Law, Lawyers and Victorian Railway Mania 1825-1847 Richard Jones
Lawyers
A cruise ship with 1,000 lawyers on board sinks in the Atlantic. All on board loose their lives.
What do you call this?
A Good Start!
Theme ď Ź
Common Law and Common Lawyers had a profound and largely negative effect on the rise and development of the steam railway system.
Victorian Railway Mania 1825-1845 – facts and figures
Booms 1825, 1835-6 and 1845-7
e.g in 1846 – 272 separate Acts authorising railways.
8,000 miles of lines authorised Cost £200 million (equivalent to countrie's GDP) BUT No centralised planning so competition and duplication.
Legacy Duplication of some routes and cities possessing several main line stations. e.g. Birmingham
Creating Railway Companies
Prospectus
Application for shares
Private Act of Parliament
Putting Together the Prospectus
Creating Railway Companies
South Sea Bubble
Share prices of South Sea Company
Legislative Response
Bubble Act 1720
BUT
Repealed 1825
Bubble Act repeal and the first railway boom
1825 – 30 new railway companies floated December 1825 banks collapsed taking most of companies with them. No appetite in Parliament to investigate causes
Role of Lawyers 1. Lawyers provided legal advice on the design of joint stock companies, number of solicitors increased by 2,000 in 1820's. 2. Best lawyers also provided a conduit to the sound investors (the wealthy) who could be persuaded to back the venture. e.g. George A. Pitt a much sought after Liverpool solicitor. 3. Lawyers would also be used as strategist in the development of the Private Act – sounding out those objecting to the land acquisition.
Only tiny number of railway companies remained after the 1825 crash – those that were properly thought through and fully capitalised.
Liverpool and Manchester Railway
Set up cost £740,000 (X100 or so for 2012 cost) A huge financial and engineering success. BUT -this success led to another boom in railways
Second Boom 1835-6 (Twice as BIG!)
1836 – 88 Joint Stock Railway Companies were proposed. Many in competition with each other and with existing lines. Then in August 1836 Bank of England raised interest rates – most company share prices went into free fall, thousands of investors were ruined.
Legislative Response
Not until change of government in 1841 was there a Parliamentary Inquiry Inquiry found that in addition to legal functions lawyers –
Complicit in helping frame prospectus for fraudulent companies
–
By attaching their name (often for a fee) gave a semblance of respectability.
Legislative Response
1844 Joint Stock Act
Registration Section 6 recognising culpability of lawyers places special obligation on them.
BUT in 1844 -
Excellent harvest, spare cash
Railways became investment of choice.
1845
ONE THOUSAND FOUR HUNDRED (1,400) railway companies were registered !!!!
450 in September alone.
In September
118 lines under construction
1300 provisionally registered
Hundreds on unregistered companies illegally advertising for subscribers.
Bust 1845
Poor harvest
Irish Potato crop failed
Bank of England raised interest rates on October 17th.
Selling began...
Overnight 549 companies disappeared.
Confidence in railways evaporated.
The Momentous Question
My dear Albert. Please tell me you don't have any railway shares.
What of the Joint Stock Act? ď Ź ď Ź
Was an obvious failure Obtaining a provisional certificate of registration (for a small cost) provided a veneer of legitimacy.
Role of Lawyers Lawyers were becoming more involved in the money making side of the process, many were becoming lawyer/promoters e.g in the 3rd boom - May 1845 in 31 of the 75
registrations were companies where lawyers were 25% or more of promoters.
The Railway Record stated that lawyers were responsible for most of the failed joint stock promotions.
Role of Law
Failure of legislation and legislators
Bubble Act repeal
Failure to inquire to causes of 1825 crash
Delay in 1841 inquiry
Failure Joint Stock Act
Bust the aftermath – the litigation Litigation fell into 3 groups: a. Railway Creditors v provisional committee men. b. Railway scrip purchasers v Provisional Committee men c. The Counter Offensive Provisional Directors v Allottees of SCRIP for unpaid deposits. NB Failure of courts to uphold good practices of the industry.
Summary Legislature Failure or delay of Parliament to investigate causes of booms. Inadequate responses – Joint Stock Act
Lawyers Moved from exercising their usual legal functions and became integral part of the fraudulent activities.
Subsequent Litigation Failure of courts to uphold good practices of the industry.
2 Indictment – the army of lawyers for a Private Act nd
2 Indictment – the army of lawyers for the Private Act nd
Complexity created around the procedure and practices relating to the acquisition of a Private Act. Rules, standing orders, arcane procedures increased complexity. The turning of Parliamentary hearings into quasi judicial proceedings necessitated the use of barristers – customs of common law trials were imported. (one barrister Charles Austin earned £100,000 in 1847)
More? Law, lawyers and the operation of the railways.
Reference Law and English Railway Capitalism. 1825-1875 Kostal R.W. Clarendon Press, Oxford (1994)