Dissertation| Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies| Rajat Bansal by Rajat Bansal

DISSERTATION Year: 2020-21 Batch No. 18

ARCHITECTURE REFLECTING IDEOLOGIES & PHILOSOPHIES

Undertaken by: Rajat Bansal Enrollment No.: 16E1AAARM40P097 V Year B.Arch (C)

Prof. ARCHANA SINGH

GUIDE

COORDINATOR

Aayojan School of Architecture ISI-4, RIICO Institutional Block, Sitapura, Jaipur-30202

APPROVAL The study titled “Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies” is hereby approved as an original work of Rajat Bansal, enrolment no. 16E1AAARM40P097 on the approved subject carried out and presented in manner satisfactory to warrant its acceptance as per the standard laid down by the university. This report has been submitted in the partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Architecture degree from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota. It is to be understood that the undersigned does not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made, any opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but approves the study only for the purpose it has been submitted. 12th December, 2020 Jaipur

Prof. K.S. MAHAJANI EXTERNAL EXAMINER 1

PRINCIPAL

Prof. ARCHANA SINGH EXTERNAL EXAMINER 2

COORDINATOR

DECLARATION I, Rajat Bansal, here by solemnly declare that the research work undertaken by me, titled ‘Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies’ is my original work and wherever I have incorporated any information in the form of photographs, text, data, maps, drawings, etc. from different sources, has been duly acknowledged in my report. This dissertation has been completed under the supervision of the guide allotted to me by the school. Further, whenever and wherever my work shall be presented or published it will be jointly authored with my guide. Rajat Bansal V Year B.Arch (C) Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the research titled, Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies is a bonafide work by Rajat Bansal of Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur. This research work has been completed under my guidance and supervision in a satisfactory manner. This report has been submitted in partial fulfillment of award of BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE degree from Rajasthan Technical University, Kota. This research work fulfills the requirements relating to the nature and standard laid down by the Rajasthan Technical University. Prof. ARCHANA SINGH Guide Aayojan School of Architecture,Jaipur

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The period of dissertation has played a vital role in my academics as it has enhanced my understanding towards research. I would like to express my gratitude to all those who have made my dissertation possible and have guided me throughout this process. I thank Principal Prof. KS Mahajani for providing a suitable and healthy learning environment even during the tiring times like the COVID-19 pandemic. I also wish to thank Dean-Academic Affairs, Prof. N. S. Rathore for his support and continued guidance, throughout the undergraduate course journey. I express my highest gratitude with much appreciation and indebtedness, towards the Dissertation & Thesis Seminar coordinator, my guide and mentor Prof. A.S. Rathore, for her support, critiques, advice, unwavering patience and perseverance throughout the course of this research. Without her contribution this journey would not have been possible, has helped me at each and every step of my journey and her most valuable guidance has helped me grow, as an architecture student. I sincerely appreciate all the guides, external reviewers and jurors as well as other faculty members who provided suggestions for the completion of this undergraduate research project. I specially want to thank my parents Mrs. Santosh Bansal & Mr. Mukesh Kumar Bansal, my sister Yashika Bansal and other family members who always encouraged me in my thick and thins and were always there as silent well-wishers. I feel indebted for all the love they have showered upon me. Last but not the least, my friends Mayank Aggarwal, Roshni Khandelwal, Rachit Modani, Yash Baid, Vaishnavi Singh, Param Jain, Mukund Dhadar and anyone remotely involved in making my journey of learning a fulfilled and memorable experience.

Rajat Bansal V Year B.Arch. (C) Aayojan School of Architecture, Jaipur

iii

ABSTRACT An Interpretation Centre is a space which tells a story in an interactive manner which would create a long lasting impression on the visitors mind. In order to make one on Atal Bihari Vajpayee ji, his strong ideologies and philosophies needed to be understood. The buildings dedicated to personality that we usually find in India are mostly adaptively reused structures, which are not build to express or interpret the personality. The study incorporates only stand-alone buildings that are originally built as a dedication to the specified person. This research aims to understand the techniques of planning and designing a memorial based on ideologies and philosophies of a person and using them to portray the Atal Bihari Vajpayee ji in a Museum. The research revolves around the statement that ‘The Architecture of a memorial should reflect the personality for better interpretation of their ideologies and philosophies’. The research has explored different aspects of the personified buildings at site and building level that how a personality is being depicted through architecture. The personality needs to be studied in order to understand their manifestation in the building. Ideologies and philosophies have been extracted out and linked with the Architecture through the knowledge gained from different readings and Analysing them on the common parameters (categorized into Form, Space, Organisation and Surface charachteristics) which are carried by both a person and architecture. While to understand Atal ji in depth, detail study on his life has been conducted by reading his biography ‘Kavi Rajneta- Atal Bihari Vajpayee’ and extracted Ideologies and philosophies from it. A comprehensive survey has been conducted with practicing Architects and Architecture students on what Architectural feature would better interpret Atal ji. Based on the following studies, the views of the Author and results of Survey have been compared. A set of recommended strategies have been prepared through which Atal ji’s Ideologies and philosophies can be architecturally manifested. The research concludes that yes, the architecture of a memorial should reflect the personality for better interpretation of their Ideologies and Philosophies.

Key Words: Ideologies, Philosophies, Architectural Manifestation, Personified buildings, Adaptive reuse

CONTENTS Page No. Approval

Declaration

Certificate

Acknowledgement

iii

Abstract

Contents

v-vi

List of illustrations

vii-ix

List of tables

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1

Background of the study

1.2

Criteria of selection

1.3

Research Questions

1.4

Hypothesis

1.5

Aim

1.6

Objectives

1.7

Scope

1.8

Methodology

1-5

CHAPTER 2: ARCHITECTURAL MANIFESTATION OF THE PERSONALITY 6- 28 2.1

Introduction 2.1.1 Ideology v/s Philosophy

2.2

Case Studies 2.2.1 Museum of Socialism, Lucknow 2.2.2 Kusumagraj Smarak, Nasik 2.2.3 Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya, Ahmedabad 2.2.4 Shanti Niketan, Kolkata 2.2.5 Statue Of Unity, Gujarat

2.3

Miscellanies Cases 2.3.1 Sadaiv Atal, New Delhi 2.3.2 Shakti Sthal, New Delhi 2.3.3 Einstein Tower 2.3.4 Jewish Museum, Berlin

CHAPTER 3: THE LIFE OF SHRI ATAL BIHARI VAJPAYEE JI 3.1

As a Child

3.2

As a Student

3.3

As a Poet

3.4

As a Politician

3.5

Contributions and Achievements

3.6

From the Perspective of Cartoonists

3.7

Formulating Survey Questionnaire

CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS 4.1

43-61

Analyzing Different Perspectives

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1

Conclusion

5.2

Recommendations 5.2.1

Selection of the Atal ji Characteristics

5.2.2

Design Strategies

GLOSSARY OF TERMS CITATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY ANNEXURES

29-42

62-69

xi xi-xii xii-xv xvi-xxi

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

vii

viii

LIST OF TABLES

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

1.1

BACKGROUND STUDY Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Interpretation Centre at Hussainabad, Lucknow Vajpayee ji became a member of parliament five times from Lucknow and became the Prime Minister of the country. The Uttar Pradesh government decided to build a museum in honor of our Former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee ji. It would aid and stimulate the discovery process and the visitor’s intellectual and emotional connection to the contributions of one of the most respected politicians of the country. The site was originally a land on which an old powerhouse was set up, but it is being shifted by the UP Govt. to another location in order to make this land available for the project. “India is an ancient nation and not nation in the making. We are not to build a new nation but to make this ancient nation virile to face the challenge of modern times”- Shri Atal Bihari ji [1]

Fig. 1. 1 Site at Hussainabad, Lucknow

Atal Bihari Vajpayee ji

Fig. 1. 2 Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ji

10th Prime Minister of India Tenure as a Prime Minister13 Days in 1996 13 Months from 1998-99 Full term from 1999-04 ProfessionPolitician, Writer and Poet Characteristics• Great and Bold Speaker • Motivational and emotional poet • Down to earth • Liberal and kind • Most respected and honest politician.

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies The Museum should reflect the life of Atal ji so not only the display should reflect him but the whole space, its Architecture should reflect the personality of such a great leader and that would only be possible if the one would study his whole life and the incidents that impacted him and contribute towards making him a great politician. It will allow visitors to experience the hardships, challenges and successes he faced throughout his lifetime.

Fig. 1. 3 A Cavity in the wall portraying Jai Prakash Narayan Ji

Fig. 1. 4 A brief Introduction- The Museum of Socialism

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

1.2

CRITERIA OF SELECTION To design a museum based on Atal Bihari Vajpayee ji, his philosophies and ideologies are needed to be understood first. It would create a long lasting impression on the mind of visitors if those can be expressed in the form of Architecture which could be visually seen and experienced by them. There is a need to build a personified Museum that would portray such a Great leader and poet as most of the personified Museums in India are Adaptively Reused. So to design such a space we need to learn the techniques which would help in reflecting intangible things in tangible aspect.

1.3

RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. Can the ideologies be represented in form of Architecture? 2. What are the factors which would create a long-lasting impression on the visitor's mind? 3. Is a memorial space confined to a statue in the name of a personality?

1.4

HYPOTHESIS

1.5

AIM

The Architecture of a memorial should reflect the personality for better interpretation of their ideologies and philosophies.

To understand the techniques of planning and designing a memorial based on ideologies and philosophies of a person and using them to portray Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee ji in a Museum.

1.6

OBJECTIVES 1. To study the manifestation of personality, ideologies, philosophies and emotions in a building, landscape & interiors through case studies. 2. To study and analyse the personality, ideologies, philosophies of Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee ji through his writings and writings on him. 3. To study and analyse the visitor’s comprehension of design manifestation of personality, ideology and philosophies in a memorial space. 4. To conclude and recommend the design strategies for the Museum on Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee ji.

1.7

SCOPE 1. The scope of study is limited to the buildings based on poets and political Leaders. 2. The scope of study will incorporate sculptures, building premises, form, space, surface characteristics, etc. into consideration. 3. The research revolve around the structures which were originally built as museums only not which were adaptively reused. 4. The study does not cover the energy saving, climate, durability, maintenance, etc. related aspects.

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

1.8

METHODOLOGY Selection of Topic

Background study

Formation of Aims & Objectives Objectives Study manifestation of ideologies, personality, philosophies and emotions in a building, landscape & interiors.

Study and analyse the personality, ideologies, philosophies of Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee ji through his writings and writings on him.

Study and analyse the visitor’s (designers) comprehension of design manifestation of personality, ideology and philosophies in memorial space.

Conclude and recommend the design strategies for the Museum on Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee ji.

Views of different people about Atal ji His life time achievements. Major Incidents that took place in his life. His poetry and context of it. His Ideologies, Philosophies

The views of people on their understanding of a Museum based on Ideologies and philosophies.

Design Strategies that can portray Atal Bihari Vajpayee ji.

1. Kavi Rajneta- Atal Bihari Vajpayee (By- Dr. C.P. Sharma) 2. Rajniti Ke Us Par (ByR.P.M.) 3. Various recorded interviews and speeches of Atal ji 4. Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee- Digital Archive

Detail surveys that could extract out the key points from people of different age groups who had visited such spaces and had an impression about them in their mind.

D Required Data The details about such a projects• Philosophies of the person • Concept • Planning • Key feature that reflects the identity of the person • Material Study

• • • • •

Sources Case Studies Identified 1. Museum of Socialism, Lucknow 2. Kusumagraj Smarak, Nasik 3. Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya, Ahmedabad 4. Shanti Niketan, Kolkata 5. Statue of Unity, Gujarat

1. Detail understanding about the life of Shri Atal Bihari ji. 2. Art of Architectural manifestation gained by deep understanding of the relevant case studies.

1. Research Papers 2. Journals 3. Books 4. Websites 5. Surveys

Analysis

Conclusion and Recommendations

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

CHAPTER-2 ARCHITECTURAL MANIFESTATION OF THE PERSONALITY

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

2.1 INTRODUCTION Interaction is more than the technical components that allow a responsive dialogue between the building, and user. A building may act as a Wizard in a dialogue kind of way, instructing the user, or rather aim to entertain or explore possibilities. Additionally, the interactive system can be focused on performative aspects, or rather play a symbolic role. For the de-sign of an interactive building or system therefore, it is necessary to decide on a stance towards the kind of behavior and focus. It is necessary to have an ‘attitude’. [8]

2.1.1 Ideology v/s Philosophy Ideology is the lens through which a person views the world. Within the field of sociology, ideology is broadly understood to refer to the sum total of a person's values, beliefs, assumptions, and expectations. Ideology exists within society, within groups, and between people. It shapes our thoughts, actions, and interactions, along with what happens in society at large.[9] Philosophy provides guidance in better understanding man’s nature and personhood. It enables man to appreciate the diverse views on the ideals of full humanness. It tells man the similarities and differences among man, plants, and animals. Enables man to appreciate the nature of life and the meaning of his existence. It opens the way for better relationships among men, others, and God.[10] Table 1 Discuss the differences between Ideologies and Philosophy based on the finding from different sources

S.No. Ideology Refers to a set of beliefs, doctrines 1 that back a certain social institution or a particular organisation

2 3 4 5 6 7

Expresses dissatisfaction with the current state and aspires to be some future state Aims at changing the world Rigid, difficult to change once fixed The purpose is to advocate and enforce his or her ideology wherever he can. Personal emotions in play Ideology have some under lying Philosophy

Philosophy Refers to looking at life in a pragmatic manner and attempting to understand why life is as it is and the principals governing behind it. Tries to understand the world in its current state Aimed at seeking the truth Less Rigid, open to changes. Purpose is to seek knowledge for the sake of wisdom. Requires Structural Thinking. Philosophy doesn’t have underlying Ideology.

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

2.2 CASE STUDIES Framework of Case Studies Case studies were being identified on the basis that the space should be based on some individual person but not a community, in order to understand the art of expressing the personality through the means of Architecture. Many of such great Architects had done such commendable works through which a visitor would easily blend into the essence of that place and understands the person to whom the place is dedicated. The Criteria for Selection of the Case studies is that, these cases should provide a detail description about the thought process of the Architect behind giving such minute details based on the person in a subtle way that it does not overpowers the place yet gives an fair idea about the person. Also there are many cases that does not reflect one individual person but a community, an event, emotions, etc. but they can provide a deep understanding of how Architecture connects to a person in a language of emotions. After understanding the cases would like to get the views of the visitors about that Space that up to which extent the Architect was able to convey to Common people who are visiting the Space from a completely different approach or what are the points that can be improved in order to make them understand in a better way. Primary case Studies: 1. Gandhi Ashram Sangrahalaya, Ahmedabad Secondary Case Studies: 1. Museum of Socialism, Lucknow 2. Kusumagraj Smarak, Nasik 3. Shanti Niketan, Kolkata 4. Statue of Unity, Gujarat Other Cases: 1. Sadaiv Atal, New Delhi 2. Shakti Sthal, New Delhi 3. Einstein Tower 4. Jewish Museum, Berlin The Aspects that can be observed through the case studies are: 1) Form - Aggressive or Accommodative (A form having niches, voids appears to be welcoming in nature and are termed as Accommodative). - Simple or Complex (Basic Geometrical shapes used as a form can be defined as a Simple form and a shape having many irregularities can be termed Complex) - Stable or Dynamic (Having major mass of the building at the ground or say there should be no sort of Visual Inertia in the form)

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

2) Space - Open, Semi open or Closed (Based on the degree of enclosure) - Natural light used or Artificial (Use of natural light for the activities to be performed.) - Grounded or Individualist (The grounded word explains that the structure is more horizontal in nature, but individualist means, it is more vertical or dominating in nature) 3) Organisation - Type of Organisation 4) Surface Characteristics - Rough or Smooth (Simply the texture of the surface is smooth or rough) - Truth to material or not (The material used for construction is exposed or hidden) 5) Installations Steps to be followed in order to pursue the Case studies are: 1. Gain thorough knowledge about the life, achievements, incidents of the person which the Space is personifying. 2. Finding out the Philosophies or characteristics of the person through this reading. 3. Understanding the space in general terms that how it is being constructed, materials used, etc. 4. Finding out the methods, tools and techniques through which philosophies are manifested at site, building and space level.

Go through the life of the person whom the space personifies

Finding out the Philosophies or characteristics of the person through this reading Understanding the space in general terms that how it is being constructed, materials used, etc. through this reading Finding out the methods, tools and techniques through which philosophies are manifested at site, building and space level, through this reading.

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

2.2.1 Museum of Socialism, Lucknow Personification : Jai Prakash Narayan Ji (Social Reformer & Politician) Architect :Archohm Consults (Ar. Sourabh Gupta ) Client :Lucknow Development Authority Jai Prakash Narayan, also spelled Jai Prakash Narain, also called Jaya Prakash Narayan, (born October 11, 1902, Sitab Diyara, India—died October 8, 1979, Patna), Indian political leader and theorist.

Fig. 2. 1 JP Narayan Postage Stamp

His followers let him down by electing Indira Gandhi again as a Prime Minister. JP was, in fact, forgotten as soon as his followers got power, while he was ailing in Mumbai’s Jaslok Hospital, the government once even announced his death in Parliament, on 23 March 1979. JP lived on for more than six months. [4]

Remember the infamous slogan, “Emergency ke teen dalal, Indira, Sanjay, Bansi Lal”.

Fig. 2. 2 Characteristics of JP Narayan Ji Table 2 Discuss about the Characteristics of Jai Prakash Narayan Ji based on findings from different sources

S.No.

Philosophies

Simple

2 3

Courageous Socialism is a superset of Freedom, Equality & Brotherhood

Supporting Statements or Incidents To pay for his education, Jayaprakash packed fruits at a canning factory, washed dishes, worked as a mechanic at a garage and at a slaughterhouse, sold lotions. Stood against the Prime Minister openly Believed that in democracy everyone should have a right to freedom. Equal opportunities should be provided to all. Brotherhood would be the key to development of every sector.

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

Down to EarthPeople’s Man

Worked mainly for the upliftment of working class.

Fig. 2. 3 The Museum Of Socialism, Lucknow

The Museum of Socialism is situated in Lucknow, U.P. build to express Jai Prakash ji’s Idea of Socialism that stands on the three columns of Equality, Freedom and Brotherhood. The museum within is an experience in space design with the depiction of Jayaprakash Narayan as a chronological narrative of a linear journey. It is divided into two zones; the zone of absorption and the zone of reflection. As the names suggest, these spaces enable absorption of information triggering curiosity and contemplation which then is expected to lead to reflection and assimilation.[7] Table 3 Table comparing the Architectural Manifestation of the person

S.No.

Philosophies

Architectural Manifestation in the Museum

Simple

Clear & Clean Lines on the façade

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

Fig. 2. 4 Clean and clear facade

Courageous

The monolithic and bold form of the building exudes empowerment.

Fig. 2. 5 The Monolithic and Bold form

Socialism is a superset of Freedom, Equality & Brotherhood

Installation showing three pillars of Socialism can go hand in hand without intersecting. The Triangular Shape of the Building Represents them. These 3 words are celebrated and etched in multiple languages on the terracotta panels, bearing testimony to JP’s national outreach.

Fig. 2. 6 Freedom, Equality & Brotherhood as 3 Sides

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

Down to EarthPeople’s Man

Statues are placed amphitheatre.

the

seating

Fig. 2. 7 J.P. Narayan Ji's statues at different places in Amphitheatre

Techniques of Interpretation used: Direct Interpretation - Statues and portrait of J.P. ji placed at some places. Abstract Interpretation- His personality is depicted through shapes and various installations in the Museum. Interiors: The experience of the Interpretation Centre is through four thematic zones. Zone 1- The zone of absorption is where information about the life journey and values of JP is imbibed. Zone 2- The zone of internalization facilitates a closer look at JP. Zone 3- The zone of interpretation allows time and space for introspection on the take-away-how one can take initiatives in their own life. Zone 4- The concluding zone, a congregation place, is meant to influence and inspire collective expression of the learning. The journey both literal and allegoric is all about movement. Physical navigation of space makes exhibits dynamic.

Fig. 2. 8 Distribution of Different Zones

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

2.2.2 Kusumagraj Smarak, Nasik Personification : V.V. Shirwadkar popularly known as Kusumagraj (Poet) Architect : Environ Planners (Ar. Sanjoy M Patil) Client : Kusumagraj Memorial Trust V.V. Shirwadkar’s real name was adopted by Gajanan Ranganath Shirwadkar and hence his name became Vishnu Vaman Shirwadkar. He was born on February 27, 1912. Primary education took place at Pipalgaon. Secondary education at the New English School in Nashik is today’s J.J. C. Rungatha Vidyalaya happened to be there. He passed the matriculation examination from Mumbai University.[6] Fig. 2. 9 Postage Stamp of Kusumagraj Ji Table 4 Discuss about the Characteristics of Kusumagraj Ji based on findings from different sources

S.No. Philosophies 1 Love for Kadam Trees 2 Likes Old Colonial Guest Houses 3 Simple and Ground to Earth

Supporting Statements or Incidents Continuous reference of Kadam Trees in his Poems His Biography His most of the poems are related to the common people or common issues.

Kusumagraj Smarak is a memorial evolved as a social and environmental response, accommodating various cultural activities with respect to the memories of the legendary Marathi poet. The architectonic walk through the cobbled paved pathway with the framing of connecting bridges of Fig. 2. 10 Kusumagraj Smarak landscape above, serving as a central spine for the complex enables a journey through his life history (‘Jeevan darshan’ hall), Library, Art gallery, audio-visual rooms, seminar, music and drama practice halls for multi-cultural activities and other allied rooms, finally culminating into a proposed amphitheatre surrounding a rain water reservoir. [3]

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

Table 5 Comparison of the Architectural Manifestation of the person

S.No. Philosophies Architectural Manifestation 1 Love for Kadam 4 Kadam Trees at the Entrance Plaza Trees

Fig. 2. 11 Kadam Trees & Colonial style entrance Roof

Likes Old Colonial Entrance canopy in that style. Guest Houses

Fig. 2. 12 Colonial style entrance canopy

Simple and Ground The subterranean earth shelter is used for the to Earth Building.

Fig. 2. 13 The Subterranean Earth Shelter Structure

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

Fig. 2. 14 Site Plan and Section of Kusumagraj Smarak

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

2.2.3 Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya Personification : Mahatma Gandhi (Freedom Fighter & Lawyer by Profession) Architect :Charles Correa Client :Sabarmati Ashram Trust Mahatma Gandhi, byname of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, (born October 2, 1869, Porbandar, India—died January 30, 1948, Delhi), Indian lawyer, politician, social activist, and writer who became the leader of the nationalist movement against the British rule of India. As such, he came to be considered the father of his country. Gandhi is internationally esteemed for his doctrine of nonviolent protest (satyagraha) to achieve political and social progress.[6] Fig. 2. 15 Postage stamp of Mahatma Gandhi Table 6 Discuss about the Characteristics of Mahatma Gandhi Ji based on findings from different sources

S.No. Philosophies 1 Sadgi (Simplicity) 2 3 4

5 6

Supporting Statements or Incidents He believes that a person involved in public works should lead a simple life. Swadeshi Believes that one should be self-dependant Satya (Truth) He used to say that Truth is God Ahinsa (Non- Violence) One should not love only human being but every living being in the world. A Non-violent person is expected not to be angry with one who has injured him. Sanyam (Control) He believes that Self control is a tool that helps a person taking wise decisions. Sadbhavana Every action should have good intentions behind it. The Sangrahalaya was built in near the Ashram where Mahatma Gandhi resided from 1917 to 1930 and from which he started on his historic march to Dandi. The Sangrahalaya was built to propagate his ideas and was inaugurated in 1963 by Jawaharlal Nehru.

Fig. 2. 16 Gandhi Ashram Sangrahalaya

The RCC channels also acts as beam and rainfall con-

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

duit, and which permits expansion for additional construction to be added in future. Modular units of 6x6 m are arranged, in a typology analogous to the villages so central to Gandhi’s thinking. Some of the units are enclosed by walls, whereas some are open to sky, the modifications from one zone to another along the spectrum being signalled by subtle and almost imperceptible changes in light and air movement. [From- India: from a Philosophy of Ages, Architecture for Today] Table 7 Comparison of the Architectural Manifestation of the philosophies of Gandhi JI

S.No. Philosophies 1 Sadgi (Simplicity)

3 4 5

Architectural Manifestation Minimalistic- Few materials such as Brick, RCC, Clay Tiles, Wood and Kota Stone. Also compliments the existing structure. Swadeshi Planning and the Materials used responds to the local climate. Locally available materials were used. Satya (Truth) Truth to Material- Nearly every material used is exposed revealing its identity. Ahinsa (Non- Violence) The Whole structure is mostly grounded. Also there is no use of Glass in the entire building. Sanyam (Control) The building is designed on the principals of Vaastu. Water body in the center helps to calm down the body that enhances the Self Controlling power.

Fig. 2. 17 Water body in the center of Gandhi Ashram Sangrahalaya

Sadbhavana

Open floor Plan with multiple courtyards allows nature to interact with the building. Also Minimum Levels helps Specially Abled persons to experience the building in a better way.

Fig. 2. 18 Open Plan of Gandhi Ashram Sangrahalaya

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

Fig. 2. 19 Exploded View of One 6 X 6 M Module

Fig. 2. 20 Section Through one Module showing the details

Fig. 2. 21 Site Plan of the Whole Gandhi Ashram with the Approach Marked in dotted line

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

2.2.4 Shanti Niketan, Kolkata Personification : Rabindranath Tagore (Poet & Writer) Architect : Surendranath Kar Client : Lucknow Development Authority Rabindranath Tagore, Bengali Rabīndranāth Ṭhākur, (born May 7, 1861, Calcutta [now Kolkata], India— died August 7, 1941, Calcutta), Bengali poet, shortstory writer, song composer, playwright, essayist, and painter who introduced new prose and verse forms and the use of colloquial language into Bengali literature, thereby freeing it from traditional models based on classical Sanskrit. He was highly influential in introducing Indian culture to the West and vice versa, and he is generally regarded as the outstanding creative artist of early 20th-century India. In 1913 he became the first non-European to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature.[6] Fig. 2. 22 Postage stamp of Rabindranath Tagore Table 8 Discuss about the Characteristics of Rabindranath Tagore Ji based on findings from different sources

S.No. Philosophies 1 Freedom in Education

Supporting Statements or Incidents We have our own freedom of will which can only find its true harmony in the freedom of other wills Creative Self Expres- For the education of whole man, his emotions sion and senses must also develop along with intellect. Active Communica- Nature according to him was manuscript of tion with Nature and God Man Internationalism Mankind must realize a unity, wider in a range, deeper in sentiment, stronger in power than ever before Shantiniketan is a neighbourhood in Bolpur city established by Maharshi Devendranth Tagore in 1863 and later expanded by his son Rabindranath Tagore as a formal institution. It is now known as Viswa-Bharti University. To Tagore, the school appeared like a prison. While other students would focus on

Fig. 2. 23 A view from Shantiniketan

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

what the teacher was teaching, his mind would usually wander away. His idea of education is mostly influenced by his own school days. Classrooms in Shantiniketan were under the skies, so even if a student’s mind wanders, it would dwell on the cosmos. He believed that by having classrooms in the open and under the trees, the students would be closer to nature and would learn from the environment. Table 9 Comparison of the Architectural Manifestation of the philosophies of Rabindranath Tagore Ji

S.No.

Philosophies

Architectural Manifestation

Freedom in Education

The students council takes all the decisions of the school, they also have their court, where a senior student is a elected judge.

Creative Expression

Active Communica- The build mass merges with the nature in the tion with Nature and best possible way. There are ceremonies of Man Plantation. The change of seasons are celebrated as festivals. The classes are conducted in open under a tree.

Internationalism

Self-dependent

Self The open planning allows to perform many Co-curricular activities that runs parallely which helps pupils to express themselves in some other way without using words.

Fig. 2. 24 Artistic Mud House at Shantiniketan

Students from other countries, both from the East and West, are admitted to the various departments which do both the teaching work and research on various subjects including languages and cultures Most of the resources used are produced by them in that area only. Many constructions were done purely with natural materials like clay, coal, wood, stones, etc.

Fig. 2. 25 Classes in open under a tree

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

2.2.5 Statue of Unity, Gujarat Personification : Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Architect : Michael Graves Architecture & Design Sculptor : Ram. V Sutar Client : Gujarat Government

Fig. 2. 26 Postage Stamp of Vallabhbhai Patel

Vallabhbhai Patel, in full Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel, byname Sardar Patel (Hindi: “Leader Patel”), (born October 31, 1875, Nadiad, Gujarat, India—died December 15, 1950, Bombay [now Mumbai]), Indian barrister and statesman, one of the leaders of the Indian National Congress during the struggle for Indian independence. During the first three years of Indian independence after 1947, he served as deputy prime minister, minister of home affairs, minister of information, and minister of states.[6]

Table 10 Discuss about the Characteristics of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel based on findings from different sources

S.No. Philosophies 1 Unity 2

Strong and Tough

Supporting Statements or Incidents He integrated over 500 princely states into the Union of India His commitments were total and uncompromising Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was instrumental in India’s independence struggle, and then for the integration of over 500 princely states into the Union of India. Kutch to Kohima, Kargil or Kanyakumari - if we can travel freely today across the beautiful and bountiful lands of India, it is because of Sardar Patel.

Fig. 2. 27 India before and after Partition

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

The ‘Statue of Unity’ (SOU) is dedicated to the Iron Man of India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Sardar Patel is widely considered to be the architect of modern India. The SoU will stand tall as an inspiration to future generations, a reminder of Sardar Patel’s sterling contribution. At 182 meters from the road entry and 208.5 meters from the river entry, the SoU is the tallest statue in the world presntly; taller than the 153 m tall Spring Temple Buddha in China and almost twice as tall as the world famous Statue of Liberty in New York. For a sense of its height, the statue is 100 times larger than a man of average height of about 5 to 5 and a half feet! [5] Fig. 2. 28 Statue of Unity Table 11 Comparison of the Architectural Manifestation of the philosophies of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Ji

S.No. Philosophies 1 Unity 2 Strong and Tough

Architectural Manifestation Named Statue of Unity as a symbol of Unity. The whole outer covering is made of Iron that symbolizes toughness. Also 135 Metric tons of scrap Iron is collected from the general public as a contribution for the same under Statue of Unity Movement.

Salient Features:

Fig. 2. 29 Exhibition Centre

Fig. 2. 30 Exhibition Centre inside

Fig. 2. 31 Conference Hall

Fig. 2. 32 Height Comparison with other statues in the World

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

2.3 MISCELLANIES CASES 2.3.1 Sadaiv Atal, New Delhi Personification : Atal Bihari Vajpayee ji Client : Central Government Atal Bihari Vajpayee (December 1924 – 16 August 2018) was an Indian statesman who served three terms as the Prime Minister of India, first for a term of 13 days in 1996, then for a period of 13 months from 1998 to 1999, followed by a full term from 1999 to 2004. A member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), he was the first Indian prime minister not of the Indian National Congress to serve a full term in office. He was also noted as a poet and a writer. [10] Fig. 2. 33 Postage stamp of Atal ji Table 12 Discuss about the Characteristics of Shri Atal BIhari Vajpayee ji based on findings from different sources

S.No. Philosophies 1 Ground to Earth 2

Disciplined

Bold in his speeches

Supporting Statements or Incidents Always stick to his roots, visits his village at every festival, whenever gets time. His father is a teacher and the he inherited the quality of discipline from him. His speeches are always bold enough to convey his strong thoughts to everyone in a very effective way.

Table 13 Comparison of the Architectural Manifestation of the philosophies of Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ji

S.No. Philosophies 1 Ground to Earth

Architectural Manifestation A low height Horizontal black stone is used to symbolize Atal ji as he always been a ground to earth person.

Fig. 2. 34 A dark black horizontal stone used as Atal ji’s Samadhi

2 3

Disciplined

Clean and Clear horizontal and vertical lines represents the discipline. Bold in his speeches A large black polished stone symbolizes the boldness of the character.

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

2.3.2 Shakti Sthal, New Delhi Personification : Smt. Indira Gandhi Architect : Ravindra Bhan and Associates Client : Central Government Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician and a central figure of the Indian National Congress. She was the first and, to date, only female Prime Minister of India. Indira Gandhi was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India. She served as prime minister from January 1966 to March 1977 and again from January 1980 until her assassination in October 1984, making her the second longest-serving Indian prime minister after her father. [11] Fig. 2. 35 Postage Stamp of Indira Gandhi

Table 14 Discuss about the Characteristics of Indira Gandhi based on findings from different sources

S.No. Philosophies 1 Loves Nature

2 3 4

Memories of Kashmir Hand Symbol Toughness

Supporting Statements or Incidents She completed her education from Abroad and the landscaping there always excited her. Childhood spent In Kashmir Congress Party’s Election Symbol Had taken many bold decisions, like Emergency, that was not an easy task for any Prime Minister.

Table 15 Comparison of the Architectural Manifestation of the philosophies of Indira Gandhi Ji

S.No. Philosophies 1 Loves Nature

Architectural Manifestation Elements of Nature- Earth, Water, Rocks and Trees are only used in the Site.

Fig. 2. 36 Almost every type of natural elements are used in the site

Memories of Kashmir

Large open Grasslands

Fig. 2. 37 Large open Grasslands with contours

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

Hand Symbol Toughness.

& The rock chosen provides a reflection of the hand like figure. Also the hard rock represents the toughness of Indira Gandhi.

Fig. 2. 38 The solid rock as the Samarak of Indira Gandhi ji

2.3.3 Einstein Tower, Personification : Albert Einstein Architect : Erich Mendelsohn Client : Erwin Finlay-Freundlich

Fig. 2. 39 Postage Stamp of Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein, (born March 14, 1879, Ulm, Württemberg, Germany—died April 18, 1955, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.), German-born physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Einstein is generally considered the most influential physicist of the 20th century.

Table 16 Architectural Manifestation of some of the works and likings of Albert Einstein

S.No. Depiction Supporting Statements or Incidents 1 Has discovered many The equation was the foundation for the theories such as E=MC2 buildings formal conception; Mendelsohn sought a relationship between mass and movement in the form of the Einstein Tower. 2 Organic form Used heavy base. Use of concrete at the base also made it heavy. Wants to make it look like a heavy rock is emerging from the ground.

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

2.3.4 Jewish Museum, Berlin Personification : Jewish Community Architect : Daniel Libeskind Client : Erwin Finlay-Freundlich Table 17 Comparison of the Architectural Manifestation of the emotions and incidents of the Jewish community by Libeskind

S.No. Depiction Architectural Manifestation 1 Libeskind wants to The Zinc panels are fragmented to scoop out draw the plan of the Plan on the façade. Germany connecting the important places at that time.

Fig. 2. 40 Fragmented Zinc Panels

An optical illusion has In the learners hall, the panels are skewed a been created through bit while placing as to provide the illusion that façade. walls are not perpendicular to the ground.

Fig. 2. 41 Skewed panels in Jewish Museum

To make the visitor experience the pain and sufferings of the people in the holocaust.

One of the axis terminated at a triple height, closed and dark space with just a little slit of opening at the top which is inaccessible. The path terminates at a black tiny door, which doesn’t gives any hope of opening.

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

Fig. 2. 42 Termination of Holocaust

Staircase that led out A staircase violently punchers the built form historical Berlin and and leads down three stories underground to thrust into the dark and the 3 axes of the extension. uncomfortable past of German Judaism.

Fig. 2. 43 Angular Stairs

The false sense of freedom experienced by Jews who fled Germany.

49 massive concrete pillars in a 7 x 7 Grid has been arranged on a ground of slope 10 degrees in order to make the visitor experience the fake freedom of Jews.

Fig. 2. 44 Massive concrete columns in a 7 X 7 grid

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

CHAPTER-3 THE LIFE OF SHRI ATAL BIHARI VAJPAYEE JI

Fig. 3. 1 Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ji

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

Timeline25th December, 1924- Birth Used to take bath in Yamuna River Saved by his friends from Drowning in Yamuna River 1934 - Admitted to the Anglo-Vernacular Middle (AVM) School in Barnagar, Ujjain 1939 - Joined RSS August, 1942 - Arrested for the first time (24 Days) 1944 - General Secretary of Youth Wing Arya Samaj Movement March, 1977 - Became Minister of External Affairs 1979 - Resigned from the Post Went to Pakistan representing Indian Govt. even when he was in Opposition 1980 - BJP formed, Vajpayee as first party President 1992 - Pokhran-II Nuclear Test th 16 May 1996 - Elected as Prime Minister (For 13 Days) 28th May 1996 - Resignation as a Prime Minister 19th March 1998 - Elected as Prime Minister (For 13 Months) 1998 - Resignation as a Prime Minister 13th Oct. 1999 - Elected as Prime Minister (For Full Tenure) 22nd May 2004 - Resigned as Prime Minister 2005 - Retired from Active Politics 2015 - Bharat Ratna, the Highest Civilian Award Fig. 3. 2 Atal Ji taking his oath th as a PM 16 August 2018- Died

Fig. 3. 3 Timeline for the Life of Atal ji Fig. 3.6 - Smt. Krishna DeviFig. 3.3 - Timeline for the Life of Atal ji

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

Fig. 3. 4 Characteristics of Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ji

3.1 AS A CHILD Born on 25th December, 1924 in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh.

Fig. 3. 5 Atal ji with Family

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

His mother Smt. Krishna Devi, was a very simple and sweet lady. Reading Ramayan, worshipping Tulsi plant, doing fasts always made her happy. One of a major quality that she posses is that she never scolds any one no matter how big the mistake is, but rather she made the person realise his/her mistake by keeping quite or by talking very politely on the matter. She never makes children afraid of her by getting angry on them rather she just solve the matter in a very polite way. Fig. 3. 6 Smt. Krishna Devi

His Father Shri Krishna Bihari Vajpayee, migrated to Gwalior in his early age as in his father’s place i.e, Bateshwar, there was less scope of higher education, later he became the Principal at AVM School, Barnagar, Ujjain. At the time when he started teaching he has completed his studies upto High School only, but due to his immense knowledge in Hindi he teaches hindi to high school students. But after some alligations he completed his B.A. and M.A. in Hindi. Fig. 3. 7 Shri Krishna Bihari Vajpayee

His Grandfather Shri Pandit Shyam Lal is very Discipled, self-dependant and simple person, having a great pond of knowledge especially in Sanskrit. He Fig. 2. 45 JP Narayan Postage never supports anyone doing tricks. StampFig. 3.7 - Shri Krishna Bihari Vajpayee Atal ji is greatly influenced by his teachings and that resulted in his keen interest towards literature and Culture. His love for Ramayan is also inherited in Atal ji and as a result he knew Ramayan Dohas by Heart . His Grandfather also Fig. 2. 46 JP Narayan Postage has his own library in his house from where Atal ji developed the interest in Stamp Reading and Writing poetry. Fig. 2. 47 JP Narayan Postage StampFig. 3.7 - Shri Krishna Bihari Vajpayee

Fig. 2. 48 JP Narayan Postage StampFig. 3.7 - Shri Krishna Bihari Vajpayee

Fig. 3. 8 Yamuna Ghats in Bateshwar Village, where Atal ji used to take bath.

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

His Grandfather resides in Bateshwar Village, which is situated near Yamuna River. This place is very close to Atal Ji’s Heart as he was very fond of taking a bath in Yamuna River. Also there was a Sweet water well in Bateshwar Village that has actually very sweet and chilled water. As this is the land that belongs to his forefathers there are some special rituals for which Atal ji frequently visits this place. When Atal ji gave his first Resignation letter on 28 May, 1996, he used a Shloka in the Parliament which is an asset of this land only. “ न भीतो मरणादस्मी केवल दू षितो यश: “ (Lord Rama said that he is not afraid of death but of Slander) It is often said that “वाजप{{यी आदमी अच्छा है , लेकिन पार्टी गलत है ” to which he always replied in a very polite manner that ‘either I am not a good man otherwise I can’t be in a bad party’. At the time of birth of Atal Bihari ji, bells were ringing all in the Churches near by and the sounds of canon fires can be heard as it is 25th December, birth date of Jesus Christ. At the time of birth Atal ji was a bit healthy child, the family and the neighbours were always eager to play with the child Atal as he was very attractive. The ladies from the always suggests Atal ji’s mother to do some rituals as to keep him away from any evil spirits. Soon the ceremony for the name of the child has been organised and there Atal Bihari name has been decided. Atal means- a thing that cant be refused, and Bihari means- a person who keeps on moving.

3.2 AS A STUDENT

Fig. 3. 9 Register from Atal ji's School having his name

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

He was a very curious child and keeps on asking many questions to his teachers and his father and every time they used to make him understand by saying the thing through a short story. His grasping power is so good that he quickly understands the things his father was trying to say him. The characteristic of Discipline is being inherited from his father as he was a teacher and expects every child to be in perfect discipline, and his father was very successful in it. He believes that Discipline is the key to Self-control or say Self exploration. Atal Ji had completed his middle education from Gorkhi School. After that for high school education he joined Victoria Collegiate. He likes to study more in night time than the day time. He likes to play sports, on which sometimes his father scolds him but he always says that you can see my results, I am performing well in the Academics too. He also likes to do mischiefs among his siblings but later on he always accepts his mistake and make everyone happy. Atal ji and his elder sister Vimla Devi used to decorate the small temple inside their own house on occasion of Krishna Janmashtami. They used to collect funds from the family members first and then start to decorate the temple. They reveals it only at the midnight when Lord Krishna’s birth time arrives. Atal ji and his college friend Khanvalker started to visit Arya Kumar Sabha in 1940.In 1942, he became an officer at one of the branch naming Naya Bazar. Once there was a debate competition in Gwalior, in which Atal ji took part and he just learnt this lines, but during the event he forgot some of the lines that results in making fun of him. From that day onwards he made a resolution that he will never give any speech by learning it. After that day he always used to win every debate competition. Once there is a debate competition in Allahabad in which the Principal of Atal ji’s college has sent him to take part, but due to late train he reached the venue after the debate was over and everyone was waiting for the results to be announced, but Atal has that courage to stand on the stage and make everyone understand the situation and after that he completed his speech and got first prize by his impressive speech. Also in that competition one of the Judge was famous Poet Dr. Harivansh Rai Bachhan ji. Once in a debate, Atal ji was about to debate for the Motion that ‘Hindi should be the National Language of India’, but at the end moment the student in opposition chooses to debate in for the motion so Atal ji accepted the challenge and mould it in such a way saying that ‘Hindi should not be the National Language rather Hindustani should be the National Language of India’.

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

Atal ji always ducks the question of his marriage in a very simple way. He always says that he his life will always be for the nation, so no one else can have the right on that. Also he used to say that, he his life will always be in danger and he doesn’t want that because of him anyone had to be in pain. He loves to be with family. On every occasion and festival, he used to visit his village to celebrate with the family. Once on Diwali everyone is gathered at the house but one of his sister was not able to make it, as soon as Atal ji came to know this he went back to get his sister and at late evening he managed to get her home and celebrated Diwali with everyone.

3.3 AS A POET Atal ji had demolished his old house to make a Library there using his own money. This reflects his eternal love for his language and literature. He started writing poems in 1939-40. His love for poetry only diverted him to be a politician. Atal ji’s quality of solving every problem simply is a thing that attracted his party. He inherited this quality from his family that no two persons should have any kind of estrangement among themselves. He always used to solve such problems. Fig. 3. 10 Cartoon by Amish

In order to depict the critical situation in pre-independence era, he took the help of his words and inked them down in the form of poems in Hindi which are still admired by the entire nation. He started to create poems from the time when he was jailed during Emergency. His collection of poems, Meri Ikkyavan Kavitayen, became a bestseller. Many of his poems have been sung by India’s illustrious singers such as Lata Mangeshkar and Jagjit Singh. He wrote, 'Kaidi Kaviraj Ki Kundalian' and 'Amar Aag Hai' published in 1994. [13]

Fig. 3. 11 Atal Ji's Book - Kaidi Kaviram ki Kundaliyan

Fig. 3. 12 Amar Aag hai- Apoem by Atal ji

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

3.4 AS A POLITICIAN While in his youth, Vajpayee came in close contact with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh. Impressed by the patriotic fervour and the culture of selfless service in the RSS, Vajpayee joined the organisation and later became its full time volunteer. Vajpayee also participated in India’s Freedom Struggle and went to jail in 1942. He was detained during the Emergency in 1975-77 for his role in the fight for the protection of democracy and civil liberties. One of the first leaders of Bharatiya Jan Sangh, Vajpayee began his political career as an aide to the late Dr. Syama Prasad Mookerjee, founder of the party and a great nationalist leader. He served as the President of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (1968-1973) and also as the leader of the parliamentary party wing of the Bharatiya Jana Sangh (1955-1977). He played an active role in fighting the draconian rule of Emergency imposed by Mrs Indira Gandhi and was behind the bars for several months in that period. Later, he became one of the founding fathers of the Janata Party (1977-1980), which won a landslide victory in the parliamentary elections held in 1977 and formed the first non-Congress/ Opposition government at the Centre. [14] On 26th March, 1977, he became the Minister of Foreign Affairs in Janta Party Government led by Moraji Desai. Also he became the first person to deliver a speech to United Nations General assembly in Hindi in 1977. In 1980, BJP formed when erstwhile members of Bhartiya Jan Sangh came together. Atal ji became the first party president. In 1995, BJP president Advani declared Vajpayee would be the next Prime Ministerial face. Became Prime Minister for three times.

Fig. 3. 13 A cartoon of Atal ji as a politician

• First tenure for 14 days in May, 1996 • Second tenure for 13 months till mid-1999, lost vote of confidence by 1 single vote on 17 april, 1999 •Third tenure (13th oct., 1999 – 13th may,2004)

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

He was the Leader of the Opposition throughout the term of the 11th Lok Sabha.[14] He never took favour of his post. Once his nephew wrote him a letter stating that he should get her father’s transfer in some big city, but Atal ji refused to do so and replied back that you should be brave enough to survive in some other city, if you really wants to study there. He always treats his personal life and political life separate. Once his nephew was there to attend one of his speech and at the time when Atal ji was leaving for home they said she also wants to ride with him to the home to which Atal ji refused that this vehicle is for the Foreign Minister of India and does not belongs to his uncle. He is a very simple and ground to earth person, walking.

loves to ride cycle and

3.5 CONTRIBUTIONS AND ACHIEVEMENTS His contributions to the politics is immense. Some of the Major contributions are: 1. Raising India's GDP 

He took India to the new heights by introducing economic reforms. Under his tenure from 1998 to 2004, India maintained a GDP rate of eight per cent, the inflation level came down to four per cent and foreign exchange reserves were flourishing



Although India faced catastrophic events during his tenure, including earthquake (2001), two cyclones (1999 and 2000), a horrible drought (2002-2003), oil crises (2003), the Kargil conflict (1999), and a Parliament attack, yet he maintained a stable economy.

2. Introduction to Fiscal Responsibility Act Besides raising India's GDP to eight per cent in his tenure, he further introduced the Fiscal Responsibility Act which aimed to reduce the fiscal deficit and boost public-sector savings. 3. Privatisation 

Among the several milestones, privatisation was also appreciated



Further, he formed a separate disinvestment ministry. The most important disinvestments were Bharat Aluminium Company (BALCO) and Hindustan Zinc, Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited and VSNL

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

4. The rise of the Indian telecom industry 

Introduced a revenue-sharing model under New Telecom Policy which helped telecom firms to get away with fixed license fees



Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd was separately created to head over the services and policies



To further enhance the telecom sector, he created Telecom Dispute Settlement Appellate Tribunal



International telephone service Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd was ended

5. Education policy 

It was for the first time in India that elementary education became free for children aged 6-14 years



It was launched in 2001 and brought a drastic change in the number of dropouts by 60 per cent

6. Strengthened global ties 

Under his reign, India improved its trade and reduced territorial disputes with the People's Republic of China



In 2000, he invited former US President Bill Clinton, improving the bilateral ties after the Cold War



He invited the then President Pervez Musharraf to India for a two-day Agra summit meeting from July 14-16, 2001, in order to discuss cross-border terrorism and Kashmir



Moreover, Vajpayee gave a green signal to road connectivity between India and Pakistan with the inauguration of historic Delhi-Lahore Bus on February 19, 1999

Fig. 3. 14 Atal ji with Pakistan President Parvez Musharraf

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

7. Science and Research 

Vajpayee passed the Chandrayan-1 project On India's 56th Independence Day, he said, "Our country is now ready to fly high in the field of science. I am pleased to announce that India will send her own spacecraft to the moon by 2008, named Chandrayaan.



He made India a nuclear weapon state. In 1998, India conducted five nuclear tests in one week "We have the capacity for a big bomb now. Ours will never be weapons of aggression," he said.

8. Infrastructure 

The most ambitious road projects in India were launched by him, including the Golden Quadrilateral and the Pradhanmantri Gramin Sadak Yojna



The Golden Quadrilateral made transportation easy, connecting metropolitan cities -- Chennai, Kolkata, Delhi and Mumbai -- through a network of highways



Pradhanmantri Gramin Sadak Yojna connected distant villages across the country with a network of all-weather roads.

Fig. 3. 15 Former President of India Shri Pranab Mukherjee honoring Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee ji with Bharat Ratna

In 2015, he was awarded with BHARAT RATNA, the Highest civilian award, for his extra ordinary contributions to the country. PADMA VIBHUSHAN in 1992. The Lokmanya Tilak Puraskar and the Bharat Ratna Pt. Govind Ballabh Pant Award for the Best Parliamentarian, both in 1994. Earlier, the Kanpur University honoured him with an doctorate honoris causa in 1993. [13]

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

3.6 FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CARTOONISTS Cartoonists generally loves to make cartoons of Atal ji due to his curvy face. Also the trend for such cartoons was at the peak at the time Atal ji was the Prime Ministerial face, so the caricatures for Atal ji gained immense popularity which are appreciated till date. R.K. Lakshman Ji is one of the most famous artist among them all who had made many cartoons for Atal ji which gained immense popularity. Different artists portrayed Atal Bihari Vajpayee ji in their own way through different types of lines. Some examples are as follows: Table 18 Cartoons or Caricatures of Atal Ji through different perspectives of various cartoonists.

By Ananda Goswami

By Kushal Bhattacharya

Fig. 3. 16 Atal ji as a politician in power

Fig. 3.17 Showing the qualities of Atal ji which he carried with him to the heaven.

By Amish

By Uday Deb

Fig. 3. 18 Atal ji as a Poet

Fig. 3. 19 Atal ji watching todays politics from the heaven

By Satish

Fig. 3. 20 Atal ji with a big heart

Fig. 3. 21 Atal ji in the crowd

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

R. K. Lakshman

Fig. 3.22 Atal ji as a politician by R.K. Laxman

Fig. 3.23 Atal ji’s Smiling face

Graphic News

Fig. 3.24 Atal ji as a politician urging for votes

Fig. 3.25 Atal ji as a politician

By Tarang Soni

By Jayesh Phadnis

Fig. 3.26 Made in the memory of Atal ji by Tarang Soni

Fig. 3.27 Atal ji as a Politician

Some of the common things which are being observed in all of these cartoons are White Kurta and Curvy lines.

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

3.7 FORMULATING THE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE A questionnaire has been formulated consisting questions related to the topic that how our former Prime Minister Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee ji can be manisfested in the form of Architecture. Several options have been provided in order to help the person to give their opinion. The words have been chosen in a way that could explain about a person as well as Architecture. The sample space for the survey is practising architects and architecture students as they can understad the architecture elements in a better way and can provide suggestions. The sample size taken is of 35 people consisting of 10 practising architects and 25 architecture students. The survey has been conducted online through Google forms. The detail questionnaire is attached in the Annextures.

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

4.1

ANALYSING DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES The answers from the MCQ based survey conducted shows the percentage of people voted for each category. Following are the answers in the form of Pie Charts:

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

Table 19 Analysis of Case studies based on several Parameters

S. NO. 1

PARAMETERS

MUSEUM OF SOCAILISM, LUCKNOW

KUSUMAGRAJ SMARAK, NASIK

GANDHI ASHRAM SANGRAHALYA, AHMEDABAD

SHANTI NIKETAN, KOLKATA

STATUE OF UNITY, GUJARAT

ACCOMODATIVE- Niches has been created in the form in order to make the form more welcoming.

ACCOMODATIVE- The form of the building is going down continuously, incorporating the earth bermed structure, hence it can be termed as accommodative.

ACCOMODATIVE- There are many (Open blocks) punctures created in the form that depicts the accommodative behavior of the building.

ACCOMODATIVE- Various niches has been created in the form to welcome the visitor.

AGGRESSIVE- Many additions on the regular form can be seen as the massing that depicts the aggressive behavior of the building.

SIMPLE- A simple basic Geometrical shape is being used as a form, it depicts the simplicity of the personified person.

SIMPLE- A simple basic rectangular forms are repetitively used to show the simplicity of Kusumagraj ji.

SIMPLE- A basic module of 6 X 6 M is repeated in the grid, hence a simple form can be observed just like the character of Gandhiji.

SIMPLE- Basic modules of built structures with minimum materials are there reflecting the simplicity of Rabindranath Tagore ji.

COMPLEX- Huge massing around a simple form can be seen, making the whole structure complex one just like the personality itself.

STABLE- Triangle is always said to be the most stable shape.

DYNAMIC- The continuous eagerness to step down the path clearly reflects the dynamic nature of the built form.

STABLE- As the building is more horizontal in nature, it can be categorised as a stable structure.

STABLE- Very low height structures are being used all over the Campus, making it a stable structure as whole.

DYNAMIC- The irregular curves in the outer form make the profile dynamic.

FORM AGGRESSIVE OR ACCOMODATIVE

Authors Inferences

SIMPLE OR COMPLEX

Authors Inferences

STABLE OR DYNAMIC

Authors Inferences

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

SPACE OPEN, SEMI-OPEN OR CLOSED (OPEN MINDED)

Authors Inferences

Mostly closed, but have plenty of open spaces as well

Open and semi-open spaces plays a major role in the space. The two parallel walls runs along that provides a sense of direction.

Most of the spaces are semi-open, a very few of them are closed

A pure mixture of open, semi-open and closed spaces.

Open grounds are there, but the main part is closed Exhibition space.

Very wisely used natural light

Major source is natural light

Artificial light is the main source. Natural light is used but in a very limited manner.

INDIVIDUALIST (B+G+2 FLOORS) As the free standing monumental structure standsout in the surroundings.

GROUNDED (EARTH BEARMED) The whole structure is earth bearmed and garden extends over it, hence a grounded structure.

GROUNDED The building is stretched horizontally rather than vertically with a low plinth hence it is a grounded structure.

GROUNDED All the structures in campus are low height structures and does not over overpowers the surroundings.

INDIVIDUALIST The structure itself is so huge and holds its unique identity in the surrounding by overpowering everything.

USE OF NATURAL LIGHT (HONESTY/ TRANSPARANCY)

Authors Inferences

GROUNDED STRUCTURE OR A INDIVIDUALIST ONE

Authors Inferences

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

ORGANISATION TYPE OF ORGANISATION

Authors Inferences

RADIAL- The organisation here can be termed as radial because continuous bands are revolving around the triangle.

LINEAR- The single way in a linear manner is arranged so to provides a sense of direction.

GRID- Clear grid of identical modules is being used .

CLUSTER- The organisation here is purely in a cluster manner.

LINEAR- The long linear pathway leads to the main building.

SMOOTH- The plain glossy terracotta tiles are used over the concrete structure that provides a smooth texture to the built form.

SMOOTH- Nicely plastered and painted in white provides a smooth texture.

ROUGH - The exposed brick and concrete provides a rough surface shoeing the difficulties Gandhiji faced during his life.

ROUGH- The natural earthy material in its raw form are a bit rough to touch.

ROUGH - The hard metal joints are rough to touch depicting the toughness of the personality.

Cladding to tera cotta tiles is being used- The outer surface is artificial, but would like to show that connection with the ground, hence used terracotta tile.

Most of the elements were plastered but usually in light colours that shows the purity of the soul.

Almost every material used is truly exposed to be seen, depicting the purity of Gandhi ji

Many natural materials are used that too are either exposed outside or can be seen from inside. Depicting the purity through the structure.

Bronze outer shell is exposed to the visitors showing the toughness of the personality.

SURFACE CHARACHTERISTICS ROUGH OR SMOOTH

Authors Inferences

TRUTH TO MATERIAL OR NOT (PURITY)

Authors Inferences

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

MISCELLANEOUS UNIQUE FEATURE

Authors Inferences

VARIOUS LIVE INSTALLATIONS

4 KADAM TREES AT THE ENTRANCE - Kusumagraj Ji gives continues reference of them in his poems

WATER BODY IN THE CENTER- provides calmness and adds to the philosophy Patience.

The classes are being conducted under a tress in the open ground.

Viewing gallery has been provided in the statue

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

Table 20 Comparison between Author's Response and People’s Response on different parameters through which personality of Atal ji can be interpreted through Architecture.

S. No.

Parameters

Form Static or dynamic

Author’s response

People’s response

Static

As per the survey conducted 54.3% people says that static form of the building would depict the personality of Atal ji Stable or dynamic

Stable

As per the survey conducted 85.7% people says that stable form of the building would depict the personality of Atal ji. Aggressive or accomodative

Accomodative

As per the survey conducted 91.4% people believes that Accomodative form suites better to the character of Atal ji

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

Rohbust or delicate

Delicate

As per the survey conducted 57.1% people belives that delicate form would depict the Atal ji. 2

Space Stagnant water or running water

Running

As per the survey conducted 60% people belives that stagnant water could represent the Calmness of Atal ji in a better way. Grounded structure or a individualist one

Grounded

As per the survey conducted 77.1% people says that grounded form of the building would depict the personality of Atal ji. Extrovert/ introvert

Extrovert

As per the survey conducted 74.3% people says that a form of the building which is

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

interactive in nature would depict the personality of Atal ji in a better way. Sharp corners, open corners or rounded corners

Rounded corners

As per the survey conducted 54.3% agrees that open corners(no strict boundaries) could be the best possible option from the given corner conditions to depict Atal ji. Parallel, uParallel shaped, closed planes

As per the survey 71.4% people says that parallel planes could depict the nature of learning new things of Atal ji amonst the given options. Simple outside complex inside or complex outside simple inside

Simple outside complex inside

As per the survey 65.7% people believes that Atal ji was very simple and bold from outside, but very complex and soft from inside. 3

Organisation

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

Type of organisation

Grid

As per the survey conducted 37.1% people belives that Centralised organisation is the best possible option from the given types of organisatons to depict the disciple of Atal ji 4

Surface charachteristics Rough or smooth

Smooth

As per the survey 80% people says that a smooth texture could represent the politeness of Atal ji in a better manner.

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

5.1 CONCLUSION On the basis of the research undertaken, it was concluded that there can be many ways through which Architecture can reflect Ideologies and Philosophies. They can be based on Form, Shape, Organization, Surface Characteristics, Installations and Landscape. Personality and Form  Horizontal lines are used in Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya to represent the Ground to earth characteristic of Gandhi ji  Horizontal lines can be a medium to represent ground to earth characteristic of any person. As the horizontal line provides a sense of closeness to the ground.  The straight lines can be a medium to show simplicity as seen in JP Narayan Museum and Gandhi Ashram, but the angular lines or intersecting lines may be used as a representation of Anger as seen in Jewish Museum.  Vertical lines in a form provides a reflection that the personality is more of an individualist in nature as seen through Shakti Sthal.  Also some direct elements that interests the person throughout his life can be used to interpret his likings through them like 4 kadam trees have been used in Kusumagraj Smarak.  Simple geometrical shapes can also be a symbol to represent the simplicity of a person which can be seen in Gandhi Ashram or Museum of Socialism or Shanti Niketan. The more dynamic the form is it creates an impression of a person which is like very versatile in nature as in Statue of Unity.  The form having large niches, voids, depressions or cut outs can be termed as accommodative which provides a sense that the building is welcoming you and your thoughts, hence a building with similar nature can be used to depict a person’s welcoming nature, that he/she always allow new thoughts and suggestions. Also they are always having space for everyone in their heart. This statement can be verified through the Gandhi Ashram or Kusumagraj Smarak in a very good way.  The form having the large structures protruding outside one basic form can be termed as aggressive as it reflects the supremacy or the dominance nature, which can be compared easily with the nature of a person like we had observed in Statue of Unity.

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

 A form that is bold in nature or say a huge and heavy mass that has its own story to tell can be termed as robust form which depicts the personality of a person that he is very bold in nature, his decisions creates an impact on the society. Whereas a form which provides an sense of delicacy depicts a delicate and soft person, as we have seen in Museum of Socialism, the bold thoughts of J.P. Narayan ji are depicted a very bold and clean form. 

Sometime the form can be bold from outside but very complex from inside and vice versa, depicting the dual natures of a person.

Personality and Space The edge conditions of any form can also be a major factor to decide the characteristic of that space, like



Sharp corners provides a sense of confinement

Open corners provide sense of freedom

Rounded edges provide sense continuity, softness. Hence to depict a personalities confined, open or soft characteristic, these edge conditions can be used.



The organization of the elements of design or the built forms and also represent different characteristics, like from the survey we got that Grid organization can be the best to show discipline as it is very symmetric, balanced and self-composed in nature just like a disciplined person, like we have also seen in Gandhi Ashram Sangrahalaya that the Grid organization is representing the disciple of Gandhi ji



The openness of a built form provides an expression that it is connecting with the outside world, but an closed building provides an expression that they are conservative in nature just like the human nature that are extrovert or introvert, like in Gandhi Ashram Sangrahalaya, the open planning depicts the openness of thoughts of Gandhi ji.



Planes in a space can also be used to define the philosophies of a person, like -

Parallel planes depicts the opportunity for expansion both the sides.

Planes enclosing the space from 3 sides provides scope of expansion on only one side.

Planes on all sides depicts the scope of expansion is not there.

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

The different types of water body can also add a different character to the space and depict the different persons.



Personality and Surface Characteristics 

Surface characteristics- The rough texture would interpret the roughness or the hardships of person’s life. Whereas smooth texture would interpret the politeness and softness of person.



Also the exposed materials could be used to show the honesty of the person inside out and also the light colours would provide the same essence of purity and honesty. Hence the study concludes that yes, architecture of memorial should reflects the personality for better interpretation of their Ideologies and Philosophies.

5.2 5.2.1

RECOMMENDATIONS SELECTION OF ATAL JI’S CHARACTERISTICS

The characteristics of Atal ji has been selected with the reference of supporting statements or incidents related to them. The table below elaborates the same: Table 21 Discuss about the Characteristics of Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee ji based on findings from different sources

S.No. Characteristics 1 Ground to Earth

Supporting Statements or Incidents When Atal Ji was Foreign Minister, few persons from the Village paid him a visit and felt no difference in his behavior. Pandit Kishori Lal mentioned that there were no signs of boasting in him.

Calm/ Patient

Politeness or Softness

He never rushes down at anything, he used to believe that we should never hurry, the thing will happen at its time. It is often said that “वाजप{{यी आदमी अच्छा है ,

लेकिन पार्टी गलत है ” to which he always replied in a very polite manner that ‘either I am not a good man otherwise I can’t be in a bad party’. 4 5

Accommodative personality Explores better version of himself Believes that there is

Welcomes new suggestions/ thoughts Listen to others Never stopped reading books, and poetry. He used to say that a politician can retire and a poet never gets retire.

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

6 7 8

9 10

14 5.2.2

always a scope of improvement. Discipline This is something that is inherited to him by his Father(A teacher) and his Grandfather. Stability He was the Leader of the Opposition throughout the term of the 11th Lok Sabha. Simplicity He always led a very simple life, never left his love for Hindi language. He is the first ever person who gave his speech in Hindi in United Nations General Assembly. Also he loves to ride cycle and walking. Extrovert Loves to communicate and very curious. Gave importance to He never showed his willingness towards self-indulgence and marriage as he wanted to live life on his own life choices. terms. He had an appear- He has always been a first choice for the ance of gentle and cartoonists due to his curvy face and feadelicate. tures. Bold in his Speeches His speeches are always bold enough to provide an long lasting impression of the listeners mind. Modest from outside His looks are very simple but yet his process and intricated person- of thinking and planning is very complex. ality from inside Honesty and Purity Even the oppositions appreciates this quality. DESIGN STRATEGIES

Using the knowledge gained from the case studies and considering the views of Architects and Architecture students through the survey, the selected characteristics of Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee Ji can be architecturally manifested in the following ways: Table 22 Recommendations for the Architectural manifestation of Ideologies and philosophies of Atal ji

S.No. Characteristics 1 Ground to Earth

Architectural Manifestation Grounded Structure Horizontal in nature Straight Lines

Fig. 5. 1 Sketch showing a grounded structure using horizontal lines

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

Calm/ Patient

Politeness Softness

A small waterfall or stream of water produces soothing sounds.

Fig. 5. 2 A small waterfall providing calmness

or Smooth Textures on the surfaces of the built form.

Fig. 5. 3 Some sort of smooth textures that can be used

Accommodative Accommodative form personality

Fig. 5. 4 A form with various voids in it

Explores better Parallel Planes can be used in a space as they version of himself provide maximum possibility of exploration in Believes that both the sides. there is always a scope of improvement.

Fig. 5. 5 A space formed with 2 parallel planes

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

Discipline

Stability

Grid Organisation

Fig. 5. 6 A simple type of Grid organisation

Static, Symmetrical and Balanced form

Fig. 5. 7 Showing a stable, symmetrical and balanced section

8 9

Simplicity Extrovert

Simple Geometric forms Open Planning, interacting with the surroundings

Lived his life with Open corners of the volume depicting the his own choices freedom, no strict boundaries.

Fig. 5. 8 An example for an open and interactive form

Fig. 5. 9 Open corners of a form

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies

He had an ap- Delicate form can be used pearance of gentle and delicate.

Bold in Speeches

his Bold and monolithic form

Fig. 5. 10 An example for bold and monolithic form

Modest from Form should be simple from outside but can be outside and in- complex from inside. tricated personality from inside

Honesty Purity

Fig. 5. 11 A simple form containing complexities

and Use of natural light, light coloured surfaces or Truth to material can be some options.

Because of the acuity of the time and several constrains during the time of research, the author allows any student or any researcher to take this research further for future studies. So the aspects that have not been covered in this study like Climate, durability of materials used, maintenance, cost effectiveness, services, etc. can also become a part of this research.

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies xi

GLOSSARY OF TERMS Virile - Powerful, Strong, and Energetic Manifestation - A sign of something existing or happening Imageability - A measure of how easily a physical object, word or environment will evoke a clear mental image in the mind of any person observing it. Internalisation - the action of accepting or absorbing an idea, opinion, belief, etc. so that it becomes part of your character Exude - Display strongly and Openly Estrangement - a period when you are estranged from someone or the fact of no longer being friendly

CITATIONS 1. Saying by Atal Bihari Ji at Bharatiya Pratinidhi Sabha Session, Indore – September, 7-8, 1968 - http://www.ataljee.org/quotes.html 2. By WFM Media Article (Accessed on 06/09/2020 https://wfmmedia.com/terracotta-cladding-for-the-facade-jai-prakashnarayan-international-centre-lucknow/) 3. Introduction of Kusumgaraj Smarak by Environ Planners (Accessed on 10/09/2020 - http://www.environplanners.com/kusumagraj.php) 4. About JP’s Life (Accessed on 19/09/2020 - https://theprint.in/opinion/thecruel-truth-is-that-jayaprakash-narayan-was-let-down-by-his-ownfollowers/132970/) 5. Introduction of Statue of Liberty (28/09/20)- Research paper titled- Statue of unity- a Case Study, by Rishav Singh 6. Introduction of Personalities(28/09/20)- www.britannica.com 7. Introduction of Museum Of Socialism (29/09/20)https://www.archdaily.com/794277/museum-of-socialism-jayaprakashnarayan-interpretation-center-archohm 8. (PDF) Buildings with an Attitude: Personality traits for the design of interactive architecture. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272498130_Buildings_with_an_A ttitude_Personality_traits_for_the_design_of_interactive_architecture [accessed Sep 30 2020]. 9. Theories of Ideology: By Nicki Lisa Cole Ph.D.- Updated 03 July,2019. Available from: https://www.thoughtco.com/ideology-definition-3026356 [accessed on Sep 30 2020]. 10. (PDF) Philosophy of the Human Person. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333873368_Philosophy_of_the_ Human_Person [accessed Sep 30 2020].

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11. Introduction of Atal ji (16/11/20)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee 12. Introduction of Indira Gandhi ji (16/11/20)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi#cite_note-tandon-3 13. Atal ji’s life (26/11/20)- http://www.ataljee.org/about-ataljee-sketch.html

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(n.d.). Rabindranath Tagore's Contributions to the Indian Education. Shodh Ganga. Retrieved from https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/95956/8/08_chapter%2 04.pdf

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Palmiano, D. A. (2019). Philosophy of the Human Person. Prince Chariel Publishing House. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333873368_Philosophy_of_the_ Human_Person

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Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies xv

Books: 

Ar. Yatin Pandya, V. S. (2013). Elements of Spaceworking (Reprint, Revised ed.). Ahmedabad: Mapin Publishing.

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Archohm Consults. (n.d.). Museum of Socialism, Jai Prakash Narayan Interepretation Centre, Lucknow. Lucknow Development Authority.



Ching, F. D. (1943). Architecture- Form, Space and Order (3rd ed.). New Jersey, United States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.



Mahajan, R. P. (2008). Rajniti Ke Uss Par. (2nd, Ed.) Mumbai, Maharashtra, India: Ravindra Sathe. Retrieved from http://www.ataljee.org/digLib/handle/1/79



Sharma, D. C. (1999). Kavi Rajneta- Atal Bihari Vajpayee (5th ed.). New Delhi, India: Kitab Ghar. Retrieved from http://www.ataljee.org/digLib/handle/1/118

Fig. A - Rajniti ke Uss Par (By- R.P.M.)

Fig. B - Elements of Space Making by Ar. Yatin Pandya

Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies xvi

ANNEXURES

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In the loving memory of Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee ji….

By- Kushal Bhattacharya

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Dissertation| Architecture reflecting Ideologies and Philosophies| Rajat Bansal

Articles inside

CHAPTER 3: THE LIFE OF SHRI ATAL BIHARI VAJPAYEE JI

CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS