Climate change and agriculture-Mutual influence
Raji Ali Mousa Phd student Erciyes universityTurkey
Climate change and agriculture are interrelated processes, both of which take place on global scale and their relationship is of particular importance as the imbalance between world population and world food production increases.
A-Climate change effected on Agriculture
The significant relation of climate change and agriculture sector become well known , In recent years, even if the attention is not enough.
Conclude that global climate change has to do with agriculture in one way or another. This relationship becomes strong in developing countries because they depend on agricultural activities and these activities mostly depend on climatic conditions , for example in Ethiopia, most of the agricultural activities depend on rain water and Iraq the rain is trending towards decline and temperatures are going up (1)
change will cause most of the productivity to be reduced main crops to 50% by 2050in spite of world changes in temperature , rain and weather events are expected to reduce crop yield (maize, rice, wheat, potatoes and vegetables) and continue to reduce seriously by 2050. Climate population goes from 6.8 billion to 9.1 billion (2)
Climate change is also likely to affect the livestock sector both by affecting the quantity and quality of feed .
Global warming and changes in climate are increasingly affecting , agricultural soil and water resources, and food security.
Droughts , floods , heat waves and unpredictable lack of rain can make agricultural production difficult, if not impossible.
The situation could be further exacerbated by the acceleration of greenhouse gas emissions. The effect on the soil is by water and wind erosion , salinity, lack of moisture, change of physical and chemical characteristics and desertification and effect on water, the lack of rain leads to the
depletion of water resources , their salinity and an increase in their consumption , and their increase leads to the erosion of the soil and the flooding of agricultural land and its exit from productivity. Climate change leads to an impact on biodiversity by losing local agricultural breeds, for example, carbon dioxide affects the physiological functions of insects and pests , shortening their life cycle and increasing their numbers.
climate change to Increase production costs due to an increase in control materials , fertilizer kits and animal feed. The direct effect on the plant is its death by high heat or diseases and low productivity.
Climate change causes expansion of the ozone hole due to the emission of gases, global warming and desertification , where we lose 4% of the ozone per decade.
B- The impact of agriculture on climate change
Various studies indicate that current agricultural activities are a significant source of GHGs that aggravate climate disruption (3)
Agriculture creates both direct and indirect emissions , direct emissions come from fertilized agricultural soils and livestock manure. While indirect emissions come from leaching of fertilizers, emission from land-use changes , use of fossil fuels for mechanization, transport and agro-chemical and fertilizer production [4]
Most significant indirect emissions are changes in natural vegetation Globally. agriculture contributes to 58 %of total N2O emission [5,6]
It creates 4.5 million tons of nitrous oxide annually [7]
Various management practices in the agricultural land can lead to production and emission of nitrous oxide , range from fertilizer application to methods of irrigation , tillage and cattle and feedlots. Use of synthetic fertilizer for agriculture is a major source of nitrous oxide emissions. The impact of fertilizers on climate change is actually greater and the result is an increase in emissions.
lower use of synthetic fertilizer that minimize GHG emissions and sequester carbon in the soil
Agriculture contributes 30-40% of anthropogenic GHG emissions , and this share may rise above 80% by 2050 [8].
Yibekal] found that deforestation (for agricultural expansion and fuel wood) is the main cause of climate change in Ethiopia.
Intensive tillage is also one of traditional land use practices which involve continuously disturb the land , practice increases CO2 emissions by causing decomposition of SOM and soil erosion [9].
The organic matter in rice fields accounts for more than 40% of the gas methane, and that about 25% of global methane emissions are Comes from livestock, in addition to agriculture is responsible for 80% of neutron oxide emissions from fertilizer decomposition
C- How to reduce risk?
We can reduce risk by understanding
Adaptation: means anticipating the adverse effects of climate change and taking appropriate action to prevent or make less the damage they can cause, such as individuals reducing their food waste, Mitigation : means making the impacts of climate change less severe by preventing or reducing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere e.g. by increasing the size of forests. In short, mitigation is a human intervention that reduces the sources of GHG emissions.
Adaptation and I Mitigation: Any Adaptation of a crop on a crop to reduce From irrigation water, such as condensation of apple cultivars (Red Delicious-Golden). Delicious - Rum Beauty - Jonatham (original) - MM106 MM109,) and loading the bean plant on the corn crop The yellow color of the main loop increased the dry matter by about 7%.
Sustainable organic agricultural systems can help reduce agricultural GHG emissions through energy conservation, lower levels of carbon-based inputs, for organic cultivation .
The greenhouse phenomenon that contributes to the conversion of fertilizers and pesticides to carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides as well.
Reduce surface and ground water pollution and reduce of the environmental and economic costs of conventional farming.
Attention to veterinary care: by improving conditions Barns, fodder, veterinary services and installation Special stations for monitoring gas emissions.
The global adoption of organic agriculture (OA) has the potential to sequester the equivalent of 32% of all human-made greenhouse gas emissions [10].
In organic farming, soil fertility is maintained through (manure, legume production, extensive crop rotation, etc.).
Sustainable organic agricultural systems can help reduce agricultural GHG emissions through energy conservation, lower levels of carbon-based inputs.
Agriculture can play a role in reducing fuel combustion fossil fuels and replace 20% of its consumption in the short term using biomass fuel.Crop land contribution carbon uptake over the next twenty to thirty years 450610 million tons of carbon per year.
Treating sewage water for use in agricultural irrigation
Covering the crops in tunnels with plastic in the winter to protect them From low heat and wind.
Covering young seedlings with straw or burlap to treat height the heat
Do not burn this waste And use them in useful ways such as fermentation and production of biogas and bio-fertilizerلولحلا
Reducing electricity and fuel bills, using solar energy for heating, and reducing water use(11)
Improving techniques for using mineral fertilizers to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions and encourage no-till farming (12)
Fighting forest fires and establishing green belts around cities to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, Rainwater collection and storage , using efficient irrigation methods such as sprinkler and drip irrigation , Planting heat-resistant trees and plants, the peach tree bears more heat than the apple tree , establishment of greenhouse and plastic farms and plant tissue laboratories for heat-resistant varieties, Sewage water treatment , Methane emission control.
References
(1) Abed, Qusay fadel(2019) Climate change in the temperature and rain of Iraq, Journal of the College of Basic Education for Educational and Human Sciences, Issue 45
(2) FAO .2019. Feeding an additional third of humanity by 2050
(3) Cabral L, Ludi E, Peskett L, Stevens C (2007) Climate Change and Agriculture: Agricultural Trade, Markets and Investment. Overseas Development Institute, London.
(4) Нornton P, Lipper L (2013) How does climate change alter agricultural strategies to support food security?. Background paper for the conference “Food Security Futures: Research Priorities for the 21st Century”, 11-12 April 2013, Dublin
(5) IPCC. 2014. AR5 WGIII. Geneva. [http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/
(6) World Bank (2008b) Agriculture for development policy brief: adaptation and mitigation of climate change in agriculture: World Development Report 2008.
(7) IPCC (2007) Mitigation of Climate Change. Working Group III Report of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ contents.html]
(8) David U, Lal R (2013) Soil emission of nitrous oxide and its mitigation. Dordrecht: Springer. BN 978-94-007-5364-8 (eBook). Springer Science +Business Media Dordrecht 2013. 41.
(9) Yibekal AT, Chanyalew SA and Getachew SE (2013) Understanding the process of adaptation to climate change by small-holder farmers: the case of east Hararghe Zone, Ethiopia A springer open journal of Agricultural and Food Economics.
(10) FAO (2009) Food Security and Agricultural Mitigation in Developing Countries: Options for Capturing Synergies. [www.fao.org] Assessed on: Feb 25, 2016
(11) Dr. Hani Abu Qadis ,Director of the Queen Rania Al-Abdullah Center environmental science and technology, Climate change Causes and consequences
(12) UNDP. Nationally determined contribution of Iraq (NDC)