parts-of-speech by fakhrul islam

Words divided into different kinds or classes are called Parts of Speech. According to their uses; that is according to the work they do in a Sentence. In the parts of speech section, we will discuss identification, formation, and usage of every part of speech. But you should be seriously careful about the usage and this is very important for your preparation. Everywhere you will face the questions related to correct usage. So be serious about usage. Different Kinds of Part of Speech:        

Noun Pronoun Adjective Verb Adverb Prepositin Conjunction Interjection

Noun is a naming word of any place, thing, action, quality or nation etc.

There are some clues to identify a Noun. Ø A word used as the subject or object of a verb is Noun. Beauty is truth I see a bird. Ø The object of Gerund, Participle or Infinitive is a Noun. To tell the truth is hard.

Reading books is always amusing. Seeing a tiger, I turned pale. Ø If you see a word used after the preposition, it is a Noun. Love came from Heaven. He believes in God. Ø If you see only a word after articles (a, an, the) it is a Noun. He is a genius. The rich are not always happy.

একটি ভূ র word এয ঳াথথ suffix ঄থফা prefix মু ক্ত ঴থে টফটবন্ন parts of speech এ ঩টযণত ঴ে। তাআ একটি word এয ঳াথথ টকবাথফ suffix ঄থফা prefix মু ক্ত ঴থে টফটবন্ন parts of speech এ ঩টযণত ঴ে, তা টনথেয example টি দদখথর বারবাথফ ফুঝথত ঩াযথফ-

Communicate (V. দমাগাথমাগ যক্ষা কযা)

Communication (N. দমাগাথমাগ) ►

Verb এয দ঱থল tion/ion দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ express – expression apply – application

►

emancipate–emancipation eradicate - eradication

Verb এয দ঱থল ment দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ commit – commitment embezzle –embezzlement disappoint – disappointment

►

Verb এয দ঱থল iour দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ

Behave = Behaviour ►

Verb এয দ঱থল age দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ Block = Blockage,

►

Cover = Coverage

Verb এয দ঱থল or দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ Visit = Visitor,

Act = Actor

inspect – inspector invent – inventor ►

Verb এয দ঱থল ce দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ Present = Presence, Absent = Absence

►

Verb এয ঳াথথ er/r (Suffix) দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ Speak = Speaker, Make = Maker, sing – singer

►

Verb এয ঳াথথ ee/e দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ Pay = Payee,

►

Examine = Examinee

Verb এয দ঱থল ery দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ Bake = Bakery

►

Verb এয দ঱থল ar দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ Beg = Beggar

► Verb এয দ঱থল th দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ Grow = Growth, ►

Deep = Depth

Adjective এয দ঱থল ship দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ Hard = Hardship

►

Adjective এয দ঱থল ity দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ

Continuous – continuity, garrulous – garrulity ►

Adjective এয দ঱থল ism দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ Dynamic – dynamism optimistic – pessimism Euphemistic – euphemism

►

Verb এয দ঱থল al দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ Refuse = Refusal,

►

Propose = Proposal

Verb এয দ঱থল y দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ Discover = Discovery

►

Verb এয দ঱থল ance/ ence দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ Eloquent – eloquence coherent – coherence Competent – competence

►

Verb এয দ঱থল sion/ion দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ Express = Expression, Divide = Division

►

Adjective এয দ঱থল ness দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ Great – greatness

►

conscious– consciousness.

Adjective এয দ঱থল cy দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ Efficient = Efficiency, Proficient = Proficiency

►

Adjective এয দ঱থল y দমাগ কথয Noun গঠন কযা মােঃ Honest = Honesty,

Modest = Modesty

Rule # 01: Subject এফং Object ট঴থ঳থফ দকান word দক ফযফ঴ায কযথত ঴থর ঐ word টিথক Noun এ ঩টযফততন কথয ফযফ঴ায কযথত ঴থফ। For Example: Happiness means different things to different people. We have already evaluated your performance. Allocation of resources is the main theme of Economics. [Not allocate or allocated] Coherence is necessary for writing. Fill in the gap with any one of the following _

______ is an ancient source of energy. (A) The wind P (C) Wind

(B) Winds (D) A wind

Rule # 02: Preposition এয ঩য noun ফথ঳ For Example: He was craving for affection. English is used for communication. He is good in English. Rule # 03: Article এফং Determiner এয ঩য মটদ শুধু একটি word থাথক তথফ ঐ word টি ঄ফ঱যআ Noun ঴থফ কথেকটি ঳ু ত্রঃ (i) Determiner + Noun : The communication (ii) Determiner +Adjective + Noun: The communicative system Rule # 04: The + Noun + Preposition + Determiner + Noun : The possession of this room For Example:

The poverty of people in the rural areas is not as visible as that of people in the city. The history of this genetic engineering is not very old. The work of many people made the project a success. Fill in the gap with any one of the following_

The ------ of pollution in the cities should not be overlooked by the authorities. (D Unit 1996 – 1997) A. affects

B. effecting

C. affect

PD. effects

Rule # 05: Possessive, Infinitive, Gerund এফং Participle এয ঩য মটদ দকান word ফযফহৃত ঴ে তা঴থর ঑ দ঳আ word টিথক Noun এ form কথয use কযথত ঴থফ। For Example: Building house is very costly. Seeing a child drawing, he jumped into the river. I wanted to know the destination. To tell a lie is a great sin.

Rule # 06: এভনটক Preposition গুথরায ঩থয মটদ দকান Verb ঑ অথ঳ তা঴থর ঐ verb গুথরাথক - ing দমাথগ Gerund কথয ঄থতাৎ Noun এ form কথয use কযথত ঴থফ। For Example: He is wearing the shirt for going to University. He saved the child after jumping in the river. He boasts of accomplishing everything individually.

A Pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun; John is absent, because he is ill.

Subject

Object

Possessive

Pronoun

Pronoun Adjective

Pronoun

Mine

Our

Ours

You

Your

Yours

You

Your

Yours

Him

His

She

Her

Hers

They

Them

Their

Theirs

Its

Rule - 01: Verb এয Subject ট঴থ঳থফ মটদ দকান Pronoun অথ঳ তা঴থর Nominative form ঴থফ অয verb এয object ট঴থ঳থফ মটদ দকান Pronoun অথ঳ তা঴থর objective form ঴থফ। For Example: He and they followed me and her. I saw her at the play.

Rule - 02: Infinitive, Gerund টকংফা Participle এয Object ট঴থ঳থফ মটদ দকান Pronoun অথ঳ তা঴থর ঐ Pronoun টিথক objective form কথয use কযথত ঴থফ। For Example: They tried to follow me. After dropping Sujana and her, I came here. Rule - 03: Subject + verb + Objective pronoun/noun + Infinitive (to+verb). ঄থতাৎ tell, order, oblige, compel, allow, permit, teach, instruct, warn, urge, advise, tempt, encourage, request, forbid, show, how, remind, etc এয

঩য Object + Infinitive ফথ঳। For Example: The commander ordered them to go. She showed them how to play on harmonium. Rule - 04: Preposition এয object ট঴থ঳থফ মটদ দকান Pronoun অথ঳ তা঴থর ঐ Pronoun টিথক objective form এ use কযথত ঴থফ। For Example: He always looks after me. You can depend on him and her. Rule - 05: Be verb (am, is, are, was, were etc.) এয complement ট঴থ঳থফ মটদ দকান Pronoun অথ঳ তা঴থর ঐ Pronoun টি Nominative form ঴থফ। For Example:

It is he who did this. Hers is she.

Rule - 06: Who/Whom এয ফযফ঴ায : Who + Verb -----Whom + Noun/ Pronoun----Verb এয Subject ট঴থ঳থফ দকাথনা প্রকায টেন্তাবাফনা ছাড়াআ who use কযথত ঴থফ। অয Noun/pronoun এয ঳াথথ whom use কযথত ঴থফ কাযণ এথক্ষথত্র whom টি verb এয object ঴ে। For Example: I know the man who is waiting for you. You are the lady whom he wants. For Example: Tell this who/whom looks confident. Tell this who/whom you find. Tell this who/whom you think is confident.

Rule - 07: Relative Pronoun (who, which, that) এয ঩থয verb ঳ফ঳ভে তায antecedent ঄নু মােী ঴থফ ঄থতাৎ relative pronoun এয immediately অথগ দম Noun ফা pronoun অথছ দ঳িা ঄নু মােী ঴থফ। For Example: It is you who are responsible for this.

I have lost the books which were bought from this store It is I who am your friend. [Here the verb after the relative pronoun is determined by I]

Rule - 08: Relative Pronoun ঳ফ঳ভে তায antecedent এয ঩াথ঱আ ফথ঳। For Example: Inc: The man will be punished who has done this Corr: The man who has done this will be punished

Rule - 09: ফাংরাে (অটভ, তুটভ ঑ দ঳) ফরা ঴ে, টকন্তু আংথযটিথত (তুটভ, দ঳ ঑ অটভ) এবাথফ ফযফহৃত ঴ে। For Example: You, he and I are to organize the show. _ Which one of the following sentences is correct? (C Unit 1999-2000) A. Selim, you and I shall be punished. B. I, you and Selim shall be punished. C. You, me and Selim shall be punished. PD. You, Selim and I shall be punished. অফায দদাল স্বীকায কযথর (অটভ, তুটভ ঑ দ঳) এবাথফআ ফযফহৃত ঴ে। For Example: I, you and he are in the wrong.

An adjective is a word, which modifies a Noun or a Pronoun.

You know Adjective is a qualifying word. You can identify any adjective in the following ways:► দতাভযা ঩ূ থফতয দরকোথয noun দক identify কযথত ট঱থখছ। এআ noun টিয immediately অথগ ঄ফটিত দকান word দক মটদ দতাভায identify কযথত ঴থর ঐ word টিথক ঄ফ঱যআ Adjective ট঴থ঳থফ identify কথযা। This is an honorary degree. Any succinct essay is appreciable. ► Linking Verb এয complement ট঴থ঳থফ ফযফহৃত দকান word দক identify কযথত ঴থর টনটিথন্ত ঐ word টিথক adjective ট঴থ঳থফ identify কযথত ঴থফ। He became very much effusive. What is intangible can be perceived only. ► Possessive Pronoun ট঴থ঳থফ ঳াধাযণবাথফ অভযা মাথদযথক টেটন, তাযা অ঳থর sentence এ Adjective ট঴থ঳থফ use ঴ে। ঳ু তযাং মটদ কখথনা এযকভ দকান possessive pronoun দক identify কযথত ঴ে, দ঳থক্ষথত্র এথদযথক Adjective ট঴থ঳থফ identify কথযা। Your installment must be refunded. His instability is really irritable.

In the first lecture you have seen how some adjectives become noun. In the place of adjectives it is also right. _ Noun এয দ঱থল ous দমাগ কথয Adjective গঠন কযা মােঃ Monotony –

monotonous

Harmony

–

harmonious

Courtesy

–

courteous

►Noun এয দ঱থল ent দমাগ কথয Adjective গঠন কযা মােঃ Excellence –

excellent

Indifference

–

indifferent

Inadvertence

–

inadvertent

► Noun এয দ঱থল al দমাগ কথয Adjective গঠন কযা মােঃ Artifice

–

artificial

Convention

–

conventional

Benefit

–

beneficial

► Noun এয দ঱থল -full or –less দমাগ কথয Adjective গঠন কযা মােঃ Beauty

–

beautiful

Care

–

careless/careful

► Verb এয দ঱থল able দমাগ কথয Adjective গঠন কযা মােঃ Permeate

–

permeable

Consolé

–

consolable

Dispense

–

dispensable

► Noun এয দ঱থল ic দমাগ কথয Adjective গঠন কযা মােঃ Artist

–

artistic

Hero

–

heroic

► -bility মু ক্ত Noun দক ble দমাগ কথয Adjective গঠন কযা মােঃ Incredible

–

incredibility

Incorrigible

–

incorrigibility

Invisible

–

invisibility

► –tion or –sion মু ক্ত Noun দক –tive or –sive দমাগ কথয Adjective গঠন কযা মােঃ Deception

–

Apprehension

deceptive –

apprehensive

Rule - 01: Adjective একটি টনটদতষ্ট order দভথন েথর। দমভন- Determiner + Modifier + Headword. For Example: The active participant A young inactive lazy boy A round Italian pizza dish

Rule - 02: Noun এয ঩ূ থফত মটদ দকান Word দক use কযথত ঴ে দম word টি ঐ Noun এয ফযা঩াথয কথা ফথর, তা঴থর ঐ word টিথক Adjective এ form কথয use কযথত ঴থফ। For Example: I saw that I do not know the

Rule - 03: ঳াধাযণবাথফ Verb এয ঩থয ফা complenent ট঴থ঳থফ Adverb use ঴ে। টকন্তু Linking Verb এয complement ট঴থ঳থফ Adverb ফযফহৃত না ঴থে Adjective use ঴ে। এখাথন প্রথোিনীে এফং গুরুত্ব঩ূ ণত কতগুথরা Linking Verb দক list ট঴থ঳থফ দদো ঴থরা।

become

feel

appear

smell stay

sound

taste

look

remain

seem

He works silently. টকন্তু He remains silent. He drives carefully. টকন্তু He looks careful.

টকন্তু Linking Verb এয ঳াথথ মটদ Preposition থাথক টকংফা Linking Verb এয Object থাথক তা঴থর অফায Adverb use ঴থফ। For Example:

He looks after carefully. I tasted that soup hungrily. Rule - 04: ঄থনক দক্ষথত্রআ Noun ফাথকযয ভথধয Adjective ট঴থ঳থফ use ঴থত ঩াথয। For Example: I saw a beautiful I saw a beautiful girl. টকন্তু এথক্ষথত্র ভথন যাখথত ঴থফ দম, Noun মটদ দকান Sentence এ Adjective ট঴থ঳থফ কাি কথয, তা঴থর ঐ Noun টি কখথনাআ plural ঴ে না। For Example: This book contains ten pages. (Noun) This ten-page book is interesting. (Adj.) Give me a ten page book. (adj)

Rule - 05: Noun এয অথগ enough ফথ঳ টকন্তু Adjective ঄থফা Adverb এয ঩থয enough ফথ঳। enough + noun For Example: You can love if you have enough money to spend for women. adjective/ adverb + enough For Example: You are beautiful enough to satisfy me.

He has enough strength to lift this. 01) When your body does not get — it cannot make the glucose it needs. (C Unit 2004 – 2005) A. food as enough

B. food enoughly

C. enough the food

PD. enough food

E. food enough 02) Choose the suitable option to fill in the gap. The tiny print on the poster is — small to be read easily. (B Unit 2004 - 2005) A. so

B. much

C. very

PD. too

Rule - 06: Little এফং Few এযা টনথিযাআ Negative ফথর এথদয ঳াথথ কখথনাআ দকান ধযথনয Negation use ঴থফ না। For Example: You have little money. [Not few money] He has not few friends. [Incorrect] He has few friends. [Correct]

টকন্তু a little, the little টকংফা a few, the few-এযা অফায Positive ঄থত প্রকা঱ কথয। I have a little money.

এখাথন অথযকিা কথা ভথন যাখািা িরুযী দম only এয ঳াথথ কখথনা শুধু little টকংফা few use ঴থফ না। মটদ use কযথত ঴ে তা঴থর দ঳থক্ষথত্র a little টকংফা a few ঴থফ। For Example: Only few students are lazy (Incorrect)

Only a few students are lazy (Correct) We will need only little food (Incorrect) We will need only a little food (Correct) 01.

Although Southern California is densely populated, ----- live in the northern part of the state. (D

Unit 2003 – 2004) A. a little people

PB. only a few people

C. some of the people D. many people. 02. ------- is currently available to researchers and physicians who study the indigenous life of Bangladesh. (D Unit 2003 – 2004) A. A little information B. Few information P C. Little information D. A few information.

Rule - 07: Another, other, the other এফং some, others, the others এয ফযফ঴ায ঳ম্পথকত একিা বাথরা ধাযণা যাখািা িরুযী। টনথেয example গুথরা দখোর কথযাঃ For Example: I have two dresses. One is red and the other is blue. I have two types of marbles. Some are red and the others are blue.

Verb প্রথভত: দু আবাথগ বাগ কযা ঴থেথছ। মথা: Finite Verb and Non Finite verb. দম Verb দ্বাযা ফাথকযয ঄থত ঩ূ ণত ঴ে তথা দম Verb ফাথকযয ঄থত ঩ূ ণত কথয তাথক Finite Verb ফথর। Finite Verb অফায দু আ প্রকায। মথা: Principal Verb and Auxiliary Verb. দম Verb টনথি ফাথকয গঠন কথয এফং Auxiliary Verb এয ঳া঴াময টনথে঑ ফাকয গঠন কথয তাথক Principal Verb ফথর। দমভন, we drink tea. We are drinking tea.

দম Verb Tense, mood, Voice ফা ফাকয গঠথন Principal Verb দক ঳া঴াময কথয এফং এথদয দকান দকানটি অফায কখথনা টনথি ফাকয গঠন কযথত ঩াযথর঑ তাথদয টনিস্ব দকান ঄থত দনআ তাথক Auxiliary verb ফথর। দমভন, He is eating rice. I am a student. প্রথভ ফাকযটিথত ―is‖ eat দক ফাকয গঠথন ঳া঴াময কথযথছ। অফায টদ্বতীে ফাথকয ―is‖ টনথি ফাকয গঠন কথযথছ।

Auxiliary Verb দভাি ২৭ টি। মথা: Am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being (These are called to be verb); have, has, had (These are called to have verb); do, did, done (These are called do verb); may, might, can, could, shall, should, will, would, ought to, dare, need, must, used to(These are called modal auxiliaries) and the first fourteen are called Primary Auxiliaries.

CASUATIVE VERBS দম verb এয ভাধযথভ subject object দক টদথে কাি কটযথে দনে দ঳িআ ঴থে casuative verb ফা প্রথমািক টিো। কতগুথরা verb এয casuative form টনথে প্রদত্ত ঴রঃ Simple verb

Causative Verb

Eat

Feed

Learn

Teach

Know

Inform

Dive

Dip

Rise

Raise

Drink

Drench

See

Show

Suck

Suckle

Remember

Remind

Fall

Fell

঄টধকাং঱ verb এয casuative form দনআ। অয দম ঳ফ verb এয casuative form দনআ দ঳গুরথক have, get, make, let, help-এ ঳কর verb এয ভাধযথভ casuative কযথত ঴ে। টনথে এ ঳কর verb এয ফযফ঴ায দদখাথনা ঴রঃ Ø I had or got the letter written by him. Ø I got him to write the letter.

Adverb is the word that qualifies the word except Noun and Pronoun. Therefore, it may qualify any Verb, Adjective, and Adverb, Phrase or a full sentence. He runs fast. [Modifier of Verb] He is always late. [Modifier of Adjective] He runs very fast. [Modifier of Adv.] Evidently the figures are incorrect. [Modifier of a sentence] Formation:

Adverbs are usually formed by adding -ly to an Adjective. Frequent – frequently Horrible- horribly Merry – merrily Usage/Rules:

Rule - 01: Adjective এয অথগ মটদ দকান Word দক use কযথত ঴ে তা঴থর ঐ word টিথক Adverb এ form কথয তায঩য use কযথত ঴থফ। For Example: She looks He wanted an extremely large amount of money. Rule - 02: মটদ দকান word verb দক modify কথয তা঴থর ঐ word টিথক Adverb এ form কথয use কযথত ঴থফ।

For Example: He speaks English fluently. He walks silently. 01.

Point out the sentence with correct use of adverb—

(C Unit 1997 - 1998)

üA. Write the essay in brief. B. Write the essay briefly. C. Write the essay in short. D. Write the essay shortly. Rule - 03: Preposition মু ক্ত Noun/Pronoun; Adverb এ ঩টযনত ঴ে। For Example: In time, in the morning, at this moment, day by day, etc. 01.

the government, _______UN Millennium Development Goals, finalized, approved and has started

implementation of the full-PRSP. (C Unit 2009 - 2010) A. as dictated by

üB. in line with

C. as a support to

D. consistent with the

Rule - 04: Adverb of Manner, Adverb of Place টকংফা Adverb of Time –এযা ঳ফাআ sentence এয দ঱থল ফথ঳। টকন্তু মটদ এযা একথত্র ফথ঳ দ঳থক্ষথত্র এথদয টনথিথদয ভথধয একিা order ফা ধাযা maintain কযথত ঴ে। Manner ® Place ® Time. For Example:

He works sincerely in his office everyday. She went there at 9.00 pm. Rule - 05: টকছু Adverbs (always, often, usually, generally, Just, quite, already, almost, ever, never, hardly, barely, rarely, scarcely, seldom) ঳ফ঳ভে main verb এয immediately অথগ ফথ঳। এভনটক মটদ দকান auxiliary verb টকংফা modal থাথক দ঳থক্ষথত্র auxiliary verb ফা modal এয ঩থয টকন্তু main verb এয অথগ ফথ঳। For Example: He often visits our house. I hardly watch movies. He has already completed this. He has just arrived. Exception: have to টকংফা used to এযা modal ঴঑ো ঳থে঑ এআ adverb গুথরা এথদয ঩থয না ফথ঳ ঳ফ঳ভে অথগ ফথ঳। For Example: I always have to do my work. He often used to wear unusual dress. 01.

Choose the appropriate alternative: (B Unit 1997 - 1998) A. I already twice have read this book. üB. I have already read this book twice. C. I have read already twice this book. D. I twice have already read this book.

Rule - 06:

Hardly, Barely, Rarely, Scarcely, Seldom– এআ Adverb গুথরা টনথিযাআ Negatives. অয একাযথণআ এথদয ঳াথথ দকাথনা প্রকায negation ঄থতাৎ (no, not টকংফা never) use ঴থফ না। For Example: I could not hardly solve this problem (Inc) I could hardly solve this problem. (Cor) 01.

Identify the correct translation: (B Unit 1999 - 2000)

঳টতযকাথযয পুর঑ ঴েথতা এয দেথে খুফ একিা দফট঱ ঳ু গটি ঴থতা না। A. Real flowers hardly could have smelt better. üB. Real flowers could hardly have smelt better. C. Real flowers could have smelt better hardly D. Real flowers could smelt better hardly. Rule - 07: Hardly, Barely, Rarely, Scarcely, Seldom – এথদযথক টদথে মটদ দকাথনা sentence শুরু ঴ে তা঴থর দ঳থক্ষথত্র sentence এয অথগ verb েথর অথ঳। মটদ auxiliary verb ফা modal থাথক তা঴থর তাযা ফথ঳। অয মটদ এযা না থাথক দ঳থক্ষথত্র tense ঄নু মােী do, does টকংফা did ফ঳থফ। For Example: Rarely are you found in the room. Scarcely did I reach there when it began rain. Hardly could I solve this problem. Rule - 08: Negative Emphasis প্রদানকাযী টকছু Adverbs (not once, Not only, not untill, never, never again, only after etc.) গুথরায দফরাে একআ টনেভ প্রথমািয।

For Example: Never again will they stay in the hotel. Not until the late middle ages did glass become a major construction material. 01.

Not until the Triassic Period ------.

(D Unit 2003 - 2004) A. the first primitive mammals did develop üB. did the first primitive mammals develop C. did develop the first primitive mammals D. the first primitive mammals develop. Rule - 09: মটদ঑ adverb এয ঳াথথ ঳াধাযণত: -ly থাথক, টকন্তু টকছু words (fast, late এফং hard) অথছ মাথদয ঳াথথ by থাকা ঳থে঑ এযা টনথিযাআ adverb। ঳ু তযাং এথদয দফরাে fastly, hardly টকংফা lately use কযা মাথফ না। তথফ টবন্ন ঄থথত hardly টকংফা lately Adverb ট঴থ঳থফ use ঴থত ঩াথয। For Example: Helen types fast and efficiently. He arrived late because of bad weather. _

Choose the correct option: Although he felt very-----, he smiled-----(B Unit 2003 - 2004) A. angrily, friendly

B. angry, friendly

C. angrily, in a friendly üD. angry, in a friendly way.

A Preposition is a connecting word used before a noun or a pronoun or a phrase and makes relationship with other words. To distinguish between preposition and conjunction always remember one thing, Preposition connects a word or phrase but conjunction connects a clause. I arrived at the office after him.

[Here after is preposition] I arrived at the office after he did.

[Here after is conjunction] But very few Conjunctions are used as prepositions. It is not very much frequent in English. A conjunction connects two clauses and makes relationships with other words.

Rule # 01: দকান word টকংফা phrase দক join কযথত ঴থর preposition টদথে join কযথত ঴থর conjunction টদথে join কযথত ঴ে। উদা঴যণস্বরূ঩: as/like এয কথা ধযা থাথক: as ঴থে conjunction ঄থতাৎ clause দক join কথয অয like ঴থে preposition ঄থতাৎ দকাথনা word ঄থফা phrase দক join কথয। For Example: He looks like me [Like is preposition] It was done, as you wanted [As is conjunction]

He did as I instructed. He instructed like my father. 01.

Like Tarek, Masud was caught by mistake.

üA. Like Tarek

(C Unit 2005-2006)

B. Like Tarek‖s capture

C. Just as Tarek was caught

D. Similar to Tarek

E. As did Tarek 02. Complete the sentence: There can be no invention ---- an inventor. (D Unit 2001 - 2002) A. except

B. nor

üC. without

D. before

occur because a misunderstanding 03.

Complete the sentence:

The moon is not a planet ----- the planets in many respects.

(C Unit 1995 - 1996)

A. to resemble B. which resembles C. despite its resemblance üD. although it resembles _

পুরটি যথক্তয ভত রার।

(C Unit 1991 - 1992)

üA. The flower is red like blood B. The flower is blood like red C. The Flower is as red as blood

D. The flower is bloody

Rule # 02: (Not only –– but also, No sooner ---than, both –– and, either –– or wKsev neither –– nor) এথদয ঩ুথযা঩ুটয expressien টি একথত্র conjunction ট঴থ঳থফ কাি কথয। ঳ু তযাং এথদয দকাথনা ঄ং঱থক কখথনা ঩টযফততন কথয use কযা মাথফ না। For Example: He is both a footballer as well as a cricketer. (Inc) He is both a footballer and a cricketer. (Cor)

Rule # 03: Similar Theme এয দু টি clause দক join কযথত and use কযা ঴ে এফং opposite theme এয দু টি clause দক join কযথত but use কযথত ঴ে। For Example: I went there and found him. I went there but did not find him.

Rule # 04: In case ঄থত মটদ অফায If ঄থত ঑ মটদ। টকন্তু এথদয ভথধয টকছুিা ঩াথতকয অথছ। এ ঩াথতকযিা ক্লাথ঱ দমবাথফ ফুঝাথনা ঴থফ দ঳বাথফ দফাঝায দেষ্টা কযথফ। For Example: You should take an umbrella in case it rains. You should not go outside if it rains.

Rule # 05: ঳াধাযণত: মটদ sentence টি affirmative ঴ে তা঴থর as ----- as use কযা ঴ে অয মটদ sentence টি negative ঴ে তা঴থর so ----- as use কযা ঴ে। For Example: Stephen is as sharp as a tack. Assembling this equipment is not so difficult as it may appear.

Grammar এয দফরাে অভযা Sentence-এয Meaning এয োআথত Rule গুথরাথকআ প্রাধানয টদথে থাটক। টকন্তু টফটবন্ন Preposition ফযফ঴াথযয ঳ভে অভযা Rule এয ঩া঱া঩াট঱ Meaning দক঑ টফথফেনা কযফ। এথত কথয Preposition টনফতােন কযািা ঄থনক ঳঴ি ঴থে মাথফ।

অভযা মখন Appropriate Preposition টনথে অথরােনা কযফ কখন দতাভযা Preposition এয ফযা঩াথয ঳াভটিক একিা ধাযণা ঩াথফ। টকন্তু তায঩য঑ এআ দরকোথয অভযা কথেকটি Preposition এয ফযফ঴াথযয ফযা঩াথয দতাভাথদযথক একিু ধাযণা টদটে।

Between এফং Among এয ফযফ঴ায: Between এফং Among উবেআ Preposition ট঴থ঳থফ ফযফহৃত ঴ে। দু আথেয ভথধয টনফতােন কযায দক্ষথত্র Between ফযফহৃত ঴ে অয দু আথেয ঄টধক Noun ঴থর টকংফা Plural Noun ঴থর দ঳থক্ষথত্র among ফথ঳। For Example: In a federal form of government, power is divided among the legislative, executive and judicial branches. Although both teams were from the same country, there was cut throat competition between them. The work is distributed between the secretary and the receptionist.

Divide the money among the players.

Besides এয ফযফ঴ায: Besides ঑ একটি Preposition ট঴থ঳থফ কাি কথয ঄থতাৎ Word টকংফা Phrase দক মু ক্ত কথয। ―঩া঱া঩াট঱‖ টকংফা ―ছাড়া঑‖ ঄থথত Besides এয ফযফ঴ায ঳ফ঳ভে রক্ষয কযা মাে। ভথন যাখথত ঴থফ দম, Beside ঱ব্দটিয ঄থত ঴থে ―টনকিফততী ‖। ঳ু তযাং Besides এয ঩টযফথতত কখথনাআ beside ফযফ঴ায কযা মাথফ না। For Example: Besides studies, Students should be involved in social activities. (঄থতাৎ ঩ড়াশুনায ঩া঱া঩াট঱ ট঱ক্ষাথতীথদয ঳াভাটিক কাথি ঳ম্পৃ ক্ত ঴঑ো উটেত।) (টকংফা, দরখা঩ড়া ছাড়া঑ ট঱ক্ষাথতীথদয ঳াভাটিক কাথি ঳ম্পৃ ক্ত ঴঑ো উটেত।) Besides our dog, we have two cats. We sat beside the teacher. Such as এয ফযফ঴ায: Such as ঑ একটি Preposition ট঴থ঳থফ কাি কথয ঄থতাৎ Word টকংফা Phrase দক ঳ংমু ক্ত কথয। অভযা দকান দৃ ষ্টাভত্ম িানথত টকংফা ফাংরা ―দমভন‖ ঄থত দফাঝাথত Such as ফযফ঴ায কটয। For Example: There are different kinds of newspapers such as dailies, weeklies and monthlies Some birds, such as robins and cardinals, spend the winter in the North.

Instead of এয ফযফ঴ায: Instead of একটি Preposition ট঴থ঳থফ ফযফহৃত ঴ে ঄থতাৎ মথাযীটত এটি একটি Word ফা Phrase দক ঳ংমু ক্ত কথয। ফাংরা ―঩টযফথতত ‖ ঄থত দফাঝাথতআ এয ফযফ঴ায রক্ষযণীে। For Example:

We went to Kuakata instead of abroad. You can take physics instead of biology

Choice between ―Despite‖ and ―In spite of‖: এ দু থিাআ Preposition ট঴থ঳থফ কাি কথয ঄থতাৎ দকান Word টকংফা Phrase দক ঳ংমু ক্ত কথয। অথযকিা রক্ষযণীে ফযা঩ায despite এয ঳াথথ কখনআ of ফযফ঴ায কযা মাথফ না। For Example: Despite his denial, we know that he was guilty. In spite of his denial, we know that he was guilty. Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman. In spite of his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman. Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades.

Choice between ―because‖ and ―because of‖: Because একটি Conjunction ট঴থ঳থফ কাি কথয ঄থতাৎ অথযকটি Clause দক ঳ংমু ক্ত কথয। টকন্তু because of একটি preposition ট঴থ঳থফ কাি কথয ঄থতাৎ একটি word ফা phrase দক ঳ংমু ক্ত কথয। For Example: He was absent because her cold was worse. He was absent because of her cold.

An Interjection is a word, which expresses some sudden feeling or emotion. 01. Hurrah! We have won the game. (আনন্দ) 02. Alas! I am undone. (বিষাদ) 03. What a beautiful scenery it is ! (বিষ্ময়) Ah ! Oh! Ha ! (বিষ্ময়) 04. Bravo! You have done well. (অনুম াদন) 05. Fie! Fie! (বিরষ্কার িা ঘৃণা) 06. Hi! Hello! আহিান 07. Humph! Hess (সমন্দহ)

The tense is the change of from in a verb to express the time of an action. There are three tenses. a. Present Tense b. Past Tense c. Future Tense Each of these principal tenses is again subdivided into 4 forms: Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect, and Perfect continuous.

঳াধাযণত দকান কাি ফততভাথন ঴ে ফুঝাথর ফা ঄বযা঳গত ঳তয ফুঝাথর ফা টেয঳তয ফুঝাথর Present Indefinite Tense ঴ে। এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে ভূ র টিো এফং আংথযটিথত঑ শুধু ভূ র verb ফযফহৃত ঴ে। তথফ আংথযটি ফাথকয subject third person, singular number ঴থর verb এয দ঱থল s ফা es দমাগ ঴ে। Structure: Subject + main verb (ভূ র verb) + ........ Subject + main verb + s/es + ............ Note: 

Present Indefinite Tense -এ subject এয ঩থয be verb (am, is, are) থাকথর negative এফং interrogative কযায ঳ভে do/does ফযফহৃত ঴থফ না।



Present Indefinite Tense - এ subject এয ঩থয have verb (has, have) থাকথর, do verb ফযফ঴ায কথয negative এফং interrogative কযা মাে।



Present indefinite tense is used to denote following types of action-



ফততভান ঳ভথেয দকান কাি, ঄ফিা, ঘিনা, তথয প্রকা঱ কযথত :

That cake smells good. I believe that you are right. 

To show habitual action-repetition or non-repetition of the same act (঄বযা঳ ফুঝাথত):

The Browns do not was their windows every week. 

঳াধাযণ ঳তয ফা টেয঳তয ফুঝাথত :

Parallel lines never meet.



বটফলযথতয দকান ঘিনা টনিেআ ঘিথফ এরূ঩ ধাযণা ফুঝাফায িথনয :

When does the college reopen? Her father sails for America next Sunday. 

উদ্বৃ টত ফযফ঴াথয, ঩থযাক্ষ উটক্তথত, ফযাখযা প্রদাথনয ঳ভথে:

Plate B replaces A plate in the old model, as shown in Diagram 2. They tell me that you are a fool, (Reporting) 

঄তীত ঘিনা ঳ু ভুজ্জ্বর কথয ফণতনা কযথত:

Defeated in battle, the king now turns towards his capital. Darwin presents evidence for the development of life from lower to higher forms. The author of the textbook explains the problems clearly. 

বটফলযৎ ঳ম্ভাফনা ফুঝাথত ঱ততথফাধক ঑ ঳ভে টনথদত঱ক clause-এ:

I shall give you 50 dollars if I like your work, (condition) I shall give her 50 dollars when I see her. (time) 

অথদ঱, উ঩থদ঱, ঄নু থযাধভূ রক ফাথকয:

Post the letter. Don‖t run in the sun. Stand up on the bench. 

here, there টদথে টকছু ঳ংখযক exclamatory ফাথকয:

Here comes the bus! There goes the ball!

Choose the correct option: Shaheen ––––– tennis once or twice a week. A. is playing usually

B. is usually playing

üC. usually plays

D. plays usually

ফততভাথন/এখন দকান কাি েরথছ এরূ঩ ফুঝাথর presnt continuous tense ঴ে। ফাংরাে টিোয দ঱থল দতটছ, দতছ, দতথছ, টছ আতযাটদয ফযফ঴ায দদথখ এআ tense দেনা মাে। অয আংথযটিথত এআ tense-এ subject এয ঩থয subject ঄নু ঳াথয am/is/are ফথ঳ অয ভূ র verb-এয ঳াথথ- ing দমাগ কযথত ঴ে। Structure:

Subject + am/is /are+ [verb+ ing] ................. The present continuous tense is used ¾ 

ফততভান ঳ভথে দকান কাি েরথছ ফুঝাফায িথনয:

It is raining/snowing/sleeting. Shofera is dancing at this moment. 

to describe a future action (বটফলযথতয কাি ফণতনা কযায িথনয) :

They are going to a concert tomorrow night. We are repeating the experiment next month. What are you doing tomorrow evening? 

঄বযা঳গত দকান কাি মা ঄঩ছন্দনীে, ঄ননু থভাদনথমাগয:

They are always asking for special favours. That little girl is always biting her finger nails. 

উন্নেন঱ীর, ঩টযফততন঱ীর ঄ফিা ফুঝাফায িথনয:

The population of the world is rising very fast. That child‖s getting bigger everyday. Note : Present continuous tense-এ now, right now, at present, at this moment এ ধযথনয adverb ঑ adverb phrase ফযফহৃত ঴ে। I am having meal now. 

টকছু Verb কখথনা Present progressive tense -এ ফযফহৃত ঴ে না ঄থফা খুফ কভআ Present tense -এ ফযফহৃত ঴ে।

Want, desire, refuse, see, feel, think, forgive, wish, live, hate, like, hear, smell, recognize, realize, understand, know, seem, etc. I see a bird

দকান কাি এআভাত্র দ঱ল ঴থেথছ টকন্তু তায পর ফততভান অথছ ফুঝাথর Present Perfect Tense ঴ে। ফাংরা ফাথকয টিোয দ঱থল আোটছ, আোছ, আথেথছ আতযাটদয ঳া঴াথময এআ tense দেনা মাে। আংথযটি ফাথকয এআ tense-এ subject এয ঩থয have/has ফথ঳, তায঩য ভূ র verb-এয past participle form ফথ঳। Structure: Subject + have/has+ [verb in the past participle] .................

The present continuous tense is used

Present Perfect is used with an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past.

John has travelled around the world. (We don't know when.) 

A common error is to substitute the present indefinite tense for the present perfect tense. Present indefinite tense should not be used in place of present perfect. The latter is used when the action, which began in the past, still continues.

I am in Delhi for seven years. (Incorrect) I have been in Delhi for seven years. (Correct) 

We use present perfect with today / this morning / this evening etc. when these periods are not finished at the time of speaking.

I haven‖t seen you this morning. Have you had a holiday this year. 

Just,

The following adverbs can be used with present perfect.

already, since, for,

negations),

So far,

yet (in questions and

till now, never, often, ever (in

questions only) 

Note : It should never be used with adverbs of past time. He has just come here yesterday. (Wrong) He has just come here. (Right) 

Choice Between YET/ALREADY

The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has happened (or hasn't happened) at an unspecified time in the past. These adverbs are often used with the present perfect.

already - affirmative sentences yet – negative sentences and questions

He has just - out. üA. gone

B. went

C. going

D. getting

দকান কাি ঩ূ থফত অযম্ভ ঴থে এখন঑ েরথছ এরু঩ ফুঝাথর Present Perfect Continuous Tense ঴ে। এআ tense-এ Subject এয ঩থয have been / has been ফথ঳, তায঩য ভূ র verb-এয -ing ফথ঳। Structure: Subject + have/has+ been + [verb + ing] ..................... It has been raining for two hours. I‖ve been watching television since 2 o‖clock. The present perfect continuous tense is used 

঩ূ ফ ত দথথক অযম্ভ ঴থে এখন঑ েরথছ:

They have been playing since 4 p.m. Our car has been giving us trouble recently. She has been looking everywhere for you. 

for + duration of time

For five hours, for thirty years, for ten minutes. 

since + beginning time

Since 1975, since five o'clock, since January.

঄তীতকাথর দকান কাি ঘথিটছর, দকান ঄থবয঳ টছর আতযাটদ ফুঝাথত Past Indefinite Tense ঴ে। এআ Tense-এ ফাংরাে টিোয দ঱থল প্রােআ ―র‖ দদখা মাে। অয আংথযটিথত subject এয ঩থয verb-এয Past Tense- এয form ফথ঳। Structure: Subject + verb in past form............................... Alfred arrived last night. I received her letter yesterday. Note: ঄তীত ঄থবয঳ ফুঝাথর used to ফযফহৃত ঴ে। Used to/would + verb (ভূ র verb)......... She used to bathe in the river every morning. He used to play cricket every afternoon. He would wait for her outside the office everyday. Simple past tense is used 

঄তীত ঘিনা ফণতনা কযায দক্ষথত্র:

Regularly every summer, Janet fell in love. She was in Pakistan ten years ago. 

conditional ফাথকয if clause-এয ঩থয দকান ঄঳তয ঘিনা, ঄থফা ঘিনা মা ঘিথফ না ফুঝাফায দক্ষথত্র:

If you loved me, you would not leave now. If he wore a blue tie with that jacket, it would look better. 

to express a past habit / Characteristic (predictable) behavior in the past (঄তীত ঄বযাথ঳য ফণতনায দক্ষথত্র):

He would wait for her outside the office (everyday) She would often go all day without eating. 1. Complete the following sentence: They certainly ––––– the right person for the job. A. choose

B. choosen

C. had choose

üD. cshose

2. The first bridge –––– built –––– probably a wooden bridge. A. ever being, had

B. that stands, is

üC. that was, was

D. had fallen, was.

3. This book ––––– first published in 1985. A. has been C. is

üB. was D. was being

4. I ––––– to his house yesterday but could not meet him. üA. went

B would go

C have gone

D was gone

঄তীতকাথর দকান কাি েরটছর ফুঝাথত Past continuous tense ফযফহৃত ঴ে। Past continuous tense প্রােআ simple past tense-এয ঳াথথ Complex sentence এ ফযফহৃত ঴ে, অয subordinate clause টি When, while দ্বাযা শুরু ঴ে। ফাংরাে টিোয দ঱থল দতটছর, দতটছথর, দতটছরাভ আতযাটদ Past progressive tense টেনথত ঳া঴াময কথয। আংথযটিথত subject এয ঩থয was/were ফথ঳, তা঩য ভূ য verb-এয ঳াথথ -ing ফযফহৃত ঴ে। Structure: Subject + was/were + [verb + ing].................

I was painting all day yesterday. The Past continuous tense is used

঄তীতকাথর দকান কাি েরটছর, কাথি ঄িগটত ঴থেটছর টকন্তু দ঱ল ঴েটন:

This time last year I was living in Brazil. I was painting all day yesterday. 

দকান কাি ঄তীথত েরটছর মখন ঄নয অয একটি কাি ঘথিটছর ফুঝাফায িথনয:

While Tania was watching television lightning struck the house. The cook was not watching the pot when it he sauce boiled over.

Choose the correct word to complete the sentence:

01.I quickly lost interest in Mr. Rahim‖s story because he was ––––– himself. A. repetitions üC. repeating

B. repeated D. repeatedly

Complete the sentence with correct verb form:

02.

Taher ––––– his hand when he was cooking dinner. A. burn

üB. burnt

C. is burning

D. was burning

঄তীতকাথর দু টি ঳ম্পন্ন কাথিয ভথধয দমটি অথগ ঘথিটছর দ঳আ কািটি past perfect tense ঴ে। অয verb-এয ঩যফততী কািটি simple past tense ঴ে। subject এয ঩থয had, তায঩য verb-এয past participle-এয form ফথ঳।

Structure: 1. Subject + had + [verb in the past participle] + before + simple past 2. Subject + simple past + after + subject + past perfect The patient had died before the doctor came. The doctor died after the patient had come. Note: ঳াধাযণত ফাথকযয clause দু টি before ফা after দ্বাযা ঳ংমু ক্ত ঴থর past perfect tense before- এয ঩ূ থফত এফং after- এয ঩থয ফথ঳। The past perfect tense is used ¾ 

঄তীথত দু থিা ঳ম্পন্ন কাথিয দবতয দমটি ঩ূ থফত ঴থেটছর, দ঳আ কািটি ফুঝাফায িথনয:

When I went home, I found that someone had stolen my fur coat. I realised that we had met before. 

verbs of saying and thinking-এয ঩থয ঄তীথত ঳ংঘটিত দকান কাথিয ফণতনা দদ঑ো প্র঳থে

I thought I had sent the cheque a week before. She said that she had done the work last month. 

Choice Between BEFORE/AFTER

The past perfect tense stands before the word ―before‖ and after the word ―after‖ in the sentence containing ―before or after‖. The patient had died before the doctor came. Or The patient died after the doctor had come.

1. Complete the sentence, "He bought a new car because his old one—down." with the suitable option.

A. broke

üB. had broken

C. has broken

D. was broken

2. My friend - before I came. A. would be leaving

B. had been leaving

üC. had left

D. will leave

঄তীতকাথর দকান কাি দকান টফথ঱ল ঳ভথে অযম্ভ ঴থে দকান টনটদতষ্ট ঳ভথে ঳ম্পন্ন ঴থেটছর টকন্তু উথেটখত ঳ভে ঩মতন্ত েরটছর ফুঝাথত Past Perfect continuous tense ঴ে। এখাথন মটদ দু টি টিোয উথেখ থাথক তা঴থর দম কািটি অথগ দথথক েরটছর দ঳টি Past Perfect continuous tense ঴ে এফং দমটি ঩থয ঴থেটছর দ঳টি simple past tense ঴ে। এআ tense-এ subjectএয ঩থয had been ফথ঳, এয঩থয ভূ র verb-এয ঳াথথ -ing ফ঳থফ। Structure: Subject + had been + [verb + ing] ............ I‖d been working hard all day.

The past perfect Continuous tense is used 

঄তীথতয দকান ঘিনা টকছু কার ধথয েরটছর ফুঝাথত:

At that time we had been living in the caravan for about six months. When I found Mary, I could see that she had been crying. 01.

When I finally arrived at the party at 10 pm. Mita was annoyed with me because I was late and

she –––– for a very long time. A. had been waiting B. waited C. is waiting

D. has waiting

বটফলযথত দকান কাি কযা ঴থফ ফুঝাথত Future Indefinite tense ঴ে। ফাংরা টিোয দ঱থল ফ থাথক এফং আংথযটিথত subject এয ঩থয shall/will ফযফ঴ায কযা ঴ে। টিটি঱ আংথযটিথত ঳াধাযণত First person I/we- এয ঩থয shall, second person you, third person he/she, they আতযাটদয ঩থয will ফথ঳। অথভটযকান আংথযটিথত দম দকান person-এয ঩থয ঳াধাযণত will ফযফ঴ায কযা ঴ে। Structure: Subject + shall/will + main verb...................... I shall prepare my lesson this evening. Next year will be different. The Future Indefinite tense is used 

দকান খফয দদ঑ো/টিথে঳ কযা/ ঄নু ভান কযা/বটফলযদ্বাণী কযায ঳ভে:

All the family will be at the wedding. Tomorrow will be warm. 

঱ততমুক্ত বাফ প্রকাথ঱য ঳ভে :

If it rains, I shan‖t go. He‖ll have an accident if he goes on driving like that.

বটফলযথত দকান কাি েরথত থাকথফ ফুঝাথর Future Continuous Tense ঴ে। আংথযটিথত subject এয ঩থয shall be / will be ফথ঳, এয঩থয ভূ য verb- এয ঳াথথ ing দমাগ ঴ে। Structure: Subject + shall be/will be + [verb + ing]........... I shall be leaving Dhaka by this time tomorrow.

The future progressive/Continuous tense is used¾ 

দকান কাি বটফলযথত দকান টফথ঱ল ভু঴ূথতত ঩মতন্ত েরথত থাকথফ ফুঝাথত:

This time tomorrow I shall be lying on the beach. I shall be reading the book then. 

দকান কাি টনধতাটযত অথছ ফা স্বাবাটফকবাথফ ঘিথফ এরূ঩ প্রতযা঱া কযা মাে ফুঝাথত:

Professor Alfred will be giving another lecture on poetry.

বটফলযথত দকান টনটদতষ্ট ঳ভথে দকান কাি ঳ম্পন্ন ঴থফ ঄থফা দু টি কাথিয ভথধয ঩ূ থফত ঳ম্পন্ন ঴থফ ফুঝাথত future perfect tense ঴ে। এআ tense –এ আংথযটি ফাথকয subject এয ঩থয shall have/will have ফথ঳, তায঩থয ভূ র verb-এয past participle-এয form ফ঳থফ। Structure: Subject + shall have/will have + past participle form of the verb......... I shall have done the work before my father comes. The Future perfect tense is used

বটফলযথত দকান এক ঳ভে দকান কাি ঳ম্পন্ন ঴থফ ফুঝাথত:

The builders say they‖ll have finished the roof by Tuesday. 01.

By 2010, I-------for this firm for 15 years.

A. will be worked B. will work C. have worked

üD. will have worked

বটফলযৎকাথর দকান ঳ভথেয ভথধয দকান কাি েরথত থাকথফ ফুঝাথর Future perfect Continuous tense ঴ে। এখাথন আংথযটি ফাথকয subject এয ঩থয shall have been/will have been ফথ঳, তায঩য ভূ র verb এয ঳াথথ ing দমাগ ঴ে। Structure: Subject + shall have been/will have been + [verb + ing] ........ I‖ll have been doing the work before my father comes. By eight o‖clock he will have been walking for three hours

 Be Verb মু ক্ত Present/Past Indefinite Tense এয নাথফাধক ফাকয গঠন কযথত Be Verbএয ঩থয not ফথ঳। দমভন, I am not a student... She was not a wood cutter. তথফ নাফােক প্রশ্নথফাধক ফাকয গঠন কযথত Subject এয ঩ূ থফত Be Verb এফং ঩থয not ফথ঳ দমভন,Was I not a layer? Did she not sing a song? ঄ফ঱য Subject third person singular number এফং noun ঴থর did not ফাথকযয শুরুথত ফথ঳। দমভন, Did not Shaheen write a letter?  Be Verb টফ঴ীন Present Indefinite Tense এয নাফােক প্রশ্নথফাধক ফাকয গঠন কযথত Subject এয ঩ূ থফত Do ফা Does এফং ঩থয not ফথ঳ । Do I not cut a tree. Does she not sing a song? তথফ Subject third person singular number এফং noun ঴থর be not ফাথকযয শুরুথত ফথ঳। দমভন, Was not Shaheen a teacher?  Be Verb টফ঴ীন Past Indefinite Tense এয নাথফাধক ফাকয গঠন কযথত Subject এয ঩থয Did not ফথ঳। দমভন, I did not cut a tree. She did not sing a song. তথফ নাফােক প্রশ্নথফাধক ফাকয গঠন কযথত Subject এয ঩ূ থফত Did এফং ঩থয not ফথ঳ । Did I not cut a tree. Did she not sing a song. তথফ Subject third person singular number এফং noun ঴থর Do ফাথকযয শুরুথত ফথ঳। দমভন, Did not Shaheen write a letter?  Universal Truth (টেযন্তন ঳তয), Habitual Fact (঄বযা঳গত কাি) ফুঝাথর Present Indefinite Tense ঴ে। দমভন, Th sun rises in the east. He gets up early in the morning.  W-H Question কযথত Subject ঑ Person এফং Tense ঄নু ঳াথয To Be /To Have/Do/Modal Verb ফথ঳। দমভন, What is your name? Where do you live in? When will you return? How could you want to do such crime?

 দকান Sentnse এ মটদ ঳ভথেয উথেখ না দথথক normally, occasionally, usually, everyday, regularly, daily, generally, always, often, sometime, আতযাটদ থাথক তথফ Present Indefinite Tense ঴ে। He walks regularly. He generally eats apple. He meets me everyday.  ফাথকয মটদ now, at present, at this time, at this moment উথেখ থাথক তা ঴থর Present Continuous Tense ঴ে। দমভন, I am writing now. She is serving at present. They are crossing the river at this moment.  To have verb থাকথর present/past/future perfect tense ঴থফ এফং have এয ঩য ভূ র Verb এয past participle form ঴থফ। দমভন, We have gone to market. We shall have run in the field. The patient had died before the doctor came.  অফায দকান ফাথকয মটদ just, just now, yet, now, already, ever, recently, lately, ever থাকথর Present Perfect Tense ঴থফ। দমভন, They have come just now. We have already gone to the spot. I have not yet done the work.  ঄তীত টনথদত঱ক ঱ব্দ দমভন, ago, long since, last day/last night/last month, yesterday, আতযাটদ থাকথর Past Indefinite Tense ঴থফ। দমভন, He went to school last day. We went there yesterday. Many years ago here lived a farmer. It is a long since when he came here.  ফাথকযয প্রথভ ঄ং঱ Present Perfect Tense ঴থর ঩যফততী ঄ং঱ Past Indefinite Tense ঴থফ। দমভন, A long time have passed when he met us first. Many years have passed since he died.  Since এয ঩ূ থফতয ঄ং঱ Past Indefinite এফং ঩থযয ঄ং঱ Past Perfect Tense ঴ে। দমভন, It was a long since we had met her last.  Since এয ঩ূ থফতয ঄ং঱ Present Indefinite/ Present Perfect Tense এফং ঩থযয ঄ং঱ Past Indefinite Tense ঴ে। দমভন, It is a long since we have met her last. Many years have passed since we killed the tiger.

 Before এয ঩ূ থফতয ঄ং঱ এফং After এয ঩থযয ঄ং঱ Past Perfect Tense ঴থফ। দমভন, The train had left before we reached the station. The patient died after the doctor had come.  টফ঩যীতবাথফ Before এয ঩থযয ঄ং঱ এফং After এয ঩ূ থফতয ঄ং঱ Past Indefinite Tense ঴থফ। দমভন, The train had left before we reached the station. The patient died after the doctor had come.দকান Simple Sentence এ প্রথথভ Verb তায঩য Object এয঩য অফায঑ Verb থাকথর ঩যফততী Verb এয ঳াথথ ing মু ক্ত ঴ে। টঠক একআবাথফ ঩া঱া঩াট঱ দু টি Verb থাকথর ঩থযয Verb এয ঳াথথ ing ঄থফা to মু ক্ত ঴থফ। দমভন, I found him going to school. He wants to send a letter.  দকান Simple Sentence এ প্রথথভ Verb তায঩য Object এয঩য অফায঑ Verb থাকথর ঩যফততী Verb Past participle form ঴ে। দমভন, I got the work done by him. We took the charge handed over by him.  Modal Verb এয ঩থয ভূ র Verb এয Present Form ফথ঳। দমভন, I might go home. I could do the work. You must go home. They should obey their parents.

 Let, would better, had better, had rather, dare, would rather, must, need এয ঩থয ভূ র Verb এয Present Form ফথ঳। তথফ ভূ র Verb এয ঩থয to থাকথফ না। দমভন, I dare not go there. You would rather go home. She must do it. You will not let her leave alone.  To Be Verb দ্বাযা গটঠত Tense এয negative কযথত To be verb এয ঩য not ফ঳থফ। দমভন, He was not going to school. We are not eating rice.  To Be Verb দ্বাযা গটঠত Tense এয Interrogative কযথত Subject এয ঩ূ থফত To be verb ফ঳থফ। দমভন, Was he going to school? Are we eating rice?  To Be Verb দ্বাযা গটঠত Tense এয Interrogative-negative কযথত Subject এয ঩ূ থফত To be verb এফং Subject এয ঩য not ফ঳থফ। দমভন, Was he not going to school? Are we not eating rice?  To have Verb দ্বাযা গটঠত Tense এয negative কযথত to have verb এয ঩য not ফ঳থফ। দমভন, He has not gone to school. We have not eaten rice.  To have Verb দ্বাযা গটঠত Tense এয Interrogative কযথত Subject এয ঩ূ থফত To have verb ফ঳থফ। দমভন, has he gone to school? Have we eaten rice?  To have Verb দ্বাযা গটঠত Tense এয Interrogative-negative কযথত Subject এয ঩ূ থফত To have verb এফং Subject এয ঩য not ফ঳থফ। দমভন, Has he not gone to school? Had we not eaten rice?  Each, every, one of, everyone, each of আতযাটদয ঩য verb singular ঴ে। দমভন, everybody likes this garden. Each of the boys goes to school. One of the boys tells a lie.  To be verb এফং having verb এয ঩য ফ঳া ঄঩য Verb টিয Past Participle Form ঴ে। দমভন, She wanted the work to be done by him. He left the meeting having no decision.  As though/as if, wish থাকথর Subject এয ঩য were ফ঳থফ। দমভন, He hurried as though he were late to attend the meeting. He talks as if he were a commander. I wish I were a king.  It is high time, it is time, wish, fancy আতযাটদ থাকথর subject এয ঩য verb এয past tense ঴ে। দমভন, It is high tiem he could co this. I wish I called on him. I fancy I flew in the sky.  Sentence এয শুরুথত would that থাকথর Subject এয ঩য could এফং তায঩য ভূ র verb এয present form ঴ে। দমভন, Would that I could reach to the station.  Main verb এয ঩থয mind, worth, without, could not help, can not help, with a view to, look forward to, get used to, would you mind এফং তায঩য Preposition থাকথর ঩যফততী verb এয ঳াথথ ing মু ক্ত ঴থফ। দমভন, I could not help laughing. He returned without taking the charge. He came with a view to reading newspaper.  Passive voice গঠন কযথত to be verb এয ঩য ভূ র verb এয past participle form ঴ে। দমভন, The work was done by him. Rice is eaten by him.  Passive voice গঠন কযথত to have verb এয ঩য been এফং তা঩য ভূ র verb এয past participle form ঴ে। দমভন, The work has been done by him. Rice has been eaten by him.  As though/as if এয প্রথভ ঄ং঱ Present Indefinite tense ঴থর ঩থযয ঄ং঱ Past Indefinite tense ঴ে। দমভন, He talks as if he knew nothing. They work as though they could do the work all daylong.

 Narration এয টনেভ ঄নু ঳াথয reporting verb মটদ past tense এয ঴ে তা঴থর that মু ক্ত subordinate clause ঑ past tense ঴থফ। দমভন, He said that he would go home. They said that they went to Dhaka yesterday.  If এয ঩থযয clause মটদ Present Indefinite Tense ঴ে তা঴থর ঩যফততী clause Future Indefinite tense ঴থফ। দমভন, If he comes, I shall go to his house. If I get the money, I shall give him thank.  40. Past Condition এয দক্ষথত্র If এয ঩থযয clause মটদ Past Indefinite Tense ঴ে তা঴থর ঩যফততী clause-এ subject এয ঩য would/could/might ঴থফ তায঩য ভূ র verb ফ঳থফ। দমভন, If he came, I would go to school. If I got the money, I could buy a computer. I would help him if he wanted. If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky. তথফ would/could/might এয ঩য মটদ have থাথক তা঴থর would/could/might ঩থযয verb টিয past participle form ঴থফ। দমভন, If I were a king, I could have helped the poor. If I were a bird, I would have flown in the sky.  দকান ফাকয There দ্বাযা শুরু ঴থর তাথত মটদSubject singular ঴ে তা঴থর verb এয singular ঴থফ। Subject Plural ঴থর verb plural ঴থফ। দমভন, There was a king. There are some books on the table. এয শুরুথত মটদ scarcely/hardly থাথক তা঴থর ঩যফততী clause when দ্বাযা মু ক্ত ঴থফ।

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Scarcely/hardly এয had এফং তায঩য Subject ফ঳থফ। Subject এয ঩য Verb এয Past participle form ঴থফ। when এয ঩থযয clause Past Indefinite Tense এয ঴থফ। দমভন, Scarcely had he gone to school than his teacher entered the class room. Hardly had he reached the station than the train left. এয শুরুথত মটদ No sooner থাথক তা঴থর ঩যফততী clause than দ্বাযা মু ক্ত ঴থফ। No sooner এয ঩য

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had এফং তায঩য Subject ফ঳থফ। Subject এয ঩য Verb এয Past participle form ঴থফ। than এয ঩থযয clause Past Indefinite Tense এয ঴থফ। দমভন, No sooner had the teacher entered the class room than the students stood up.  While এয ঩য verb থাকথর উক্ত verb এয ঳াথথ ing মু ক্ত ঴ে। তথফ While এয ঩থয subjectথাকথর উক্ত subjectএয ঩য past continuous tense ঴থফ। দমভন, While walking on the road, he found an elephant. While he was walking alone on the desert, he heard a strange noise.  Lestএয ঩থয দম subject থাথক তায঩য should/might ফথ঳ এফং তায঩য এয verbএয present form ফথ঳। দমভন, He hurried lest he miss the bus. They ran fast lest it rained.  দদঘতয, ঩টযভাণ ফা িান plural ফুঝাথর঑ Verb singular ঴থফ। দমভন, Fifty miles is a long distance. Five hours is sufficient to finish this work.  দকান কাি ঄তীথত শুরু ঴থে এখথনা েরথছ এভন ফুঝাথর present perfect continuous tense ঴ে। দমভন, I have been reading in this school for three years. He has been serving in this office for ten years. nd

ট঴থ঳থফ প্রথথভ 2

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person তা঩য 3 person এয঩য 1 person ফথ঳। তথফ দ঱ল Subjct এয

person ঑ number ঄নু ঳াথয verb ফ঳থফ। দমভন, You, he and I shall go to market. st rd  তথফ দদাল ফুঝাথর প্রথথভ 1 person তায঩য 2nd person এয঩য 3 person ফ঳থফ। দমভন, I, you and he are

to blame.

 মখন have, has, had, get, got verb গুটর causative verb রূথ঩ ফযফহৃত ঴ে তখন ভূ র verb এয past participle form ঴ে। দমভন, I got the work done by him. She had the routine written by the teacher.  And দ্বাযা দু টি subjectমটদ একআ ফযটক্তথক টনথদত঱ কথয তা঴থর verb singular ঴ে। দমভন, The secretary and headmaster of the school was present in the meeting.  And দ্বাযা দু টি subject মটদ টবন্ন টবন্ন ফযটক্তথক টনথদত঱ কথয তা঴থর verb plural ঴ে। দমভন, The president and the Headmaster of the school were present in the meeting.  Infinitive verb এয ঩ূ থফত go verb থাকথর উক্ত verb এয ঳াথথ ing দমাগ ঴থফ। দমভন, I am going to meet a doctor. He is going to join the army.  All এয ঩য verb এয plural ঴থফ। তথফ proverb ফুঝাথর verb singular ঴থফ। দমভন, All that glitter is not gold. All wells that end wells.  And দ্বাযা একাটধক subjectমু ক্ত ঴থে singular subjectরূথ঩ ঄থত প্রকা঱ দ঩থর verb singular ঴থফ। দমভন, Slow and steady wins the race. Bread and butter is my favourite food.  Adjective এয অথগ the ফথ঳ এক িাতীে ঳ফাআথক ফুঝাথর verb plural ঴ে। দমভন, The rich are not always happy. The poor are not dishonest.  একাটধক singular subject and দ্বাযা মু ক্ত ঴থর verb plural ঴ে। দমভন, Raja and Ratan have done this work. Gold and silver have I none.  Public, people, peasantry, cattle, aristocracy, mankind, poultry, gentry আতযাটদ noun দদখথত singular ঴থর঑ এথদয ঩থয plural verb ফথ঳। দমভন, Our people are poor. Cattle are grazing in the field. Mankind are the best creation of God.  ঄ফ঱য mathematics, politics, news, wages, gallows দদখথত plural ঴থর঑ এথদয ঩য singular verb ফথ঳। দমভন, Ill news runs quickly. Politics is my interesting subjects. Mathematics seems to be very hard to me.  ফাথকয keep, help, remain প্রবৃটত verb এয ঩থয ঄ফটিত verb এয ঳াথথ ing মু ক্ত ঴থফ। দমভন, He remained talking. We kept laughing.  অফায keep, remain প্রবৃটত verb এয ঩থয ঄ফটিত verb এয past participle form ঴থফ। দমভন, He remained unchanged. We kept the work undone. এয ঩থয subject ফথ঳। উক্ত subject এয ঩থয auxiliary verb can/could ফথ঳। দমভন, He

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worked hard so that he could succeed in the examination. They joined the army so that they could serve the country.  As if এয ঩য verb এয past tense ঴ে। দমভন, He works as if he could do all. He talks as if he were a scholar.

If I have time, I will go. I would help you, if I were a king এখাথন রক্ষণীে প্রটতটি ফাথকযআ একটি কথয ঱তত ফা condition

প্রকা঱ ঩াথে। অয এভটন বাথফ দকান ফাকযথক দকান ঱তত ফা condition প্রকা঱ দ঩থর তাথক conditional

Sentence ফথর। N.B. Conditional Sentence এ ২ টি ঄ং঱ থাথক ―If‖টদথে মু ক্ত ঄ং঱ দক .If clause ফথর এফং ঄঩য ঄ং঱ দক Main clause ফথর। If clause টি ফাথকযয শুরুথত঑ ঴থত ঩াথয অফায দ঱থল঑ ঴থত ঩াথয। উ঩থযয Example রক্ষয কয।

Conditional sentence ২ প্রকায:1. The real conditional (Factual and Habitual) 2. The unreal conditional(Contrary to fact or hypothetical) The real conditional (Possibly true) এআ রূ঩ Conditional Sentence. এ If clause এ দম কািটিয কথা উথেখ থাথক তা ঘিা ঩ুয঩ুটয ঳ম্ভফ। এফং এ ধযথনয Conditional Sentence এ Future time habitual fact এফং Command ঳ূ েক কাথিয উথেখ থাথক। Structure (Future time) If+ Simple Present tense + Subject + Shall/Will/Can/May/Must + Verb in simple form If I have money, will buy a new car. If it stops raining, you can go outside. You must get A+, if you study hard. You may be happy, if you have much money.

Structure (Habitual fact) If+ Subject+ Simple present tense+ Simple present

eases, if prices are high. Structure (Command) If + subject+ simple present tense + command form *If you go to the post office, mail this letter for me. *Call me if you hear from Jane. Unreal Conditions (Not True) এ ধযথনয Conditional sentence, past, present ঄থফা Future -এয এভন দকান কাি দক ফুঝাে মা ঘিায কথা টছর টকন্তু ঘথিটন এফং ঳ম্ভফ঑ নে। Structure (present or future time) If +Simple past tense+ subject+ would/could/might+ verb in simple form *If I had time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend. *He might tell you about it, if he were here. *If he didn‖t speak so quickly, you could understand him. Structure (past time) If + past perfect + could have/would have/might have + verb in past participle *If I had worked hard in my youth, I would not have suffered. *We could have written you a letter, if we had known that you were here. *She might have sold the house if she had found the right buyer.

Note: Past unreal conditional sentence দক if ছাড়া঑ প্রকা঱ কযা মাে। দ঳থক্ষথত্র Auxiliary ―had‖ দক subject এয ঩ূ থফত টরখথত ঴ে । *Structure: Had + subject + verb in past participle. Had we known, that you were there, we could have written you a letter. Had she found the right buyer, she might have sold the house. Other conditional expression Unless + affirmative verb, is similar to If+ negative verb. Example: Unless I hurry, I‖ll miss my bus. (If I don‖t hurry, I‖ll miss my buss.)

In case and if এয ফযফ঴ায In case ঄থত ঩াথছ মটদ ঄থতাৎ in case দ্বাযা দকান ফাকযথক ঱তত঴ীনতা ফু ঝাে। *I‖ll give you the book, in case you need it. ঄থতাৎ অটভ দতাভাথক ফআটি দদফ তুটভ ো঑ ফা না ো঑। *If ঄থত মটদ, আ঴া ফাথকয ফযফহৃত ঴থে দকান ঱তত প্রকা঱ কথয। *I‖ll give you the book, if you need it. Meaning and use of ―As‖ *Asএয Relative pronoun ট঴঳াথফ ফযফ঴াযঃ Such + Noun + as: Inc: He needs such a boy who will be honest. Cor: I‖ll buy the same shirt as you bought. So + adjective+ as: Inc: She is not so beautiful like her sister.

Cor: She is not so beautiful as her sister. ―As‖ মখনAlthough এয ঄থত দদে তখন টনথোক্ত structure ঄নু ঳যণ কযথত ঴েঃ Adjective + as + subject: Inc: As he is wise, he will not understand it. Cor: wise as he is, he will not understand it.

একিন ফযটক্ত দকান একটি কাি কযর এফং ঄নু রূ঩ কািটি অফায ঄নয একিন কযর।এথক্ষথত্র ঄ণুরূ঩ কািটি প্রকা঱ কযায িনয এফং Repetition ফা ঩ুনযাফৃ টত্ত দূ য কযায িনয sentence এয টদ্বতীে ঄ংথ঱ so ঄থফা too ফযফ঴ায কযা ঴ে। অয আ঴া ফযফ঴াথযয িনয দম order টি maintain কযা ঴ে তাথক Affirmative agreement ফথর। এ agreement এয দক্ষথত্র First clauseএ দম Tense ফা verb এয ফযফ঴ায কযা ঴থফ second clause এ঑ দ঳আ Tense ফা verb এয Form ফযফ঴ায কযা ঴থফ। Affirmative statement+and+ subject+beverb/auxiliary+too. so+be verb/auxulary+subject. I am happy, and you are too.

I am happy, and so are you. They will work in the lab tomorrow and you will too. They will work in the lab tomorrow and so will you. Jane goes to the school, and my sister does too. Jane goes to the school, and so does my sister.

NEGATIVE AGREEMENT Affirmative agreement এয ভতআ Negative sentence এয ‗঄নু রূ঩‘ কাি প্রকাথ঱য দক্ষথত্র second clause এয দ঱থল Either এফং neither ফযাফ঴ায কযা ঴ে-

Negative statement + and + Subject+ negative auxiliary or be verb+ either. Neither +positive auxiliary or be verb+ subject. I don‖t see Monju this morning, and Lion didn‖t either. I don‖t see Monju this morning, and neither did Lion. Musa hasn‖t seen the new movie yet, I haven‖t either. Musa hasn‖t seen the new movie yet, and neither have I. EXERSISES 1.

My friend does not like terrorism and ---------

Neither I do,

b) Neither do I,(ans) c) I do either, d) I do. 2. Which one of the following is correct? a) She took pictures, and I did so. b) She took pictures, and so I did. c) She took pictures, and I so did. d) She took pictures, and so did I.(ans) 3. Which one of the following correct? a) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships, and so do their children.

b) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships, and so do their children. c) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships, and also the children. d) Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships, and so did their children.(ans)

Countable singular nouns: 1. “A” is used before consonant sounds and “An” is used before vowel sounds. Both of them are used before countable singular nouns. Example: I need a pen to sign here. She imported a new car. An animal drove him out of the Sundarbans.

Remember: “O” and “U” sometimes produce consonant sounds and take “A” instead of “An”. Example- A one way ticket, a one sided argument, a university, a unique design, a united force, a European coin, a U-tern etc. Similarly, “H” sometimes remains mute and take “An” instead of “A”. Example - An hour, an honorable person, a/an hotel etc. Also remember: An MA, an MP, an “h”, an “f”, an “l”, an “n”, an “r”, an x-ray, etc.

2. When countable singular noun is preceded by a possessive pronoun (my/our/your/his/her/their/its) or a possessive noun (Rafiq’s/Sima’s) no article is used. He lived in my house. Shihab bought Rafiq’s car. Similarly, if a countable singular noun is preceded by singular demonstratives (this/that) no article is used. You need this pen to draw this picture.

Her teacher asked her to buy that book.

No article is used before a countable plural noun.

She is imported new cars. Never: she imported anew cars.

4. When a countable singular noun is first mentioned, a/an is used before it. But “the” is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece of writing: He has a cat and a dog. The cat’s name is Mini and the dogs name is Bhola. 5. When a countable plural noun is first mentioned, no article is used before it. But “the” is used before it whenever it is mentioned in the following sentences in the same piece of writing: Children play games. But the games often create quarrels among them.

6. A/an in phrases: a little, a few, many a, half a dozen, fraction of a second/minute, a pair of glasses/shoes, quarter of an hour, what a, etc. But the is used before ‘little’ when the whole of the little amount is meant: The little money he has is not enough for his treatment. Similarly, “the” is used before ‘few’ when of the small number is meant: The few books I have are all written in English. ‘The’ is also used before other expressions of this group when they are made definite by post modifiers: The pair of shoes he has bought is made in Italy.

7. Normally articles are not used before uncountable nouns. Here is a small list of the frequently used uncountable nouns: Accommodation, behavior, baggage, luggage, paper, permission, fun, advice, knowledge, grass, equipment, work, travel, poetry, information, news, furniture, bread, traffic, scenery, luck, money, water, wool, energy, chess, coffee, tea, health etc. But “the” is used before some of them when they are made definite by post modifiers. ExampleThe information you gave was wrong. He talks about the fun that we had last year.

8. “The” is used before the name of a thing which is a unique (only one) in nature. Such a thing is already known to all. the sun, the moon, the mars, the sky, the cosmos, the Equator etc.

Example- It is better to start conversation with reference to the weather.

9. “The” is used before the names of seas, oceans, gulfs and poles. Example- the Mediterranean sea, the read sea, the black sea, the Pacific, the Atlantic, the Persian Gulf, the South Pole, the North Pole, etc. 10. Gobi etc.

“The” is used before the names of deserts. Example- the Sahara, the

11. “The” is used before the names of rivers. Example- the Padma, the Jamuna, the Ganges, the Nile, the Rine etc. 12. “The” is used before the name of ranges of mountains. Example- the Himalayas, the Alps etc.

13. “The” is used before the names of groups of islands. Example- the West Indies, the Andamans etc. 14. “The” is used before the names of Hotels, Restaurants and Newspapers. Example- The Pan Pacific Sonargaon Hotel, the Halvatia Restaurant, the Labamba Restaurant, the Daily Prothom Alo etc.

15. “The” is used before the name of musical instruments. Example- the piano, the violin, the aktara, the flute, etc. But “the” is often dropped before jazz, pop, saxophone, trumpet, etc. ExampleHe is an artist of jazz. Tapon was on trumpet in yesterday’s concert.

16.

“The” is used before television when it refers to the set (machine). ExampleThe old television has been sold. There is a layer of dust on the TV.

But when the programs of TV are referred ‘the’ is not used. Example- TV is a good source of entertainment. I don’t watch TV regularly. 17.

“The” is used before (the) radio (medium). Examplelisten to the radio. (The radio programs)

I don’t find time to

But “the” is dropped before radio when it is refers to art form or profession. ExampleShe sings in radio. “A’’ is used when radio refers to the apparatus. Example- He always carries a radio. 18.

“The” is used before cinemas (halls), theatres (halls), ships. Example-

Cinemas: the Madhumita, the Balaka, the Odeon, etc. Theatres: the Mahila Samity, the National theatrers, the Globel theatres, etc. Ships: the Titanic, the Sonar Bangla, etc.

But “the” is dropped before ‘cinema’ or ‘theatre’ when it refers to art form or profession. ExampleThere are many differences between cinema and theatre. Working in cinema is easier than working in theatre.

19. “The” is used before the name of country or an area which has an adjective or adjectives and a noun in it: (adj+n). ExampleThe Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, the United Kingdom/the UK, the United states of America/the USA, the United Arab Emirate/the UAE, etc. But ‘the’ is dropped when the short form or alternative names of those countries are used. Example- Bangladesh, Britain, America or United States etc. ‘The’ is also dropped if the name of a country or area is preceded by any of these adjectives: North, South, East, West, Upper, Lower, Great and New. Example - North America, South America, Great Britain, New Zealand etc. But remember: The South Pole, the North Pole. “The” is not used before the name of continents. Example- Asia, Europe, Africa, etc. However ‘the’ is used before the name of the following countries though they have only the nouns as names: The Netherlands, the Philippines, the Maldives, the Lebanon, the Congo, the Argentine. 20. ‘The’ is used before the nouns in apposition. Example- Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, is a cosmopolitan city. Dr. Ahmed, the Principal, is a great man. 21. But if a proper noun is in apposition ‘the’ is not used before it. Example- the Principal, Dr. Ahmed, is a gentleman. 22.

“The” is used before adverbs and adjectives. Examplea)

The then Prime Minister misled the nation.

b) The above examples are taken from Shakespeare. c)

The down train is late.

23. “The” is used before ordinals in title. Example- Queen Elizabeth the second is still alive. 24.

“The” is used to emphasize. Example- He is the big shot in the twon.

25. “The” is used to express enthusiastic approval (usually with “that”). Example- That’s the word, that’s the tune. 26. ‘The’ is used before adjectives when they function as nouns to mean the whole class or group. Example - The poor, the blind, the rich, the old etc. 27. ‘The’ is used before countable singular nouns to mean the whole species. Example - the cow, the whale etc. But remember ‘the’ is not used before ‘man’ & ‘woman’. Example - Man is mortal. However, “the” is used before man and woman when they are made definite by post modifiers. Example- Rakib is the man who did it. We know the woman who played well. 28.

“The” is used before the plural name of a family. Example- The sheridans. The Mondals. The Sarkers.

29.

“The” is used before comparatives. Example- the more the merrier, the sooner the better.

30.

“The” is used before superlatives. Example- He is the best boy in the class.

But “the” is not used before “most” when it is used to mean majority or almost all of something or some people not as superlative. Example- Here, most newspapers use erroneous English. Most of the people of our country are poor.

31.

No article is used before nature, society, space(vacuum):

Nature is always not kind. Man live in society. Everybody dreams of flying in space.

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