications of Spatial Data Infrastructure in Disaster Management. Tehrain: Universtity of Tehrain. SATISH K. PURI,1 SUNDEEP SAHAY,1 AND YOLA GEORGIADOU2. (2007). A Metaphor-Based Sociotechnical Perspective on Spatial Data Infrastructure Implementations: Some Lessons from India. ESRI Press. services, Indepth Research. (2012, december 10). Indepth Research Services (IRES) -Training and Professional Consulting in GIS, Remote Sensing, and Emerging Technologies. Retrieved from Indepth

Research

services:

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ANNEXURE

11. Annexure

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