R. Villano - book : History of pharmacy Knight of Naples part 1

Raimondo

Villano

Presentation of Antonio Corvi President of the Italian Academy History of Pharmacy

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p o t h e c a ri e s

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CHIRON

harmaceutical

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Raimondo Villano – Attività speziali e farmaceutiche nel Regno di Napoli

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Copy n. _____________ The autor __________________________

© Copyright Raimondo Villano

CHIRON FOUND. Praxys dpt

© Research, creation, cover by Raimondo Villano.

All right reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced in publications and studies without root’s citation. No part of this book shall be stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by ani means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher.

Editorial: Prof. Dott. Maria Rosaria Giordano.

Editors: mobile 338 59 60 222; e-mail: farmavillano@libero.it Advisor executive: Francesco Villano Editions Chiron Found. - Praxys dpt. © 2010 Chiron Foundation, via Maresca 12, scala A - 80058 Torre Annunziata (Napoli) Phone: +39 81 861 22 99 Fax: +39 81 353 29 81 Website: www.chiron-found.org Sales: Prof. Dott. Annamaria Giordano mobile 347 61 71 669.

E-mail: annamaria.g10@alice.it; http://www.chiron-found.org Print LP - Napoli.

First published in May 2010.

First reissue in November 2010.

First published in English in January 2011.

Finished writing April 2, 2009.

Cover photo of Raymond Villano (2005): two-handled amphora factory Naples in the second half of the seventeenth century apothecary ancient monument of the Certosa di San Martino in Napoli (Vomero).

Numbered series. This volume, with no serial number and signature, shall be deemed counterfeit.

ISBN 978-88-97303-04-6.

CDD 615 VIL act 2011.

LCC DG831.

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Raimondo Villano – Attività speziali e farmaceutiche nel Regno di Napoli

Index

Presentation

9

Since the end of the Roman Empire to the Byzantine Duchy

13

From United Ostrogothic the Duchy

17

By the Normans Swabians

27

The Angevin period

39

The age Aragonese and Spanish

49

Habsburgs to the Bourbons

67

Ceramics production

91

Historic Pharmacies

97

Appendix: Historical eras

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Raimondo Villano – Attività speziali e farmaceutiche nel Regno di Napoli

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Presentazione

T

his essay by Raymond Villano, in addition to other investigations conducted on pharmaceutical art scenario even more broadly, is a major effort of synthesis.

The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies has found its unity, at least since 1200, with the first modern monarchy Frederick II. The author does not forget even the beginnings of a Mediterranean civilization which then saw the birth of the extraordinary School of Salerno in the Campania region, of uncertain origin but crucial popular, extended from Bologna, with William Saliceto in Paris' sAntidotario of Nicholas proclaimed official pharmacopoeia in '400.

The primacy of the birth of the pharmacy public wanted by a genius, even if inspired by a previous partial French condition that State to pay close attention to our art, culture favored by monastic scriptorium of Cassiodorus universalism of Constantine the African.

Many dynasties have occurred in this country without distorting its features, leaving much room for local baronies and activity of the Church. For this reason it is never born a strong state and the valuable legislative update due to a university, so famous, has been applied sporadically and perhaps patchy.

Can you explain the monopoly of pharmacies Benedictine monastery in Naples in 700, as the impressions of foreigners in 800 single chemist perhaps praised for his honesty, but underline the shortcomings of the system. What, for example, they explode with the law liberalization Crispi end of the century while being in force a plant organ, which in the north limited the proliferation of unconditional years here, see Messina and Catania, hundreds of stores rose sign limiting the collection of recipes, conveyed the sole pharmacist remuneration.

The study documented the story by Mario Zappala joins several sources consulted by Villano, with special regard to the works of Andrea Russo and Chichierchia and Pope On this basis, the author manages to write an exhaustive history of the oldest pharmacy in the United Italian, even decadent period in the nineteenth century, will be more attentive to update its Petitoria and Cookbooks Neapolitans than other Italian states.

Dr Antonio Corvi President Italian Academy History of Pharmacy

Raimondo Villano – Attività speziali e farmaceutiche nel Regno di Napoli

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“

Wi have a responsabily

to keep alive the past from which we come from: is both our father and our son”

Carlos Fuentes

Raimondo Villano – Attività speziali e farmaceutiche nel Regno di Napoli

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Raimondo Villano – Attività speziali e farmaceutiche nel Regno di Napoli

Since the end of the Roman Empire to the Byzantine Duchy At sunset of the Roman Empire in the East, where you live contact with the Byzantine world, the Arabs accept what is most precious in the classical tradition in medicine. They, therefore, through the great Arab empire, based in Baghdad but radiated to the Mediterranean, spread the clever and Arab culture in the West by involving the sages of Spain, Sicily, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco.The knowledge of Arabic science filter coming soon in southern Italy received and processed. For medicine of the medieval world “the appearance of Arab civilization in the Mediterranean” constitutes “a jolt of novelty(1)”.

This also applies not only to preserve and pass on knowledge greek, of which the Arabs are the true heirs, but to enrich it considerably engaged at the same time to pursue their own experimental science strengthening, in particular, their knowledge of pharmacology botany with the knowledge and use of plants unknown to antiquity, such as fruit trees imported from Persia, and influencing the culture of the existing reality convent Christian expands the knowledge of both herbs and drugs proper ways to combine both the laboratory instruments and techniques of conservation of the various drugs. In fact, the Arabs use the trivialization of the still (at this time essential for the preparation of alcohol, alcohols, aromatic essences and waters), filtration equipment, vessels of silver and gold for the storage of medicinesmore complex and vessels of glass or porcelain from China for the preservation of syrups, vegetable materia medica also enriched cassia, senna, tamarind, nux vomica, rhubarb, holy seed, sugar, camphor. Also prominent are both literary contributions, inclusive also important "pharmacopoeias, both organization and management of hospitality and private pharmacies.

In the late empire as in the early Middle Ages are active in the territory of special tabernae engaged in production and packaging of medicines. Some are more properly the herbalists (Herbaria), even with sales specialists in roots (rhizomatoi). Tabernae are real laboratories for the preparation of drug compounds (but fragrances) and pharmacists operate using pots, mortars, glasses, bottles and glass vials, scales and units. The part of the public workshops is often adorned with stuffed animals or plants from more distant regions. The pharmacist is a professional and well-defined generically distinct pharmacopola, the pharmacy is called pharmacopolio and drugs are an adjective with the name of Pharmaceutica. Already Plautus, also called the pharmacist in his plays and also myrapola myrapolium pharmacy. Pliny, however, use the term seplasia and seplasarii for pharmacists. Seplasium has the meaning of remedy (there is a square in Capua Seplasia referred to the place where they go once the drug market).

_______________ (1) Torroncelli A., Flos medicinae. Surgery of Roland in "Kos", year II, No 19, Franco Maria Ricci Editore, 1985-86, p.. 18..

Raimondo Villano – Attività speziali e farmaceutiche nel Regno di Napoli

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Raimondo Villano – Attività speziali e farmaceutiche nel Regno di Napoli

Pharmacists are specialists in these ointments ointment (In Rome many shops are concentrated in and in the adjacent Vicus Vicus Thuriarius Unguentarius to Velabro), perfumes aromatarii merchants, merchants of colors and scents pigment and, finally, traders of incense thurarii and drugs are the myrobecharii. The box or the box of medicines that the doctor brings in home visits is the loculus or narthecium.

In the fifth, then make their appearance in Southern Italy the deacons who have, among many duties, to deal with the public charity and, therefore, care of the sick, joining the soul to the care of the body with 'obligation and / or the possibility to have the doctor and this is inferred from the fact that the deacons for the most part have attached a hospice, a hospital and several fraternities of completion functions and medical care in case of illness(2).

Other important institutions are the famous Estaurite (from one who carries the cross), with strong charitable and relief, whose deacons are roaming the city on Palm Sunday, carrying a cross and dwelling on street corners collecting alms for the marriages , prisoners, and especially the sick.

After a new, brief cheek (the reconquest of Totila 542), Naples is firmly in hand thanks to the Byzantine military Narses and becomes Byzantine Duchy since 534 and for the next six centuries.

At the beginning of the Middle Ages, from the sixth century, leprosy can be considered firmly established in Western Europe. In the Dark Ages, it is a disease endemic in scattered foci or scattered; the places of concentration are only gatherings of wandering lepers expelled as an alternative to segregation from the group of healthy aggregates from a spontaneous solidarity among marginalized patients: the diagnosis of leprosy is in fact a true civil death!(3) During the sixth century, then in Naples raging pestilence and famine continued the magnitude of which is likely to contract the Italian population of about 7.4 million inhabitants were Christians start to 4 million while the European population ranges from 32,8 million to 27,5(4), (5), (6).

_______________ (2) In 1875, a statistic mentions, 199 institutions in the city of Naples! (Source: Andrea Russo, Apothecaries and Chemists of religious orders in the Neapolitan (Paper presented at the VII Meeting of the National Association for the Study of the History of Pharmacy, Pavia, 20-21 October 1962), Agar Naples, June 1967).

(3) Things will change with the express words or sentence in the Canon XXIII of the Third Lateran Council in 1179 celebrated by Pope Alexander III: "The apostle (Paul) says," We must honor those who suffer most. " (...) We establish therefore, by virtue of apostolic benignity, that wherever these men (the lepers) are gathered in sufficient numbers to conduct life in common, can have a church and a cemetery and take advantage of a priest "( Source: G. Cosmacini cit.., p.. 112).

(4) CM Cipolla, Economic History of Europe, vol. I: The European population from 400 to 1500, UTET, Torino, 1979.

(5) This demographic collapse is completed in 650 when the Italian population shrinks even 2.5 million while the European Union to 18.

(6) The historian Procopius of Caesarea in the Secret History is estimated that in Italy even the dead are 15 million.

Raimondo Villano – Attività speziali e farmaceutiche nel Regno di Napoli

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Raimondo Villano – Attività speziali e farmaceutiche nel Regno di Napoli

APPENDIX

Raimondo Villano – Attività speziali e farmaceutiche nel Regno di Napoli

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Historical eras

• United Odoacer, up to 493 (Heruli and others) • United Ostrogoths, up to about 542 (Ostrogoths) • Set the Byzantine Empire, until 763 (Byzantine) • Duchy of Naples, until 1137 • Duchy of Naples, until 1195 (Norman) • Kingdom of Sicily, until 1266 (Swabian) • Kingdom of Naples until 1442 (Anjou, family Durres) • Kingdom of Naples until 1646 (Aragon, Spain) • Neapolitan Republic, until 1647 • Kingdom of Naples until 1713 (Spanish) • Kingdom of Naples until 1734 (Austria) • Kingdom of Naples until 1799 • Neapolitan Republic, 1799 • Kingdom of Naples until 1806 • Kingdom of Naples until 1815 (French) • Kingdom of the Two Sicilies until 1860

Raimondo Villano – Attività speziali e farmaceutiche nel Regno di Napoli

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Synthetic profile of the t author Born in 19960. Roles:M B Manager Villano Intern national Bussiness Team m; CEO Chiron Editor,, h honorary meember (2013) and honorrary memberr (2013) andd Associate Professor in n History off H Healt Admiinistration Pharmaceutic P cal Departm ment of Ruuggero II U University - Studiorum m U Universitas ( (BR, Miamii, Florida, USA, U 2014), Diplomatic Advisor A Aerec,Trader since 1976,, K Knight SMO O of Malta, President P hum manitarian Foundation F C Chiron since 1985, memb ber Internat..

Group of Study S ISHP History Phharmacopoeiaas-Bern. Aca ademy: History Art off Health-Min nistery B.C.,, already Ponntifical Tiberrina, Studies Melitensi, Medical M Trad dition Smithssonian Instituution-USA, International I l Society Hisstory Pharmaacy, Italian Pharmacy History, H Neap politan Sociiety History Homeland, honorary off Noble Chem mical Pharm maceutical College.

C Oveer 100 confeerences andd chairman in dozens of o congress..

Collaborates with impoortant nationnals and interrnationals Jo ournals. Is Addvisory Boarrd Member for f americann Editor DPC C, which pubblishes in more m than 1550 Nations. Study: classsic; degree aand enabling g: Pharmacyy (1985); certtified coursess of: Officinaal plants, Coosmetics tech hnical, Corpoorate securityy, Haccp, History, Sociall Doctrine off the Church, Theology. Degrees D h.c.: Human and d Social Scieences (2009);; History and d Philosophyy (2010); Scieences of the Communicaation (2013). Master h.c..: Science Medical M Ethiccs (2010). It was: author,, organizer annd chairmann Safety couurse for manaagers, gettin ng High Patrronages by C Chief of Statte and ONU U (2000), Seccretary Interrnational Coommittee Biothecnologiies Wabt-Unnesco 2008--13, membeer of Worldd Academy Biomedical B T Technology (U Unesco 20077-12), 11 yeaars in Scientiific Board foor safety of health of IBD D (responsiblee company of o safety of Tribunals Appeals A Cou urt Naples), Board memb mber of Beau umont Onluss Foundation for cancer researh r with Prefect of Naples N (2011-12). 32 year partner aand owner of o pharmacy..

Member sinnce 1990, Seecretary at agge 29 1990-995 and Presid dent 2000 Rootary Club P Pompei-Oplon nti-Vesuvio;; in Commetttees of Italy:: Professionaal Etic, Mondial Action, Informatic; among the m many internaational roles:: Pompeii. Carthage archheology; Com mmittee Prizze Magna Grecia.

G Presiddent in Napooli, national coordinatorr and foundeer Youngs Pharmacists P Federation;; national Representativ R ve Federativve Pact of Pharmacists.

P .

Assistant roole Pharmacyy Phaculty of o Naples (19985-90), pro ofessorship Lembo L - Supperior Institutt of Health)..

Internation nals awards: Diploma off Honor for exceptional Services on an individuaal basis in th he 5 Avenuess of Action byy Rotary Inteernational Prresident (Evaanston 2001: only 100/yeear/1,5 milionn member); Reward R Antii Crime-Taskk Force Rotaary Italy, Albbany, former Yugoslavia, S. Marine (Zurich ( 20011); Sapientia a Mundi-Eticc (Rm 2008); Legion Union of Gold-W Work (Rm 20010); Veritass in Charitatte-Religion ((2011); Bonifface-Culturee and Societyy (2011); Nattionals awarrds: Aesculappius-Health Patron. Counncil of Minissters (Rm 19 987); LXVIIII Piccinini-R Research (Rm m 2006); LX XV Stramezzi-Health (Rm m 2007); Caapitolino-Huumanitarian activity a (Rm m 2010); Tibeerin-Science and Culturee (Rm 20122); LXXIV SeronoS Histoory (Rm 2012), Aerec-C Culture (Rm m 2013); Rew ward by Certif ificate of meerits public ittalian Health h (DPR 20133). Author oof over 630 publications p s sanitary, prrofessionals, scientifics, historicals, religiosus; over 50 boooks with prestigious publishers ass Zanichelli, with sponsoorships from m the Minisstry of Cultu ural Heritagge,Unesco, R Rotary, Univ versity, etc.,, present in italians Libraries (includding: Quirinaale, Nationall Science Acccademy, Ministries) and d of over 400 Nations (inncluding: Naational Instittute Health--USA, Natio onale de Fraance, Congrress UK), in n Istituts off Culture, unniversity, muuseums;a youur book debbuted to the Fair of Frannkfurt. Cataalogs: 2000 Outstandingg Intellectualss IBC-Cambbridge since 2010; Opacc Sbn with over o 130 woorks; Card oof Authority by Ministryy BAC. Varioous books are appreciateed from authhorities, inclu uding more times t the Heead of State and a the Holyy Father. * * * Some book ks: Gobal society of information, 19996; Rotary for fo Men, 20001; Managem ment safety in i Pharmacyy (pres. Dr. Renzulli, allready Safetty Advisor of ONU, 2004); 2 Pharrmacy art aand history (pres. PhD D Ledermann,, Presid. Inteernational Soociety Historyy Pharmacy,, 2 edit., 20006); History aand activity of o SMOM (44 edit., 2007); Pharmaceuutical meridiaans between secular ethiics and cathoolic moral (ppres. PhD Tarrro, Bioethicc National Commettee, 3 edit., 20088); Thesauruus Pharmaccologicus (prres. Presid. Italians Phaarmacist Dr..

Mandelli 20009); Time caarved in the silence of etternity. Diacrronic reflections on invesstigation forr the memoryy of homo faaber (pres. eminent hisstorian Fra’ von Lobsteein and crittic PhD Caarosella, 6 repr., r 2010);; Pharmaceutical Activitties Kingdom m of Naplees (pres.: Preesid. It. Ac. Pharmacy H History Dr. Corvi, C 2010);; i digital tim mes (pres. Mons.

M Trafn ny, Presid. Dpt D Science-Faith Pontiffical Culturee Logos and theophany in Council, 20012). Amongg the 40 mu ultimedia: Perfume P of times.Art t annd pharmacyy history (paatron. AISF,, 2002); Influuence A/H1N N1 (patron. Unesco, U 2009)).

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Raimondo Villano – Attività speziali e farmaceutiche nel Regno di Napoli

CDD 615 VIL act 2011

LCC DG831

“ I a m m e dica tion ha nds of the gods” He r o f i l u s