Akshara mala | Mohanpublications | Grathanidha |Bhaktipustakalu by Bhakti Pustakalu

`≥Å∞QÆ∞ =~°=‚ ∂Å Telugu Alphabet

Telugu Learning Kit Module 1

C P Brown Academy The Alpha Foundation Hyderabad www.mohanpublications.com

Foreword -

The Module-1, “Telugu Varnamala”, is intended to help the Telugu . speakers, who cannot read/write Telugu, to pick up a reasonable level of linguistic competence, through Roman script. The symbols used in this book are intended to facilitate the transliteration template of the vowels, consonants, gunintamulu and the vowel-consonant clusters, i.e., vottulu. . The relationship of the Roman character with the Telugu letter and its pronunciation have been clearly explained with examples to aid phonetics. For instance, the symbol ‘a’ stands for the Telugu letter ‘J’ that sounds like ‘o’ as in the word ‘come’. Let us take another example. The symbol ‘c’ stands for the Telugu letter ‘K«’ that sounds like ‘ch’ as in the word ‘church’. The Module-1 is thus quite self-explanatory and is certain to help those who desire to learn Telugu through the medium of English. The workbook provided along with it is scientifically designed for practice to help the learners pickup reading and writing of Telugu, satisfactorily. We know that some of the alphabet and their sounds are difficult to pronounce and quite a few are not in popular use. They do not even matter in the acquisition of linguistic skills. However, we have included all the Telugu letters irrespective of their usage in order to introduce them all to the learners. Enjoy! SS Prabhakar Rao

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`≥Å∞QÆ∞ =~°‚=∂Å TELUGU ALPHABET Vowels (JK«∞Å Û ∞: Acculu) *

a–

far

u–

wood

.lu

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B come

–

.lu–

look

bit

– ru .

ru .

cool

.rusi.

root

e–

get

loop

o–

feel

rotate

stake

oat

am .

mite

out

ah.

JO Jó some

half

* ‘a’ stands for ‘J’ and sounds like ‘o’ as in ‘come’. The same pattern applies to all other vowels.

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Consonants (Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡Å∞

Hallulu)

36 Characters *

Hõ Y QÆ Ñ¶¨∞ Î Î K« K« Kè« [ ~°≠ & @ ~î° _» _è» `« ^äŒ ^Œ ^èŒ khaki

silk

.capa

church

jhansi

th .

take .

tabala

nilakantha .

dh .

though

dhoti

} #

prana .

- asadha . .

bird

thumb

jug

~ sanjna

~ n

prajna

.jabili

witch

V [

ghost

. n

nature

* ‘k’ stands for ‘Hõ’ and sounds like ‘k’ as in ‘silk’. The same pattern applies to all other consonants.

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Ñ¨ Ñ¶¨ | Éèí =∞ Ü«∞ ~° Å à◊ = â◊ +¨ ã¨ Ç¨Ï Hõ∆ é cup

phone

bat

young

bharat

rust

´sastry

levy

home

sun

ship

ksh

-- kalimata .

lump

s´

month

error

raksha

Semi-Vowels or Semi-Consonants

( LÉèÜ í ∂« Hõ~∆ åÅ∞::

–

Ubhayaksharalu)

(ã¨∞#ﬂ = O – Sunna) (J~°ã∞¨ #ﬂ = ñ – Arasunna) (qã¨~æ° = ó - Visarga) Note: Five Telugu characters are not in general use.

Í Í They are 6

.lu .lu-

K« [ |∞∂ .c

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ru .

JK«∞ÛÅ∞ U q^èOŒ QÍ „"åÜ«∂e? How to write Vowels? –

come

far –

bit

feel –

wood

cool

ru .

.rusi .

– ru .

root www.mohanpublications.com

get

stake

mite

rotate

oat

out am .

some ah.

half 8

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Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡Å∞ U q^èOŒ QÍ „"åÜ«∂e? How to write Consonants? k

silk

– khaki

ghost . n

. prajna c

church

witch

jug

– jhansi ~ n

~ sanjna

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th .

take

nilakantha .

dh .

bird

– – asadha . .

–

– prana .

tabala

thumb

though

– dhoti

nature 10

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cup

phone

bat bharat m

month y

young

rust

lump

– – kalimata .

s´

levy

´ sastry

–

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ship s

sun h

home ksh

raksha

error 12

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Symbols of Gunintamulu . Telugu Letter

Roman Character

– a

Symbol

How to write

– i

u–

|∞∞

ru .

|∞∂

e–

– o

am .

Jó

–

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QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ 'Hõ—

(Gunintamulu) .

Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) 'Y— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (kha-Gunintamu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ka-Gunintamu) . .

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

H± Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ Hõ

Mò Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

Hõ HÍ H˜ H© ‰õΩ ‰õÄ Hõ$ Hõ$Ï ÔH ˆH ÔH· H˘ HÀ H“ HõO Hõó

–

– ka

–

– ki

–

– ku

–

kru .

–

– kru .

–

– ke

–

kai

–

– ko

–

kau

–

kam .

–

kah.

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

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´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

Y MÏ d v Y∞ Y∂

–

kha

–

– kha

–

khi

–

– khi

–

khu

–

– khu

Y$ –

khru .

Y$Ï Mˇ MË Mˇ· MÁ M’ M∫ YO Yó

–

– khru .

–

khe

–

– khe

–

khai

–

kho

–

– kho

–

khau

–

kham .

–

khah.

QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞

'QÆ—

(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ga-Gunintamu) 'Ñ¶∞¨ — QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (gha-Gunintamu) . .

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

Q∑ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ QÆ

Ñ¶π∞ Ñ¶∞¨ Ñ¶∞¨ Ñ¶∞¨ Ñ¶∞¨ Ñ¶∞¨ Ñ¶∞¨ Ñ¶∞¨ Ñ¶∞¨ Ñ¶∞¨ Ñ¶∞¨ Ñ¶∞¨ Ñ¶∞¨ Ñ¶∞¨ Ñ¶∞¨ Ñ¶∞¨

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

QÆ QÍ y w QÆ∞ QÆ∂ QÆ$ QÆ$Ï ÔQ ˆQ ÔQ· Q˘ QÀ Q“ QÆO QÆó

–

– ga

–

– gi

–

– gu

– –

gru . – gru .

–

– ge

–

gai

–

– go

–

gau

–

gam .

–

gah.

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

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´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

Ñ¶¨∞ – Ñ¶∂¨ – Ñ¶∞≤ – Ñ¶∞‘ – Ñ¶Ú ¨ – Ñ¶¸ ¨ – Ñ¶∞¨ $ – Ñ¶∞¨ $Ï – ÃÑ¶∞ – ¿Ñ¶∞ – ÃÑ¶∞ÿ – Ñ¶∞¨ Á – Ñ¶∞¨ ’ – Ñ¶∞¨ ø – Ñ¶∞¨ O – Ñ¶∞¨ ó –

gha – gha ghi – ghi ghu – ghu ghru . – ghru . ghe – ghe ghai gho – gho ghau gham . ghah. 15

QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ 'K«—

(Gunintamulu) .

Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ca-Gunintamu) 'Kè—« QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (cha-Gunintamu) . .

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

Kü K« K« K« K« K« K« K« K« K« K« K« K« K« K« K«

Kèü Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè« Kè«

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

K« Kå z p K«∞ K«∂ K«$ K«$Ï K≥ KÕ K≥· K˘ KÀ KÒ K«O K«ó

–

– ca

–

– ci

–

– cu

–

cru .

–

– cru .

–

– ce

–

cai

–

– co

–

cau

–

cam .

–

cah.

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

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´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

Kè« Kèå zè pè Kè∞« Kè«∂ Kè$« Kè$« Ï Kè≥ KèÕ Kè·≥ Kè˘ KèÀ KèÒ KèO« Kè«ó

–

cha

–

– cha

–

chi

–

– chi

–

chu

–

– chu

–

chru .

–

– chru .

–

che

–

– che

–

chai

–

cho

–

– cho

–

chau

–

cham .

–

chah.

QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞

(Gunintamulu) .

Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu)

'[— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ja Gunintamu) .

'~°≠— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (jha Gunintamu) .

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

*ò [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

[ *Ï l r A E [$ [$Ï *ˇ *Ë *ˇ· *Á *’ *∫ [O [ó

– –

jru .

–

– je

–

jai

–

– jo

–

jau

–

jam .

~ü≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ { ~°≠ {

–

jah.

~°≠ { Jó ´ ~°≠ó –

–

– ja

–

– ju

–

– jru .

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J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

~°≠ – ~°≠Ï – i≠ – s≠ – ~°≠∞ – ~°≠∂– ~°≠$ – ~°≠$Ï– Ô~≠ – ˆ~≠ – ~Ô ≠ÿ – ~Ô ≠∞ – ~Ô ≠Ï – ~°≠ø – ~°≠O–

jha – jha jhi – jhi jhu – jhu jhru . – jhru . jhe – jhe jhai jho – jho jhau jham . jhah. 17

QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞

'@—

(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ta-Gunintamu) '~î°— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (tha-Gunintamu) . . . .

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

\ò @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @

~îü ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î° ~î°

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

@ \Ï \˜ \© @∞ @∂ @$ @$Ï >ˇ >Ë >ˇÿ \Á \’ \∫ @O @ó

– – –

ta . – ta .

–

ti. – ti.

–

.tu

–

– .tu

– –

. .tru – . .tru

–

te .

–

– te .

–

tai .

– –

to . – to .

–

tau .

–

tam . .

–

tah . .

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

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´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

~î° ~îå iî sî ~î∞° ~î∂° ~î$° ~î$° Ï ~Ô î ~ˆ î ~Ô ·î ~î˘ ~îÀ ~î“ ~îO° ~î°ó

–

tha .

–

– tha .

– – –

thi . – thi .

–

thu . – thu .

–

thru . .

–

– thru . .

–

the .

–

– the .

–

thai .

–

tho .

–

– tho .

–

thau .

–

tham . .

–

thah . .

QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞

'_»—

(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (da-Gunintamu) '_è»— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (dha-Gunintamu) . . .

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

_£ _» _» _» _» _» _» _» _» _» _» _» _» _» _» _»

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

_» _® _ç _ô _»∞ _»∂ _»$ _»$Ï _≥ˇ _Õ _≥ÿ _˘ _À _Ò _»O _»ó

– – –

da . – da .

–

di . – di .

–

du .

–

– du .

–

dru ..

–

– dru ..

–

de .

–

– de .

–

dai .

–

do .

–

– do .

–

dau .

–

dam . .

–

dah . .

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

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´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

_è» _è® _èç _èô _è∞» _è∂» _è$» _è$» Ï _è≥ _èÕ _è·≥ _è˘ _èÀ _èÒ _èO» _è»ó

– – – – –

dha . – dha . dhi . – dhi .

–

dhu . – dhu .

–

dhru . .

–

– dhru . .

–

dhe .

–

– dhe .

–

dhai .

–

dho .

–

– dho .

–

dhau .

–

dham . .

–

dhah . . 19

QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞

'}—

(Gunintamulu) . Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (na-Gunintamu) '`«— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ta-Gunintamu) . . .

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

}ü } } } } } } } } } } } } } } } 20

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

} – }Ï – }˜ – }© – }∞ – }∂ – }$ – }$Ï – }ˇ – }Ë – }ˇÿ – }˘ – }À – }∫ – }O – }ó –

na . – na . ni . – ni . nu . – nu . nru .. – nru .. ne . – ne . nai . no . – no . nau . nam . . nah . .

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

`ü `« `« `« `« `« `« `« `« `« `« `« `« `« `« `«

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J ´ P ´ W ´ D ´ L ´ T ´ |∞∞ ´ |∞∂ ´ Z ´ U ´ S ´ X ´ F ´ B ´ JO ´ Jó ´

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`« `å u f `«∞ `«∂ `«$ `«$Ï `≥ `Õ `≥· `˘ `À `Ò `«O `«ó

–

– ta

–

– ti

–

– tu

–

tru .

–

– tru .

–

– te

–

tai

–

– to

–

tau

–

tam .

–

tah.

QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ '^äŒ—

(Gunintamulu) .

Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (tha-Gunintamu) '^Œ— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (da-Gunintamu) . .

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

^ä£ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ ^äŒ

^£ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ ^Œ

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

^äŒ ^ä• kä nä ^ä∞Œ ^ä∂Œ ^ä$Œ ^ä$Œ Ï ^ä≥ ^äËÕ ^ä·≥ ^ä˘ ^äÀ ^äÒ ^äOŒ ^äŒó

–

tha

–

– tha

–

thi

–

– thi

–

thu

–

– thu

– –

thru .

–

the

–

– the

–

thai

–

tho

–

– tho

–

thau

–

tham .

–

thah.

– thru .

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

^Œ ^• k n ^Œ∞ ^Œ∂ ^Œ$ ^Œ$Ï ^≥ ^Õ ^≥· ^˘ ^À ^Ò ^ŒO

–

– da

–

– di

–

– du

–

dru .

–

– dru .

–

– de

–

dai

–

– do

–

dau

–

dam .

{ Jó ´ ^Œó –

dah.

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QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ '^èŒ—

(Gunintamulu) .

Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (dha-Gunintamu) '#— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (na-Gunintamu) . .

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

^è£ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ ^èŒ

<£ # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

^èŒ ^è• kè nè ^è∞Œ ^è∂Œ ^è$Œ ^è$Œ Ï ^è≥ ^èÕ ^è·≥ ^è˘ ^èÀ ^èÒ ^èOŒ ^èŒó

–

dha

–

– dha

–

dhi

–

– dhi

–

dhu

–

– dhu

– –

dhru .

–

dhe

–

– dhe

–

dhai

–

dho

–

– dho

–

dhau

–

dham .

–

dhah.

– dhru .

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

# <å x h #∞ #∂ #$ #$Ï <≥ <ÕÕ <≥· <˘ <À <Ò #O

–

– na

–

– ni

–

– nu

–

nru .

–

– nru .

–

– ne

–

nai

–

– no

–

nau

–

nam .

{ Jó ´ #ó –

nah.

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QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ 'Ñ¨—

Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (pa-Gunintamu) 'Ñ¶—¨ QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (pha-Gunintamu) . .

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

Ñπ Ñ¨ Ñ¨ Ñ¨ Ñ¨ Ñ¨ Ñ¨

Ñ¨ Ñ¨ Ñ¨ Ñ¨ Ñ¨ Ñ¨ Ñ¨

Ñ¨ Ñ¨

(Gunintamulu) .

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

Ñ¨ áê Ñ≤ Ñ‘ Ñ¨Ù Ñ¨Ó Ñ¨$ Ñ¨$Ï ÃÑ ¿Ñ ÃÑ· á⁄ áÈ áœ Ñ¨O Ñ¨ó

–

– pa

–

– pi

–

– pu

– –

pru . – pru .

–

– pe

–

pai

–

– po

–

pau

–

pam .

–

pah.

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

–

pha

–

– pha

–

phi

–

– phi

–

phu

–

– phu

– –

phru . – phru .

–

phe

–

– phe

–

phai

–

pho

–

– pho

–

phau

–

pham .

{ Jó ´ Ñ¶ó¨ –

phah.

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QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ '|—

Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ba-Gunintamu) 'Éè—í QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (bha-Gunintamu) . .

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

Éò | | | | |

Éèò Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí Éèí

| | | | | | |

| | 24

(Gunintamulu) .

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

| ÉÏ a c |∞ |∂ |$ |$Ï Éˇ ÉË Éˇ· ÉÁ É’ É∫ |O |ó

–

– ba

–

– bi

–

– bu

– –

bru .

–

– be

–

bai

–

– bo

–

bau

–

bam .

–

bah.

– bru .

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

Éèí ÉèÏ aè cè Éè∞í Éè∂í Éè$í Éè$í Ï Éèˇ ÉèË Éè·ˇ ÉèÁ Éè’ Éè∫ ÉèOí

–

bha

–

– bha

–

bhi

–

– bhi

–

bhu

–

– bhu

–

bhru .

–

– bhru .

–

bhe

–

– bhe

–

bhai

–

bho

–

– bho

–

bhau

–

bham .

{ Jó ´ Éèóí –

bhah.

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QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ '=∞—

Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ma-Gunintamu) 'Ü«∞— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ya-Gunintamu) . .

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

"£∞ =∞ =∞ =∞ =∞ =∞ =∞

=∞ =∞ =∞ =∞ =∞ =∞ =∞

=∞ =∞

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

(Gunintamulu) .

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

=∞ – =∂ – q∞ – g∞ – =Ú – =¸ – =∞$ – =∞$Ï – "≥∞ – "Õ∞ – "≥∞ÿ – "≥Ú – "≥∂ – =∞ø – =∞O – =∞ó –

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

mam .

Üü∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ { Ü«∞ {

mah.

Ü«∞ { Jó ´ Ü«∞ó –

ma – ma mi – mi mu – mu mru . – mru . me – me mai mo – mo mau

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO

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´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

Ü«∞ – Ü«∂ – ~Ú – ~¸ – Ü«Ú – Ü«¸– Ü«∞$ – Ü«∞$Ï– Ü≥∞ – ÜÕ∞ – Ü≥∞ÿ – Ü≥Ú – Ü≥∂ – Ü«∞ø – Ü«∞O–

ya – ya yi – yi yu – yu yru . – yru . ye – ye yai yo – yo yau yam . yah. 25

QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ '~°—

Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ra-Gunintamu) 'Å— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (la-Gunintamu) . .

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

~ü ~° ~° ~° ~° ~° ~°

~° ~° ~° ~° ~° ~° ~°

~° ~° 26

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

(Gunintamulu) .

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

~° ~å i s ~°∞ ~°∂ ~°$ ~°$Ï ~Ô ~ˆ ~Ô · ~˘ ~À ~“ ~°O ~°ó

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

–

– ra

–

– ru

– –

rru . – rru .

–

– re

–

rai

–

– ro

–

rau

–

ram .

–

rah.

Å Å

–

Öò Å Å Å Å Å Å Å

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

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´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

Å ÖÏ e b Å∞ Å∂ Å$ Å$Ï Öˇ ÖË Öˇ· ÖÁ Ö’ Ö∫ ÅO Åó

–

– la

–

– li

–

– lu

– –

lru .

–

– le

–

lai

–

– lo

–

lau

–

lam .

–

lah .

– lru .

QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ 'à◊—

(Gunintamulu) .

Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (la-Gunintamu) '=— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (va-Gunintamu) . . .

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

–

.li – .li

–

.lu

–

– .lu

–

. .lru

–

– .lru .

–

.le

–

– .le

–

.lai

–

.lo

–

– .lo

–

.lau

–

. .lam

"£ { J ´ = { P ´ = { W ´ = { D ´ = { L ´ = { T ´ = { |∞∞ ´ = { |∞∂ ´ = { Z ´ = { U ´ = { S ´ = { X ´ = { F ´ = { B ´ = { JO ´

à◊ { Jó ´ à◊ó –

.lah.

àò { J à◊ { P à◊ { W à◊ { D à◊ { L à◊ { T à◊ { |∞∞ à◊ { |∞∂ à◊ { Z à◊ { U à◊ { S à◊ { X à◊ { F à◊ { B à◊ { JO

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

à◊ àÏ o m à◊√ à◊¥ à◊$ à◊$Ï à‹ àı à‹· àÁ à’ à∫ à◊O

–

.la

–

– .la

–

= "å q g =Ù =Ó =$ =$Ï "≥ "Õ "≥·‹ "˘ "À "Ò =O

–

– va

–

– vu

–

vru . – vru .

–

– ve

–

vai

–

– vo

–

vau

–

vam .

= { Jó ´ =ó –

vah.

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QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ 'â◊—

Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) ´ QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (sa-Gunintamu) '+¨— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (sa-Gunintamu) . . .

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

âò â◊ â◊ â◊ â◊ â◊ â◊

â◊ â◊ â◊ â◊ â◊ â◊ â◊

â◊ â◊ 28

(Gunintamulu) .

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

â◊ âß t j â◊√ â◊¥ â◊$ â◊$Ï â‹ âı â‹· âÁ â’ â∫ â◊O â◊ó

– –

´ sru .

–

´ se

–

´– se

–

´ sai

–

´ so

–

´– so

–

´ sau

–

´ sam .

+π { J +¨ { P +¨ { W +¨ { D +¨ { L +¨ { T +¨ { |∞∞ +¨ { |∞∂ +¨ { Z +¨ { U +¨ { S +¨ { X +¨ { F +¨ { B +¨ { JO

–

sam . .

–

´ sah .

+¨ { Jó ´ +¨ó –

sah . .

–

´ sa

–

´– sa

–

si´

–

– si´

–

´ su

–

´– su

´– sru .

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´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

+¨ ëê +≤ +‘ +¨µ +¨Ø +¨$ +¨$Ï Ã+ ¿+ Ã+·· ë⁄ ëÈ ëœ +¨O

– – –

sa . – sa .

–

si . – si .

–

su .

–

– su .

–

sru ..

–

– sru ..

–

se .

–

– se .

–

sai .

–

so .

–

– so .

–

sau .

QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ 'ã¨—

(Gunintamulu) .

Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (sa-Gunintamu) 'Ç¨Ï— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ha-Gunintamu) . .

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

ãπ ã¨ ã¨ ã¨ ã¨¨ ã¨¨

–sam.

ÇπÏ { J Ç¨Ï { P Ç¨Ï { W Ç¨Ï { D Ç¨Ï { L Ç¨Ï { T Ç¨Ï { |∞∞ Ç¨Ï { |∞∂ Ç¨Ï { Z Ç¨Ï { U Ç¨Ï { S Ç¨Ï { X Ç¨Ï { F Ç¨Ï { B Ç¨Ï { JO

– sah.

Ç¨Ï { Jó ´ Ç¨Ïó –

ã¨¨

ã¨ ã¨ ã¨ ã¨ ã¨ ã¨ ã¨ ã¨ ã¨

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

ã¨ ™ê ã≤ ã‘ ã¨∞ ã¨∂ ã¨$ ã¨$Ï Ãã ¿ã Ãã· ™⁄ ™È ™œ ã¨O ã¨ó

– sa – sa– –

–

– si

– su – su–

– sru . – – sru . – se – se– – sai – so – so– – sau

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´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

Ç¨Ï – Ç¨ – Ç≤Ï – Ç‘Ï – Ç¨ï – Ç¨˙ – Ç¨Ï$ – Ç¨Ï$Ï – ÃÇÏ – ¿ÇÏ – ÃÇ·Ï – Ç¨Ï∏ – Ç¨ÏŸ – Ç¨Ï∫ – Ç¨ÏO –

ha – ha hi – hi hu – hu hru . – hru . he – he hai ho – ho hau ham . hah. 29

QÆ∞}˜O`«=ÚÅ∞ 'Hõ∆—

Consonants + Vowels (Hallulu + Acculu) QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ksha-Gunintamu) 'é— QÆ∞}˜O`«=Ú (ra-Gunintamu) . . .

Consonant + Vowel = Composite Letter

H∆± Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆

Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆ Hõ∆ 30

(Gunintamulu) .

{ { { { { { { { { { { { { { { {

J P W D L T |∞∞ |∞∂ Z U S X F B JO Jó

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

Hõ∆ H∆Í H˜∆ H©∆ ‰õΩ∆ ‰õ∆Ä Hõ$∆ Hõ$∆ Ï ÔH∆ ˆH∆ ÔH∆Â H∆˘ H∆À H∆“ Hõ∆O Hõ∆ó

–

ksha

–

– ksha

–

kshi

–

– kshi

–

kshu

–

– kshu

– –

kshru . – kshru .

–

kshe

–

– kshe

–

kshai

–

ksho

–

– ksho

–

kshau

–

ksham .

éü { J é { P é { W é { D é { L é { T é { |∞∞ é { |∞∂ é { Z é { U é { S é { X é { F é { B é { JO

–

kshah.

´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´ ´

é éÏ é˜ é© é∞ é∂ é$ é$Ï éˇ éË éˇÿ é˘ é’ é∫ éO

–

.ra

–

– .ra

– –

.ri – .ri

–

ru .

–

– .ru

–

.rru .

–

– .rru .

–

.re

–

– .re

–

.rai

–

.ro

–

– .ro

–

.rau

–

ram . .

é { Jó ´ éó –

.rah.

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Symbols of Vottulu k

Hõ ¯

Y ö

QÆ æ

Ñ¶¨∞ …

K« Û

Kè« Ûù

[ ˚

~ n

th .

~°≠

~î°

~°≠

@ ì

dh .

_è»

`«

_è

} ‚

^äŒ

^Œ

^èŒ

ﬂ

. n

_» ¤

Ñ¨

Ñ¶¨

Éèí

Êù

ƒù

=∞

Ü«∞

~°

‡

„

s´

à◊

â◊

+¨

ﬁ

≈

ksha

ra .

ã¨

Ç¨Ï

Hõ∆

›

∆

]

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VOTTULU for “ka” consonant

VOTTULU for “kha” consonant

'Hõ— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞

'Y— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞

Hõ¯

–

kka

Hõú

–

kdha

Y¯

–

khka

Yú

–

khdha

Hõö

–

kkha

Hõﬂ

–

kna

Yö

–

khkha

Yﬂ

–

khna

Hõæ

–

kga

HõÊ

–

kpa

Yæ

–

khga

YÊ

–

khpa

Hõ…

–

kgha

HõÊù

–

kpha

Y…

–

khgha

YÊù

–

khpha

HõÛ

–

kca

Hõƒ

–

kba

YÛ

–

khca

Yƒ

–

khba

HõÛù

–

kcha

Hõƒù

–

kbha

YÛù

–

khcha

Yƒù –

khbha

Hõ˚

–

kja

Hõ‡

–

kma

Y˚

–

khja

Y‡

–

khma

Hõ

–

kjha

Hõº

–

kya

Y~°≠

–

khjha

Yº

–

khya

~°≠

Hõì

– kta .

„Hõ

–

kra

Yì

–

khta .

„Y

–

khra

Hõª

– ktha .

Hõ¡

–

kla

Yª

–

khtha .

Y¡

–

khla

Hõ¤ Hõ Hõ‚

–

kda .

Hõ§

– kla .

Y¤

–

khda .

Y§

–

khla .

–

kdha .

Hõﬁ

–

kva

–

khdha .

Yﬁ

–

khva

–

kna .

Hõ≈

–

´ ksa

Y‚

–

khna .

Y≈

–

´ khsa

HõÎ

–

kta

Hõ¬

–

ksa .

YÎ

–

khta

Y¬

–

khsa .

Hõ÷

–

ktha

Hõû

–

ksa

Y÷

–

khtha

Yû

–

khsa

HõÌ

–

kda

Hõ›

–

kha

YÌ

–

khda

Y›

–

khha

www.mohanpublications.com

VOTTULU for “ga” consonant

VOTTULU for “gha” consonant

'QÆõ— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞

'Ñ¶¨∞— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞

QÆ¯

–

gka

QÆú

–

gdha

Ñ¶¨∞¯ –

ghka

Ñ¶¨∞ú

–

ghdha

QÆö

–

gkha

QÆﬂ

–

gna

Ñ¶¨∞ö

–

ghkha

Ñ¶¨∞ﬂ

–

ghna

QÆæ

–

gga

QÆÊ

–

gpa

Ñ¶¨∞æ

–

ghga

Ñ¶¨∞Ê

–

ghpa

QÆ…

–

ggha

QÆÊù

–

gpha

Ñ¶¨∞…

–

ghgha

Ñ¶¨∞Êù

–

ghpha

QÆÛ

–

gca

QÆƒ

–

gba

Ñ¶¨∞Û

–

ghca

Ñ¶¨∞ƒ

–

ghba

QÆÛù

–

gcha

QÆƒù

–

gbha

Ñ¶¨∞Ûù

–

ghcha

Ñ¶¨∞ƒù

–

ghbha

QÆ˚

–

gja

QÆ‡

–

gma

Ñ¶¨∞˚

–

ghja

Ñ¶¨∞‡

–

ghma

QÆ

–

gjha

QÆº

–

gya

Ñ¶~°≠¨∞

–

ghjha

~°≠

Ñ¶¨∞º –

ghya

QÆì

–

gta .

„QÆ

–

gra

Ñ¶¨∞ì

–

ghta .

„Ñ¶¨∞

–

ghra

QÆª

–

gtha .

QÆ¡

–

gla

Ñ¶¨∞ª

–

ghtha .

Ñ¶¨∞¡

–

ghla

QÆ¤

–

gda .

QÆ§

– gla .

Ñ¶¨∞¤

–

ghda .

Ñ¶¨∞§

–

ghla .

QÆ

–

gdha .

QÆﬁ

–

gva

Ñ¶¨∞

–

ghdha .

Ñ¶¨∞ﬁ

–

ghva

QÆ‚

–

gna .

QÆ≈

–

´ gsa

Ñ¶¨∞‚

–

ghna .

Ñ¶¨∞≈

–

´ ghsa

QÆÎ

–

gta

QÆ¬

–

gsa .

Ñ¶¨∞Î

–

ghta

Ñ¶¨∞¬

–

ghsa .

QÆ÷

–

gtha

QÆû

–

gsa

Ñ¶¨∞÷

–

ghtha

Ñ¶¨∞û

–

ghsa

QÆÌ

–

gda

QÆ›

–

gha

Ñ¶¨∞Ì

–

ghda

Ñ¶¨∞›

–

ghha

www.mohanpublications.com

VOTTULU for “ca” consonant

VOTTULU for “cha” consonant

'K«— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞

'Kè«— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞

K«¯

–

cka

K«ú

–

cdha

Kè«¯

–

chka

Kè«ú

–

chdha

K«ö

–

ckha

K«ﬂ

–

cna

Kè«ö

–

chkha

Kè«ﬂ

–

chna

K«æ

–

cga

K«Ê

–

cpa

Kè«æ

–

chga

Kè«Ê

–

chpa

K«…

–

cgha

K«Êù

–

cpha

Kè«…

–

chgha

Kè«Êù

–

chpha

K«Û

–

cca

K«ƒ

–

cba

Kè«Û

–

chca

Kè«ƒ

–

chba

K«Ûù

–

ccha

K«ƒù

–

cbha

Kè«Ûù

–

chcha

Kè«ƒù

–

chbha

K«˚

–

cja

K«‡

–

cma

Kè«˚

–

chja

Kè«‡

–

chma

K«~°≠

–

chjha

K«º

–

cya

Kè~°≠ «

–

chjha

Kè«º

–

chya

K«ì

–

cta .

„K«

–

cra

Kè«ì

–

chta .

„Kè«

–

chra

K«ª

–

ctha .

K«¡

–

cla

Kè«ª

–

chtha .

Kè«¡

–

chla

K«¤

–

cda .

K«§

–

cla .

Kè«¤

–

chda .

Kè«§

–

chla .

K«

–

cdha .

K«ﬁ

–

cva

Kè«

–

chdha .

Kè«ﬁ

–

chva

K«‚

–

chna .

K«≈

–

´ csa

Kè«‚

–

chna .

Kè«≈

–

´ chsa

K«Î

–

cta

K«¬

–

csa .

Kè«Î

–

chta

Kè«¬

–

chsa .

K«÷

–

ctha

K«û

–

csa

Kè«÷

–

chtha

Kè«û

–

chsa

K«Ì

–

cda

K«›

–

cha

Kè«Ì

–

chda

Kè«›

–

chha

www.mohanpublications.com

VOTTULU for “ja” consonant

VOTTULU for “jha” consonant

'[— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞

'~°≠— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞

[¯

–

jka

[ú

–

jdha

~°≠¯ –

jhka

~°≠ú

[ö

–

jkha

[ﬂ

–

jna

~°≠ö

–

jhkha

~°≠ﬂ –

jhna

[æ

–

jga

[Ê

–

jpa

~°≠æ

–

jhga

~°≠Ê –

jhpa

[…

–

jgha

[Êù

–

jpha

~°≠… –

jhgha

~°≠Êù –

jhpha

[Û

–

jca

[ƒ

–

jba

~°≠Û –

jhca

~°≠ƒ –

jhba

[Ûùù

–

jcha

[ƒù

–

jbha

~°≠Ûù –

jhcha

~°≠ƒù –

jhbha

[˚

–

jja

[‡

–

jma

~°≠˚

–

jhja

~°≠‡ –

jhma

[~°≠

–

jjha

[º

–

jya

~°~°≠≠

–

jhjha

~°≠º –

jhya

[ì

–

jta .

„[

–

jra

~°≠ì

–

jhta .

„~°≠ –

jhra

[ª

–

jtha .

[¡

–

jla

~°≠ª

–

jhtha .

~°≠¡

–

jhla

[¤

–

jda .

[§

–

jla .

~°≠¤

–

jhda .

~°≠§ –

jhla .

[

–

jdha .

[ﬁ

–

jva

~°≠

–

jhdha .

~°≠ﬁ –

jhva

[‚

–

jna .

[≈

–

´ jsa

~°≠‚

–

jhna .

~°≠≈ –

´ jhsa

[Î

–

jta

[¬

–

jsa .

~°≠Î

–

jhta

~°≠¬

–

jhsa .

[÷

–

jtha

[û

–

jsa

~°≠÷

–

jhtha

~°≠û –

jhsa

[Ì

–

jda

[›

–

jha

~°≠Ì

–

jhda

~°≠› –

jhha

www.mohanpublications.com

–

jhdha

VOTTULU for “ta” . consonant

VOTTULU for “tha” consonant .

'@— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞

'~î°— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞

@¯

– tka .

@ú

– tdha .

~î°¯

– .thka

~î°ú

– thdha .

@ö

– .tkha

@ﬂ

– .tna

~î°ö

– .thkha

~î°ﬂ

– thna .

@æ

– tga .

@Ê

– .tpa

~î°æ

– .thga

~î°Ê

– thpa .

@…

– .tgha

@Êù

– .tpha

~î°…

– .thgha

~î°Êù

– thpha .

@Û

– tca .

@ƒ

– .tba

~î°Û

– thca .

~î°ƒ

– thba .

@Ûù

– tcha .

@ƒù

– tbha .

~î°Ûù

– thcha .

~î°ƒù

– thbha .

@˚

– .tja

@‡

– tma .

~î°˚

– .thja

~î°‡

– thma .

@ ~°≠

– .tjha

@º

– .tya

~°≠

~î°

– thjha .

~î°º

– thya .

@ì

– .tta .

„@

– tra .

~î°ì

– thta . .

„~î°

– thra .

@ª

– ttha ..

@¡

– .tla

~î°ª

– .ththa .

~î°¡

– thla .

@¤

– tda ..

@§

– .tla .

~î°¤

– .thda .

~î«§

– thla ..

– tdha ..

@ﬁ

– .tva

~î°

– thdha . .

~î°ﬁ

– thva .

@‚

– tna ..

@≈

´ – tsa .

~î°‚

– thna . .

~î°≈

– thsa . ´

@Î

– tta .

@¬

– tsa ..

~î°Î

– thta .

~î°¬

– thsa . .

@÷

– ttha .

@û

– tsa .

~î°÷

– ththa .

~î°û

– thsa .

@Ì

– tda .

@›

– tha .

~î°Ì

– thda .

~î°›

– thha .

www.mohanpublications.com

VOTTULU for “da” consonant .

VOTTULU for “dha” consonant .

'_»— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞

'_è»— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞

_»¯

– dka .

_»ú

– ddha .

_è»¯

– dhka .

_è»ú

– dhdha .

_»ö

– dkha .

_»ﬂ

– dna .

_è»ö

– dhkha .

_è»ﬂ

– dhna .

_»æ

– dga .

_»Ê

– dpa .

_è»æ

– dhga .

_è»Ê

– dhpa .

_»…

– dgha .

_»Êù

– dpha .

_è»…

– dhgha .

_è»Êù

– dhpha .

_»Û

– dca .

_»ƒ

– dba .

_è»Û

– dhca .

_è»ƒ

– dhba .

_»Ûù

– dcha .

_»ƒù

– dbha .

_è»Ûù

– dhcha .

_è»ƒù

– dhbha .

_»˚

– dja .

_»‡

– dma .

_è»˚

– dhja .

_è»‡

– dhma .

_»~°≠

– djha .

_»º

– dya .

_è~°≠ »

– dhjha .

_è»º

– dhya .

_»ì

– dta ..

„_»

– dra .

_è»ì

– dhta . .

„_è»

– dhra .

_»ª

– dtha ..

_»¡

– dla .

_è»ª

– dhtha . .

_è»¡

– dhla .

_»¤

– dda ..

_»§

– dla ..

_è»¤

– dhda . .

_è»§

– dhla . .

_»

– ddha ..

_»ﬁ

– dva .

_è»è

– dhdha . .

_è»ﬁ

– dhva .

_»‚

– dna ..

_»≈

´ – dsa .

_è»‚

– dhna . .

_è»≈

´ – dhsa .

_»Î

– dta .

_»¬

– dsa ..

_è»Î

– dhta .

_è»¬

– dhsa . .

_»÷

– dtha .

_»û

– dsa .

_è»÷

– dhtha .

_è»û

– dhsa .

_»Ì

– dda .

_»›

– dha .

_è»Ì

– dhda .

_è»›

– dhha .

www.mohanpublications.com

VOTTULU for “ta” consonant

VOTTULU for “tha” consonant

'`«»— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞

'^äŒè»— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞

`«¯

–

tka

`«ú

–

tdha

^äŒ¯

–

thka

^äŒ«ú

–

thdha

`«ö

–

tkha

`«ﬂ

–

tna

^äŒö

–

thkha

^äŒ«ﬂ

–

thna

`«æ

–

tga

`«Ê

–

tpa

^äŒæ

–

thga

^äŒÊ

–

thpa

`«…

–

tgha

`«Êù

–

tpha

^äŒ…

–

thgha

^äŒ«Êù

–

thpha

`«Û

–

tca

`«ƒ

–

tba

^äŒÛ

–

thca

^äŒƒ

–

thba

`«Ûù

–

tcha

`«ƒù

–

tbha

^äŒÛù

–

thcha

^äŒƒù

–

thbha

`«˚

–

tja

`«‡

–

tma

^äŒ˚

–

thja

^äŒ‡

–

thma

`« ~°≠

–

tjha

`«º

–

tya

^ä~°≠ Œ

–

thjha

^äŒº

–

thya

`«ì

– tta .

„`«

–

tra

^äŒì

–

thta .

„^äŒ

–

thra

`«ª

– ttha .

`«¡

–

tla

^äŒª

–

ththa .

^äŒ¡

–

thla

`«¤

– tda .

`««§

– tla .

^äŒ¤

–

thda .

^äŒ§

–

thla .

`«

– tdha .

`«ﬁ

–

tva

^äŒ

–

thdha .

^äŒﬁ

–

thva

`«‚

– tna .

`«≈

–

´ tsa

^äŒ‚

–

thna .

^äŒ≈

–

´ thsa

`«Î

–

tta

`«¬

– tsa .

^äŒÎ

–

thta

^äŒ¬

–

thsa .

`«÷

–

ttha

`«û

–

tsa

^äŒ«÷

–

ththa

^äŒû

–

thsa

`«Ì

–

tda

`«›

–

tha

^äŒ«Ì

–

thda

^äŒ›

–

thha

www.mohanpublications.com

VOTTULU for “da” consonant

VOTTULU for “dha” consonant

'^Œ«»— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞

'^èŒè»— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞

^Œ¯

–

dka

^Œú

–

ddha

^èŒ¯

–

dhka

^Œú

–

dhdha

^Œö

–

dkha

^Œﬂ

–

dna

^èŒö

–

dhkha

^èŒﬂ

–

dhna

^Œæ

–

dga

^ŒÊ

–

dpa

^èŒæ

–

dhga

^èŒÊ

–

dhpa

^Œ…

–

dgha

^ŒÊù

–

dpha

^èŒ…

–

dhgha

^èŒÊù

–

dhpha

^ŒÛ

–

dca

^Œƒ

–

dba

^èŒÛ

–

dhca

^èŒƒ

–

dhba

^ŒÛù

–

dcha

^Œƒù

–

dbha

^èŒÛù

–

dhcha

^èŒƒù

–

dhbha

^Œ˚

–

dja

^Œ‡

–

dma

^èŒ˚

–

dhja

^èŒ‡

–

dhma

^Œ~°≠

–

djha

^Œº

–

dya

^è~°≠ Œ

–

dhjha

^èŒº

–

dhya

^Œì

–

dta .

„^Œ

–

dra

^èŒì

–

dhta .

„^èŒ

–

dhra

^Œª

–

dtha .

^Œ¡

–

dla

^èŒª

–

dhtha

^èŒ¡

–

dhla

^Œ¤

–

dda .

^Œ«§

–

dla .

^èŒ¤

–

dhda

^èŒ§

–

dhla .

^Œ

–

ddha .

^Œﬁ

–

dva

^èŒ

–

dhdha

^èŒﬁ

–

dhva

^Œ‚

–

dna .

^Œ≈

–

´ dsa

^èŒ‚

–

dhna

^èŒ≈

–

´ dhsa

^ŒÎ

–

dta

^Œ¬

–

dsa .

^èŒÎ

–

dhta

^èŒ¬

–

dhsa

^Œ÷

–

dtha

^Œû

–

dsa

^èŒ÷

–

dhtha

^èŒû

–

dhsa

^ŒÌ

–

dda

^Œ›

–

dha

^èŒÌ

–

dhda

^èŒ›

–

dhha

www.mohanpublications.com

VOTTULU for “na” consonant

VOTTULU for “pa” consonant

'#— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞

'Ñ¨— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞

#¯

–

nka

#ö

–

nkha

#æ

–

nga

#…

–

ngha

#Û

–

nca

#Ûù

–

ncha

#˚

–

nja

#~°≠

–

njha

#ì

–

nta .

#ª

–

ntha .

#¤

–

nda .

–

ndha .

#‚

–

nna .

#Î

–

nta

#÷

–

ntha

#Ì

–

nda

#ú #ﬂ #Ê #Êù #ƒ #ƒù #‡ #º „# #¡ #§ #ﬁ #≈ #¬ #û #›

–

ndha

Ñ¨¯

–

pka

Ñ¨ú

–

pdha

–

nna

Ñ¨ö

–

pkha

Ñ¨ﬂ

–

pna

–

npa

Ñ¨æ

–

pga

Ñ¨Ê

–

ppa

–

npha

Ñ¨…

–

pgha

Ñ¨Êù

–

ppha

–

nba

Ñ¨Û

–

pca

Ñ¨ƒ

–

pba

–

nbha

Ñ¨Ûù

–

pcha

Ñ¨ƒù

–

pbha

–

nma

Ñ¨˚

–

pja

Ñ¨‡

–

pma

–

nya

Ñ¨

–

pjha

Ñ¨º

–

pya

–

nra

Ñ¨ì

–

pta .

„Ñ¨

–

pra

–

nla

Ñ¨ª –

ptha .

Ñ¨¡

–

pla

–

nla .

Ñ¨¤

–

pda .

Ñ¨§

– pla .

–

nva

Ñ¨

–

pdha .

Ñ¨ﬁ

–

pva

–

´ nsa

Ñ¨‚

–

pna .

Ñ¨≈

–

´ psa

–

nsa .

Ñ¨Î

–

pta

Ñ¨¬

–

psa .

–

nsa

Ñ¨÷

–

ptha

Ñ¨û

–

psa

–

nha

Ñ¨Ì

–

pda

Ñ¨›

–

pha

~°≠

www.mohanpublications.com

VOTTULU for “pha” consonant

VOTTULU for “ba” consonant

'Ñ¶¨— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞

'|— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞

phka

Ñ¶¨ú

–

phdha

|¯

–

bka

|ú

–

bdha

Ñ¶¨ö –

phkha

Ñ¶¨ﬂ

–

phna

|ö

–

bkha

|ﬂ

–

bna

Ñ¶¨æ

–

phga

Ñ¶¨Ê

–

phpa

|æ

–

bga

|Ê

–

bpa

Ñ¶¨…

–

phgha

Ñ¶¨Êù

–

phpha

|…

–

bgha

|Êù

–

bpha

Ñ¶¨Û

–

phca

Ñ¶¨ƒ

–

phba

|Û

–

bca

|ƒ

–

bba

Ñ¶¨Ûù

–

phcha

Ñ¶¨ƒù

–

phbha

|Ûù

–

bcha

|ƒù

–

bbha

Ñ¶¨˚

–

phja

Ñ¶¨‡

–

phma

|˚

–

bja

|‡

–

bma

Ñ¶¨

–

phjha

Ñ¶¨º

–

phya

|~°≠

–

bjha

|º

–

bya

Ñ¶¨ì

–

phta .

„Ñ¶¨

–

phra

|ì

– bta .

„|

–

bra

Ñ¶¨ª

–

phtha .

Ñ¶¨¡

–

phla

|ª

–

btha .

|¡

–

bla

Ñ¶¨¤

–

phda .

Ñ¶¨§

–

phla .

|¤

–

bda .

|§

– bla .

Ñ¶¨

–

phdha .

Ñ¶¨ﬁ

–

phva

–

bdha .

|ﬁ

–

bva

Ñ¶¨‚

–

phna .

Ñ¶¨≈

–

´ phsa

|‚

– bna .

|≈

–

´ bsa

Ñ¶¨Î

–

phta

Ñ¶¨¬

–

phsa .

|Î

–

bta

|¬

–

bsa .

Ñ¶¨÷

–

phtha

Ñ¶¨û

–

phsa

|÷

–

btha

|û

–

bsa

Ñ¶¨Ì

–

phda

Ñ¶¨›

–

phha

|Ì

–

bda

|›

–

bha

Ñ¶¨¯

~°≠

–

www.mohanpublications.com

VOTTULU for “bha” consonant

VOTTULU for “ma” consonant

'Éèí— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞

'=∞— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞

Éèí¯

–

bhka

Éèíú

–

bhdha

=∞¯ –

mka

=∞ú

–

mdha

Éèíö

–

bhkha

Éèíﬂ

–

bhna

=∞ö

–

mkha

=∞ﬂ

–

mna

Éèíæ

–

bhga

ÉèíÊ

–

bhpa

=∞æ

–

mga

=∞Ê

–

mpa

Éèí…

–

bhgha

ÉèíÊù

–

bhpha

=∞…

–

mgha

=∞Êù

–

mpha

ÉèíÛ

–

bhca

Éèíƒ

–

bhba

=∞Û

–

mca

=∞ƒ

–

mba

ÉèíÛù

–

bhcha

Éèíƒù

–

bhbha

=∞Ûù

–

mcha

=∞ƒù

–

mbha

Éèí˚

–

bhja

Éèí‡

–

bhma

=∞˚

–

mja

=∞‡

–

mma

Éè~°≠ í

–

bhjha

Éèíº

–

bhya

=∞

–

mjha

=∞º –

mya

Éèíì

–

bhta .

„Éèí

–

bhra

=∞ì

–

mta .

„=∞

–

mra

Éèíª

–

bhtha .

Éèí¡

–

bhla

=∞ª

–

mtha .

=∞¡

–

mla

Éèí¤

–

bhda .

Éèí§

–

bhla .

=∞¤

–

mda .

=∞§

–

mla .

Éèí

–

bhdha .

Éèíﬁ

–

bhva

=∞

–

mdha .

=∞ﬁ

–

mva

Éèí‚

–

bhna .

Éèí≈

–

´ bhsa

=∞‚

–

mna .

=∞≈

–

´ msa

ÉèíÎ

–

bhta

Éèí¬

–

bhsa .

=∞Î

–

mta

=∞¬

–

msa .

Éèí÷

–

bhtha

Éèíû

–

bhsa

=∞÷

–

mtha

=∞û

–

msa

ÉèíÌ

–

bhda

Éèí›

–

bhha

=∞Ì

–

mda

=∞›

–

mha

~°≠

www.mohanpublications.com

VOTTULU for “ya” consonant

VOTTULU for “ra” consonant

'Ü«∞— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞

'~°— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞

Ü«∞¯ –

yka

Ü«∞ú

Ü«∞ö

–

ykha

Ü«∞æ

–

ydha

~°¯

–

rka

~°ú

–

rdha

Ü«∞ﬂ –

yna

~°ö

–

rkha

~°ﬂ

–

rna

yga

Ü«∞Ê –

ypa

~°æ

–

rga

~°Ê

–

rpa

Ü«∞… –

ygha

Ü«∞Êù –

ypha

~°…

–

rgha

~°Êù –

rpha

Ü«∞Û –

yca

Ü«∞ƒ –

ypba

~°Û

–

rca

~°ƒ

–

rba

Ü«∞Ûù –

ycha

Ü«∞ƒù –

ybha

~°Ûù

–

rcha

~°ƒù

–

rbha

Ü«∞˚

–

yja

Ü«∞‡ –

yma

~°˚

–

rja

~°‡

–

rma

Ü«~°≠ ∞

–

yjha

Ü«∞º –

yya

~°~°≠

–

rjha

~°º

–

rya

Ü«∞ì

– yta .

„Ü«∞ –

yra

~°ì

– rta .

„~°

–

rra

Ü«∞ª

–

ytha .

Ü«∞¡

–

yla

~°ª

– rtha .

~°¡

–

rla

Ü«∞¤

–

yda .

Ü«∞§ –

yla .

~°¤

– rda .

~°§

– rla .

Ü«∞

–

ydha .

Ü«∞ﬁ –

yva

~°

– rdha .

~°ﬁ

–

rva

Ü«∞‚

–

yna .

Ü«∞≈ –

´ ysa

~°‚

– rna .

~°≈

–

´ rsa

Ü«∞Î

–

yta

Ü«∞¬

–

ysa .

~°Î

–

rta

~°¬

– rsa .

Ü«∞÷

–

ytha

Ü«∞û –

ysa

~°÷

–

rtha

~°û

–

rsa

Ü«∞Ì

–

yda

Ü«∞› –

yha

~°Ì

–

rda

~°›

–

rha

–

www.mohanpublications.com

VOTTULU for “la” consonant

VOTTULU for “la” . consonant

'Å— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞

'à◊— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞

Å¯

–

lka

Åú

–

ldha

à◊¯

– .lka

à◊ú

– .ldha

Åö

–

lkha

Åﬂ

–

lna

à◊ö

– .lkha

à◊ﬂ

– .lna

Åæ

–

lga

ÅÊ

–

lpa

à◊æ

– .lga

à◊Ê

– .lpa

Å…

–

lgha

ÅÊù –

lpha

à◊…

– .lgha

à◊Êù –

ÅÛ

–

lca

Åƒ

–

lba

à◊Û

– .lca

à◊ƒ

– .lba

ÅÛù

–

lcha

Åƒù

–

lbha

à◊Ûù

– .lcha

à◊ƒù

– .lbha

Å˚

–

lja

Å‡

–

lma

à◊˚

– .lja

à◊‡

– .lma

Å ~°≠

–

ljha

Åº

–

lya

~°≠

à◊

– .ljha

à◊º

– .lya

Åì

– lta .

„Å

–

lra

à◊ì

– .lta .

„à◊

– .lra

Åª

– ltha .

Å¡

–

lla

à◊ª

– .ltha .

à◊¡

– .lla

Å¤

– lda .

Å§

– lla .

à◊¤

– .lda .

à◊§

– .lla .

– ldha .

Åﬁ

–

lva

à◊

– .ldha .

à◊ﬁ

– .lva

Å‚

– lna .

Å≈

–

´ lsa

à◊‚

– .lna .

à◊≈

´ – .lsa

ÅÎ

–

lta

Å¬

– lsa .

à◊Î

– .lta

à◊¬

– .lsa .

Å÷

–

ltha

Åû

–

lsa

à◊÷

– .ltha

à◊û

– .lsa

ÅÌ

–

lda

Å›

–

lha

à◊Ì

– .lda

à◊›

– .lha

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.lpha

VOTTULU for “va” consonant

´ VOTTULU for “sa” consonant

'=— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞

'â◊— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰õΩ "˘`«∞ÎÅ∞

=¯

–

vka

=ú

–

vdha

â◊¯

–

´ ska

â◊ú

–

´ sdha

=ö

–

vkha

=ﬂ

–

vna

â◊ö

–

´ skha

â◊ﬂ

–

´ sna

=æ

–

vga

=Ê

–

vpa

â◊æ

–

´ sga

â◊Ê

–

´ spa

=…

–

vgha

=Êù

–

vpha

â◊…

–

´ sgha

â◊Êù

–

´ spha

=Û

–

vca

=ƒ

–

vba

â◊Û

–

´ sca

â◊ƒ

–

´ sba

=Ûù

–

vcha

=ƒù

–

vbha

â◊Ûù

–

´ scha

â◊ƒù

–

´ sbha

=˚

–

vja

=‡

–

vma

â◊˚

–

´ sja

â◊‡

–

´ sma

=~°≠

–

vjha

=º

–

vya

~°≠

â◊

–

´ sjha

â◊º

–

´ sya

=ì

– vta .

„=

–

vra

â◊ì

´ – sta .

„â◊

–

´ sra

=ª

–

vtha .

=¡

–

vla

â◊ª

´ – stha .

â◊¡

–

´ sla

=¤

–

vda .

=§

– vla .

â◊¤

–

´ sda .

â◊§

´ – sla .

–

vdha .

=ﬁ

–

vva

â◊

–

´ sdha .

â◊ﬁ

–

´ sva

=‚

–

vna .

=≈

–

´ vsa

â◊‚

–

´ sna .

â◊≈

–

´´ ssa

=Î

–

vta

=¬

–

vsa .

â◊Î

–

´ sta

â◊¬

–

´ ssa .

=÷

–

vtha

=û

–

vsa

â◊÷

–

´ stha

â◊û –

´ ssa

=Ì

–

vda

=›

–

vha

â◊Ì

–

´ sda

â◊›

´ sha

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–

VOTTULU for “sa” consonant

'+¨— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞

'ã¨— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞

+¨¯

– ska .

+¨ú

– sdha .

ã¨¯

–

ska

ã¨ú

–

sdha

+¨ö

– skha .

+¨ﬂ

– sna .

ã¨ö

–

skha

ã¨ﬂ

–

sna

+¨æ

– sga .

+¨Ê

– spa .

ã¨æ

–

sga

ã¨Ê

–

spa

+¨…

– sgha .

+¨Êù

– spha .

ã¨…

–

sgha

ã¨Êù

–

spha

+¨Û

– sca .

+¨ƒ

– sba .

ã¨Û

–

sca

ã¨ƒ

–

sba

+¨Ûù

– scha .

+¨ƒù

– sbha .

ã¨Ûù

–

scha

ã¨ƒù

–

sbha

+¨˚

– sja .

+¨‡

– sma .

ã¨˚

–

sja

ã¨‡

–

sma

+¨

– sjha .

+¨º

– sya .

ã¨~°≠

–

sjha

ã¨º

–

sya

+¨ì

– .sta .

„+¨

– sra .

ã¨ì

–

sta .

„ã¨

–

sra

+¨ª

– stha ..

+¨¡

– sla .

ã¨ª

– stha .

ã¨¡

–

sla

+¨¤

– sda ..

+¨§

– sla ..

ã¨¤

–

sda .

ã¨§

– sla .

+¨

– sdha ..

+¨ﬁ

– sva .

ã¨

–

sdha .

ã¨ﬁ

–

sva

+¨‚

– sna ..

+¨≈

– ssa .´

ã¨‚

–

sna .

ã¨≈

–

´ ssa

+¨Î

– sta .

+¨¬

– ssa ..

ã¨Î

–

sta

ã¨¬

–

ssa .

+¨÷

– stha .

+¨û –

ssa .

ã¨÷

–

stha

ã¨û

–

ssa

+¨Ì

– sda .

+¨›

– sha .

ã¨Ì

–

sda

ã¨›

–

sha

~°≠

VOTTULU for “sa” consonant .

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VOTTULU for “ha” consonant

'Ç¨Ï— Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡‰Ωõ "˘`«∞ÅÎ ∞

Ç¨Ï¯ –

hka

Ç¨Ïì

–

hta .

Ç¨Ïú

–

hdha

„Ç¨Ï

–

hra

Ç¨Ïö

–

hkha

Ç¨Ïª

–

htha .

Ç¨Ïﬂ

–

hna

Ç¨Ï¡

–

hla

Ç¨Ïæ

–

hga

Ç¨Ï¤

–

hda .

Ç¨ÏÊ

–

hpa

Ç¨Ï§

–

hla .

Ç¨Ï…

–

hgha

Ç¨Ï

–

hdha .

Ç¨ÏÊù

–

hpha

Ç¨Ïﬁ

–

hva

Ç¨ÏÛ

–

hca

Ç¨Ï‚

–

hna .

Ç¨Ïƒ

–

hba

Ç¨Ï≈

–

´ hsa

Ç¨ÏÛù

–

hcha

Ç¨ÏÎ

–

hta

Ç¨Ïƒù

–

hbha

Ç¨Ï¬

–

hsa .

Ç¨Ï˚

–

hja

Ç¨Ï÷

–

htha

Ç¨Ï‡

–

hma

Ç¨Ïû

–

hsa

Ç¨~°≠Ï

–

hjha

Ç¨ÏÌ

–

hda

Ç¨Ïº –

hya

Ç¨Ï›

–

hha

QÆ=∞xHõ V,&,}, Hõ,∆ é – D JHõ~∆ åÅ "˘`«∞Å Î ∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ "å_»∞HõÖ’ ÖË=Ù HÍ|\ì̃ g\˜H˜ ãÖ|OkèOz# kfi`åfiHõ~∆ åÅ#∞ W=fiÖË^∞Œ . NOTE The vowel- consonant clusters for the Telugu letters viz., . ~ n, n, n, . ksha, r. are not given since they are not in much usage.

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Just try for yourself!

Write all the Vowels in Series

J – JO

Write all the Consonants in Series

Hõ – é

Write Gunintamulu for ha .

Write Vottulu for bh

(Ç¨Ï)

(Éè)í

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`≥Å∞QÆ∞ â◊|=Ì ∂Å

Telugu Vocabulary

Telugu Learning Kit Module 2

The Alpha Foundation Hyderabad, India

C P Brown Academy

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Preface

Language, in a sense, is “man’s culminating cultural instrument.” It is a social institution. It is an expression of human spirit. Every language has its own set of vocabulary. And every word has its own sound. Indeed, words are more than sounds– - in the listener. For poets, words are vennelalo- -adukone- andamaina they emote bhava adapillalu – “beauteous belles playing about under the moonlight.”

Words are the accepted vehicles of new things, new ideas, new attitudes, or new points of view. Every practitioner of a language must acquire a fair understanding of words. No matter even if it is one’s mother-tongue, one can enjoy it more, only if he or she could see it from the inside – looking at the words with a feeling for them. This becomes feasible only when one knows what the symbol, the sound, the word stands for. And that is what this module aims at. It enables you to master the Telugu words through Roman script – all by yourself. This module launches you on the path of reading and writing Telugu words. It starts with two-lettered words graduating into multi-lettered words. This module is aimed at helping you learn to read Telugu words with an artist’s eye. It is hoped that by going through the module you would cultivate a better appreciation for your language. This shall make words look more than mere sounds. Once you cultivate this art of looking at words from inside, they no longer remain as mere denotations of emotions. They will rather ‘voice’ emotions. It is only then that the language becomes yours. It then simply becomes innate. Talking in Telugu then becomes a jingling of the “beauteous belles.” Once the taste is cultivated for your language – the sound and the feelings that the words emote – you are sure to be swayed by a newfound urge to learn more complex words and start conversation in Telugu – all with ease. If this happens, we shall feel that this initiative of C P Brown Academy has achieved its objective. Nonetheless, a book, just as a good teacher, can at best, direct, aid and encourage a learner but it is his or her effort that alone can make learning happen. We solicit feedback from the readers for making the module more learner-friendly.

GRK Murty

4 3

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Transliteration Scheme of Telugu Alphabet

Vowels (JK«∞ÛÅ∞: Acculu)

–

|∞∞

.lu

–

.lu

e–

–

am.

ah.

.ru

–

ru .

S ai

|∞∂

Consonants (Ç¨ÏÅ∞¡Å∞

–

Jó

Hallulu)

V V.

Hõ

QÆ

Ñ¶¨∞

K«

Kè«

[

~°≠

& ~

~î°

_»

_è»

}

t.h

dh .

`«

^äŒ

^Œ

^èŒ

Ñ¨

Ñ¶¨

Éèí

=∞

Ü«∞

~°

à◊

n n

â◊

+¨

ã¨

Ç¨Ï

Hõ∆

s´

ksh

* Not in common use.

é r.

–

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Sachitra Aksharamala

ã¨z`„ « JHõ~∆ = ° ∂Å Alphabet with Illustrations a

amma

J=∞‡ mother a

avu

P=Ù

cow

illu

WÅ∞¡

house 5

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4D i

-iga

DQÆ

fly u

uduta

L_»∞`«

squirrel u

-uyala

TÜ«∞Å cradle

|∞∞ 4

rusi . .

|∞∞+≤

sage 6

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4Z e

eluka

ZÅ∞Hõ rat

enugu

U#∞QÆ∞

elephant ai

aidu

S^Œ∞ five

X 4

onte .

XO>ˇ

camel 7

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4F o

oda .

F_» ship

ausadhamu .

B+¨^èŒ=Ú medicine

ambaramu

JO|~°=Ú sky

Jó 4

duhkhamu .

^Œ∞óY=Ú grief

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4Hõ ka

kanki

HõOH˜ spike

kha

khadgamu .

Y_»æ=Ú sword

QÆ

gampa

QÆOÑ¨ basket

Ñ¶¨∞ 4

ghatamu .

Ñ¶¨∞@=Ú vessel

gha

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4.V n

vanmayamu .

"åV‡Ü«∞=Ú literature

K«

cali

K«e chill

cha

Kè«

chatramu

Kè«„`«=Ú umbrella ja

jada .

[_»

[ 4

plait

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4~°≠ jha

jhasamu .

~°≠+¨=Ú fish

yajnamu

Ü«∞[˝=Ú ritual ta

tapa .

@áê post tha

~î° 4

kanthamu .

HõO~î°=Ú throat 11

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4._» da

dabba .

_»ÉÏƒ box

dha

_è»

dhanka .

_è»OHÍ

drum n

}

vina .

musical instrument

`« 4

tala

`«Å

head

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4^äŒ tha

rathamu

~°^äŒ=Ú chariot

^Œ

danda .

^ŒO_» garland

dha

^èŒ

dhanussu

^èŒ#∞ã¨∞û bow na

natta

#`«Î 4

# 4

snail 13

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4Ñ¨ pa

palaka

Ñ¨ÅHõ slate

pha

Ñ¶¨

phalamu

Ñ¶¨Å=Ú fruit ba

bandi .

|O_ç cart

Éèí 4

bhatudu . .

Éèí@∞_»∞ 4

bha

soldier 14

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4=∞ ma

manta .

=∞O@ flame

Ü«∞

yantramu

Ü«∞O„`«=Ú machine ra

~°

ratnamu

~°`«ﬂ=Ú

gem

Å 4

lata

Å`«

creeper

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4. à◊ la

talamu .

`åà◊=Ú lock

vala

=Å net

´ sa

â◊°

´ sankhamu

â◊OY=Ú conch

+¨ 4

mesamu .

"Õ∞+¨=Ú goat

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4ã¨ sa

sanci

ã¨Oz bag

Ç¨Ï

hamsa

Ç¨ÏOã¨ swan ksh

Hõ∆

vrukshamu .

=$Hõ∆=Ú tree

é 4

rampamu .

éOÑ¨=Ú saw 17

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Ñ¨^=Œ ÚÅ Ñ¨iK«Ü∞« =Ú

- Introduction to Words

ala

ara

wave

shelf

adavi .

anasa

J_»q

J<åã¨

forest

pine apple

arati.

alasata .

anumati

plantain

tiresome

permission

JÅ

J~°

JÅã¨@ J#∞=∞u

J~°\˜

akulu

a t.a

aru

P~°∞

P‰õΩÅ∞

game

six

leaves

akali

a s´ a

hunger

desire

- -´ akasamu

alayamu

PHõe

Pâ◊

PÅÜ« ∞ =Ú PHÍâ◊ = Ú 4 sky

temple

Padamula Paricayamu -

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4 ila

inti

earth

lady

isuka

inumu

Wã¨∞Hõ

W#∞=Ú

sand

iron

ituka .

itivala .

ivatala

brick

recently

this side

WOu

WÅ

W\©=Å W=`«Å

W@∞Hõ

ita

ikalu

D`«

DHõÅ∞

swim

feathers

- i n a d. u

-´ i s u d. u

today

God ´Siva

itacettu ..

- ilapata .

ite .

D>ˇ spear

D<å_»∞ Dâ◊√_»∞ D`«K≥@∞ì DÅáê@ toddy tree

whistling

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4 ukku

uli

L‰õΩ¯

chistle

steel

urumu

ulavalu

L~°∞=Ú

LÅ=Å∞

thunder

horsegram

utuku

L`«∞‰õΩ

udayamu

L^ŒÜ«∞=Ú

wash

morning

u- r u

T~°∞

u d. a l u

u t.a

T_»Å∞

village

spring

upiri

uha

TÑ≤i

TÇ¨Ï

breath

guess

uragaya

u r a d. i m p u

ariel roots

T~°QÍÜ«∞ T~°_çOÑ¨Ù pickle

consolation

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4 .rusi.

rukku .

sage

mantra

.rujuvu

.rutuvu

proof

season

|∞∞+≤

|∞∞‰õΩ¯

|∞∞A=Ù |∞∞`«∞=Ù

.rusabhamu .

.runamu .

bull

debt

|∞∞}=Ú

|∞∞+¨Éèí=Ú

emuka

era

eguru

Z~°

ZQÆ∞~°∞

Z=ÚHõ

bait

fly

bone

edari .

erupu

Z_®i

Z~°∞Ñ¨Ù

desert

red

egumati

ekaramu

ZQÆ∞=∞u ZHõ~°=Ú export

acre of land

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eru

enugu

U~°∞

U#∞QÆ∞

river

elephant

elika

eruta .

UeHõ

U~°∞@

ruler

picking up

elakulu

edu .

etavalu .

U_»∞

U@"åÅ∞ UÅ‰õΩÅ∞

seven

slant

aite

- aidu rupayalu

aikyata

S`Õ

SHõº`«

but

unity

cardamom

S^Œ∞ ~°∂áêÜ«∞Å∞ five rupees

a i s´ w a r y a m u

Sâ◊ﬁ~°º=Ú

wealth aihikamu

airavatamu

SÇ≤ÏHõ=Ú S~å=`«=Ú worldliness

white elephant

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4 onte .

odi .

camel

lap

odugu

okadu .

XO>ˇ

X_ç

XHõ_»∞

X^Œ∞QÆ∞

one man

adjust ontarivadu . .

oripidi .

XHõ\˜

XO@i"å_»∞ XiÑ≤_ç

one

lonely person

friction

okati.

F@q∞

FÑ¨Ù

defeat

bear

opika

o s. a d h i

FÑ≤Hõ

o- t.u

opu

F@∞

vote

F+¨kè

patience

medicine

o d. a r e v u

onamalu

harbour

alphabet

4F_»ˆ~=Ù F#=∂Å∞ 23

o t.a m i

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aunu

aura

B#∞

B~å

yes

is it

aucityamu

Bz`«º=Ú aptness audaryamu

autu .

B^•~°º=Ú

B@∞

magnanimity

bomb anta

ancu

andamu

JO`å

JO^Œ=Ú

whole

beauty

antamu

ankitamu

JOK«∞ border

JO`«=Ú JOH˜`«=Ú end

dedication ambujamu lotus

JO|∞[=Ú 24

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antahsatruvu .´

JO`«óâ◊„`«∞=Ù internal enemy

antahkaranamu . .

JO`«óHõ~°}=Ú inner activity

antahkonamu . .

antahpuramu .

JO`«óHÀ}=Ú

JO`«óÑ¨Ù~°=Ú

inner angle

inner chamber

kanda

kalamu

HõO^Œ

HõÅ=Ú

yam

pen

kadali .

k a d. u p u

sea

stomach

kanakamu

kavalalu

Hõ # Hõ = Ú 4 gold

Hõ_»=

pot

Hõ_»∞Ñ¨Ù Hõ=ÅÅ∞

twins

Hõ_»e

k a d. a v a

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kharidu

kharamu

Y~°=Ú

Ys^Œ∞

ass

price

khagamu

kharjuramu

YQÆ=Ú

Y~°∂˚~°=Ú

bird

date

khani

khanijamu

Yx[=Ú

mine

gadi

mineral

gada

g a d. a p a

QÆ_»Ñ¨

QÆ^Œ

room

threshold

club

garika

gajamu

QÆiHõ

QÆ[=Ú

grass

elephant

g a r a.l a m u

gaganamu

QÆk

QÆ~°à◊=Ú

QÆQÆ#=Ú

poison

sky

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ghatana .

ghanamu

Ñ¶¨∞@#

Ñ¶¨∞#=Ú

incident

solid ghallumanu

Ñ¶¨∞Å∞¡=∞#∞ ringing

- -

gharsanamu . .

ghantaravam .

ghatikudu . .

sound of the bell

capable person friction

Ñ¶¨∞O\Ï~å=O Ñ¶¨∞\˜‰õΩ_»∞ Ñ¶¨∞~°¬}=Ú . v a- n m a y i

"åV‡~Ú

. v a- n m a y a m u

Goddess

"åV‡Ü«∞=Ú

Saraswati

literature -. v a n m a y a k a r u d. u

"åV‡Ü«∞HÍ~°∞_»∞

litterateur

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4 cali

caku

K«e

Kå‰õΩ

chill

pen knife

candanamu

caduvu

K«O^Œ#=Ú K«^Œ∞=Ù sandalwood

read

cakramu

campakamu

cakoramu

K«„Hõ=Ú

K«OÑ¨Hõ=Ú K«HÀ~°=Ú

wheel

flower

chandassu

chaya

chatrapati

Kè«O^Œã¨∞û Kè«„`«Ñ¨u prosody

square

KèåÜ«∞

´ sivaji

shadow

chalokti

Kè«Ö’H˜Î repartee chatrakamu mushroom

Kè«„`åHõ=Ú 28

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jama

jalamu

*Ï=∞

[Å=Ú

guava

water jayamu

[Ü«∞=Ú triumph jata

[`«

jagadamu .

jananamu

quarrel

birth

[QÆ_»=Ú [##=Ú

pair

jhankaramu jhamu

~°≠OHÍ~°=Ú

jhasamu .

~°≠Ï=Ú

~°≠+¨=Ú

time

fish

jharamu

jhanjha

humming

~°≠~°=Ú ~°≠O~°≠ mountain stream

storm

4 29

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sanjna

ã¨O[˝ symbol ~jnanam

*Ï˝#=Ú knowledge - ~ ajna

~vijnapana

P[˝

q*Ï˝Ñ¨#

command

request

tapa .

- tapakayalu .

takku .

@áê

@‰õΩ¯

post

@áêHÍÜ«∞Å∞

trick

crackers

takkari .

@Hõ¯i cunning fellow ´tankasala .

mint

@OHõâßÅ 30

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thivi .

- thana . .

~îå}Ï

sîq

police station

style

mithayi .

pathasala . ´

q∞~îå~Ú áê~î°âßÅ sweet pathamu .

school kanthamu .

áê~î°=Ú

HõO~î°=Ú

lesson

throat

dabbu .

dalu .

damarukamu .

_®Å∞

_»=∞~°∞Hõ=Ú

cash

shield

small drum

_»|∞ƒ

dambamu .

_»O|=Ú boasting dazanu .

12 pieces

_»[#∞ 31

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dhi .

_èô clash dhanka .

_è»OHÍ big drum

dhalamu .

dhammanu .

shield

blast

_è®=∞‡#∞

_è®Å=Ú

dharani .

^èŒ~°}˜ earth

venuvu .

karuna .

Hõ~°∞}

"Õ}∞=Ù

compassion

flute

kalyanamu .

HõàÏº}=Ú marriage abharanamu . ornament

PÉèí~°}=Ú 32

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tadu .

tata

`å_»∞

`å`«

rope

grand father

taruvu

tanaya

`«~°∞=Ù

`«#Ü«∞

tree

daughter

talupu

taragati

tarangamu

`«Å∞Ñ¨Ù

`«~°QÆu `«~°OQÆ=Ú

door

class

wave

atithi

pathamu

katha

Jukä

Ñ¨^äŒ=Ú

Hõ^äŒ

guest

way

story

rathamu

´ sapathamu

~°^äŒ=Ú

â◊Ñ¨^äŒ=Ú

charriot

vow mathanamu churning

=∞^äŒ#=Ú 33

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dari

^Œ_ç

^•i

fence

way

danda .

danamu

^ŒO_»

^•#=Ú

garland

donation

dandanamu .

dantamu

^ŒO`«=Ú

^ŒO_»#=Ú

tooth

punishment

dhanuvu

dhara

^èŒ#∞=Ù

^è•~°

price

bow

stream

dhamani

dhanamu

^èŒ=∞x

^èŒ#=Ú

vein

money

dhavalamu .

dhagadhaga

dhara

^èŒ~°

dadi .

^èŒ=à◊=Ú ^èŒQÆ^èŒQÆ white

glittering

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nati.

nagalu

#\˜

#QÆÅ∞

actress

jewelry

nadaka .

naduma .

#_»Hõ

#_»∞=∞

walk

middle

nadavadi . .

nadireyi .

<åi

#_»=_ç

#_çˆ~~Ú

woman

conduct

midnight

nari

pani

padava .

padaka .

Ñ¨_»Hõ

Ñ¨_»=

work

bed

boat

palaka

pagalu

Ñ¨ÅHõ

Ñ¨QÆÅ∞

slate

day

Ñ¨x

pagadamu . coral

Ñ¨QÆ_»=Ú 35

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phalitamu .

phalakamu .

result

plate

phalgunudu . . .

-sitaphalamu .

arjuna

custard apple

Ñ¶e¨ `«=Ú Ñ¶¨ÅHõ=Ú Ñ¶Å¨ ∞æ}∞_»∞ ã‘`åÑ¶Å¨ =Ú

phani . .

phalaharamu .

Ñ¶¨}˜

Ñ¶¨ÅÇ¨~°=Ú

snake

tiffin

badi .

basa

banti

|_ç

|ã¨

|Ou

school

accomodation

ball

balamu

bakamu

|Å=Ú

|Hõ=Ú

strength

crane

bandi .

balapamu

|O_ç

|ÅÑ¨=Ú

cart

slate pencil

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bhakti

bhala .

ÉèíàÏ

ÉèíH˜Î devotion

well done bhayamu

ÉèíÜ«∞=Ú fear

bhavanamu

bharincu

Éèí=#=Ú

ÉèíiOK«∞ ÉèíOQÆáê@∞

building

bear

bhangapatu . insult

mara

mandu

mancamu

=∞~°

=∞O^Œ∞

=∞OK«=Ú

screw

medicine

cot

manisi .

manavi

=∞x+≤

=∞#q

man

appeal

makutamu .

mayuramu

=∞‰õΩ@=Ú =∞Ü«¸~°=Ú peacock

crown

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4 yati

yamini

Ü«∞u

Ü«∂q∞x

sage

night

yamuna

yatnamu

Ü«∞=Ú# Ü«∞`«ﬂ=Ú river Yamuna

effort yajamani

yagamu

yantramu

Ü«∂QÆ=Ú

Ü«∞O„`«=Ú Ü«∞[=∂x

ritual

machine

master raju

~°q

rani .

~å}˜

~åA

sun

queen

king

ranamu .

rasamu

battle

juice

ravi

~°}=Ú ~°ã¨=Ú rahadari high way

~°Ç¨Ï^•i 38

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lavangamu

Å=OQÆ=Ú clove

ÅHõ¯

ÖÏ=Ù

lac

fatty

lalana

lancamu

ÅÅ#

ÅOK«=Ú

woman

bribe

lavanamu .

langaru

salt

anchor

Å=}=Ú ÅOQÆ~°∞

galamu .

"Õà◊

QÆà◊=Ú

Ñ¨à‹§=ÚÅ∞

time

throat

plates

kalalu .

nalamu .

fine arts

tube

talapucevi .

saralamu .

key

simple

pallemulu ..

<åà◊=Ú

`åà◊Ñ¨ÙK≥q ã¨~°à◊=Ú

lavu

vela .

Hõà◊Å∞

lakka

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vana

vanamu

"å#

=#=Ú

rain

forest

vajramu

vankaya

=„[=Ú

=OHÍÜ«∞

diamond

brinjal

vari

vasantamu

vantakamu .

=ã¨O`«=Ú =O@Hõ=Ú

paddy

spring

dish

´ sani

´ saramu

´ ´ sasi

â◊x

â◊~°=Ú

â◊t

saturn

arrow

moon

´ sakamu

´ sariramu

â◊Hõ=Ú

â◊s~°=Ú

era

body

´ satakamu

hundred verses

â◊`«Hõ=Ú 40

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4 sasti . ..

satkamu . .

sixty

six folded

+¨@¯=Ú

+¨+≤ì

sanmukhudu . . .

+¨}∞‡Y∞_»∞ six faced lord satpadamu . .

+¨_»∞ƒù[=Ú

saddakudu . . ..

+¨_»¤‰õΩ_»∞ +¨¨@Ê^Œ=Ú

hexagon

co-brother

insect

sadbhujamu . .

sabha

sari

sagamu

ã¨Éèí

ã¨i

ã¨QÆ=Ú

court

equal

half

santa

samaramu

ã¨O`«

ã¨=∞~°=Ú

market

war

sahajamu

samajamu

ã¨Ç¨Ï[=Ú ã¨=∂[=Ú

natural

society

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hani

hamsa

Ç¨x

Ç¨ÏOã¨

harm

swan

harini .

hasyamu

Ç¨Ïi}˜

Ç¨ã¨º=Ú

deer

humour

halamu

haritamu

Ç¨ÏÅ=Ú

Ç¨Ïi`«=Ú

plough

green

kshama

Hõ∆=∞

kshanamu .

Hõ∆}=Ú

patience

moment

kshayamu

Hõ∆Ü«∞=Ú decrease

bhikshagadu .

Hõ∆`«=Ú

aèHõ∆QÍ_»∞

wound

beggar

kshatamu

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eruka .

ceraku .

Zé∞Hõ

K≥é‰õΩ

knowledge

sugarcane

ceruvu .

K≥é∞=Ù pond errarayi ..

marricettu .. ..

=∞é˜]K≥@∞ì

Zé]~å~Ú

banyan tree

red stone

gorrepalu ..

Q˘éˇ]áêÅ∞ ewe milk

gurramu ..

éOÑ¨Ñ¨ÙHÀ`«

QÆ∞é]=Ú

torture

horse

rampapukota .

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Kathina Padamulu .

Hõi#î Ñ¨^=Œ ÚÅ∞ - Difficult Words

indradhanussu

WO„^Œ^èŒ#∞ã¨∞û

adhyayanamu

adhyakshudu .

J^èŒºÜ«∞#=Ú

J^èŒº‰õ∆Ω_»∞

study

president

agraganyudu . .

anvesana . .

J„QÆQÆ}∞º_»∞

J<Õﬁ+¨}

topper

rainbow

arohanamu .

Pk`«∞º_»∞

P~ÀÇ¨Ï}=Ú

sun

ascent

- ´- asirvadamu

adhyatmikamu

Pj~åﬁ^Œ=Ú

P^è•ºu‡Hõ=Ú

blessing

spirituality

ilavelupu

istaistamulu .. ..

WÅ"ÕÅ∞Ñ¨Ù

Wëêì~Ú+ì̈=ÚÅ∞

family god

likes and dislikes

indradhanussu

ihalokamu

WO„^Œ^èŒ#∞ã¨∞û

WÇ¨ÏÖ’Hõ=Ú

rainbow

material world

- -

adityudu .

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-irsya

D~°¬º jealousy

-isanyamu ´-

Dâß#º=Ú northeast

Iswarudu ´

Dâ◊ﬁ~°∞._»∞ ´ Lord Siva

-itakolanu

Dâ◊ﬁ~°∞_»∞

D`« H˘Å#∞

´ Lord Siva

swimming pool

utkantha .

utpatti

L`«¯O~î°

L`«ÊuÎ

suspense

production

udyanavanamu

udbhavincu

L^•º#=#=Ú

L^ŒƒùqOK«∞

park

araise

udarangu

urdhvalokamu

T^•~°OQÆ∞

T~°÷°úﬁÖ’Hõ=Ú

violet colour

upper world

-Iswarudu ´

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4 -

.runagrastudu . .

.rusyasramamu . ´

|∞∞}„QÆã¨∞Î_»∞

|∞∞ëêº„â◊=∞=Ú

debtor

hermitage

.rusabhadhvajudu . .

|∞∞+¨Éèí^èŒﬁA_»∞ ´ Lord Siva

endrakaya .

ZO„_»HÍÜ«∞ crab

-. egatali

ZxﬂHõÅ∞

ZQÆ`åo

elections

ridicule

edurkonu

endrakaya .

Z^Œ∞~˘¯#∞

ZO„_»HÍÜ«∞

face

crab

-elika

- ekantamu

UeHõ

UHÍO`«=Ú

ruler

solitary

- ekagrata

ekibhavincu

UHÍ„QÆ`«

UH©ÉèíqOK«∞

concentration

agree

ennikalu

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aikyamu

aikamatyamu

SHõº=Ú

SHõ=∞`«º=Ú

union

unity ´ aiswaryamu

Sâ◊ﬁ~°º=Ú oddanamu .. .

wealth

X_®¤}=Ú

waist ornament

ottu ..

oppandamu

X@∞ì

XÑ¨ÊO^Œ=Ú

vow

agreement

oppukolu

oddanamu .. .

XÑ¨CHÀÅ∞

X_®¤}=Ú

willingness

waist ornament

orpu

-ojassu

F~°∞Ê

F[ã¨∞û

patience

splendour

- -

ondrapettu . ..

FÅÖÏ_»∞

FO„_»ÃÑ@∞ì

sport in water

bray

olaladu .

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4 aucityamu

Bz`«º=Ú suitability

outsukamu

B`«∞ûHõ=Ú angulikamu .

anxiety

JOQÆ∞mHõ=Ú ring

angusthamu ..

angarakshakudu .

JOQÆ∞+¨ª=Ú

JOQÆ~°Hõ∆‰õΩ_»∞

thumb

bodyguard

andhakaramu

JOQÆ∞mHõ=Ú

JO^èŒHÍ~°=Ú

ring

darkness

antahprakruti . .

manahpurvakamu .

JO`«ó„Ñ¨Hõ$u

=∞#óÑ¨Ó~°ﬁHõ=Ú

inner nature

whole-heartedness

usahkalamu . .

L+¨óHÍÅ=Ú dawn

angulikamu .

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kayyamu

´ karkasamu

HõÜ«∞º=Ú

Hõ~°¯â◊=Ú

quarrel

cruelity

kanuguddu ..

kathinamu .

Hõ#∞QÆ∞_»∞¤

Hõiî#=Ú

eye ball

hard

Ganeswarudu . . ´

QÆ}Ëâ◊ﬁ~°∞_»∞

Lord Ganapati .

khayamu

YÅ∞_»∞

MÏÜ«∞=Ú

bad man

certain

khinnamu

mukhadvaramu

d#ﬂ=Ú

=ÚY^•ﬁ~°=Ú

grief

portal

garvamu

gardabhamu

QÆ~°ﬁ=Ú

QÍ~°ÌÉèí=Ú

pride

ass

guptanidhi

Ganeswarudu . . ´

QÆ∞Ñ¨Îxkè

QÆ}Ëâ◊ﬁ~°∞_»∞

hidden treasure

Lord Ganapati .

khaludu .

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Caturmukhudu .

ghranamu .

ghoramu

„Ñ¶¨∂}=Ú

Ñ¶¨∞’~°=Ú

smell

awful

ghrutamu .

ghinkarincu

Ñ¶¨∞$`«=Ú

Ñ¶‘∞OHõiOK«∞

ghee

trumpet

K«`«∞~°∞‡Y∞_»∞

Lord Brahma

vanmayakarudu .

"åV‡Ü«∞HÍ~°∞_»∞ litterateur

Caturmukhudu .

carmakarudu .

K«`«∞~°∞‡Y∞_»∞

K«~°‡HÍ~°∞_»∞

Lord Brahma

cobler

curnamu .

camatkaramu

K«∂~°‚=Ú

K«=∞`å¯~°=Ú

powder

repartee

chinnabhinnamu

KèÕ^Œ=Ú

zè<åﬂaè#ﬂ=Ú

cutting

helter-skelter

chedamu

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jirnamu .

janmabhumi

r~°‚=Ú

[#‡Éèí∂q∞

digestion

native place

- jivanopadhi

- ´jivasastramu

r=<Àáêkè

r=âßG=Ú

livelihood

biology

- - ~ maharajni

=∞Ç¨~ål˝ queen

jhasaketanudu . .

jhanjhamarutamu

~°≠+¨ˆH`«#∞_»∞

~°≠O~°≠Ï=∂~°∞`«=Ú

cupid

stormy wind

pratijna

prajnudu .

„Ñ¨u[˝

„áêA˝_»∞

vow

learned man

-maharajni

manojnamu

=∞Ç¨~ål˝

=∞<À[˝=Ú

queen

delight

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.tenkaya

takkari .

>ˇOHÍÜ«∞

@Hõ¯i

coconut

cunning

damarukamu .

.tippusultan

.tippani.

\˜Ñ¨Cã¨∞ÖÏÎ<£

\˜Ñ¨Ê}˜

tippusultan

commentary

_»=∞~°∞Hõ=Ú drum

kathinamu .

Ñ¨~î°#=Ú

Hõiî#=Ú

read

hard

pratistha ..

- kagitamu thavu .

„Ñ¨u+¨ª

~îå=Ù HÍy`«=Ú

reputation

sheet of paper

dokku .

dolla .

_˘‰õΩ¯

_˘Å¡

useless

hallow

damarukamu .

-dolayamanamu .

_»=∞~°∞Hõ=Ú

_ÀÖÏÜ«∞=∂#=Ú

drum

wavering

pathanamu .

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- -

gadhanidra .

asadhamu .

QÍ_è»x„^Œ

Pëê_è»=Ú

sound sleep

name of a month

nigudhamu .

drudhatvamu .

xQÆ∂_è»=Ú

^Œ$_è»`«ﬁ=Ú

hidden

sturdiness

gadhanidra .

QÍ_è»x„^Œ

sound sleep

rakshana .

grahanamu .

~°Hõ∆}

„QÆÇ¨Ï}=Ú

defence

eclipse

kshanamu .

"å}˜[º=Ú

Hõ∆}=Ú

commerce

moment

tiraskaramu

tirthayatra

u~°™ê¯~°=Ú

f~°÷Ü«∂„`«

rejection

pilgrimage

tappidamu

tatvamu

`«Ñ≤Ê^Œ=Ú

`«`«Îﬁ=Ú

mistake

philosophy

vanijyamu .

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Tathagatudu .

´ sithilamaina

Tathagatudu .

tkäÅ"≥∞ÿ#

`«^ä•QÆ`«∞_»∞

dilapidated

Lord Buddha

-tarapathamu -

yathatathamu

`å~åÑ¨^äŒ=Ú

Ü«∞^ä•`«^äŒ=Ú

zodiac

as it is

`«^ä•QÆ`«∞_»∞

Lord Buddha

digbandhamu

^•`«$`«ﬁ=Ú

kQÆƒO^èŒ=Ú

generosity

beleaguering

dirghayuvu

duradrustamu . ..

n~å…Ü«Ú=Ù

^Œ∞~°^Œ$+¨ì=Ú

long life

misfortune

dhanyamu

dharmasatramu

^è•#º=Ú

^èŒ~°‡ã¨„`«=Ú

grain

choultry

dhyanamu

dhvanyanukaranamu .

^è•º#=Ú

^èŒﬁ#º#∞Hõ~°}=Ú

meditation

mimicry

datrutvamu .

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4 -

nirodhincu

natyamu .

x~ÀkèOK«∞

<å@º=Ú

obstruct

dance

namaskaramu

nirnayamu .

#=∞™ê¯~°=Ú

x~°‚Ü«∞=Ú

salutation

decision

natyamu .

<å@º=Ú dance

pariskaramu .

Ñ¨~°=∂`«‡

Ñ¨iëê¯~°=Ú

Supreme Spirit

settlement

parthasarathi

´ - pascattapamu

áê~°÷™ê~°kè

Ñ¨âßÛ`åÎÑ¨=Ú

Lord Krishna

repentance

phanisayi . ´

- phalanetramu

Ñ¶¨}˜âß~Ú

á¶êÅ<Õ„`«=Ú

Lord Visnu .

the eye on forehead

praphullamu

phalitamu

„Ñ¨Ñ¶¨ÙÅ¡=Ú

Ñ¶¨e`«=Ú

blossom

result

paramatma

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buddhimantudu .

bauddhamatamu

|∞kú=∞O`«∞_»∞ É∫^Œú=∞`«=Ú wise person

buddhism

brahmanandamu

bahiskaramu .

„|Ç¨‡#O^Œ=Ú |Ç≤Ïëê¯~°=Ú ecstasy

matsyamu

expulsion

=∞`«û º=Ú fish

bhallukamu

bhaskarudu .

ÉèíÅ∂¡Hõ=Ú

ÉèÏã¨¯~°∞_»∞

bear

Sun

- - -

bhagyavantudu .

ÉèÏO_®QÍ~°=Ú

ÉèÏQÆº=O`«∞_»∞

treasury

rich man

matsyamu

mastiskamu .

=∞`«ûº=Ú

=∞ã≤Î+¨¯=Ú

fish

brain

mahendrudu .

madhyahnamu

=∞¿ÇÏO„^Œ∞_»∞

=∞^è•ºÇ¨Ïﬂ=Ú

Lord Indra

midday

bhandagaramu .

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yauvanamu

yogyata

Ü«∞ø=#=Ú

Ü≥∂QÆº`«

youth

eligibility

yathakramamu

yajurvedamu

Ü«∞^ä•„Hõ=∞=Ú

Ü«∞Aˆ~ﬁ^Œ-=-Ú

rajagruhamu . one of the vedas ~å[QÆ $Ç¨Ï=Ú

as usual

palace

radduceyu

~°∞QÆ‡`«

~°^Œ∞ÌKÕÜ«Ú

illness

cancel

radheyudu .

- -

rajagruhamu .

~å^èÕÜ«Ú_»∞

~å[QÆ$Ç¨Ï=Ú

Karna .

palace

- lokokti

lakshyapettu ..

Ö’HÀH˜Î

ÅHõ∆ºÃÑ@∞ì

proverb

care

lakshmipati

vilakshanamu .

ÅH©;Ñ¨u

qÅHõ∆}=Ú

Lord Visnu ..

elegant feature

rugmata

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´ sirassu

gollemu ..

kallemu ..

Q˘à‹§=Ú

Hõà‹§=Ú

bolt

rein

parimalamu .

- kalaratri .

Ñ¨i=∞à◊=Ú

HÍà◊~å„u

fragrance

nightmare

t~°ã¨∞û head

vastavamu

vijrumbhincu .

"åã¨Î==Ú

q[$OaèOK«∞

truth

enrage

vajrayudhamu

"å~°úHõº=Ú

=„*ÏÜ«Ú^èŒ=Ú

old age

indra’s weapon

´ satruvu

´ sirassu

â◊„`«∞=Ù

t~°ã¨∞û

enemy

head

´ suddhamu

´ saradrutuvu .

â◊√^Œú=Ú

â◊~°^Œ$`«∞=Ù

purity

autumn

vardhakyamu

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puspamu

Visnuvu ..

Ñ¨Ù+¨Ê=Ú

q+¨µ‚=Ù

flower

Lord Visnu ..

puskalamu .

puskarini . .

Ñ¨Ù+¨¯Å=Ú

Ñ¨Ù+¨¯i}˜

plenty

pond

puspamu .

Ñ¨Ù+¨Ê=Ú flower

sangramamu

ã¨OÑ¶¨∞=Ú

ã¨O„QÍ=∞=Ú

society

war

satkarincu

sankalpamu

ã¨`«¯iOK«∞

ã¨OHõÅÊ=Ú

honour

determination

harsamu .

hrdayamu .

Ç¨Ï~°¬=Ú

Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ«∞=Ú

joy

heart

´ himasailamu

hiranyamu .

Ç≤Ï=∞â‹·Å=Ú

Ç≤Ï~°}º=Ú

Himalayan mountain

gold

sanghamu

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kshetramu

kshiramu

ˆH∆„`«=Ú

H©∆~°=Ú

field

milk

kshemamu

ˆH∆=∞=Ú safe

marricettu .. ..

=∞é˜]K≥@∞ì

banyan tree

verrivadu .. .

|∞é]g∞™êÅ∞

"≥é˜]"å_»∞

broad moustaches

mad man

tiyyani ceruku .

karrasamu ..

uÜ«∞ºx K≥é∞‰õΩ

Hõé]™ê=Ú

sweet sugarcane

martial art with stick

erra .. samudram

marricettu .. ..

Zé] ã¨=Ú„^ŒO

=∞é˜]K≥@∞ì

red sea

banyan tree

-.. jerri kalla ..

jadala . barre ..

HÍà◊§ *ˇé˜]

[_»Å |éˇ]

centeped

yak

burramisalu ..

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HÍÅ=∂#=Ú -Time Scale

udayamu

L^ŒÜ«∞=Ú :

k s h a n. a k a- l a m u Hõ∆}HÍÅ=Ú : second

morning

ardharatri

J~°÷~å„u :

n i m u s. a m u

pagalu

x=Ú+¨=Ú : minute g a n t.a QÆO@ : hour

dinamu

Ñ¨QÆÅ∞ : k#=Ú :

day time day

"å~°=Ú :

early morning morning

m a d h y a- h n a m u =∞^è•ºÇ¨Ïﬂ=Ú : midday

<≥Å :

s a- y a m k a- l a m u

ayanamu

™êÜ«∞OHÍÅ=Ú :

nela

month

JÜ«∞#=Ú :

evening

ratri

~å„u :

week

pakshamu Ñ¨Hõ∆=Ú : fortnight

udayamu

L^ŒÜ«∞=Ú :

midnight

v -a r a m u

v e- k u v a j h -a m u

"Õ‰õΩ=*Ï=Ú :

six month-period

samvatsaramu ã¨O=`«û~°=Ú : year

night

p u s. k a r a m u

Ñ¨Ù+¨¯~°=Ú : 61

12 year-period

Kalamanamu -

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Yugamulu (4) - Ü«ÚQÆ=ÚÅ∞ (4)

- Eras (4)

- Hõ$`«ÜÚ« QÆ=Ú : 17 ÅHõÅ∆ 28 "ÕÅ∞

krtayugamu .

17 lakhs 28 thousand year - period of time

- „`Õ`åÜ«ÚQÆ=Ú : 12 ÅHõÅ∆ 96 "ÕÅ∞

tretayugamu

12 lakhs 96 thousand year - period of time

dwaparayugamu

- ^•ﬁÑ¨~°Ü«ÚQÆ=Ú : 8 ÅHõ∆Å 64 "ÕÅ∞

8 lakhs 64 thousand year - period of time kaliyugamu

- HõeÜ«ÚQÆ=Ú : 4 ÅHõÅ∆ 32 "ÕÅ∞

4 lakhs 32 thousand year - period of time

Rutuvulu .

|∞∞`«∞=ÙÅ∞ (6) : Seasons (6)

varsarutuvu .

=~°¬ |∞∞`«∞=Ù : rainy season ´ saradrutuvu .

vasantarutuvu .

: spring

â◊~°^Œ$`«∞=Ù

4=~°¬ .|∞∞`«. ∞=Ù

of winter

hemantarutuvu .

grismarutuvu . .

„w+¨‡ |∞∞`«∞=Ù

: begining

: summer

¿ÇÏ=∞O`« |∞∞`«∞=Ù : winter ´ ´ . sisirarutuvu

varsarutuvu

: rainy

season

tt~° |∞∞`«∞=Ù 62

: autumn

=ã¨O`« |∞∞`«∞=Ù

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Names of the Telugu Years

„Ñ¨Éèí= : p r a b h a v a qÉèí= : v i b h a v a â◊√Hõ¡ : sú k l a „Ñ¨"≥∂^Œ∂`« : p r a m o- d u- t a „Ñ¨*’`«ÊuÎ : prajotpatti - POw~°ã¨ : angirasa N=ÚY : s r-i m u k h a ÉèÏ= : b h a- v a Ü«Ú= : y u v a ^è•`«∞ : d h a- t u Dâ◊fi~° : -i s´w a r a |Ç¨ï^è•#º : bahudhanya „Ñ¨=∂k : p r a m a- d i q„Hõ=∞ : v i k r a m a =$+¨ : v .r s. a z„`«ÉèÏ#∞ : citrabhanu ã¨fiÉèÏ#∞ : s w a b h a- n u `å~°} : t a- r a n. a áêi÷= : parthiva =ºÜ«∞ : v y a y a ã¨~°fil`«∞Î : sarvajittu

ã¨~°fi^è•i : sarvadhari q~Àkè : virodhi qHõ$u : vikrti . Y~° : khara #O^Œ# : n a n d a n a q[Ü«∞ : vijaya [Ü«∞ : jaya =∞#‡^äŒ : manmatha ^Œ∞~°∞‡d : d u r m u k h i ¿ÇÏ=à◊Oa : hevalambi . qà◊Oa : vilambi . qHÍi : vikari ´âß~°fii : sarvari Ñ¨¡= : plava ´ â◊√ÉèíHõ$`«∞ : subhakrtu . ´ â’ÉèíHõ$`«∞ : sobhakrtu . „HÀkè : krodhi ´ qâßfi=ã¨∞ : viswavasu 63

`≥Å∞QÆ∞ ã¨O=`«û~°=ÚÅ ¿Ñ~°∞¡

Ñ¨~åÉèí= : parabhava Ñ¨¡=OQÆ : p l a v a n g a H©ÅHõ : kilaka ™œ=∞º : s a u m y a ™ê^è•~°} : s a- d h a- r a n. a q~À^èŒHõ$`«∞ : virodhakrtu . - Ñ¨s^è•q : paridhavi „Ñ¨=∂nK« : p r a m a- d-i c a P#O^Œ : a- n a n d a ~åHõ∆ã¨ : r a- k s h a s a #Å : nala Ñ≤OQÆà◊ : pingala . HÍà◊Ü«ÚH˜Î : kalayukti . ã≤^•úi÷ : siddharthi ~“„k : raudri ^Œ∞~°‡u : durmati ^Œ∞O^Œ∞aè : d u n d u b h i - ~°∞kè~À^•æi : rudhirodgari ~°HÍÎH˜∆ : raktakshi „HÀ^èŒ# : k r o- d h a n a JHõ∆Ü«∞ : a k s h a y a

Telugu samvastaramula perlu -

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Pakshamulu: 2 -

Ñ¨Hõ∆=ÚÅ∞ : 2 - Fortnights: 2

´ Suklapakshamu: â◊√Hõ¡ Ñ¨Hõ∆=Ú: (from 1st day to fullmoon day) ´ Suklapaksha Tithulu: 15 - â◊√Hõ¡Ñ¨Hõ∆ u^äŒ∞Å∞: 15

´ suddha padyami .

â◊√^Œú áê_»ºq∞

´ suddha astami ..

: 1st

â◊√^Œú J+¨ìq∞

day after full moonday

â◊√^Œú #=q∞ : 2nd

â◊√^Œú ^Œâq◊ ∞ : 3rd

´ suddha

day

´ suddha caviti

â◊√^Œú K«qu

´ suddha

day

´ suddha pancami

â◊√^Œú Ñ¨OK«q∞ : 5th ´ suddha .sasthi .. â◊√^Œú +¨+≤ª : 6th : 7th

day

´ suddha

day

: 10th

day

: 11th

day

: 12th

day

: 13th

day

- ´ dwadasi

â◊√^Œú ^•ﬁ^Œt

- ´ trayodasi

â◊√^Œú „`«Ü∂≥ ^Œt day

´ suddha caturdasi´

day

â◊√^Œú K«`«∞~°Ìt p a u r n. a m i áœ~°‚q∞

´ suddha saptami

4â◊√^Œú ã¨ÑÎ¨q∞

-ekadasi - ´

â◊√^Œú UHÍ^Œt : 4th

: 9th

´ ´ suddha dasami

day

´ suddha tadiya

â◊√^Œú `«kÜ«∞

day

´ suddha navami

´ suddha vidiya

â◊√^Œú qkÜ«∞

: 8th

: 14th

: fullmoon day

day

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Hõ$+¨‚Ñ¨Hõ∆=Ú: (from 1st day to newmoon Krishnapaksha Tithulu: 15 - Hõ$+¨‚Ñ¨Hõ∆ u^äŒ∞Å∞ : 15 .. .

Krishnapakshamu

bahula . padyami .

day)

bahula . astami ..

|Ç¨ïà◊ áê_»ºq∞ : 1st

day after newmoon day

bahula . vidiya

a m a- v a- s y a

J=∂"åã¨º

: newmoon day

4 .. .

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Telugu Nelalu

English Nelalu

`≥Å∞QÆ∞ <≥ÅÅ∞

WOw¡+µ¨ <≥ÅÅ∞ English Months

Telugu Months

K≥·„`«=Ú

janavari

caitramu

[#=i :

´vaisakhamu

*Ëº+¨ì=Ú

jyestamu

=∂iÛ

Pëê_è»=Ú

: - asadhamu . . : ´sravanamu .

U„Ñ≤Öò

„âß=}=Ú ÉèÏ„^ŒÑ¨^Œ=Ú

"≥·âßY=Ú

: january

phibravari

Ñ¶≤„|=i

: february

m a- r c i

: march

epril

: april

may

"Õ∞

bhadrapadamu

: may

june

Jâ◊ﬁÜ«Ú[=Ú : a- s´w a y u j a m u

E<£

: june

july

- : kartikamu

=∂~°æt~°=Ú

- ´ : margasiramu

Ñ¨Ù+¨º=Ú

=∂Ñ¶¨∞=Ú

: maghamu

á¶êÅ∞æ}=Ú

EÖˇ· a g a s..t u PQÆ+¨µì s e p t.e m b a r u ÃãÃÑìO|~°∞ octobaru . JHÀì|~°∞

pusyamu .

: july : august : september : october

navambaru

phalgunamu .

#=O|~°∞

: november

disembaru

_çÃãO|~°∞ 66

: december

HÍsÎHõ=Ú

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-´ Rasulu Signs of Zodiac

4 "å~°=ÚÅ∞ -

~åâ◊√Å∞ -

Varamulu Week Days

12 11

4 5

1 . m e- s. a m u 2.

a d i v a- r a m u

monday

gemini cancer leo

virgo

libra

scorpio

sagittarius

capricorn

‰õΩ-OÉèí=Ú

aquarius

g∞#=Ú

pisces

7 . tula

wednesday 8.

`«∞Å vrscikamu .´ =$tÛHõ=Ú

9 . dhanussu

thursday

^èŒ#∞ã¨∞û 10. makaramu

=∞Hõ~°=Ú

friday

11. kumbhamu

s´a n i v -a r a m u

4â◊x"å~°=Ú

taurus

Hõ#º

s´u k r a v a r a m u

â◊√„Hõ"å~°=Ú

aries

6. kanya

tuesday

g u r u v a- r a m u

QÆ∞~°∞"å~°=Ú

q∞^äŒ∞#=Ú : k a r k a.t a k a m u Hõ~å¯@Hõ=Ú : ã≤OÇ¨Ï=Ú

b u d h a v -a r a m u

|∞^èŒ"å~°=Ú

"Õ∞+¨=Ú : v.. rsabhamu =$+¨Éèí=Ú :

5. simhamu

m a n g a l a v a- r a m u

. =∞OQÆà◊"å~°=Ú

3 . mithunamu

sunday

s o m a v a- r a m u

™È=∞"å~°=Ú

12. minamu

saturday

Pk"å~°=Ú

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- Dikkulu

8 k‰õΩ¯Å∞ - 8 Directions `«∂~°∞Ê

PˆQﬂÜ«∞=Ú

Dâß#º=Ú

L`«Î~°

^ŒH˜∆}=Ú "åÜ«∞=º=Ú

<≥·~°∞u Ñ¨_»=∞~°

`«∂~°∞Ê p a d. a m a r a Ñ¨_»=∞~°

PˆQﬂÜ«∞=Ú

east

southeast

southwest

northwest

northeast

nairuti

west

<≥·~°∞u v a- y a v y a m u

uttaramu

north

"åÜ«∞=º=Ú - ´isanyamu

south

Dâß#º=Ú

Rangulu nalupu

#Å∞Ñ¨Ù

~°OQÆ∞Å∞ - Colours -

cilakakupacca

: black

zÅHÍ‰õΩÑ¨K«Û b u- d. i d a |∂_ç^Œ

telupu

`≥Å∞Ñ¨Ù

: white

gulabi

erupu

Z~°∞Ñ¨Ù

: red : yellow

QÆ∞ÖÏa k a- s. a y a m HÍëêÜ«∞O

: blue

T^•

: green

<åiO[

pasupu

Ñ¨ã¨∞Ñ¨Ù -

u- d -a

nilamu

hÅ=Ú akupacca

P‰õΩÑ¨K«Û

narinja

: parrot

green

: ash : pink : saffron : violet

L`«Î~°=Ú : d a k s h i n. a m u ^ŒH˜∆}=Ú :

agneyamu

turpu

: orange

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Nakshatramulu 27-

#Hõ∆„`«=ÚÅ∞ 27

- Lunar Stars 27

a s´w a n i

Jâ◊ﬁx

makha

=∞Y

mula

b h a .r a n i

Éèí~°}˜

pubba

Ñ¨Ù|ƒ

p u r v a .s a d. h a -

krittika .

Hõ$uÎHõ

uttara

L`«Î~°

rohini .

~ÀÇ≤Ï}˜

hasta

mrgasira . ´

=∞$QÆt~°

citta

P~°∞„^Œ

swati

punarvasu -

Ñ¨Ù#~°ﬁã¨∞

v i s´a k h a

p u s. y a m i

Ñ¨Ù+¨ºq∞

Pâı¡+¨

arudra

a- s´l -e .s a

=¸Å

- - -

Ñ¨Ó~åﬁëê_è»

uttarasadha .

- -

L`«Î~åëê_è»

Ç¨Ïã¨Î

s´r a v a n a m

„â◊=}O

z`«Î

dhanistha ..

^èŒx+¨ª

™êﬁu

s´a t a b h i.s a m u -

â◊`«aè+¨=Ú

qâßY

p u- r v -a b h -a d r a -

Ñ¨Ó~åﬁÉèÏ„^Œ

anuradha -

J#∂~å^èŒ

uttarabhadra -

L`«Î~åÉèÏ„^Œ

jyestha ..

*Ëº+¨ª

revati

ˆ~=u

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Hõâ◊ºÑ¨Ù_»∞ : J„u : Éèí~°^•ﬁA_»∞ :

k a s´y a p u d. u

qâßﬁq∞„`«∞_»∞ : atri Q“`«=Ú_»∞ : b h a r a d w a- j u d. u [=∞^Œyﬂ : ´ . . =ã≤+¨µª_»∞ : vasisthudu

Navagrahamulu -

S u- r y u d. u C a n d r u d. u

A n g a- r a k u d. u B u d h u d. u Brhaspati . ´ Sukrudu

ã¨Ñ| Î̈ ∞∞+¨µÅ∞ - The seven .rusis .

S´a n a i s´c a r u d. u R a- h u v u K e- t u v u

´ viswamitrudu .

g a u t a m u d. u j a m a d. a g n i

#=„QÇÆ Ï¨ =ÚÅ∞: Names of 9 planets

ã¨∂~°∞º_»∞ K«O„^Œ∞_»∞ JOQÍ~°‰õΩ_»∞ |∞^èŒ∞_»∞ |$Ç¨Ïã¨Êu â◊√„‰õΩ_»∞ â◊<≥·â◊Û~°∞_»∞ ~åÇ¨ï=Ù ˆH`«∞=Ù 70

Sun Moon Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus Saturn Dragon’s head Dragon’s tail

Saptarusulu . . -

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Navaratnamulu

- #=~°`«ﬂ=ÚÅ∞ - The nine gems

vajramu

v a i d. -u r y a m u

g o- m e- d h i k a m u

p u s. y a r -a g a m u

marakatamu

m a-n. i k y a m u

nilamu

p a g a d. a m u

mutyamu

Navadhanyamulu

=„[=Ú "≥·_∂» ~°º=Ú QÀ"Õ∞kèHõ=Ú Ñ¨Ù+¨º~åQÆ=Ú =∞~°Hõ`«=Ú =∂}˜Hõº=Ú hÅ=Ú Ñ¨QÆ_»=Ú =Ú`«º=Ú

diamond

cat’s eye

zirconium topaz emerald ruby sapphire coral pearl

- #=^è•#º=ÚÅ∞ - The nine varieties of grains

godhumalu - QÀ^è Œ ∞ =∞Å∞ - wheat =_» ∞ ¡ - paddy anumulu - J#∞=ÚÅ∞ - rajmagram ulavalu - LÅ=Å∞ - horsegram kandulu - Hõ O ^Œ ∞ Å∞ - redgram pesalu - ÃÑã¨ Å ∞ - greengram ´ - â◊ # QÆ Å ∞ - bengalgram minumulu - q∞#∞=ÚÅ∞ - blackgram sanagalu nuvvulu - #∞=ÙﬁÅ∞ - gingili

vadlu . -

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- Manobhavamulu -

=∞<ÀÉèÏ==ÚÅ∞ - Faculties of the mind

a- n a n d a m u

P#O^Œ=Ú d u h. k h a m u ^Œ∞óY=Ú a s -u y a

Jã¨∂Ü«∞ d v e s. a m u ^Õﬁ+¨=Ú a n u m -a n a m u

J#∞=∂#=Ú k o- p a m u

HÀÑ¨=Ú a- s´a

Pâ◊

maunamu

: pleasure

=∞ø#=Ú e- v a g i m p u

: sorrow

U=yOÑ¨Ù

: silence : vexation

asahyamu

: jealousy

Jã¨Ç¨Ïº=Ú ahamkaramu

: hatred

JÇ¨ÏOHÍ~°=Ú polika

: suspicion

áÈeHõ sphurti

: anger

ã¨∂ÊùiÎ u t s -a h a m u

: ambition

L`åûÇ¨Ï=Ú

daya

^ŒÜ«∞

: kindness 72

: unbearable : ego : comparison : inspiration : spirit

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â◊s~å=Ü«∞==ÚÅ∞ - Parts of the body

´ sariramu

â◊s~°=Ú

n a d. u m u

body

head

face

#_»∞=Ú b o d. d. u ÉÁ_»∞¤ g u n .d e QÆ∞O_≥

tala

`«Å mukhamu

=ÚY=Ú

eye

nose

mouth

n o- r u

<À~°∞ m e d. a

"≥∞_»

4<åÅ∞Hõ

heart

hand

stomach

thigh

gÑ¨Ù

back

leg

foot

finger

nail

ear

k a- l u

neck

HÍÅ∞

throat

v e- l u

chest

"ÕÅ∞ g o- r u

tongue

QÀ~°∞

p a- d a m u

áê^Œ=Ú

rommu

~˘=Ú‡

gontu

Q˘O`«∞

navel point

vipu

cevi

K≥q

K≥~Úº k a d. u p u Hõ_»∞Ñ¨Ù t o d. a `˘_»

mukku

=Ú‰õΩ¯

waist

ceyyi

kannu

Hõ#∞ﬂ

n a- l u k a

´ Sariravayavamulu -

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|O^è∞Œ `«ﬁ=ÚÅ∞ - Relationships

amma

vadina

J=∞‡ -

: mother

<å#ﬂ

: father

=k# - todikodalu . . `À_çHÀ_»Å∞ k o d. u k u H˘-_»∞‰õΩ k o d. a l u HÀ_»Å∞

nanna ammamma

J=∞‡=∞‡ -

: grand

mother

`å`«-

: grand

father

"Õ∞-#=∂=∞

: meternal

"Õ∞-#`«- Î

: aunt

ÉÏÉÏ~Ú

: uncle

tata

m e n a m a- m a

=∞ik

=∞#∞=∞_»∞ manumaralu =∞#∞=∞~åÅ∞ m e- n a k o- d.a l u "Õ∞#HÀ_»Å∞ .s a d. d. a k u d. u +¨_»¤‰õΩ_»∞ m e- n a l l u d. u "Õ∞#Å∞¡_»∞ -

: aunt

(mother’s younger sister)

: uncle

(father’s elder brother)

peddamma

ÃÑ^ŒÌ=∞‡

: aunt

(mother’s elder sister)

qÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ù~åÅ∞

JHõ- ¯

: elder

ÉÏ=

: brother-in-law

sister

bava

viyyankudu .

qÜ«∞ºO‰õΩ_»∞

anna

J#ﬂ

: son : daughter-in-law : brother-in-law : sister-in-law : grandson : grand

daughter

: niece : co-brother : nephew

viyyapuralu

akka

=∞~°^ŒÅ∞ m a n u m a d. u

pinni

ÃÑ^ŒÌ<å#ﬂ

: co-sister

maradalu (father’s sister)

babayi

p e d d a n -a n n a

: sister-in-law

maridi uncle

menatta

Ñ≤xﬂ

: brother 74

: son’s

or daughter’s mother-in-law

: son’s

or daughter’s father-in-law

Bandhutvamulu -

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Vruttulu .

b o- y a

raitu

Ô~·`«∞

: farmer

kummari

‰õΩ=∞‡i

: potter

Hõ=∞‡i

: black

- kulivadu

. ‰õÄe"å_»∞ gollavadu . Q˘Å¡"å_»∞ - s a l e v a d. u ™êÖˇ"å_»∞

: hired

É’Ü«∞ vadrangi . =„_»Oy

: carpenter

smith

HõO™êe

: goldsmith

v a i d y u d. u

worker

: milkman

"≥·^Œ∞º_»∞ -pujari

: doctor

Ñ¨Ó*Ïi

: priest

naukaru

ganugavadu

: weaver

<ÒHõ~°∞

QÍ#∞QÆ"å_»∞

: oilpresser

HÍi‡‰õΩ_»∞

: barber

KåHõe

k a- r m i k u d u

cakali

mangali

: servant : labourer

: washerman rangulu . ~°OQÆ∞Å∞ "Õ¿ã"å_»∞ : painter

: accountant

- - vesevadu

: hunter

k a m s a- l i

kammari

=∞OQÆe k a r a .n a m u Hõ~°}=Ú

=$`«∞Å Î ∞ - Professions

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b e n d. a k -a y a

aratikaya .

J~°\˜HÍÜ«∞ : plantain b a n g a.l a d u m p a |OQÍà◊^Œ∞OÑ¨ : potato

ÉˇO_»HÍÜ«∞ d o n d. a k -a y a ^˘O_»HÍÜ«∞

P‰õΩ ‰õÄ~°Å∞ ulligadda .. Le¡QÆ_»¤

=OHÍÜ«∞ -.t o m a .t o \Á=∂\’

aku kuralu

kakarakaya

HÍHõ~°HÍÜ«∞ g u m m a d. i k a y a QÆ∞=∞‡_çHÍÜ«∞ potlakaya . á⁄@¡HÍÜ«∞ gorucikkudu . QÀ~°∞z‰õΩ¯_»∞ cikkudukaya . z‰õΩ¯_»∞HÍÜ«∞

4^Àã¨HÍÜ«∞

d o- s a k -a y a

‰õÄ~°QÍÜ«∞Å∞ - Vegetables

v a n k -a y a

: greens : onion

: lady’s

finger

: gherkins : brinjal

c a- m a g a d d a

: tomato

: bitter

Kå=∞QÆ_»¤

gourd

m u n a g a k -a y a

: pumpkin

=Ú#QÆHÍÜ«∞

: colocacia : drumstrick

mullangi

: snake : local

gourd

=ÚÅ¡Oy

: radish

k a n d a g a d. d. a beans

HõO^ŒQÆ_»¤

- birakaya

: elephant foot (yam)

: beans

c~°HÍÜ«∞

: ridge

gourd

: cucumber

P#Ñ¨HÍÜ«∞

: bottle

gourd

a- n a p a k a- y a

Kuragayalu -

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d a- n i m m a

arati.

J~°\˜ d r a- k s h a

„^•Hõ∆ m a- m i d. i

=∂q∞_ç j -a m a

*Ï=∞

-neredu

. <Õˆ~_»∞ s a p o- t.aã¨áÈ\Ï

: banana

^•x=∞‡

: grapes

"≥ÅQÆ

: mango

Y~°∂˚~°=Ú

kharjuramu

ÉÁáêÊ~Ú p u c c a k -a y a

4Ñ¨ÙK«ÛHÍÜ«∞

: wood

apple

: date

panasa

: guava

Ñ¨#ã¨

: cherry

ˆ~yÑ¨O_»∞

: sapota

J<åã¨

-sitaphalamu

: pineapple

: orange

ã‘`åÑ¶¨Å=Ú

: custard

: papaya

PÑ≤Öò

r e- g i p a n d u

: water

: jackfruit

a n a- s a

apil

melon

: pear

apple

: apple

b o p p a- y i

: pomegranate

velaga

kamala

Hõ=∞Å

Pandlu . - Ñ¨O_»∞¡ - Fruits

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- - Ñ¨ÓÅ∞ - Flowers Pulu

Vrukshamulu - =$Hõ= ∆ ÚÅ∞ - Trees .

m a l l e p-u v u

~åqK≥@∞ì

- badamcettu

ÉÏ^•OK≥@∞ì kanugacettu

HÍ#∞QÆK≥@∞ì marricettu .. .. =∞é˜]K≥@∞ì vepacettu .. "ÕÑ¨K≥@∞ì cintacettu .. zO`«K≥@∞ì t u m m a c e .. ttu `«∞=∞‡K≥@∞ì araticettu . .. J~°\˜K≥@∞ì jamacettu .. *Ï=∞K≥@∞ì mamidicettu . .. =∂q∞_çK≥@∞ì ´- - .. asokacettu Jâ’HÍK≥@∞ì

: fig

tree

=∞Öˇ¡Ñ¨Ó=Ù t -a m a r a p-u v u

: almond : Indian

tree

`å=∞~°Ñ¨Ó=Ù k a l u v a p -u v u

bunch tree

: banyan

HõÅ∞=Ñ¨Ó=Ù c a- m a n t i

tree

Kå=∞Ou : neem

gulabi

tree

QÆ∞ÖÏa : tamarind

bantipulu

tree

|OuÑ¨ÓÅ∞ : babool

m o g a l i p -u v u

tree

"≥ÚQÆeÑ¨Ó=Ù : banana : guava

tree

: jasmine : lotus : water

lily

: chrysanthemum : rose : marigold : pandarus

davanam

^ŒŒ=#O

tree

: motherwort

maruvam

: mango : asoka

=∞~°∞=O

tree

: cowhage

ravicettu ..

tree 78

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Pakshulu -

Ñ¨‰Ω∆õ Å∞ - Birds

Jantuvulu - [O`«∞=ÙÅ∞ - Animals

kukka

‰õΩHõ¯ nakka

pavuramu

#Hõ¯ : pigeon

pilli

k a- k i

HÍH˜ koyila

HÀ~ÚÅ

: owl

: crow bird

: sparrow

gradda

„QÆ^ŒÌ

: eagle

b a- t u

4Ç¨ÏOã¨ ÉÏ`«∞

ˆQ^≥

: buffalo

"Õ∞Hõ g o .. rre Q˘éˇ] g a- d. i d a QÍ_ç^Œ

: goat

U#∞QÆ∞

: elephant

: sheep : donkey

puli

: bat

Ñ¨Ùe

nemali

<≥=∞e

: cow

e- n u g u

gabbilamu

QÆaƒÅ=Ú

P=Ù

m e- k a

piccuka

Ñ≤K«∞ÛHõ

: cat

g e- d e

: crane

: cuckoo

Ñ≤e¡

a- v u

konga

H˘OQÆ

: fox

: tiger

simhamu

: peacock

ã≤OÇ¨Ï=Ú

: lion

HÀu

: monkey

koti

: duck

hamsa

jinka

: swan

lOHõ 79

: deer

áê=Ù~°=Ú g u d. l a g -u b a QÆ∞_»¡QÆ∂|

: dog

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=O@ WO\˜ ™ê=∂#∞¡ – Household Material4

cemca--

K≥ O Kå - spoon pogagottamu .. - á⁄QÆ Q ˘@ì = Ú- chimney cipuru - pÑ¨ Ù ~° ∞ - broom pallemu .. - Ñ¨à‹§=Ú - plate kulayi . - ‰õΩàÏ~Ú - tap - - ~ÀHõ e - pounder rokali - - ‰õÄ*Ï - flagon kuja- - karra - Ñ¨ÓsÅ Hõé] - rolling pin purila .. kavvamu - Hõ = ﬁ=Ú - churner balla - |Å¡ - table cettabutta .. - K≥`«Î|∞@ì - dustbin

á⁄~Úº - hearth garita. - QÆ i @ - ladle jalleda. - [Öˇ¡_» - sieve - - Ñ¨ @ HÍ~° ∞ - tongs patakaru . turumu - `«∞~°∞=Ú - grate mukudu . - =¸‰õΩ_»∞ - bowl - - áê„`« - vessel patra aggipette .. - Jyæ Ã Ñ>ˇ ì - match box - - ~ÀÅ∞ - mortar rolu -- =Úà◊§ K≥OKå - fork mullacemca .. - - *Ï_ç - jar jadi . poyyi -

Lohamulu -

b a n g a r a m u |OQÍ~°=Ú v e n d. i

ittadi . r a- g i

"≥O_ç W`«Î_ç ~åy

: : : :

Ö’Ç¨Ï=ÚÅ∞ - Metals

gold

ukku

silver

inumu

brass

tagaramu

copper

sisamu

L‰õΩ¯ W#∞=Ú `«QÆ~°=Ú ã‘ã¨=Ú

: : : :

steel iron tin

- Vanta . Inti. samanulu -

lead

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H˜~å}Ï ™ê=∂#∞Å∞ - Provisions

miriyalu

pasupu

Ñ¨ã¨∞Ñ¨Ù

: turmeric

q∞~°Ñ¨HÍÜ«∞

: chilli

m i r a p a k -a y a

q∞iÜ«∂Å∞ cintapandu . zO`«Ñ¨O_»∞

: coriander

LÑ¨C HÍ~°=Ú

-jlakarra

: mustard

rÅHõ„~°

: cummin

a- v a- l u

P"åÅ∞

g a s a g a s a- l u

QÆã¨QÆ™êÅ∞

k a- r a m u

: poppy

ÉˇÅ¡O

seeds

p a n c a d a- r a

Ñ¨OK«^•~°

plant seeds

lavangalu

Å=OQÍÅ∞ elakulu

UÅ‰õΩÅ∞

: salt : mirchi

powder

: jaggery : sugar

kandipappu

HõOkÑ¨Ñ¨C

: assafoetida

: redgram

minapapappu

mentulu

"≥∞O`«∞Å∞

: tamarind

bellam

inguva

WOQÆ∞=

: pepper

uppu

dhaniyalu

^èŒxÜ«∂Å∞

q∞#Ñ¨Ñ¨C

: fenugreek

: blackgram

s´a n a g a p a p p u

â◊#QÆÑ¨Ñ¨C

: cloves

pesarapappu

ÃÑã¨~°Ñ¨Ñ¨C

: cardomum 81

: bengalgram

- - -Samanulu Kirana .

: greengram

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PÉèí~°}=ÚÅ∞ – Ornaments

talabilla ..

ungaramu

LOQÆ~°=Ú : k a n k a n. a m u HõOHõ}=Ú :

`«Åaà◊§

headlocket

medal

earstuds

brooch

K≥q^Œ∞^Œ∞ÌÅ∞ kiritamu . H˜s@=Ú

crown

nose-ring

=OH©

armlet

necklace

anklets

ring

patakamu

Ñ¨`«Hõ=Ú

bracelet

ceviduddu

golusu

Q˘Å∞ã¨∞ : pamita. pinnu Ñ¨q∞@ Ñ≤#∞ﬂ :

chain

vanki

mukkera

=ÚÔH¯~°

h a- r a m u

cevikammalu

K≥qHõ=∞‡Å∞

tops

hair clip

pinnu

Ñ≤#∞ﬂ pakkapinnu

Ñ¨H¯õ Ñ≤#∞ﬂ

m u k k u p u d. a k a

gajulu

QÍAÅ∞

4#QÆÅ∞

side pin

bangle

jewelry

=Ú‰õΩ¯Ñ¨Ù_»Hõ : -lolakulu

Ö’ÖÏ‰õΩÅ∞ : o d. d. a n. a m u X_®¤}=Ú :

nagalu

nosestud hangings

Abharanamulu .

waist ornament

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- Inti . Bhagalu -

4 H˘Å`«Å∞ -

Kolatalu Measures

WO\˜ ÉèÏQÍÅ∞ Parts of the House

talupulu

v e d. a l p u

: width

`«Å∞Ñ¨ÙÅ∞

: length

-´ pravesa

ettu

Z`«∞Î potti .. á⁄\˜ì

: height

QÆk

varanda

: short

=~°O_® : big

JÖÏ‡~å g a d. a p a QÆ_»Ñ¨

: small

baruvu

|~°∞=Ù g u n d. r a m u QÆ∞O„_»=Ú

- almara

cinna

z#ﬂ

: entrance : windows

gadi

pedda

ÃÑ^ŒÌ

: doors

dvaramu

: room : verandah : almirah : threshold

paikappu

: heavy

ÃÑ·HõÑ¨C g a v -a k s h a m u

QÆ"åHõ∆=Ú mettlu .. "≥∞@∞¡

: round

4 83

: roof : ventilator : steps

"≥_»Å∞Ê p o d. a v u á⁄_»=Ù

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telugu talli

â&#x20AC;&#x153;ma telugu talliki malle pudanda . ma kanna talliki mangalaratuluâ&#x20AC;? . 84

Transliteration Scheme of Telugu Alphabet Vowels (: Acculu)









* –





–

.ru





.lu

–

.lu











*

ru .

 –

–

u e

o o au am . Consonants (: Hallulu)

u –

ah.







.

 c





 jh

 ~





 d.



dh .





 d







 



th .

 p



 b













s´

 s.

 s

 h

* Not in common use.



ksh

* r.

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-. munduga- oka mata

 A word in advance

- - ' - - - mudava 'srenilo i ‘vakyanirmanam’ ma- balasikshasamagri pustakam. . . .

 Vakyanirmanam (sentence and its structure or sentence-building in Telugu) is the . third book in the Telugu Learning Kit series being brought out by C. P. Brown Academy. - - dwara - - telugu aksharamala - paricayamaindi. dinito modati. pustakam ‘varnamala’ unna . abhyasa pustakam valana aksharalu nercukovadam, pratilekhanam anaga translitaresan . . . - - palike- vidhananni - dwara telusukovadam jarigindi. .

                   - You Telugu alphabet was introduced to the learners through the first book varnamala. . have learnt how to write the Telugu characters and to pronounce them by means of transliteration. - - rakarakala - padalu - telikainavi, ' rendava pustakam ‘sabdamala’lo kastamainavi akshara .. . kramamlo ivvadam . jarigindi.

   - presented different easy and hard words in an alphaThe second module,'sabdamala, betical order. - - ipudu vakyam rayatam gurinci teliyacestundi. . mi cetilo unna ‘vakyanirmanam’ . .

 Now the book in your hands, vakyanirmanam, helps you understand how to form . a sentence. www.mohanpublications.com 5 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/

- kalipite- padalu - ituvanti padala - avutayi. - kalayikatomanam nercukunna aksharalu . . vakyam rupondincavaccu.

    If the letters (characters) of the alphabet you have learnt are arranged in an order forming a unit of grammar, they are called words. A group of words arranged in a particular order which makes sense and gives a clear meaning is called a sentence. - vakyalu - - amarikato- cinnavi, padala peddavi, sulabhamainavi, kastamainavi–rakarakala .. - ivi miru - baga - - nercukovadaniki, - - istunnam. telugu padalu cakkaga- matladadaniki . . . . upayogapadavaccu. .

–  These sentences may be short or long, easy and difficult. Such sentences are used to express a statement, a question, a command or some sudden feeling. They help you to speak Telugu fluently and to write it well.

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- . 1  Lesson 1 patham - ippudu - kada! - telusukunnam intaku mundu manam telugu aksharalu, padalu . vakyam gurinci telusukundam.

 

- (alphabet) and words (sabdamala). ' We have already learnt about Telugu aksharamala Let us now learn about Telugu vakyanirmanam (sentence formation). . - arthanni - purti icce- pada samudayanni vakyam (sentence) antaru. . sentence)  A group of words which makes complete sense and gives a clear meaning is called a sentence. atadu . ramudu. .

idi caduvu.

He is Ramudu. .

Read this.





-' - bhojanam cesava?

- - idi nijama? emiti! .





Did (you) have your meal?

What! Is it true?

- - nalugu manam cadivina nalugu vakyalu rakalu.

 

Those are four different kinds of sentences.

- - gurinci ippudu telusukundama? a- nalugu rakala .



Let us now study those four kinds of sentences. ramudu . . vaccadu

sita navvindi

Ramudu . came.

Sita smiled.



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- edcindi. papa .

lalita pilicindi.





Baby cried.

Lalita called.

- - manaku kaccitamga- telusu. anduke- avi niscayarthaka ' paina ceppina visayalu vakyalu . antaru. .

 

We know for certain what is said in the foregoing sentences. That is why we call them - - (declarative or assertive sentences.) ' niscayardhaka vakyalu - - ivi rendu . padalu matrame upayogincina cinna vakyalau. inkoncem pedda vakyalu - raddam.

   These are short sentences comprising two words. Let us now expand these sentences a little. ramudu . badiki . vaccadu. .

sita andamga- navvindi.





- biggaraga- edcindi. papa .

lalita pelliki . . pilicindi.





Ramudu . came to school.

The baby cried loudly.

Sita smiled pleasantly.

Lalita invited us to the wedding.

- teliyani vatini - gurinci ila- kaccitamga- cebutam. telisina visayala . adigi . . . telusukuntam.

 When we are sure of something, we are assertive.When we want to know something, we ask others. adigi telusukundam. .

  Let us ask to know -' - homework cesava?

lata vaccinda?





Have you finished your home-work?

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- - pusinda? gulabi

pani purtainda?





Has the rose blossomed?

Is the work over?

- - antaru. - kada! - teliyalante ' vitini prasnarthaka vakyalu edaina . . . itarulanu adagali . ' prasnincatam . ante . adagadam. . .

   

- - (interrogative sentences). We need to ask others ' They are called prasnarthaka vakyalu about what we do not know. To question is to ask. - - - ive- vakyalanu koncem peddavi cesi cuddama?



Let us expand these sentences a little: - - pusinda? erra gulabi

- nundi vaccinda? lata skul .





Has the red rose blossomed?

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-' - ninnati . homework cesava?

- ceppina pani purtainda? nenu





Have you done your yesterday’s homework?

(Have you) finished the work I gave you?

- - ' - prasnalaku - vidhanam telusukovalsina visayanni batti untundi. samanyamga .. adige . . . - evaru, ekkada, enduku, eppudu, emiti, - padalu upayogince . . enta, enni (hu, ver, vai, . - hau, haumeny). vitini - ven, vat, . ela upayogincalo telusukundam.

    The mode of asking depends upon the nature of matter we like to know. Words such as who, whose, whom, where, why, when, and how are interrogative pronouns. Let us know how to use them. atanu evaru?

nannu enduku pilicavu?





-' i bomma ela- vesavu?

- -sita eluru eppudu . veltundi? .

Who is he?



How did you draw this picture? a- pustakam vela enta?

 

What is the price of that book?

ippudu . taimenta? .



Why did you call me?



-When will Sita go to Eluru? mamayya vijayavada . nunci eppudu . vastadu? .

 

When will maternal uncle come from Vijayawada? . meri ekkada . undi?



What is the time now? stesanku enni gantalaku vellali? .. . . .

Where is Mary? - niku enni mamidipandlu . . kavali?

At what time should we go to the station?

How many mangoes do you want?





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-- -

- -

' oka visayam adesapurvakamga ceppalante. ila..... .

    When we command others …….

idi caduvu.

- ti. tisukura.





Read this.

akkadiki .. . vellu.

Bring tea. ramuki ivvu





Go there.

Give this to Ramu.

- - ~- - pai vakyalanu ajnapurvaka vakyalu antamu. .



- ~- - - (Imperative sentences). The above sentences are called ajnapurvaka vakyalu - - vitini koncem pedda vakyalu ceddam. .



Let us expand these sentences a little: idi sayantram caduvu!

- ti . ippude . tisukura!





- akkadiki vellu! repu .. .

i pustakam ramuki ivvu





Read this in the evening.

Go there tomorrow.

Bring tea immediately.

Give this book to Ramu.

- -

' a ! ascaryam!

  

Oh! marvelous

a! idi nijama?

- padipoyada! - - ayyo! . .



 

Is it true?

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- - tajmahal aha! enta bagundi!

- bomma bagundi! 'sabhas! .





- Mahal is! Ah! How beautiful the Taj The picture is nice, well done! - -' - - antamu. pai vakyalanu ascaryarthaka vakyalu .



- - (Exclamatory sentences). ' The above sentences are called -ascaryarthaka vakyalu - ascaryam - miku -' - tivramaina - eppudaina antuleni kaligite- ila- antaru. andolana kaligina. . . inte!

 

To express some strong emotions such as fear, surprise, agony or distress, we say like this: - - - -i gudi enta prasantamga - undi! 'aha! a! miru ceppindi nijama! .









Ah! How serene is the ambience of this temple! -' - -i bomma baga - - vesavu! - - - 'sabhas! - raju - metla mida ayyo! nunci padipoyada! . . . . O! Is what you said true?

- fallen from the stairs? What a Has Raju pity!

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- - rayavaccu. - - kuda inka- pedda vakyalu .

 We can write still longer sentences. - - - - unte- miku - matladutu ala rayadam telustundi. . . . .

  You will know how to write them as you talk. -ala- teliyalante . emito . mundu vakyam ante . teliyali.

 For you to be able to write, you need to know what a sentence is. adi ippudu . manam telusukundam.

 Let us know it now.

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- . 2  Lesson 2 patham - amsalu - - untam. - avi karta, karma, kriya ' - manam custu - mudu sahajamga- vakyamlo . .

 Three components are required to write a sentence in Telugu. They are: subject, object and verb in that order. manam oka vakyam rasinappudu . oka vyakti gurinco, vastuvu gurinco cebutam. - - ante . vakyaniki kendram a vyakti leka vastuvu avutundi. ade karta.

  When we speak a sentence, we say something about a person or thing. So, the person or thing mentioned is called the subject. It means the subject is the central point of the sentence, and the meaning revolves round the subject. - karma. karta nirvahince- karyam ‘kriya’ avutundi. ‘kriya’ yokka phalitam anubhavincedi



Job done by ‘karta’ (subject) is kriya (verb). Result of ‘kriya’ is received by ‘karma’ (object). udaharanalu : examples: . - ramudu i vakyamlo- ‘ramudu’ . kukkanu kottenu. .. . karta.



Ramudu . beat the dog. In this sentence, Ramudu . is ‘karta’. -' ramudu . . . anaga ‘kottuta’ . . . kriya. . emi cesadu? . kottadu.



What Ramudu . did? He beat. That is ‘beat’ is kriya. denini kottadu? . . . kukkanu. kriyaphalitam anubhavincindi kukka kanuka, ‘kukka’ karma.



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- antaru. nauns miku telusu. naunsnu telugulo- namavacakalu .



You know the nouns. In Telugu nouns are called ‘Namavacakalu.’ - ~ - namavacakamulu - namavacakamulu avi sanjna (proper nouns), jati (common nouns), samuha namavacakamulu (collective nouns), guna . namavacakamulu (abstract nouns) antaru. .

          

~- namavacakamulu Those nouns in the Telugu language are called sanjna (Proper nouns), jati namavacakamulu (common nouns), samuha namavacakamulu (collective nouns) and guna . namavacakamulu (abstract nouns). raju caduvutunnadu. .

lalita padutunnadi .

- is reading. Raju

Lalita is singing.

 

dhilli mana rajadhani. .





-' bharatadesam mana matrubhumi.

 

- (India) is our motherland. Bharat - - - raju, -' - lalita vyaktula perlu. - bharatadesam pai vakyalalo dhilli oka pattanam peru. . .. . -' - perlanu - - padalanu ~ - namavacakalu - antaru. oka desam peru. teliyacese samjna . Delhi is our capital.

        - and Lalita in the above sentences are the names of persons. Delhi Words like Raju - is the name of a country. All such names are called is the name of a city, and Bharat - (proper nouns) ~ - namavacakalu sanjna amma uyala uputunnadi.

 Mother is rocking the cradle. - 'vidyarthi pathasalaku veltunnadu. . . .



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- - andamaina totalu a- urilo . unnavi.

 There are beautiful gardens in that village. - namavacakalu - (Common nouns). amma, vidyarthi, - ' - uru, ivi jati pathasala, tota, . . - oka jatiki i padalanni okko rakamaina jatini sucistunnayi. sambandhincinavi kanuka - namavacakalu. ivi jati

  

The words mother, student, school, village, garden, in the above sentences are common to every person or thing of the same class or kind. So, they are called Common nouns. ramudu . . gorrela mandanu tolukuveltunnadu. .



Ramudu . is tending his flock. pakshula gumpu sayantraniki gutiki . cerutundi.



Swarms of birds return to their nests by evening. - ceruvu gattuna valindi. kongala baru ..



A row of cranes alighted on the shores of the lake. - - vinapadadu. - emi i jana samuhamlo .

 

Nothing is audible in this milling crowd. - - - manda, gumpu, baru, - namavacakalu. - janasamuham - samuha pai vakyalaloni anevi - - - pakshula samuhanni - gorrela samuhanni manda antaru. alage gumpu antaru. . . - ani, manusulanu janasamuhamani kongalni baru antaru. . .

   Words like ‘flock’, ‘swarms’, ‘row’ (group), in the above sentences are called Collective nouns. So a Collective noun denotes a number of similar things taken together and regarded as one whole: A flock of sheep; a swarm or group of birds; a row of cranes and groups of people, etc.

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manisiki . santosam . mukhyam.

- - untundi. - vediga - gali vesavilo . .

 



Happiness is essential for man.

The air in summer is hot.

- mana 'satruvu. mana kopame

- nadi tiramlo callaga- untundi. .





Our anger is our enemy.

It is cool near rivers.

- - - santosam, - ane- padalu, pai vakyalalo kopam, vedi gunanni, bhavananu . . . - sucince - bhavanaku teliyacestunnavi. i padalu rupam ledu. ituvanti vatini telipe- perlu . . . guna . . namavacakalu antaru.

   In the above sentences, the words ‘happiness,’ ‘anger’ ‘hot,’ do not have a definite shape. Such nouns denote some quality, state, or action. They are called guna . namavacakalu or bhava namavacakalu (Abstract nouns).

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- . 3 Lesson 3 patham - - vaccindi. rani - snehituralu. - maku - raniki rani . ti. iccanu. . .

 - came. Rani - is our friend. I gave tea to Rani. Rani . . .

- - caduvutadu. - baga raju . rajuku eppudu . manci markulu vastayi.

 - studies well. Raju - always gets good marks. Raju

- kada! - anadam bavundaledu - perlu - rendumudusarlu ila- rani....raju . . . . .

 

- does not look nice. - and Raju So, the repetition of the words Rani . - ala- namavacakanni tirigi tirigi anakunda . . namavacakaniki baduluga . undalante - - - - sarvanamanni - sarvanamanni vadali. inglisulo pronaun antam. . . .

 

To avoid repetition of nouns we use pronouns. A pronoun (meaning for a noun) is a word used instead of a noun. The pronoun is called ‘sarvanamam’ in the Telugu language. udaharanalu : examples: . - - - atadu, . itadu, . ame. ime, adi, idi, sarvanamalu. indakati . vakyalu ippudu . cudandi. . .



The words “I, we, you, he, she, it, they, this, that,” are pronouns. - - vaccindi, ame - ma- akkaku snehituralu. rani ameku ti. iccanu. .



- came. She is the friend of my elder sister. I gave her tea. Rani . - - caduvutadu. - baga - vadiki raju . eppudu . . manci markulu vastayi.

 - studies well. He always scores good marks. Raju

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- - - i kinda iccina vakyalalo sarvanamalu gurthincandi. .



Point out the pronouns in the following sentences: - - bommalu vestundi. rama baga ameku bahumati vaccindi.

 

Rama draws pictures nicely. She got a prize. - nadavalekapotunnanu. na- kaliki debba tagilindi, nenu .

  My leg is hurt. I am unable to walk. - tagindi. pilli palu amma danini kottindi. ..

 

The cat drank the milk. Mummy hit it. - - - ninnu andaru- istapadataru. nuvvu cakkaga- matladatavu, .. . . .

   You speak agreeably. Everybody likes you. javabulu Answers -ame nenu danini

ninnu

 I it You  She www.mohanpublications.com 19 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/

- .  4   Lesson  4 patham - - untam. - - vidhaluga - - vadutu - gamanince- untaru sarvanamalanu mudu . pathamlo . . . idi miru kindati . .



You must have observed that in the previous lesson we made use of pronouns in three ways. - vivaranga- cuddam! - marala- okasari



Let us look at them in detail. mana gurinci manam ceppinappudu . . nenu, memu, nayokka, naku antamu.

  

The words used about oneself: I, we, me, my, mine. - - gurinchi ceppinappudu nuvvu, miru, edutivari miyokka, miku upayogistamu. . .

 

The words used to address those who are in front of us or spoken to: thou, you, thee, thy, thine, your, yours. ekkado . ame, adi, atanini, ameku, daniki, . unnavari gurinci ceppinappudu . atadu, - - upayogistamu. amenu, varini,variyokka ane- padalu

   The words used about the person or thing spoken of: he, his, himself, she, herself, it, itself, they, them, theirs.

- - madirigane - - telugulo- kuda - - vitini inglishu . . . bhasalo . ila vargikarincaru :

 

As in the English language, in Telugu also they are classified in the following ways: tanagurinci uttama purusa . – ‘nenu’, ‘naku’, ‘nayokka’ anu matalu. .

   Uttama Purusa . (First Person). It denotes the person speaking : I, we, myself. - gurinci madhyama purusa – ‘nivu’, edutivari ‘niku’, ‘niyokka’ anu matalu. . . .

  

Madhyama Purusa . (Second Person). It denotes the person spoken to: thou, you, thyself. www.mohanpublications.com 20 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/

ekkado ‘atanu’, ‘ame’, ‘ataniki’, . . unnavari gurinci prathama purusa– ‘ataniyokka’ anu matalu. .

    Prathama Purusa . (Third Person). It denotes the person or thing spoken of: he, she, it, they, himself, herself, itself, themselves. - - marikonni vakyalu cuddam.



Let us see some more sentences: uttama purusa .

(First Person)

- cesukuntanu. na- pani nenu .

naku ayana gurinci telusu.





- -' a- samavesaniki nannu pilicaru.

a- pustakam nadi.



 

I do my own work.

They called me to that conference.

madhyama purusa .

I know about him.

That book is mine.

 (Second Person)

nuvvu manci vadivi. .

niku a- bahumati vastundi.





You are a good man.

You will get that award.

ninnu cudakunda .. . . vellanu.

i pani nide- anuko.



I will not go without seeing you.



Treat this work as yours.

prathama purusa .  (Third Person) vallaku manam vaccinatlu .. . teliyadu.

- vastaru. - repu vallu ..

They do not know that we have come.

They will come tomorrow.





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idigo- niku kavalasina pustakam. dinini radha iccindi.

  Here is the book you needed. Radha gave it. vallanu akkadiki .. . rammani ceppanu.



I told them to come over there. - badhyata - e- nirnayam tisukunna vallu vallade. . .. ..



Whatever decision they take, it will be their responsibility. - - - - gurtinci e- purusalo - - i kindi vakyalalo sarvanamalu . unnayo rayandi. .



Pick out every pronoun that you can find in the following sentences and name its person. - - iccadu. - atanu tana saikil gopalki ramu manci abbayi. .

  - Ramu is a good boy. He gave his bicycle to Gopal.

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- - tanu caduvukontundi kuda. - sita tana talliki panullo- sayam cestundi. tana pathalu . . .

  Sita helps her mother in her daily chores. She also studies her lessons. -' - - ni- kosam nuvvu ninna raledu. andaru- edurucusaru.

 

You did not come yesterday. Everybody waited for you. - - -i roju nenu akkadiki . ralenu. naku jvaram vaccindi.

  Today I cannot come there. I have fever.

- - evaru- ceppaledu. - - velle- vadine. a- sangati naku cebite- nenu . ...

 

Nobody told me about it. Had I been told, I too would have gone there. - - - - enduku? niku naku madhya vallu ..

 

Where is the need for them between you and me? -

javabulu Answers atanu (prathama purusa) .

 

- (uttama purusa) nenu, naku .



he (Third person)

I, to me (First person)

tana, tana, tanu (prathama purusa) .

- - (uttama purusa) naku, nenu .

  her, her, she (Third person)

nuvvu, ni (madhyama purusa) .

 

you, your (Second person)

   to me, I (First person)

- niku- madhyama purusa . naku uttama - prathama purusa purusa, . . vallu ..

         

to you (Second person); to me (First person); them/they (Third person).

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patham 5   Lesson 5 . - - manamu linga bhedamunu i pathamlo gurinci telusukundam. .



In this lesson we learn about variations of gender. - rakalu. - avi 1) pumlingam; 2) strilingam; lingamulu mudu 3) napumsakalingam. . ;;  Genders are of three kinds. They are: 1. masculine gender; 2. feminine gender and 3) neuter gender. - e- lingamo- telusukundam. i kinda iccina'sabdalu



The following table shows examples of the three kinds of genders: pumlingam strilingam napumsakalingam







masculine gender raju

feminine gender rani .

neuter gender kurci







King devudu .

Queen devata

chair







God

Goddess

temple

racayita

racayitri

racana



















author atadu .

he nayakudu . hero

authoress ame she nayika heroine

gudi .

script adi it natana . acting

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- -' - ' i mudu . konni ubhayalinga sabdalu vunnayi. a sabdamulu . rakamule kakunda - pumlingamulaku- vartistayi. srilingamulaku,

   The names which can be applied either to a male or a female are of the Common Gender (Ubhayalingamulu). - naukaru, vyakti modalainavi. - kodi, ' ' udaharana . : sisuvu, anatha, vidyarthi, ledi, . .



Examples: child, orphan, student, deer, fowl, servant, person. 

ramudu . vaccadu. .

sita vellindi. ..





Ramudu . came.

Sita went.

pustakam sancilo- undi.



The book is in the bag. sita vellindi antunnam. ramudu sita strilingam-ramudu .. . vaccadu . . . . antunnam. - kriyapadalu. - sita vellindi ani, ramudu - anevi pumlingam.ikkada vellindi, vaccadu .. . .. . . - ani- annamu. - dini vaccadu napumsakalingamaina pustakaniki ‘undi’ annam. valana . - karta yokka linganni batti . . kriya marutundi. ide vidhamga namavacakalaku baduluga - - kuda - - - sarvanamalu - - lingabhedaniki - maratayi. - vade anugunamga . . .

                  In Telugu sentences we say: Sita went.—— feminine gender Ramudu . came. —— masculine gender. The book is in the bag. —— neuter gender. Similarly, pronouns will change as per the gender:

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- - 'i sutranni teliyacese- marikonni udaharanalu . parisiliddam.

 Let us see some examples in support of this rule: - atadu bajaru - velladu. ramudu .. . . . ledu, .

 

Ramudu . is not here. He has gone to the market. - ani rasamu. -' -' ramudu . . pumlingam anduvalana kriyasabdam velladu



Ramudu is pumlingam (masculine gender). So, the verb ending in Telugu is du . -. (velladu). .. . - - ledu, sita kuda ame nillu .. . .. tevadaniki vellindi.



Sita also is not here. She has gone to fetch water. - - ceppamu. sita strilingam. anduvalana sita ledu, vellindi, ani kriyapadam marci ..



Sita is feminine gender. That is why the verb endings in Telugu are changed to ‘ledu’, ‘vellindi’. .. pustakam sancilo- undi; danini cadavali.



The book is in the bag. I have to read it. 

- - inkoka visayam telusukundam. i pathamlo . .

 Let us learn another point in this lesson.

- avi : ekavacanam, - - padalu - vacanalu. - vacanalu - rendu vidhalu. sankyanu teliyacese . bahuvacanam.

 Words indicating numbers are known as singular number, plural number.

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- vyaktinigani, - pradesanni -' - sucincinapudu namavacakam oka vastuvunigani, gani . adi -ekavacanam. okatikanna- ekkuva sankhyanu sucincinapudu . . adi bahuvacanam.

   If a noun indicates one place, person, or thing, it is said to be in Singular Number. When a noun indicates more than one, it is in the Plural Number. - gamanincandi. munduga- i kindi padalu .

 Before we move on, read the following words. ekavacanam

bahuvacanam





Singular Number avu.

Plural Number -avulu.













cow. mamidikaya. . mango. tota. .

garden.

cows. mamidikayalu. . mangoes. totalu. . gardens.

- - avu - ante- oka pai padallo ekavacanam, avulu bahuvacanam. mamidikaya . . - bahuvacana'sabdam ceratam - teliyacestundi. mamidikayane mamidikaya‘lu’ ane . . . valla okatikanna ekkuva ani teliyacestundi. ade vidhamga tota, . . totalu . kuda. .

                      

In the above words, the word ‘cow’ is in singular number; ‘cows’ is in plural number. Mango indicates one mango fruit. By making that word plural ‘‘mangoes’’ it indicates more than one fruit. So also the words ‘garden’ and ‘gardens’. www.mohanpublications.com 27 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/

- - - - - nambarnu batti kuda linga bhedanni batti .. . . kriyapadalu, sarvanamalu marinattugane .. . - - - marpunu - - -i kindi vakyalalo maratayi. gamanincandi. .

 

Depending on the changes in the gender, there will be corresponding changes in the verb and pronoun pattern in the Telugu language. Similarly, there will be changes in verbs and pronouns depending on the changes in the number. Notice such changes in the following sentences: - pakkane- oka kalava ma- uri undi.

- cuttu- mudu - kalavalu ma- uri unnavi. .. .





- - oka devalayam - ma- urilo undi.

- - nalugu - - - unnavi. ma- urilo devalayalu

There is a canal by the side of our village.



There is a temple in our village. - - oka jama ma- totalo cettu . .. undi.



There is a guava tree in our garden.

There are three canals around our village.

 There are four temples in our village. - - padi jama ma- totalo cetlu . . unnavi.



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- na- snehitudu repu . vastadu. .

- ma- snehitulu repu vastaru





My friend will come tomorrow.

Our friends will come tomorrow.

- ' unnadi, unnadu, . . . kasindi, pusindi vanti. sabdalu ekavacananni . vaccindi, velladu, - unnaru, - - ru, lu, vu, yi 'sabdalu - bahuvacananni - - vaccaru, teliyacestayi. teliyacestayi.

  - (he is), vacchindi (she / it In the Telugu language, words like ‘unnadi’ (it is), unnadu . came), velladu .. . (he went), kasindi (bore fruit), pusindi (bloomed), denote singular number. Words which end in ‘ru’, ‘lu,’ ‘vu,’ ‘yi,’ denote plural number. For example: - (they are). - (they came), unnaru vaccaru i vindhamga- -ekavacanam, bahuvacanam vadatam . . jarugutundi.

 Thus we use both singular and plural numbers.

ayite- konni padalaku matram ekavacana, bahuvacanalunnappatiki ekkuvaga. bahuvacaname- vadutuntamu. . .

        

Though some words have both singular and plural forms, in most cases only plural form is used. uda- : pesalu, godhumalu, kandulu, vadlu, .



Example: Pesalu (green gram); godhumalu (wheat); kandulu (red gram), vadlu . (paddy). - vadali. - - vatini - undadu. bahuvacanam matrame konni padalaku ekavacaname . . nitya . - uda- : palu, - nillu. - antam. bahuvacanalu . ..

  Some words do not have the singular form at all. We have to use them as plurals. They are called nitya bahuvacanamulu (forever plural forms). Examples: palu (milk), nillu . . (water).

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patham 6  Lesson6 . - kosindi. sita pulu

- kosindi. sita errati. pulu



 

- navvindi. papa

- gaunu vesukunna pula papa navvindi.





Sita plucked the flowers.

The baby smiled.

Sita plucked the red flowers.

The baby in the embroidered gown laughed. - kosindi - ipudu ‘errani’ pulu intaku mundu manam sita pulu kosindi annam. annamu. .



Earlier we said, “Sita plucked the flowers.” Now we have said, “Sita plucked the red flowers.” - - erraga- unnayani, - gaunu vesukundani - pula - - pulu i matala dwara papa vivarana . . ' istunnam. ave visesanalu. . .

 

Thus we are explaining that the flowers are ‘red’ and the gown is embroidered. These words are adjectives. - - - ' i kindi vakyalalo visesanalu gurtincandi. . . .



Point out the adjectives in the following sentences: a- pedda ceruvulo- erra tamaralu unnayi.

 

There are red lilies in that big tank. - - mi inti . pakka intilo . ma mamayya unnadu. .

 

Your next-door neighbour is my maternal uncle. - - cinnavadu. ramu na- kanna- cala .

 

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- - muggu vestundi. amma gummam mundu pratiroju

 

Mother daily decorates the doorway with patterns made with lines of flour. - unnade- raju - illu. a nallagetu .

 

Raju’s house is the one with the black gate. atadu . dhairyavantudu. .

  He is a brave man.

ati telivi anarthadayakam.

 

- tiyani niku repu mamidipallu . .. istanu.

 

I will give you sweet mangoes tomorrow. - pedda nagaram. bengaluru .

 

- is a big city. Bengaluru adi lotaina ceruvu.

 

Over-smartness is harmful.

That is a deep tank indeed.

turpu vaipuna unna bhavanam granthalayam.

pustakam pedda ballamida undi.

    The east-side building is a library.

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javabulu Answers pedda, erra

-cala

intipakka .

 

 



 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

red pratiroju daily ati

over pedda big

next-door nalla black turpu vaipuna east-side lotaina deep



much dhairyavantudu . brave tiyani

sweet pedda big

' - - antam. ila- namavacakam yokka gunanni vivaranga- ceppe- padalanu visesanalu . . . . - spastamga- ceppadaniki - - -i padala 'namavacakam gurinci vivaramga, visesanam kavali. .. . . . - - manam namavacakam ' - dwara gurinci ekkuva vivarana . . . ivvagalugutamu. visesanalanu - inglisulo antaru. . . . edjektives .

      The adjective goes with a noun or pronoun adding to its meaning. Adjectives qualify the nouns that follow them adding value to the sentence.

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patham 7   Lesson 7 . - kada! - - panulanni- kriyalu ani ceppukunnam manam cese

  We have already explained that our actions are known as verbs. ramudu . vaccadu. .

 Ramudu . came. - sita padindi. .



- paddadu. raju .. .

 - fell. Raju

- navvindi. papa



Sita sang.

The baby smiled.

-' - kriyasabdalu. paina rasina ‘vaccadu’, ‘paddadu’, ‘padindi’, ‘navvindi’ anevi . . . . . - -' kriyasabdalanu inglisulo verbs antaru. . .

  The underlined words in the above sentences are verbs indicating the action of the subject. - venakki paddadu. sita madhuramga- padindi. raju .. . .





amma aratipallu . .. premato iccindi.

- kilakila navvindi. papa

 



- fell on his back. Raju

Sita sang sweetly.

Mother gave bananas with love. The baby smiled charmingly. - - kriyavisesanalu. - padalu. - kriyalu ' kinda gita gisina padalu avi kriyala gurinci teliyaceyu . . - - entavaraku jarugutayo teliyaceyu eppudu ela- jarigayo, . jarugutayo, ekkada .- jarugutayo, - - ' - - vitini inglisulo - - kriyavisesanalu. padale edverbs antaru. . . . . .

                             

The underlined words in the above sentences are adverbs. An adverb is a word which modifies or qualifies and expands the sense of a verb. So, an adverb goes with a verb adding to its meaning — when and where a certain action has taken place, and how long it has taken, etc. www.mohanpublications.com 33 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/

- - cuddam. - - ' - - - kurcina ' - - mariyu kriyavisesanalato ippudu marikonni vakyalu . . . visesanalu, . .

   

' - Let us study some more sentences containing adjectives (visesanalu) and adverbs . . ' (kriyavisesanalu). . .

nalla kukkapilla parugetti adutondi. .

 

The black puppy is running playfully. - - - adataru. a- pillalu prati adivaram banti ata . .

 

Those children play ball games every Sunday. - pusindi. malle mokka ninduga .

 

The jasmine plant is in full bloom. - rangu pensil mukkaluga- viricindi. rani .

 

- broke the colour pencil into pieces. Rani . www.mohanpublications.com 34 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/

- - telivaina abbayi. gopal

amma pullati konnadi. . mamidikayalu .

  Mummy bought sour mangoes.

 

- - is an intelligent boy. Gopal - nalugava radha phlat antasthulo- undi. .

- phutbal - - -- raju . baga adatadu . .

 

 

- plays football well. Radha’s flat is on the fourth floor. Raju - kattindi. - a- pedda cettu mida kaki cakkaga- gudu .. . ..

 

The crow built its nest neatly on that big tree. - - munduku padindi. - gadapa dataleka pillikuna . . .

 

Unable to cross the threshold, the feeble kitten fell headlong. - oka tellatipitta nillalo .. munigindi. . .. budungumani .

 

A white bird suddenly dived into the water. - gadiyaram pedda goda thangumani ganta . . .. . kottindi. .

 

The big clock on the wall struck with a bang. - callaga- vistundi. sayantram gali

 

The evening breeze blows pleasantly.

- visesanalu - - rendusarlu - ' - - ane- visayam cakkaga- kriyavisesanalu - cadivite- evi ' - - evi pai vakyalu . . . . . . - - telusikondi. - avuno- kado - - kindi pattika cusi mike telustundi. sariaina javabu .. . . ilanti - - rayandi. - - konni miru kuda vakyalu . .

     If you read the above sentences carefully, you will understand which words are adjectives and which ones are adverbs. Now write some similar sentences yourself. Verify your answers from the following list :

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javabulu Answers - '- kriyavisesanalu . .

'- visesanalu . .



nalla

Adjectives prati



 

every

black

rangu

 

 

colour

pullati .

telivaina





sour

intelligent nalugava

 

 fourth

pedda



 big

pedda

tellati .



 

big

white

sayantram

 evening

 Adverbs

banti ata .

parugetti

  

 

playfully

football

mukkaluga-

ninduga .

 

 

 

 

into pieces

full

- baga

 

  well

cakkaga-

munduku

 



neatly

headlong

budungumani .

  suddenly

thangumani .



with a bang

callaga-



pleasantly

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patham 8  Lesson8 . - - manam ippudu siddamga- unnam. . cinna cinna vakyalu rayadaniki .

 

Now we are ready to write small sentences. - edaina - ninna jarigina visayama, - visayam ceppinappudu manam ceppedi - -i roju kani . . . - spastamga - repu - - visayama- anedi - jaragaboye - undali. jarigina visayama, . .. . .

     Whatever we say, it should be very specific whether we are indicating the present action, or a past action or a future action. - -- ala- undalante . . e kalam gurinci cebutunnamo teliyali.



For this, we should know the tense of the verb we are writing about. - ninna uttaram rasanu. -' nenu

 

I wrote a letter yesterday. - - i vakyam jarigipoina visayam gurinci teliyacestundi. dinini bhutakalam antamu. . .

  This sentence describes a past action. - bhutakalam anaga- jarigipoyindi.



- Time that is past is called bhutakalam (Past Tense). - uttaram rastunnanu nenu

 I am writing a letter.

- - kalam i vakyam ippudu gurinci teliyacestundi. dinini vartamana . jarugutunna visayam . antamu. .

  This sentence mentions a present act. This is known as simple present tense. www.mohanpublications.com 37 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/

vartamana kalam anaga- jarugutunnadi.



Time now is called the vartamanakalam (Present Tense). - - repu - uttaram rastanu. nenu



I will write a letter tomorrow. - - - danini i vakyam jaragaboye gurinci teliyacestundi. dinini bhavisyat kalam antam. .

 This sentence talks of a future act. ‘Time to come’ is future tense. - vastayi. - linga - - - telugulo- kriyalu vakyaniki samanyamga civaraga intavaraku, - - - - vacana bhedalalonu - - - - kriya- 'sabdalu - maradam bhedalalonu, . gurinci telusukunnam. - - kriyasabdam -' - - parisiliddam. 'kalam marinappudu marutundi. i kindi vakyalu . . kuda

    In Telugu sentences, verbs usually come towards the end of the sentence. We have so far learnt that verbs change depending on the changes in gender and number. When there is a change of tense, the verb also changes. Let us study some sentences: sita ninna vaccindi.

ramudu . ninna vaccadu. .





sita ippudu . vastundi.

ramudu . ippudu . vastunnadu. .

- came yesterday. Sita

 Sita comes now.

- sita repu vastundi.



- will come tomorrow. Sita

Ramudu . came yesterday.

 Ramudu . comes now.

ramudu . . repu vastadu.



Ramudu . will come tomorrow. www.mohanpublications.com

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- - --' ramudu . anaga bhutakalanni sucince ‘ninna’ annappudu . kriyasabdam . ninna vaccadu. -- ‘repu’ - bhavisyat kalanni vaccadu sucince annappudu . . annamu. repu vastadu . . ' kriyasabdam vastadu . ani marindi. sita strilingam kanuka vaccindi, vastundi annamu. - annamu. ramudu . pumlingam kanuka vaccadu, . . vastadu

   

- Ramudu ninna (yesterday) indicates bhutakalam . came yesterday. Here, the word (past tense). Hence the verb vaccadu . (came). When we use the word ‘repu’ (tomorrow), it indicates bhavisyatkalam (future tense). Hence the verb vastadu . . (will come). ‘Sita’ being feminine gender, the verb in the past tense is vacindi; and in the future tense the verb will be vastundi. So also, Ramudu . being-masculine gender, and in the future tense vastadu. the verb in the past tense is vaccadu, . . - -- - - lekapote - - - mi- matalaku mukyamaina i mudu artham undadu. . . . . . kalalu telusukuni matladali.



When we talk we must be mindful of these three tenses. Otherwise, what we talk will not make sense. - - - i mudu . . kalalu kaka jarugutu vunna kalam marokati . undi. danini inglisulo kantinyuvas tens antaru. mudu . kalallonu aya samayalalo jarugutunna panini gurinci . . adi teliyacestundi.

   In addition to these three tenses, there is another one called Continuous Tense. The vartamanakalam (Present Continuous Tense) describes an action taking place. And so the action is incomplete. So is the case with Past Continuous Tense and Future Continuous Tense. jarugutu- unna kalam.



Continuous tense:

- pustakam caduvutu- untundi. radha repu . radha ninna pustakam caduvutu- undindi. .



Radha was reading the book yesterday.



Radha will be reading the book tomorrow. www.mohanpublications.com

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radha pustakam caduvutu- undi.

 Radha is reading the book.

- testu- undindi. testu- undindi ane- kriya bhutakalamlo - - jaruguturadha ninna pulu . . unnadanni teliyacestundi.

   Radha was bringing flowers yesterday. (The verb — was bringing — is in the Past - Continuous tense — a continuing work in bhutakalam). - - - unnadu. - bommalu vestu - - unnadu. - anaga- prastutam bommalu vestu - kabatti raju . .. i vakyam . - kalamlo - pani jarugutunnatluga- teliyacestundi. vartamana .

    

- is drawing pictures. (The verb is in the Present Continuous Tense — a continuing Raju work in vartamanakalam – the ‘Present tense’.) - - untadu. - bommalu vestu - repu raju . kriya bhavisyat . . kalamlo jarugutu unde . visayam . . ikkada teliyacestundi.

   - will be drawing pictures tomorrow. (The verb, here, is in the Future Continuous Raju Tense) — a continuous tense in the bhavisyatkalam. . - unnadu. ramu ninna banti adutu . .



Ramu was playing with a ball yesterday. - (The verb is in the Past Continuous tense — a continuing work in bhutakalam.) ramani . pulu testu undi.



Ramani . is bringing flowers. - pulu - testu- untadu. - repu raju . .



- will be bringing flowers tomorrow. Raju www.mohanpublications.com 40 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/

- - unnadi. sita pata . padutu .

-

Sita is singing a song. (The verb is in the Present Continuous tense — a continuing work in vartamanakalam.) - laibrariki - undindi. - ninna uyala a- samayaniki raju veltu papa ugutu . unnadu. . .





ramani . . pulu testu untundi.

- uyala - unnadi. papa ugutu

- was going to the library at that time. Raju The baby was swinging yesterday.



Ramani . will be bringing flowers.

 The baby is swinging.

- teccindi. radha ninna pulu

- uyala - - untundi. - repu papa ugutu .





Radha brought flowers yesterday. - - ramani . roju pulu testundi.



Ramani . brings flowers daily.

The baby will be swinging tomorrow. - repu - pulu - testadu. raju .



- will bring flowers tomorrow. Raju www.mohanpublications.com

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- koyadaniki radha pulu veltu . . untundi. .

- - - sayantram repu sita eluru veltu . . untundi.





- Sita will be going to Eluru tomorrow evening.

Radha will be going to pluck flowers.



-- - telugulo- mukhyamga- bhutakalam, vartamanakalam, bhavisyatkalalanu anusarinci . ' kriyasabdam marutundi.

  When the tenses are changed, the verb also changes. - - ippudu . alanti. marpunu i kindi vakyala dwara gamaniddam.



Shall we look at some more sentences to know such changes? - bhutakalam

vartamanakalam

 







 Ranganna goes to the market. - - badiki veltunnadi. meri . .



Ranganna will go to the market tomorrow. - - ellundi badiki veltundi. meri . . .







rahim pandlu . teccadu. .

Mary will go to school the day after tomorrow. - rahim pandlu . testadu. . . rahim sayantram pandlu . testunnadu.





 

Past tense - velladu ranganna bajaru .. . Ranganna went to the market. - - badiki vellindi. meri . ..

Mary went to school.

Rahim brought fruits.

bhavisyatkalam .

Present tense Future tense ranganna bajaru veltunnadu . . . . ranganna repu bajaru veltadu.

Mary goes to school.

Rahim brings fruits.

Rahim will bring fruits in the evening. www.mohanpublications.com

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- padindi. karuna . . pata .

karuna . . padutunnadi.

- padutundi. karuna . . . repu pata







Karuna . sang a song.

Karuna . sings a song.

amala ninna vaccindi.

amala vastunnadi.

Karuna . will sing a song tomorrow. - vastundi. amala repu







Amala came yesterday. Amala comes. Amala will come tomorrow. - avi nirantara kriyalu. vatini konni kalamto- nimittam lekunda . eppudu . . jarigevi untayi. . - - - antaru. inglisulo yunivarsal truts . .

   There are some universal truths, true at any time and for all times: vantena kinda nunci nadi pravahistundi. suryudu . turpuna udayincunu.





The river flows under the bridge. - - mallelu pustayi. vesavilo

The sun rises in the east. vennela callaga- undunu. .





Jasmines bloom in summer.

The moonlight is cool. www.mohanpublications.com

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- - - e- kalaniki kinda iccina vakyalu sambandincinavo- gurtincandi. .

 Name the tenses of the following sentences: sita a- pustakam cadivindi.

   Sita read that book. radha padutunnadi. .

  - sings. Radha

- - badiki veltu- undindi. meri . . .

 

Mary was going to school. - pustaka pradarsanaku - repu ' memu veltamu. .

  We will go to the book exhibition tomorrow. - -i samayaniki - repu nenu ma- uriki veltu . . untanu.

  By this time tomorrow, I will be going to our village. ame, monna ma- intiki . vaccindi.

 

She came to our house the day before yesterday. - caduvukuntu- untini. - vaccesariki ame nenu . .

 By the time she came, I was reading. - suryudu bhumi . cuttu .. tirugutundi.

  The earth goes round the sun.

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- poyina -' - uttaram rasadu. abraham samvatsaram naku .

 

Abraham wrote me a letter last year. - - - rendu samvatsarala - kritam kaleji - cesindi. - - caduvu purti ayesa . .

 - -Ayesa . completed her collegiate studies two years back. inko- samvatsaraniki hari injaniring purtavutundi.

   Hari’s engineering will be completed in a year’s time.

javabulu Answers

- unnadi jarugutu- unna vartamanakalam padutu .

  is singing — present continuous tense. - cadivindi bhutakalam.

  read — past tense. padutunnadi vartamanakalam. .

 

sings –simple present tense. - veltu jarugutu- unna bhutakalam . undindi .

  was going — past continuous tense. veltamu bhavisyatkalam . .

 

will go — future tense. veltu jarugutu- unde . untanu. . . bhavisyatkalam .

  will be going — future continuous tense.

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- vaccindi. bhutakalam

 

came — simple past tense. - chaduvukuntu jarugutu unna bhutakalam . untini. .

  was reading — past continuous tense. tirugutundi. nirantaram jarigedi

 

goes round — ever happening action. (This simple present tense is also used to express some general fact or eternal truth.) -' - rasadu. . bhutakalam

 

wrote – past tense. - purticesindi. bhutakalam

  

completed – past tense. purtavutundi. bhavisyatkalam .

  will be completed — future tense.

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patham 9   Lesson9 . -i pathamlo - ane- padala - gurinci telusukundam. - madya - manam avyayalu - rendu padala . . - - linga, vacana, kala - bhedalanu - - teliyacestayi. nunna sambandanni i avyayalu batti - . .avyayalu maravu. vitini i padalanu inglisulo . . . vibhaktyarthaka padalani kuda antaru. pripojisans antaru. . .

   

- which means indeclinable words — words In this lesson let us learn about ‘avyayalu’ not liable to change. They are immutable, eternal. In English they are called prepositions. They are used to show the relationship of a word to other words in a sentence. They are also called ‘vibhaktyardhaka padamulu’ in Telugu. udaharanalu :examples: . a- cettukomma mida cilaka unnadi. balla kinda pensilu padindi. .. .





There is a parrot on a branch of the tree. The pencil has fallen under the table. ‘‘balla’’, ‘‘pensilu’’ rendu ani ceppadam . padalu. pensilu ballakinda padindi . valana adi . oka ardhavantamaina vakyam ayindi. ‘‘’’ ‘‘’’          



“Table” and “pencil” are two words. When we say, ‘The pencil has fallen under the table,’ it is a complete and meaningful sentence. - unnadu. - - madhya'syam ramuki, rajuki .



' Shyam is in between Ramu and Raju. - - radhanu tiki . pilicanu,ayina raledu.



I invited Radha for tea; but she did not turn up. - - - -krusna . . kosame custunna, kani raledu.



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samuccayalu 

Conjunctions - rendu padalanu - rendu vakyalanu - kaluputayi. - - samuccayalu - telugu bhasalo gani, gani . . . - - kanjenkshans antaru. - samana - dharmam kala vakyalane - - - ivi samuccayalanu inglisulo . . kaluputayi.

   

- (Conjunctions) in the Telugu language connect words with words as Samuccayalu well as sentences with sentences. (However, the words connected must be of the same grammatical part of speech and of the same grammatical construction.)

- - - kamala mariyu sita akka cellellu .. ane vakyamlo sitaku, kamalaku unna sambandham ‘mariyu’ ane- samuccayam teliyacestundi.

  Kamala and Sita are sisters. Here the conjunction ‘and’ connects two nouns showing their relationship. - cadavagaladu, mariyu rayagaladu ramu . .

 Ramu can read, and write as well.

- kalamu, pensil rendu - oka kalam ayina- pensil ayina- ivvandi. ane- vakyamlo naku . . - - okati kavali - - ani ardham, ayina- ane- padam valla vaccindi. vastuvulalo- edo .

            

Give me either a pen or a pencil. In this sentence, a choice is expressed. “Either or” is an alternative conjunction denoting either a pen or a pencil. - - anavaccu. ikkada . . kalamu leka pensil ani kuda



In this sentence we can use only ‘or’ to convey the meaning. ‘Give me a pen or a pencil.’ www.mohanpublications.com 48 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/

- ikkada . ‘‘ayina’’, ‘‘leka’’ ane padalu emi teliyacestunnavi? naku pennu kani pensilu kani - - kavalani. i vidhamga- rendu . padalanu gani, vakyalanu gani kalipe padalu samuccayalu. ‘‘’’‘‘’ ’



In these sentences, what do the words “either or” and ‘or’ indicate? ‘I want a pen or a pencil.’ Conjunctions therefore connect words with words as well as sentences with sentences. - anduvalana, vale, varaku, ayinappatiki- vanti padalu - samuccayalu. mariyu, kani, . .



Some other conjunctions are: and, but, therefore, like, too, till, however, as well as, further, neither-nor, either or, moreover. - - - samuccayalanu i kindi vakyalalo gurtincandi. .



Point out the conjunctions (samuccayalu) in the following: - mancivadu - mariyu telivainavadu. gopi . .

 

- is a good boy and intelligent as well. Gopi - - caduvutadu - kani - baga - allari cestadu. - raju . .

  - reads well, but plays mischief. Raju

- ayevaraku - undu, lekapote - - vellu. na- pani purti .. .

 

Wait till I complete my work, or else you can go. - ayina- nijayiti - - parudu. atadu . . . pedavadu

  Though poor, he is honest.

-- vaccindi andukani ma- akka raledu. ninna sayantram vana

  It rained last evening; so my sister did not come.

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javabulu Answers mariyu

kani

- lekapote

 

 

 

 

and ayina-

though

but andukani



or else

so (reason for an action)

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patham 10 .

  Lesson10

- - - manam -i pathamlo - - telugulo- vibhaktulu vunnayi. - vatini inglisulo keslu unnatlugane . . . . gurinci telusukundam.

   Just as there are cases in the English language, there are vibhaktulu in the Telugu language. Let us learn about these vibhaktulu (cases) in this lesson. - - vibhaktulu. - madhya gala sambandhanni - padala vakyamlo teliyacesevi



Vibhakti indicates relationship between the words in a sentence. - karta edi? ramudu ane- vakyamlo karta ramudu. .. . kukkanu kottenu . ramudu . emi -' cesadu? kriya. evarini? kukkanu. kukka karma. .. . .. . anaga kottadam . kottadu.

 

“Ramudu . is the subject. . beat the dog.” What is the subject in this sentence? Ramudu What did Ramudu . do? He beat. (Beating is an action. So it is the verb.) Whom did he beat? He beat the dog. So, dog is the object. - - - ramudu, .. . anedi kriya. . namavacakale. kottuta . kukka ivi rendu

 “Ramudu” . and “dog” are nouns.“Beat” is the verb.

kukka 'sabdaniki ‘nu’ ane- vibhakti ceradam valana adi ramudu . kukkanu kottenu. .. . ane ardhavantamaina vakyamga marindi. anaga karta cese panini teliyacestunnadi.

       Adding ‘nu’ to the word dog made it a meaningful sentence. In other words, that case-ending ‘nu’ makes the work of the subject very clear. www.mohanpublications.com 51 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/

- inko- udaharana . cuddam.



Let us see another example: idi sita kalamu.



This is Sita’s pen. ante . adi sita yokka kalamu. ikkada . sitaku kalaniki unna sambandhamemiti? . ‘yokka’ ane padam sita hakkunu teliyacestunnadi.

    

It means, this pen belongs to Sita. Here, what is the relation between Sita and pen? It is Sita’s pen. Sita possesses it. She has a right over the pen. maroka vakyam



Let us consider another sentence: - sita radha koraku pandlu . teccindi.

 

Sita brought fruits for Radha. sita pandlu . teccindi. evari koraku? radha koraku. sita cesina kriya, pandlu evarikoraku radha koraku. . tevadam. . ikkada . koraku anedi vibhakti.

    

Sita brought fruits. For whom? For Radha. What did Sita do? She ‘brought’ fruits. That was her action — kriya (verb). For whom? For Radha. The fourth case-ending ‘for’ (koraku) is used to indicate syntactic relation between Sita, Radha and fruits. www.mohanpublications.com 52 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/

- - karta, karma, kriyalaku gala sambandhanni - oka vakyamlo i vidhamga, avi cese - panulanu, cesina vidhananni vivaranga- ceppadaniki vibhaktulu upayogapadatayi. . . telugulo- edu upayogincedi . . mukhyamaina vibhaktulu. okarini pilavadaniki - cerikato - padala - vibhakti. ivanni- okati rendu aksharala, - vakyaniki - sambodhana . . - - arthalanu - -i kindi vibhaktulu cudandi. ververu istayi. . .

     Vibhaktulu (cases) are therefore used to show the syntactic relation between the subject, object and verb, and to explain clearly the work they do and how they do it. In the Telugu language, vibhaktulu are of seven kinds. Various case-forms are expressed with the aid of various prepositions or case-endings. Examine the following vibhaktulu (cases): There is another case form to address others. It is known as vocative case or Nominative case of address.

prathama- vibhakti



nominative case

du, mu, vu, lu .



du, . mu, vu, lu.

' 'du' . pumlinga sabdalaku vastundi. uda- : ramudu, .. . . krusnudu,

 

The first case-ending du . is applicable to masculine nouns. Eg: Ramudu, Krisnudu. . .. . 'mu' napumsakalingalaku vastundi. uda : daivamu, vanamu, vrukshamu

   

mu is applicable to nouns of neuter gender. Eg: deity, forest, a tree. www.mohanpublications.com 53 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/

- - 'sabdalaku, - 'sabdaniki 'vu' ukaranta ‘‘go’’ vastundi. uda :jantuvu, taruvu, madhuvu, govu

 

‘Vu’ is applicable to words ending with ‘U’ sound and to the word ‘go’ (cow). Eg: animal, tree, honey, cow. 'lu' bahuvacanamlo vastundi. - govulu uda- : strilu,

  

lu is aplicable to plural forms. Eg: ‘strilu’ (women), ‘govulu’ (cows). atadu . . ramudu



He is Ramudu. . -avu sadhu jantuvu.



Cow is a domestic animal.

- vikasincayi. ' pulu



The flowers have bloomed. a vanamu andamuga- unnadi.



That garden is beautiful. - - vadina paina cadivina ‘ramudu’, ‘vanamu’, ‘jantuvu’ ane- padalalo du, . mu, vu, lu . . prathama- vibhakti.



In the above sentences, Ramudu, . ‘vanamu’, jantuvu — .du, mu, vu, are the first case (prathama vibhakti or Nominative Case) endings. dwitiya- vibhakti



ni, nu, la, gurci, gurinci



accusative case ni, nu, la, gurchi, gurinchi. karmaku sambandhinci dwitiya- vibhakti vastundi. kriya yokka phalanni evaru anubhavistaro, varu karma

      The case that relates to the object in a sentence is called Accusative or Objective Case - - vibhakti or second case in the order). A noun or noun equivalent is in the (dwitiya Accusative or Objective Case when it is used as the direct object of a transitive verb.

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sitanu pilicanu.



I called Sita. ikkada pilavadam kriya. evarini pilicanu? sitanu. sita karma. 'nu' ane- dwitiya- vibhakti . . sitanu cerindi.

    Here, ‘called’ is the verb. Whom did I call? Sita. (Sitanu) So, Sita is the object. In Telugu, it is ‘Sitanu”. In the second case, the case-ending nu is added to the object ‘Sita.’ tallini mincina daivamu ledu. rajuni rammanu.





- naku - teliyadu. atani gurci

- telusu. ni gurinci naku





- to come. Ask Raju

No deity is greater than mother.

I do not know anything about him.

I know about you. 

trutiya- vibhakti



cetan, ce(n), todan, to(n) .



instrumental case chetan, che, todan, to. .

- - - varu - karta. trutiya -' - - paniki evaru asrayam kriya cese avutaro vibhakti kartaku cerutundi.



A noun or its equivalent about which something is said (predicated) in a sentence is called the subject. The third case (trutiya- vibhakti) relates to the subject. - ceta - pustakam cadivincu. papa



Get the book read by the girl. - papaceta. - cadivincadam kriya-evari ceta? .

 

To make the baby read (chadivincu) is the verb. By whom (evariceta)? - By the girl (papaceta). Other sentences can be similarly formed. www.mohanpublications.com 55 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/

- - vastanu. nito- nenu

- saukyamu untundi. 'santam toda . .





I will also come with you.

Happiness exists along with peace.

- - ramani kuda - - vaccindi. rajuto . .



Ramani . also came along with Raju. 

caturthi vibhakti



dative case

koraku, kai



koraku, kai.

evari nimittam kriya jarugutundo- variki caturthi vibhakti vastundi.



The case of nouns or pronouns and words in grammatical agreement with them, indicating an indirect object or recipient, is known as Dative Case (caturthi vibhakti — for, to). atadu . ramuni koraku vaccadu. . ramuni koraku.

 He came for Rama. atadu . . vaccadu.

 He came. enduku?



 For Ramu.

- radhakai - teccanu. nenu pulu



I have brought flowers for Radha.

Why?

- paramatmudu anekasarlu avatarincadu. . . . dharma rakshnakai



God manifested Himself time and again on the earth to protect righteousness (Dharma). 

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pancami vibhakti



ablative case

valana, kante, .. . patti



valana, kante, .. . patti.

apayamu, bhayamu, parajayam, pramadam, alasyam modalainavi jariginappudu, . avi enduku jarigayo a karanam ceppadaniki pancami vibhakti vastundi. . .

  

The case of nouns or pronouns and words in grammatical agreement with them indicating an agent, instrument or location is Ablative Case (pancami- vibhakti — valana, kante, .. — by, than, on account of). It indicates the cause of certain effect . patti or result. coruni valana bhayamu kaligindi.

 Fear was caused by the thief.

i pani ni valana alasyam ayindi.



This work has been delayed on account of you. - telisindi. hanumantuni valana sitamma jada .



The whereabouts of Sitamma were made known by Hanuman. - - vaccadu. rajuni batti . . ranga kuda . .



Ranga also came on account of Raju. - kante ramana balavantudu. vasu . . .



Ramana . is stronger than Vasu. 

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- sasti . . . vibhakti ki, ku, yokka, lo, lopala





- lopala. genitive case ki, ku, yokka, lo, - sambandhanni teliyacesetappudu . . . vibhakti vastundi. . . sasti



The Genitive Case primarily expresses possession, and from that it has been extended to many kindred relations. This is the ‘sasti vibhakti’ with sixth case-ending of ‘ki, ku, . . yokka, lo, lopala’ — to. of, in, and ’s. -i visayam teliyadu. rajuki idi ramani(yokka) pennu. . .





This is Ramani’s . pen.

- does not know about this matter. Raju

- telusu; niku a- visayam naku telusu. .

atani(yokka) gunam . andariki telusu.





You and I know about it.

Everybody knows about his character.

lata illu ikkadaku daggare. .

-ni- mansu lopala alocana nike- telusu.





Lata’s house is not far from here.

Only you know what is in your mind.

- illu uripakka - - unnadi. vasu totalo .



Vasu’s house is in the garden on the outskirts of the village. - lopala - vallu gadilo- matladukuntunnaru. . . . ..

 They are talking in the room.



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saptami vibhakti



locative case

andu, na.



andu, na.

- - adharanni teliyacesetappudu . . saptami vibhakti vastundi.



The Locative Case (saptami- vibhakti — ‘andu’ , ‘na’) relates to nouns, pronouns, and adjectives, expressing location (a particular place or position in which a person or thing is.) bhagavantudu . . endu cusina andu kaladu.



Wherever you look, there is God. (Or) God is everywhere. amma yandu orpu ekkuva.

a- darina dongala bhayam ekkuva.





Mother has a lot of patience.

There is a threat of robbers on that road.

- cettuna cala - - kayalu jama unnavi. ..

- -' - lekkalenanni akasana cukkalu unnavi.





- untaru. punyatmulu svargana . .

- i cikatina padi . . . ela veltavu?

There are plenty of fruits on the guava tree. There are countless stars in the sky. (The guava tree has plenty of fruits.)



The virtuous men stay in the heaven.



How can you go in this darkness?



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- - sambodhana- prathama- vibhakti o, oyi



- prathama- vibhakti): Vocative case or nominative case of address (sambodhana O, you, hi, hello, hey. - sambodhincadaniki, - i vibhakti-evarinaina- pilavadaniki, anaga upayogistamu. . .



Nominative Case of Address or Vocative Case is used to address a person (sambodhana vibhakti )— o, oyi — hey, you, hi, hello. - - ani, strilanu - ani- sambodhistaru. purusuni ‘‘oyi’’ ‘‘o’’ .



Oyi refers to man. O is used to address a woman. It may imply closeness or contempt. - o- sita! itu . ra!



Hey Sita! Come here. - - atu vellaku! oyi! .. .

 

Hey, don’t go that side! -o krusna! . . nannu rakshincu!



O Krisna! . . Come to my rescue.

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patham 11   Lesson11 . - - ardhanni - purti icce- pada samudayanni vakyam antamu. dinini inglisulo sentence . . . antaru. .

   A sentence is a group of words making complete sense. - vidhaluga - - mudu - - vibhajimpabaddayi vakyalu .. . - 1. samanya vakyam 2. samyukta vakyam ' 3. samslista . . vakyam

       Sentences are classified as follows: 1. Simple Sentence 2. Compound Sentence 3. Complex Sentence - samanya vakyam



simple sentence. - - karta, karma, kriya anevi - pradhanamaina - - samanya vakyamlo vakyangalu.

 

A simple sentence contains subject, object and verb (karta, karma and kriya) in that order. udaharanalu :examples: . kamala andanga- untundi. vimala telivainadi. .





- - caduvutadu. - baga raju .

ramani .. . vellindi. . badiki

- studies well. Raju

Ramani . went to school.

Kamala is beautiful.



Vimala is intelligent.



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samyukta vakyam



Compound sentence - - - - - rendu . leka mudu . samanya vakyalu kalasi oke vakyamga marite adi samyukta - ‘kani’ vakyamavutundi. ala- kalapadaniki ‘mariyu’ leka vanti . . samuccayalu sahayapadatayi. .

   A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences joined together by coordinating conjunctions ‘but’, ‘and’, etc. sita akka, kamala cellelu.



Sita is the elder sister, and Kamala is the younger sister. sita (mariyu) kamala akkacellellu. ..

- Sita and Kamala are sisters.

- - caduvutadu. - ranga baga - - caduvutadu. ramu baga . .

 Ramu reads well. Ranga reads well.

- - caduvutaru. ramu (mariyu) ranga baga

 Ramu and Ranga read well.

- maracipotadu. - baga - - caduvutadu. - vasu - vasu . .

 - reads well. Vasu - forgets. Vasu

- maracipotadu. - - baga - - caduvutadu - kani vasu . .

 - reads well but forgets soon. Vasu

- atanu rajuki atanu rajuki annayya? tammuda? .



- Is he the younger brother of Raju? Is he the elder brother of Raju? www.mohanpublications.com 62 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/

- tammuda? - leka atanu rajuki annayya? .



Is he the elder or younger brother of Raju? 'sailaja patalu ' . padutundi. . rastundi. sailaja patalu .



'Sailaja writes poems. 'Sailaja sings songs.

'sailaja patalu . rastundi, padutundi. .



'Sailaja writes poems and sings, too.

' samslista . . vakyam

 

Complex sentence - vakyamto - okatigani - antakante- ekkuva apradhana - vakyalu - - kalisi vakyam oka pradhana . . -erpadite- danini ' .. vakyam antaru. purti arthanni icce vakyanni pradhana samslista . . - - arthanni - vakyam vakyam ani, purti ivvani vakyanni apradhana ani antaru. kriya . samaptam kakapote vakyam purti ardhanni ivvadu.

       A sentence may also be made up of two or more clauses, one of which is dependent on, or subordinate to, another. Such a sentence is called a Complex Sentence. - vakyam. ramudu idi pradhana anaga- arthavantamaina vakyam. .. . velladu.

 

Ramudu . went. This is the main sentence which gives a clear meaning. - ramudu ramudu .. . vaccadu. . . velladu.



Ramudu . went. Ramudu . came. - ane- vatini .. vaccadu’, . kalipi ‘ramudu . velli . ani rastamu.



We can club these two sentences thus: “Ramudu . velli .. vaccadu.” . after going . (Ramudu, out, returned.) www.mohanpublications.com 63 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/

- anedi - purti - arthanni ramudu istundi. . velladu ..



The sentence, “ramudu .. . (Ramudu . velladu” . went.) makes complete sense. - - ‘ramudu . velli’ .. anedi apradhana vakyam. kriya padam purti kakunda . vakyaniki artham ledu.

  

The expression, “ramudu .. (Ramudu . velli” . having gone) does not give complete meaning. The verb is incomplete. - - avi - navvi - ila - cusi, - - a- ‘kriya’ madhyalo- -agipote, - vallu - cestunnaro - edaite velli-cesi, .. .. - - vakyalu. - - ala- agipoyina apradhana ‘kriya’lu asamapaka kriyalu.

     Having gone (velli), .. having done (chesi), having seen (cusi), sporting a smile (navvi), they are, he became, do not mean anything. They need some complements of the verbs, as they help to complete the meaning of the sentences. These are some types of incomplete verbs. - pustakam cadivindi. rani - nidrapoyindi. rani . .

 - read the book. Rani - slept off. Rani . .

- pustakam cadivi nidrapoyindi. rani .



- slept off. Having read the book, Rani .

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patham 12   Lesson12 . anukarana . vidhamulu : . vakyamulu rendu

  There are two forms of speech pratyakshanukaranam .

  Direct Speech

parokshanukaranam .

 

Indirect Speech

pratyakshanukaranam : .

 Direct Speech

- ceppindi ceppinatluga- anukarincatam. a- matalu - edutivaru pratyakshanukaranamlo . . . . . - uncali. kotesanlo . .

  In pratyakshanukaranam (Direct Speech) we give the words of the speaker in . quotation marks without changing the words. konni udaharanalu : Some examples: . - cestanu’, - ‘a- pani naku - telusu, nenu - vasu annadu. .

 “I know that work. I will do it”, said Vasu.

- andi. amma nannu, ‘sayantram twaraga- ra’,



“Come early in the evening,” said my mummy to me. ticar ‘miranta- mokkalu natandi’, . . . annaru.



“All of you plant saplings,” said the teacher. www.mohanpublications.com 65 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/

- gopito - - ‘sraddaga - caduvu’, annadu. ' raju .



- to Gopi. “Pay more attention to studies,” said Raju - - kotta battalu’, ani ammanu adigindi. sunita ‘nakevi . ..



“What about new clothes for me?” Sunitha asked her mother. - ‘katha ceppu, katha ceppu’, ani godava cestundi. papa .



The baby pesters me, “Tell me a story, tell me a story.”

parokshanukaranam : .





Indirect Speech: - okaru ceppina vakyanni - - ceppali. - kotesans parokshanukaranamlo mana matalato . . . . - sarvanamalu - - upayogincali. undavu. avasaramaina cota . .

  In the parokshanukaranam (Indirect Speech), the words uttered by the speaker are . not given, and no quotation marks are used. In other words, the speaker is not quoted verbatim. - annadu. - a- pani tanaku telusani, - vasu tane- cestanani .



- said that he knew that work, and so he would do it. Vasu - nenu - - ceppamannadu. - ekkadiki veltunnano raju . . .



- asked me to tell where I was going. Raju amma nannu sayantram twaraga- rammandi.

 Mummy asked me to come back early in the evening. www.mohanpublications.com 66 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/

ticar ma- andarini mokkalu natamannaru. . .

 The teacher asked us to plant saplings. - gopini 'sraddaga- cadavamannadu. raju .



- advised Gopi - to pay more attention to his studies. Raju sunita tanaku kotta battalu . . evi ani ammanu adigindi. .



Sunitha asked her mother about new clothes for her. - - katha ceppamani godava cestondi. papa .



The baby pesters me to tell her a story. - - ela- ceppina- intaku mundu telusukunna visayalu - - gurtuncukovali. miru emi ceppina, . - - ekavacanam, - - bhuta, - bhavisyat, vartamana - kalalu, linga bhedalu, bahuvacanam vitini . . - - vacce- marpulu - - vitini anusarinci kriya- padalalo gurtuncukovali. batti vakyam . .. arthavantamga- tayaravutundi.

     Remember all the points we have dealt with so far to gain fluency in Telugu. Also remember the inevitable changes in the verb patterns depending upon the gender differences, tenses, and number.

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patham 13   Lesson13 . ikkada . koncem agandi .

 Wait a bit here.

- concem agi - - - matladutuntamu. manam matladutunnappudu, . . . . avasaramainacota . . .



When we speak, we give some pauses to make our speech clear and meaningful to the listener. - - untundi. alage - arthanni - - swaramlo- marpu vakyamloni batti a- vyavadhi marutu valana .. . kuda artham avutundi. . visayam .

  The duration of the pause depends upon the meaning and context. Sometimes we make our point clear by means of intonation. - - mukyamaina rasetappudu valla telustundi. vatilo . . . matram konni gurtulu pettadam .. . nalugu gurtulu ippudu telusukundam. .

   In writing we use punctuation marks to make the sentence clear and meaningful. Let us now discuss four punctuation marks:

- - -- - - cadivetappudu, . . . rasetappudu . padala madhya ekkada . agalo, ela artham . apalo, ekkada - - - telipevi - viramamu -- cihnalu. - virama cesukovalo ante cihnam ante . apadam, . . gurtu.

   

All written work is divided by points or stops which help the reader to follow the sense of what he is reading. Those signs are called punctuation marks. They regulate reading by indicating where the reader may pause and take breath, and how long he may pause.

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- cihnalu - -i kindi vidhamga- unnayi. virama



The following are the punctuation marks: binduvu







full stop

(.)





comma

(,)

- binduvu nyuna

ardha binduvu



- - ' binduvu vakyamsa

 semi-colon



(; )

anukarana . cihnalu



quotation marks —



colon

(:)

' prasnarthakam



( “ ’’)



question mark

(?)

-' ascharyardhakam



 

exclamatory mark

(!)



sita tana pedda cellelu cinna tammudu pelliki .. . pillalu annayya koduku . .. vellaru



Sita her younger sister next to her younger brother children went to wedding of older brother’s son - - cihnalu - - okkasari - levu. - cadivi cudandi. i vakyamlo- virama . . ekkada . apali? ela cadavali? teliyadam . ledu kadu!

  There are no punctuation marks in this sentence. We do not know where to stop and how to read it. It is a bundle of confusion, isn’t it?

sita, tana pedda cellelu, cinna cellelu, cinna tammudu, pelliki vellaru. .. . annayya koduku . .. - - vivaramga- telustundi. ila- raste

  Sita, her elder sister, younger sister and younger brother went to the wedding of her elder brother’s son. www.mohanpublications.com 69 the trial version of Print2PDF! This document was created with Once Print2PDF is registered, this message will disappear! Purchase Print2PDF at http://www.software602.com/

- evarevaru veltunnaro - -  antaru. - - ceppadaniki sita taruvata, upayogincina gurtuni ‘kama’ . . .  - - oke- visayaniki - mataku - madhya viramam mataku undadaniki sucana i kama. . . . . . - ekkuvaga- unnappudu civari visayaniki sambandhincina vivaralu tappa migilina . . annintiki . kamalu undali. .

       

After the word ‘Sita’, the punctuation mark, ‘comma’(’)’ is used to inform as to who are all going. Comma is used to denote the gap between the words. When there are too many details to be given, comma is used after every name or matter excepting the last name or matter. konni udaharanalu : Some examples: . - - rastundi. - - patalu ame kathalu, navalalu, natakalu, . .

 She writes stories, novels, plays and songs.

- - - ma- intlo . erranivi, tellanivi, pasupuvi, udarangu gulabilu pustayi.

 Red, white, yellow and purple roses bloom in our courtyard. The Full Stop (the Period) - cukka pettali, - a cukka binduvu. oka vakyam ekkuva viramam kavalsina cota . .. purtainappudu . . binduvu undali.

  The full stop ( . ) marks the end of a complete and independent sentence. - ninna vaccanu. uda- : nenu

 Ex : I came yesterday. - -eluru - velladu. raju .. .



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- binduvu undali. - rasina samkshiptarupamlo prati aksharam taruvata .

  Abbreviations are indicated by periods:

-' am.pra. = andhra prades.



-' A.P. (Andhra Prades). - - - cintapalli ramamurti. ci.ra.murti



Chi. Ra. Murthy (Chintapalli Rama Murthy); - = tirumala tirupati devastanam. ti.ti.de.

 U.N.O. (United Nations Organization); TTD (Tirumala-Tirupati Devasthanam), etc. - - - rasina - - civara cukka undali. cirunama . . madhya varasalaku kama undali.



Even in one’s postal address, there should be a period at the end. For the middle lines, there should be commas at the end: - ravu vi.es.ar. - - - - vijayawada - - 520 002. inti . . nem. 123/4, suryaraopeta, .

  Mr. V.S.R. Rao - - - - Vijayawada-520 H. No. 123/4, Suryaraopeta, 002. . . amma gudiki lalita ninna vaccinda? .. . vellinda?





Has mummy gone to the temple? - - civara iccindi prasnarthakam. - prasnincina - -i ‘‘?’’ gurtu prasnanu ' ' ' pai vakyala evarini emi sucistundi. Did Lalita come yesterday?

 The above sentences carry interrogative marks at the end. Interrogative mark is used at the end of every direct question.

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- - adi enta bagundi! oho!

- padipoyada! - - - raju a! . .





Oh, how nice it is!

- has fallen! Alas, Raju

-' - - nokki ceppadanni, ascaryanni, udrekanni, e- visayamaina vyangyanni. . -' - prakatincetappudu . . . . i ‘‘!’’ ascaryarthakanni vadali.

                     

Exclamatory mark is used to express emotion or some sudden feeling such as wonder, surprise, horror, indignation, joy, or some satirical remark. - ni- sangati telusu, nivu a! bhimudavu! .



O! I know about you. You are Bhima! aunu! atanu munde- vaccadu! .

 Yes, he came early!

- - - - bhasa - vastundi. cinna cinna vakyalu - - - cakkagatelugulo- matladandi. . . . matladitene . . . - - kotta kotta - - - cadavandi. cadivitene rayandi. telugu pustakalu . . rastene gurtuntundi. . - - telustayi. - kotta kotta prayogalu padalu,

   Now try to speak in Telugu. Unless you speak in Telugu you cannot master the language. Learn to write short and sweet sentences. Unless you write, you cannot remember usages. Read Telugu books. If you read you learn more and more new words and new expressions.

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=∂=^ŒÌ ÅaèOK«∞ „QÆO^äŒ=ÚÅ∞ 1. „=`«Hõ^äŒÅ∞ – Ñ¨Ó[Å∞ 1. N q<åÜ«∞Hõ „=`«O "≥Å ~°∂.10-00 2. N q¿Ñ¶∞flâ◊fi~°Ñ¨Ó*Ï–Ñ¨Ù}ÏºÇ¨Ï"åK«#O 25–00 3. N q¿Ñ¶∞flâ◊fi~°Ñ¨Ó[ (HÍ}˜áêHõˆH∆„`«=∂Ç¨`«‡ºO`À) 10–00 4. ãÖHõ+¨ìÇ¨Ï~°K«`«∞i÷ N=∞Ç¨QÆ}Ñü „=`«O 30–00 5. =~°ÅH©; „=`«O 7–50 6. ˆH^•ˆ~â◊fi~° „=`«O 7–50 7. „u<å^èŒ „=`«O(HõÅ~ü) 7–50 8. „u<å^èŒ„=`«O(™ê^•) 5-00 9. H©∆~åaú „=`«O 10–00 10.=∞OQÆà◊ Q“s„=`«O 10-00 11."≥·Éèí=ÅH©; „=`«O á¶È\’ Ü«∞O„`«O`À 20-00 12.NÅH©; ‰õΩÉË~° „=`«O (á¶È\’ Ü«∞O„`«O`À) 20-00 13.Hõ#Hõ=∞Ç¨ÅH©; „=`«O (HÍ"Õ∞â◊fisáê@`À) 20-00 14.ãÖ`À+‘=∂`å „=`«O 20-00 15.U_»∞ â◊x"å~åÅ „=`«O 20-00 16.ã¨`«º<å~åÜ«∞}„=`«O 20-00 17.N ã¨∞=~°ÛÖÏÇ¨Ï#∞=∞nÌHõ∆ 20-00 18.t=nHõ∆ 10-00 19.HÍ`åºÜ«∞h „=`«O 20–00 -1-

20.™œÉèÏQÆº Q“s„=`«O 21.u~°∞áêÊ"≥· (^èŒ#∞~å‡ã¨„=`«O) 22.„ã‘ÎÅ „=`«Hõ^äŒÅ∞ 23.„ã‘ÎÅ„=`«Hõ^äŒÅ∞ã¨∂÷ÖÏHõ∆i(<Õ^Œ∞#∂iQÆOQÍ^èŒ~°~å=ÙQÍi) 24.„ã‘ÎÅáê@Å∞ (HÍ"Õ∞â◊fisáê@`À) 25.ã¨~°fi^Õ=`å Ñ¨Ó*Ïq^è•#O 26.P~°∞„=`åÅ∞ 27.^èŒ#fiO`«s „=`«HõÅÊO 28.~åÇ¨ïHÍÅOÖ’^Œ∞~åæ^ÕgÑ¨Ó*Ï 29.`«∞Åã≤ x`«ºÑ¨Ó[, `«∞Åã‘LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÍÅ∞ 30.N K«„HõÑ¨Ó[ 31.N K«„Hõ ~°Ç¨Ïã¨º q*Ï˝#"£∞ 32.NK«„Hõ Ñ¨Ó*Ïq^è•#O(ÃÑ^ŒÌk) 33.ÅH©; – Q“s x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ 34.NÅe`åx`«ºÑ¨Ó[(Åe`åã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞™ÈÎ„`«O`À) 35.N QÍÜ«∞„f x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ 36.J#flÑ¨Ó~°‚ x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ 37.N ã¨~°ã¨fif x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ 38.=∞Ç≤Ïëêã¨∞~° =∞~°÷hÑ¨Ó[ 39.~å[~å*Ëâ◊fis x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ 40.N ^Œ∞~åæx`«ºÑ¨Ó[ 41.HÍÅÉèˇ·~°= x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ -2-

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42.t=Ñ¨Ó[ 43.g~°Éèí„^Œ Ñ¨Ó[ 44.PO[<ÕÜ«∞ x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ 45.<åˆQO„^Œ ™êfiq∞ Ñ¨Ó[ 46.ã¨∞„|Ç¨Ï‡}º x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ 47.~å=∞^Õ=Ùx Hõ^äŒ 48.t=^Õ=Ùx Hõ^äŒ 49.ÅH©;#~°ã≤OÇ¨ÏÑ¨Ó[ 50."ÕOHõ>Ëâ◊fi~°Ñ¨Ó[ 51.„|Ç¨Ï‡OQÍi x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ 52.ã¨∂~°º x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ 53.#=„QÆÇ¨Ï x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ 54.~°∞H˜‡}© HõÖÏº}O 55.L=∂=∞¿ÇÏâ◊fi~° „=`«O 56.N HÍ"Õ∞â◊fis „=`«O 57.16 ™È=∞"å~°=ÚÅ „=`«=Ú 58.áê~°fifHõÖÏº}O 59.ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨Hõ=∞Å=iÎ „=`«=Ú 60.Ñ¨OK«=ÚY PO[<ÕÜ«∞x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ 61.J+¨ì<åQÆÑ¨Ó[ 62.Ñ¨Ó[Å∞ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩKÕÜ«∂e ? 63.U ^Õ=ÙxH˜ UÑ¨ÙëêÊÅ`À Ñ¨ÓlOKåe? -3-

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64.U ^Õ=ÙxH˜ U„Ñ¨™ê^ŒO <≥·"Õ^ŒºO ÃÑ\Ïìe? 65.U^Õ=ÙxH˜ Uq^èŒ=ÚQÍnáê~å^èŒ#K≥Ü«∂ºe? 66.U^Õ=ÙxH˜ Zxfl „Ñ¨^ŒH˜∆}Å∞KÕÜ«∂e ? 67.Ç¨Ï#∞=∞^£ „=`«O 68.Ñ¨OKåÜ«∞`«# Ñ¨Ó[ 69.28 „=`«=ÚÅ∞ 70.HõÅâ◊Ñ¨Ó[Å∞ (9XˆH™êi) 71.HõÅâ◊Ñ¨Ó[Å∞ (q_çq_çQÍ) („Ñ≤O@∞Ö’) 72.„Ç‘ÏOHÍ~° =∞Ç¨Ü«∞[˝O („Ñ≤O@∞Ö’) 73.J~°Û# 74.N~å=∞ Hõ~å‚=∞$`«=Ú 75.N ^Õg ÉèÏQÆ=`«O 76.N ^Õg ÉèÏQÆ=`«O (ˆHãπÉˇ·O_£) 77. ˆH∆„`«<å=∂~°Û#

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2. ™ÈÎ„`åÅ∞–ã¨∞„Ñ¨ÉèÏ`«=ÚÅ∞ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 1. N Åe`å q+¨µ‚ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞™ÈÎ„`åÅ∞ 40–00 2. N Åe`å q+¨µ‚ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞™ÈÎ„`åÅ∞ (ˆHãπÉˇ·O_£) 63–00 3. ã¨∂÷ÖÏHõ∆iÅe`åq+¨µ‚ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞™ÈÎ„`«=ÚÅ∞ (Ñ¨„uHõÃã·*ò ˆHãπ Éˇ·O_£) 108–00 Ñ¨Ù~å}Ñ¨O_» ~å^è•Hõ$+¨‚=¸iÎQÍi ã¨OHõÅ#O 4. Åe`åq+¨µ‚ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞™ÈÎ„`«=ÚÅ∞ (Ç≤ÏOn) ,,40–00 5. Åe`åq+¨µ‚ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞™ÈÎ„`«=ÚÅ∞ (WOw¡+¨µ) ,,40–00 -4-

6. ã¨~°fi^Õ=`å ™ÈÎ„`«=∞O[i 120–00 7. ã¨HõÅ^Õ=`å JëÈì`«Î~°â◊`«<å=∂=oó (63) 20–00 8. Åe`å ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞ ™ÈÎ„`«"£∞(„H“<£) 36–00 9. Åe`å ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 10.ÅH©; ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 11.^Œ∞~åæ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 12.PO[<ÕÜ«∞ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 13.t= ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 14.q+¨µ‚ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 15.QÆ}Ñü ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 16.ã¨∞„|Ç¨Ï‡}º ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 18.Åe`åq+¨µ‚ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞™ÈÎ„`åÅ∞ 20–00 19.N~å=∂ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 20.ÅH©;#$ã≤OÇ¨Ïã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 21.ã¨∂~°ºã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ Pk`«ºÇ¨Ï$^ŒÜ«∞O 20–00 22.N"ÕOHõ>Ëâ◊fi~°ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 20–00 23.=∞}ñfiÑ¨=~°‚# (ÃÑ^ŒÌk) 20–00 24.ãÖ^•º=O^Œ#O 20–00 25.=∞O„`«Ñ¨Ù+¨Ê"£∞ 20–00 26.„uÉèÏëê Ç¨Ï#∞=∂<£Kåb™ê 10–00 27.Ç¨Ï#∞=∂<£ Kåb™ê 9–00 28.=∞}ñfiÑ¨=~°‚# (áêÔH\ò) 10–00 -5-

29.P~°∞ Kåb™êÅ∞ 30.t"å~å^èŒ# (t=™ÈÎ„`åÅ∞) 31."ÕOHõ>Ëâ◊fi~° ã¨∞„Ñ¨ÉèÏ`«O (áêÔH\ò) 32.P~°∞^ŒO_»HÍÅ∞ 33."ÕOHõ>Ëâ◊fi~° QÀqO^Œ<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 34.J+¨ìÅH©; ™ÈÎ„`«"£∞ Hõ#Hõ^è•~å™ÈÎ„`«"£∞ 35.^ÕgY_»æ=∂ÖÏ™ÈÎ„`«"£∞ (=∞Ç≤Ïëêã¨∞~°=∞~°Ìh™ÈÎ„`«O`À) 36.ÉÏÖÏ„uÑ¨Ù~° ã¨∞O^Œs x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ 37.ã¨∞O^Œ~°HÍO_» (áêÔH\ò) 38.ÉèíQÆ=næ`« =¸ÅO 39.~å=∞~°H∆Í™ÈÎ„`«"£∞ 40.™ÈÎ„`« ~°`åfl=o 41.Ñ¨Ù~å}ÑÖ_»Åe`å– q+¨µ‚ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞™ÈÎ„`«"£∞(q∞h) 42.Ñ¨Ù~å}ÑÖ_» Åe`åã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞™ÈÎ„`«"£∞(q∞h) 43.Ñ¨Ù~å}ÑÖ_» q+¨µ‚ ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞™ÈÎ„`«"£∞ 44.Ñ¨Ù~å}ÑÖ_» Pk`«º Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ«∞O 45.=∞O„`«Ñ¨Ù+¨ÊO (q∞h) 46.t"å#O^ŒÅÇ¨Ïi–™œO^Œ~°ºÅÇ¨Ïi 47.‰õΩ[^À+Ö 48.HÍÅã¨~°Ê ^À+Ö -6-

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49.g∞ JÑ¨CÅ∞ f~åÖÏ? 50.^Œ$+≤ì^ÀëêÅ∞ x"å~°} 51.ã¨~°fi^Õ=`å ^è•º#â’¡Hõ=ÚÅ∞ 52.ÑÖK«ã¨∂HõÎ=ÚÅ∞ 53.ãÖ^è•º=O^Œ#O 54.~°∞„^Œ#=∞Hõ"£∞–K«=∞Hõ"£∞ 55.QÍÜ«∞„f=∞O„`åÅ∞ 56.[Ñ¨=∞O„`åÅ∞ 57.Ç¨ÏÜ«∞„w= ™ÈÎ„`«=∂Å 58.^ŒH˜∆}Ï=¸iÎ ™ÈÎ„`«=∂Å 59.^•fi^Œâ◊ *’ºui¡OQÍÅ∞–ÑÖKå~å=∂Å`À 60.Nã¨∂HõÎO Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨ ã¨∂HõÎO 61.#=^Œ∞~°æÅ∞ 62.#=„QÆÇ¨Ï™ÈÎ„`«=∂Å 63.=∞Ç¨<åºã¨"£∞ 64.ã¨∞O^Œ~°HÍO_» QÍ<å=∞$`«O 65.ãÖ^è•º =O^Œ#O (ÃÑ^ŒÌk) 66.QÀ=∂`«Ñ¨Ó*Ïq^è•#=Ú 67.P#O^Œã≤kú – 1 N^Õg ™ÈÎ„`«=∂Å 68.P#O^Œã≤kú – 2 U ã¨=∞ã¨º‰õΩ –U ™ÈÎ„`«"£∞ áê~åÜ«∞}KÕÜ«∂e 69. x`«º^Õ=`å~°Û# -7-

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70. NÅe`å ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞–qÑ¨ÙÅq=~°}ã¨Ç≤Ï`«O 71. N ^Œ∞~åæã¨Ñ¨Îâ◊u–(K«O_ô) Ç¨ÏŸ=∞q^è•#=Ú 72. ã¨~°fi^Õ=`å ™ÈÎ„`«xkè 73. =∞}˜nfiÑ¨=Ú (qÑ¨ÙÅ =K«# "åºMÏº#=Ú) 74. HÍÅÉèˇ·~°= ~°H∆ÍHõ=K«=Ú

144–00 .... 99–00 99–00 63–00

3. N ™ê~Ú ^Œ`«Î „QÆO^äŒ=ÚÅ∞ 1. N ™ê~ÚÉÏÉÏ ã¨K«Ûùi„`« 2. ã¨OÑ¨Ó~°‚ N QÆ∞~°∞ K«i„`« 3. N ™ê~ÚP~å^èŒ#–+≤i¤"≥·Éèí=O 4. N ™ê~ÚÉÏÉÏ rq`« K«i„`« („H“<£) 5. N QÆ∞~°∞K«i„`« („H“<£) 6. ^•ã¨QÆ}Hõ$`« N™ê~Ú K«i„`« 7. #=<å^èŒ K«i„`« 8. N™ê~ÚK«i„`«(Éˇ·O_»∞) „Ñ¨Ü«∂}Ñ¨Ùáê~åÜ«∞}„QÆO^äŒO 9. NQÆ∞~°∞K«i„`« (Éˇ·O_»∞) „Ñ¨Ü«∂}Ñ¨Ùáê~åÜ«∞}„QÆO^äŒO 10.ã¨`«º^Œ`«Î„=`«O ^Œ`åÎ„`ÕÜ«∞Ñ¨Ó*ÏHõÅÊO,ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨O`À 11.J#Ñ¶¨∂^Õg „=`«O 12.Éèí‰õΩÎÅ „Ñ¨â◊flÅ‰õΩ ÉÏÉÏ ["å|∞Å∞ 13.=∞#ã¨∞Ö’x„Ñ¨â◊fl‰õΩN™ê~ÚÉÏÉÏ["å|∞Å∞ 14.JHõ∆~°„Hõ=∞=ÚÖ’ N™ê~Úã¨∂‰õΩÎÅ∞ -8-

99–00 99–00 99–00 54–00 54–00 36–00 99–00 54–00 54–00 20–00 20–00 30–00 30–00 30–00

15.N ™ê~ÚÑ¨Ó*ÏHõÅÊO (ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨O`À) 16.N ™ê~ÚÉèí[#=∂Å 17.N ™ê~Ú Éèí[<£û 18.N ™ê~ÚÉèíH˜Î w`åÅ∞ 19.ti_çÇ¨~°`«∞Å∞ (ÉèÏ=O`À) 20.''N™ê~Ú——HÀ\˜ 21.''N™ê~Ú~å"£∞——HÀ\˜ 22.N ™ê~Ú<å^äŒ ™ÈÎ„`«=∞O[i 23.N ™ê~Ú"Õ~Ú<å=∂Å∞ 24.N ™ê~Ú ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨ <å=∂=o 25.N ™ê~Ú Kåb™ê–ã¨∞„Ñ¨ÉèÏ`«O 26.N ™ê~Ú<å^èŒ Kåb™ê 27.N ™ê~Ú Ç¨~°`«∞Å∞ (áêÔH\ò) 28.N ™ê~Ú x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ (áêÔH\ò) 29.N ™ê~Ú ã¨∂‰õΩÎÅ∞ 30.N ™ê~Ú ã¨Î=#=∞O[i–^Œ`«ÎKåb™ê 31.N™ê~Ú #Hõ∆„`«=∂eHõ 32.Ç≤ÏOn N ™ê~Ú Ç¨~°`«∞Å∞ 33.â◊x ã≤OQÆ}ÏÑ¨Ó~ü ˆH∆„`«=∂Ç¨`«‡ºO 34.WOw¡+¨µ N ™ê~ÚÇ¨~°`«∞Å∞ 35.+≤i_ç ^Œ~°≈#O–N™ê~Ú "≥·Éèí=O 36.™ê~Úã¨`«º„=`«O -9-

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37.™ê~Ú J#∞„QÆÇ¨Ï"£∞ 38.#=QÆ∞~°∞"å~åÅ „=`«HõÅÊ=Ú 39.N^Œ`«ÎbÖÏ=∞$`«=Ú 40.Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ«∞OÖ’ ™ê~Ú 41.N+≤i_ô™ê~Ú bÖÏ=∞$`«O(Nã¨K«Ûùi„`«) 42.QÆ*Ï##=∞Ç¨Ï~å*ò K«i„`«

108–00 15–00 99–00 12–00 99–00 99–00

4. *’ºuëêÅ∞ 1. 'HÍÅK«„HõO— QÆO@ÅÑÖKåOQÆO (QÍˆ~æÜ«∞) 60–00 2. „QÆÇ¨ÏÉèí∂q∞ ÑÖKåOQÆ=Ú (QÍˆ~æÜ«∞) 116–00 3. NK«„Hõ ÑÖKåOQÆO (`˘e =∞Ç≤ÏàÏÑÖKåOQÆO) 45–00 4. P#O^Œã≤kú ÑÖKåOQÆO ("≥·.q.âß„ã≤Î) 60–00 5. =ÚÅ∞QÆ∞"åi~åtÑ¶ë`åÅ∞(12~åâ◊√Å∞"åiH˜) 40–00 6. =ÚÅ∞QÆ∞"åi~åtÑ¶ë`åÅ∞ q_çq_çQÍXH˘¯Hõ¯\˜ 10–00 7. HÍÅK«„HõO*’ºu+¨HÍºÅO_»~(ü Nx"åã¨QÍˆ~æÜ«∞–„Ñ¨}u\˜q) 25–00 8. â◊√Éèí=∞ã¨∞Î (Ñ≤_»ÑïÎ) HÍºÅO_»~ü 25–00 9. ™ê^• HÍºÅO_»~ü 5–00 10. áêÔH\ò HÍºÅO_»~ü 15–00 11. `å[Hõ hÅHõOsîÜ«∞"£∞ 100–00 12. ˆH~°à◊ *’ºu+¨ ~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ 150–00 13. *’ºu+¨ „|Ç¨Ï‡ ~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ 150–00 14. =∂#¨™êQÆi *Ï`«HõÑ¨^Œ÷u 150–00 15. =~åÇ¨Ïq∞Ç≤Ï~° *Ï`«HõÑ¨^Œ÷u 150–00 - 10 -

16. =^èŒ∂=~° q"åÇ¨Ï"≥∞ÿ„u^•fi^Œâ◊‰õÄ@=ÚÅ∞ 17. ã≤OÑ¨ÙÖò Ô~q∞_ôãπ 18. â◊OÉèí∞ Ç¨ÏŸ~°„Ñ¨HÍtHõ 19. Ñ¨Ó~°fi Ñ¨~åâ◊i 20. Ñ¨~åâ◊~° *’ºu+¨q*Ï˝# ã¨~°fiã¨fiO 21. „Ñ¨â◊fl ã≤O^èŒ∞ 22. #Hõ∆„`« qâı+¨ Ñ¶ë`åÅ∞ 23. ã¨~åfi~°÷ Ñ¶¨ÅK«O„kHõ 24. ã¨∂~°ºã≤^•úO`«ÑÖKåOQÆQÆ}˜`«OKÕÜ«∞_»OZÖÏ? 25. ^Œ$H˜û^•úO`«ÑÖKåOQÆQÆ}˜`«O KÕÜ«∞_»OZÖÏ? 26. PÜ«Ú~åÌÜ«∞ x~°‚Ü«∞O 27. *Ï`«Hõ QÆ}˜`« „Ñ¨"ÕtHõ 28. *’ºu+¨=∞~°‡É’kèx 29. *’ºu+¨ „Ñ¨â’fl`«Î~°=∂Å 30.=ÚÇ¨˙~°ÎO x~°‚~ÚOK«_»OZÖÏ? 31.*Ï`«Hõ =∞Hõ~°O^ŒO 32.*’ºu+¨ ã¨~°ã¨fiu 33.g∞[##HÍÅ qâıëêÅ∞ 34.=ÚÇ¨˙~°Î q*Ï˝# ÉèÏã¨¯~°O 35.*’ºu+¨ ã¨fiÜ«∞OÉ’kèx 36.â◊√Éèí=ÚÇ¨˙~°Î t~À=∞}˜ 37.#Hõ∆„`« Ñ¶¨Å=∞O[i - 11 -

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38.ÑÖKåOQÆO K«∂¿ã q^è•#O 39.ã¨~åfi~°÷ *’ºu+Ö 40.„áê^äŒq∞Hõ *’ºu+Ö 41.#=~°`«fl=ÚÅ∞ â◊√ÉèíÜ≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞ 42.â◊√Éèíâ◊‰õΩ<åÅ∞ 43.Ç¨Ïã¨Îˆ~MÏÑ¶ë`åÅ∞ 44.ãÖYºÖ’¡ Éèíq+¨º`ü 45.=ÚÇ¨˙~°Î nÑ≤Hõ 46.Ñ¨Ù@∞ì=∞K«ÛÅ∞ Ñ¶ë`åÅ∞ 47. HõÅÅ∞ Ñ¶ë`åÅ∞ 48. *Ï`«Hõ K«„HõO "ÕÜ«∞_»O ZÖÏ? 49. =∂#™êQÆi („áêp#*’ºu+¨„QÆO^äŒO) –Ñ¨ÙKåÛNx"åã¨~å=Ù 50. *’ºu+¨âßG z\Ï¯Å∞ 51. QÆ∞áêÎ â◊`åaú ÑÖKåOQÆO(1940–2050) 52. „Ñ¨â◊flK«O_Õâ◊fi~°"£∞ 53. ^•fi^Œâ◊ÉèÏ= Ñ¶¨ÅK«O„kHõ 54. *Ï`«HõK«„HõO g∞ˆ~ "Õã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û 55. *’ºu+¨ â◊`«Ü≥∂QÆ~°`åfl=o (#∂~°∞Ü≥∂QÍÅÑ¶ë`åÅ∞) 56. JOQÆ™ê=Ú„kHõO 57. Ç¨Ïã¨Î ™ê=Ú„kHõO - 12 -

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58. ÖÏÖò H˜`åÉò 59. â◊‰õΩ#âßGO 60. P^èŒ∞xHõ„Ñ¨â◊flâßGO 61. Ñ¨~åâ◊~°*’ºu+¨ „Ñ¨â◊fl*’ºu+Ö 62. J+¨ìHõ=~°∞æ 63. |$Ç¨Ï`ü*Ï`«HõO („áêp#„ÑüH˜Ñ¨Ù#~°∞‡„^Œ}) 64. ÅQÆfl~°`åflHõ~°O 65. +¨@ÊOKåtHõ 66. 40 ~ÀAÖ’¡ *’ºu+Ö<Õ~°∞ÛH˘#O_ç 67. 40 ~ÀAÖ’¡ ™ê=Ú„kHõO<Õ~°∞ÛH˘#O_ç 68. 40 ~ÀAÖ’¡ ãÖMÏºâßGO 69. 40 ~ÀAÖ’¡ #Hõ∆„`« (<å_ô) Ñ¶ë`«=ÚÅ∞ 70. 40 ~ÀAÖ’¡ "≥·^Œº*’ºu+Ö <Õ~°∞ÛHÀO_ç 71.g∞ Ñ¨Ù\˜ì#`Õn J^Œ∞ƒù`«~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ #∂º=∞~åÖÏr ã¨∂Ñ¨~ü ÔQ·_£ 72. ÔH.Ñ≤.*’ºu+Ö (ÑïK«Ü«∞O) 73. =ÚÇ¨˙~°ÎzO`å=∞}˜ 74. ã¨∂~°ºK«O„^Œ „QÆÇ¨Ï}=ÚÅ∞ 75.„Ñ¨ã≤^Œú=º‰õΩÎÅ *Ï`«HÍÅ∞ ("Õˆ~H˘O_»Ñ¨Ê) 76.J^Œ$+¨ìÔ~"≥∞_ôãπ 77.„QÆÇ¨ÏãÖKå~° Ñ¶¨Åx~°‚Ü«∞nÑ≤Hõ 78.*’ºu+¨ Ô~q∞_ôãπ - 13 -

99–00 80–00 120–00 150–00 50–00 200–00 45–00 120–00 270–00 150–00 150–00 270–00 250–00 270–00 200–00 50–00 99–00 50–00 150–00 120–00 50–00 300–00

79.*Ï`«Hõ=∂~åÎO_»O áê`«„ÑüH˜ Ü«∞^ä•`«^äŒO(H˘O_»Ñë¡) 250–00 80.*’ºu+¨q^•º„Ñ¨HÍtHõ áê`«„ÑüH˜ Ü«∞^ä•`«^äŒO(H˘O_»Ñë¡) 250–00 81.<å_ô*’ºu+Ö 50–00 82.QÍˆ~æÜ«∞O g∞ „QÆÇ¨Ï|ÅO Ô~q∞_ôãπ 250–00 83.#Hõ∆„`«áêi*Ï`«O (QÀ~°ã¨g~°Éèí„^•Kå~°º) 50–00 84.ÅQÆfláêi*Ï`«O (QÀ~°ã¨g~°Éèí„^•Kå~°º) 50–00 85.Q“`«=∞ãÖÇ≤Ï`« 50–00 86.Ç¨ÏŸ~°~°`«fl=∂Å 50–00 87.*Ï`«HõÑ¶¨Å =∞}˜=∞O[i 200–00 88.Ñ¨Ù+¨¯~° ÑÖKåOQÆO 540–00 89.^ŒâßÉèí∞H˜ÎÑ¶¨Å x~°‚Ü«∞O 250–00 90.qO`« *’+¨º=ÚÅ∞ 50–00 91.ëÈ_»â◊=~°∞æÅ∞ 200–00 92–105.~°q/K«O„^Œ/‰õΩ[/|∞^èŒ/QÆ∞~°∞/â◊√„Hõ/â◊x/~åÇ¨ïˆH`«∞ –#=„QÆÇ¨Ï=ÚÅ‰õΩ XH˘¯Hõ¯ Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõO 99–00 93. =ÚÇ¨˙~°Î=∂~åÎO_»O 50–00 94. ÅÑ¶¨Ú*Ï`«HõO 50–00 95. *Ï`«HÍÅOHÍ~°=Ú 50–00 99–107. "Õ∞ëêk g∞#O–12 ÅQÍflÅ∞ XH˘¯Hõ¯ ÅQÆflO „QÆO^èŒO 99–00 - 14 -

108. <å~°^Œ ãÖÇ≤Ï`« 109. ÑÖKåOQÆÑ‘iîHõÖËdHÍQÆ}˜`«O 110. `å~å|ÅO – K«O„^Œ|ÅO ("Õˆ~ H˘O_»Ñ¨Ê) 111. ã¨∞ÅÉèíÅQÆfl ™ê^èŒ# (z„`åÅQÆ∞~°∞=¸iÎQÆ∞áêÎ) 112. ~°=∞ÅâßGO 113. =ÚÇ¨˙~°Î ~°`åfl=o a.q.~å=∞<£ QÍi „QÆO^äŒ=ÚÅ∞ 114. *’ºu+¨ q^•º~°OÉèíO 115. „QÆÇ¨ÏÉèÏ= |Å=ÚÅ∞ 116. HÍÅK«„Hõ^Œâ◊ 117. J#∞Éèí= „Ñ¨âßfl*’ºu+Ö 118. *’ºu+¨âßGOÖ’ "å`å=~°} Éèí∂HõOáêÅ∞ 119. Ñ¨Ù~ÀQÍq∞ *Ï`«HõO 120. ÉèÏ"å~°ú~°`åflHõ~°O 121. ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞*’ºu+¨ ã¨~°fiã¨fiO 122. J+¨ìHõ=~°æ Ñ¨^Œúuó 123. *’ºu+¨âßGOÖ’ ãÖ^ÕÇ¨Å∞,ã¨=∂^è•<åÅ∞ 124. „Ñ¨â◊fl`«O„`« 125. =ÚÇ¨˙~°ÎO 126. qt+¨ì *Ï`«Hõ=ÚÅ∞ 127. ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞Ñ¶ë`«*’ºu+Ö 128. 300 =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# Ü≥∂QÆ=ÚÅ∞ - 15 -

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129. *Ï`«HõOÑ¨ijeOK«_»OZÖÏ ? 300–00 ~åRÑ¨u J"å~°∞¤„QÆÇ‘Ï`«, =∞Ç¨=∞Ç¨ÏŸáê^è•ºÜ«∞, "åK«ã¨Êu

N =∞^èŒ∞~°Hõ$+¨‚=¸iÎQÍi „QÆO^äŒ=ÚÅ∞ 130. |$Ç¨Ï`üÑ¨~åâ◊~°Ç¨ÏŸ~åâßG=Ú–1 131. |$Ç¨Ï`üÑ¨~åâ◊~°Ç¨ÏŸ~åâßG=Ú–2 132. |$Ç¨Ï`üÑ¨~åâ◊~°Ç¨ÏŸ~åâßG=Ú–3 133. |$Ç¨Ï`üÑ¨~åâ◊~°Ç¨ÏŸ~åâßG=Ú–4 134. ÉèÏ"å~°÷~°`åflHõ~°=Ú 135. =ÚÇ¨˙~°Î zO`å=∞}˜ 136. =ÚÇ¨ï~°Î zO`å=∞}˜–áê~°∞ì2 137. ã¨fiÑ¨fl âßG=Ú 138. â◊`«Ü≥∂QÆ=∞O[i 139. „=`«x~°‚Ü«∞HõÅÊ=e¡ 140. ^≥·=[˝=Å¡ÉèíO 141. =ã¨O`«~å[â◊‰õΩ#"£∞ (ZO.P~ü.q.â◊~°‡) 142. Láêã¨<å q^è•#=Ú (ZO.P~ü.q.â◊~°‡) 143. "åã¨∞ÎâßGq"ÕHõ=Ú–1 144. "åã¨∞ÎâßGq"ÕHõ=Ú–2 145. "åã¨∞ÎâßGq"ÕHõ=Ú–3 146. "åã¨∞ÎâßGq"ÕHõ=Ú–4 147. J#∞Éèí=ã¨∞ÅÉèí"åã¨∞Î – 1 148. J#∞Éèí=ã¨∞ÅÉèí"åã¨∞Î – 2 - 16 -

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5. "åã¨∞ÎÅ∞ 1. 40 ~ÀAÖ’¡ ''"åã¨∞Îq^Œº—— <Õ~°∞ÛH˘#O_ç 2. "åã¨∞ÎâßG ~°Ç¨Ïã¨º=ÚÅ∞ (Éˇ·O_»∞) 3. "åã¨∞Î#∞|\˜ì g∞ WÅ∞¡ 4. g∞~°∂ g∞ "åã¨∞Î 5. QÆ$Ç¨Ï"åã¨∞Î z\Ï¯Å∞ 6. "åã¨∞Î Ñ¨Ó[ 7. "åã¨∞Î ã¨∂„`«=ÚÅ∞ 8. "åã¨∞ÎâßG ~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ 9. QÆ$Ç¨Ï"åã¨∞Î =~°∞æÅ∞ 10.qâ◊fiHõ~°‡"åã¨∞Î âßGs`åº g∞ WO\˜ áê¡#∞Å∞ 11.qâ◊fiHõ~°‡ "åã¨∞ÎâßGs`åº g∞WO_»¡PÜ«∞=ÚÅ∞ 12.qâ◊fiHõ~°‡ "åã¨∞Î âßGO(z„`åÅQÆ∞~°∞=¸iÎQÆ∞áêÎ) 13.P^èŒ∞xHõ QÆ$Ç¨Ï"åã¨∞Î 14.â◊√Éèí"åã¨∞Î 15."åã¨∞ÎÜ«∞O„`« ~°`åfl=o 16."åã¨∞ÎâßGO 17.Ç¨Ï∫ãπ áê¡#∞¡ 18.QÆ$Ç¨Ï"åã¨∞Î™ê~°O 19.QÆ$Ç¨Ï"åã¨∞Î K«O„kHõ 20.QÆ$Ç¨Ï"åã¨∞Î ^Œ~°Ê}O 21.*’ºu+¨–QÆ$Ç¨Ï"åã¨∞ÎK«O„kHõ - 17 -

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22."åã¨∞Î~°`åflHõ~°O (H˘O_»Ñë¡) 23."åã¨∞Ît~À=∞}˜ ,, 24.NHõ$+¨‚"åã¨∞Î ,, 25.ÑÖK«"åã¨∞Î áêi*Ï`«O ,, 26."åã¨∞Î_çO_ç=∞"£∞ ,, 27."åã¨∞Î^Œ∞Okaè ,, 28.qâ◊fiHõ~°‡"åã¨∞Î„Ñ¨HÍtHõ 29.Hõ$+¨‚"åã¨∞ÎâßG=Ú 30.[Å"åã¨∞Î,â◊Åº"åã¨∞Î(^ŒO`«∂iÑÖ_»s<å^ä£) 31.=∞Ü«∞"åã¨∞Î (QÀ~°ã¨g~°Éèí„^•Kå~°º) 32."åã¨∞Î*’ºu 33."åã¨Î= "åã¨∞ÎÑ¨Ó*Ïq^è•#=Ú

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6. =∞O„`«âß„™êÎÅ∞ 1. =∞O„`«™ê^èŒ# 2. `«O„`«*ÏÅO 3. =∞O„`«â◊H˜Î 4. ^Œ`åÎ„`ÕÜ«∞ `«O„`«q^Œº 5. ^Œ`åÎ„`ÕÜ«∞ =¸eHÍ`«O„`«"£∞ 6. `åO„uHõ Ñ¨OKåOQÆO 7. Ü«∞H˜∆}© `«O„`«O 8. =∞O„`å#∞ëêª# K«O„kHõ 9. ã¨~°fi^Õ=`å =∞O„`«Hõ=K«=ÚÅ∞ - 18 -

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10.=∞O„`åHõ∆~åÅ~°Ç¨Ïã¨ºO(c*ÏHõ∆~°xÑ¶¨∞O@∞=Ù) 11.ã¨~°fi^Õ=`å =∞O„`«~°`åfl=o 12.ã¨^•Kå~° nÑ≤Hõ 13.Ü≥∂yh–"å=∞ˆHâ◊fi~°`«O„`«O 14.„Ñ¨ÑÖK«™ê~°`«O„`«O 15.|^ŒxHõ `«O„`«"£∞ 16.LzÛù+¨ì QÆ}Ñü `«O„`«"£∞ 17.QÆ∞Ñ¨Î ™ê^èŒ# `«O„`«O 18.QÆO^èŒ~°fi `«O„`«"£∞ 19.™œO^Œ~°ºÅÇ¨Ïi (=∞O„`«Ü«∞O„`«~°`åfl=o) 20.Ü«∞O„`« =∞O„`« `«O„`« 21.áêâ◊√Ñ¨`« `«O„`«O 22.ÑÖK«^Œâ◊ =∞Ç¨Y_»æ `«O„`«O 23.~°∞„^•ëêª^è•ºÜ«∞ó 24.=∞O„`«ã≤kú 25.Ñ¨~°â◊√~å=∞`«O„`«"£∞ 26.NÅe`åqÖ’=∞ ÑÖK«^Œj 27.N QÆ∞~°∞ `«O„`«O 28.QÍÜ«∞„f `«O„`«"£∞ 29.â◊¥eh^Œ∞~åæ`«O„`«O (z#flk) 30.=∞Ç¨â◊H˜Î =∞O„`« `«O„`« ~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ 31.N ^Œ∞~°æ `«O„`«"£∞ - 19 -

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32.=∞Ç¨=∞$`«∞ºO[Ü«∞J=∞$`«áêâ◊√Ñ¨`«"£∞ 33.ã¨~°Ê (<åQÆ)`«O„`«O 34.Ç¨Ï=# `«O„`«O 35.ëÈ_»â◊x`«º`«O„`«O 36.âßˆHÎÜ«∞`«O„`«O 37.~°∞„^ŒÜ«∂=∞à◊`«O„`«O 38.ÅH©;„Ñ¨`«ºOy~å `«O„`«"£∞ 39.Ç≤Ï~°}ºâ◊¥eh `«O„`«"£∞ 40.=∂Ü«∂„Ñ¨`«ºOy~å `«O„`«"£∞ 41.N qâ◊fi~°∂Ñ¨ „Ñ¨`«ºOy~å `«O„`«"£∞ 42.ã¨fi~å‚Hõ~°¬}Éè̌·~°=`«O„`«O 43.HÍjqâßÖÏH˜∆ `«O„`«O 44.âßOu`«O„`«"£∞ 45.Ü«∞O„`«ã≤kú 46.N ÅH©; `«O„`«"£∞ 47.=∞O„`«=∞Ç¨ÏŸ^Œkè („ã‘Î^Õ=`åóHõÅÊ"£∞) 48.=∞O„`«=∞Ç¨ÏŸ^Œkè (Ñ¨Ù~°∞+¨^Õ=`åóHõÅÊ"£∞) 49.=∞O„`«âßGO („QÆO^äŒ=Ú) 50.„Ñ¨`«ºOy~åHõ$`åº`«O„`«O 51.HÍ=∞^èÕ#∞=Ù `«O„`«O 52.â◊¥eh^Œ∞~åæ`«O„`«O

7. „QÆO^ä•Å∞ – P~å^èŒ#Å∞ - 20 -

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1. ÉèíQÆ=næ`« â’¡Hõ `å`«Ê~°º ã¨Ç≤Ï`«O 2. QÆ}Ëâ◊ P~å^èŒ# 1 3. QÆ}Ëâ’áêã¨# 2 4. #=„QÆÇ¨Ï"≥·Éèí=O 5. #=„QÆÇ¨Ï Ô~"≥∞_ôãπ 6. #=„QÆÇ¨Ï "Õ^ŒO 7. â◊x„QÆÇ¨~å^èŒ# 8. Pk`åº~å^èŒ# 9. ã¨∞„|Ç¨‡}Ïº~å^èŒ# 10.N t= P~å^èŒ# 11.ÅH©; P~å^èŒ# 12.Ç¨Ï#∞=∞^•~å^èŒ# 13.Åe`å~å^èŒ# 14.N K«„HÍ~å^èŒ# 15.QÍÜ«∞„f P~å^èŒ# 16.g~°Éèí„^•~å^èŒ# 17.‰õΩ[„QÆÇ¨~å^èŒ# 18.Éèˇ·~°"å~å^èŒ# 19.^≥·"å~å^èŒ# 20.w`å~å^èŒ# 21.N"ÕOHõ>Ëâ◊fi~å^èŒ# 22.Ç¨ÏÜ«∞„w"å~å^èŒ# - 21 -

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23.ÅH©;#~°ã≤OÇ¨~å^èŒ# 24.N ÉÏÖÏ„uÑ¨Ù~°ã¨∞O^Œs ™ÈÎ„`« Hõ^ŒO|O 25.^Õg bÖÏ=∞$`«O 26.Ñ¨Ù~å}ÑÖ_» ã¨∞O^Œ~°HÍO_» =K«#O 27.Ñ¨Ù~å}ÑÖ_» ~å=∂Ü«∞}O 28.Ñ¨Ù~å}ÑÖ_» ÉèÏ~°`«O 29.Ñ¨Ù~å}ÑÖ_» ÉèÏQÆ=`«O 30.(ã¨∂i) "åb‡H˜ ~å=∂Ü«∞}O 31.HÍÅã¨~°Ê Ü≥∂QÆO 32.x`«º rq`«=ÚÖ’ ~°∞„^•Hõ∆Å∞ 33.x`«º rq`«=ÚÖ’ #=~°`åflÅ∞ 34."Õ^Œã¨∂HõÎ=ÚÅ∞ 35."Õ=∞# Ñ¨^Œº™ê~å=∞$`«O 36.ÑÖ_»QÆÅ∞ Ñ¨~°fik<åÅ∞ 37.ã¨∂H˜Î~°`åflÅ∞ 38.N PO[<ÕÜ«∞O (K«i„`«–=∞Ç≤Ï=∞–™ÈÎ„`åÅ∞) 39.#=„QÆÇ¨Ï ^Œ~°≈#"£∞ 40.x`«ºrq`«OÖ’ #=„QÆÇ¨Å∞ 41.™êÅ„QÍ=∞=ÚÅ∞ 42.QÆ∞~°∞â◊√„Hõ „Ñ¨ÉèÏ==Ú K«O„^ŒHõàÏ<å_ô 43.â◊x„QÆÇ¨ÏÔ~q∞_ôãπ 44.*Ï`«Hõã¨∞^è•™ê~°=Ú–*Ï`«Hõ"≥∂Hõ∆„Ñ¨^•~Úx - 22 -

99–00 99–00 99–00 99–00 99–00 99–00 99–00 99–00 99–00 99–00 99–00 99–00 99–00 99–00 99–00 216–00 99–00 99–00 99–00 99–00 99–00 99–00

45.q"åÇ¨Ï *’ºu+¨=∞O[i– =∂ºˆ~*ò=∂ºzOQ∑ÔQ·_£ (™ê~ÚQÆ}ÑüÔ~_ç¤) 46.g∞Ñ¨Ù\˜ì#`Õnx|\˜ì g∞rq`«~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ (#∂º=∞~åÅr Öˇ·Ñ¶πÔQ·_£) ,, 47.g∞J^Œ$ëêìxH˜ (¿Ñ~°∞) <Õ"£∞Hõ~°Hõ∆<£ 48.=¸HõÑÖK«â◊f 49.ÑÖK«=∞"Õ^ŒO =∞Ç¨ÉèÏ~°`«O 50.^Õ=Ùà◊√§ _®\ò HÍ"£∞ 51.QÆ}ÑüÉèÏ+¨ºO 52.Ü«∞Aˆ~fi^Œ LÑ¨#Ü«∞#q"åÇ¨Ï„Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆ=∞O[i 53.#=Ü≥∂QÆ∞Å∞ 54.PO„^èŒ„Ñ¨^ÕâòÖ’x^Œi≈OK«=Åã≤# „Ñ¨=ÚY^Œ~åæÅ∞ 55.ã¨HõÅ^Õ=`åJëÈì`«Î~åÅ∞(ÃÑ^ŒÌk)– (180JëÈì`«Î~°â◊`«<å=∂=à◊√Å`À) 56.ã¨HõÅ^Õ=`å ã¨Ç¨Ï„ã¨<å=∞=ÚÅ∞ 57.P^è•ºu‡Hõ ã¨∂H˜Î xkè 58.„ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}∞Å∞ QÀ„`åÅ∞,„Ñ¨=~°Å∞ 59.ã¨~°fi^Õ=`åã¨fi~°∂Ñ¨Ù_»∞ N "ÕOHõ>Ëâ◊fi~°∞_»∞ 60.N ÅH©;ã¨xflkè 61.NÅH©; QÆ}Ñü Ç¨ÏŸ=∞HõÅÊO 62.=∂~°¬ÖòP~üì û (Hõ~å>Ë,‰õΩOQ∑Ñ¶¨Ó<Õ~°∞ÛHÀO_ç) 63.=∂ºlH±ÔQ·_£ - 23 -

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64.K«^Œ~°OQÆO 65.Ñ¨OK«=ÚY Ç¨Ï#∞=∞`ü "≥·Éèí=O 66.QÆ~°∞_»Ñ¨Ù~å}O 67.=∂Ñ¶¨∞Ñ¨Ù~å}O 68.t=Ñ¨Ù~å}O 69."≥·âßYÑ¨Ù~å}O 70.ã¨∂÷ÖÏHõ∆i =∂Ñ¶¨∞Ñ¨Ù~å}O 71.ã¨∂÷ÖÏHõ∆i t=Ñ¨Ù~å}O 72.ã¨∂÷ÖÏHõ∆i "≥·âßYÑ¨Ù~å}O 73.HÍsÎHõ Ñ¨Ù~å}O 74.HÍsÎHõ Ñ¨Ù~å}O (z#flk) 75.ã¨~°fiHÍ~°ºã≤kúH˜ ~å=∂Ü«∞}áê~åÜ«∞} 76.ÃÑ^ŒÌÉÏÅtHõ∆ 77.QÍÜ«∞„f =∞Ç≤Ï=∞ 78.=∞`«ûº Ü«∞O„`« =∞Ç≤Ï=∞ 79.=$Hõ∆^Õ=`«Å∞ 80. Ü«∂A+¨ ™ê‡~°Î ã¨O™ê¯~° K«O„kHõ 81.ã¨<å`«#"≥·kHõ „ÉÏÇ¨Ï‡}™ê‡~åÎQÆ=∞HõÅÊ"£∞ 82.K«`«∞ˆ~fi^Œ=ÚÅ∞ 83.#=„QÆÇ¨~å^èŒ# 84.`åà◊Ñ¨„`« ã¨=∂Ç¨~° QÀÑ¨Ù~°O 85.=∞#∞^èŒ~°‡ âßGO (=K«#OÖ’...) - 24 -

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86."Õ^Œ=∞O„`« ãÖÇ≤Ï`« 87.ã¨Ç¨Ï„ãëOQÍ~°Û# 88.N t=w`« 89.^•fi^Œâ◊LÑ¨x+¨`«∞ÎÅ∞ 90.Ñ¨Ù~å}ÑÖ_»"åi ™œO^Œ~°ºÅÇ¨Ïi (â’¡Hõ`å`«Ê~°ºã¨Ç≤Ï`« qÑ¨ÙÅ"åºYº`À) 100. |$Ç¨Ï`ü t= ™ÈÎ„`« ~°`åflHõ~°=Ú 101. |$Ç¨Ï`ü ^Õg ™ÈÎ„`«~°`åflHõ~°=Ú 102. |$Ç¨Ï`ü q+¨µ‚ ™ÈÎ„`«~°`åflHõ~°=Ú 103. ˆH^•~°<å^è£ |^Œs<å^è£ Ü«∂„`åÔQ·_»∞ 104. ^ŒH˜∆}Ï=$`« â◊OY=ÚÅ∞ 105. 108 k=º^ÕâßÅ q+¨µ‚ˆH∆„`«^Œ~°≈x 106. ^èŒ~°‡ã≤O^èŒ∞=Ù 107. ÉèÏ~°fÜ«∞ â‹·=ˆH∆„`«Ü«∂„`å^Œi≈x 108. zÅ∞‰õÄi ÉÏÖÏrK«i„`« 109. ÉèíQÆ=`üã¨∞Îu 110. ã¨∂~Àºáêã¨# 111. ã¨<å`«# ãÖ„Ñ¨^•Ü«∂Å∞–PKå~°=º=Ç¨~åÅ∞ 112. HÍjYO_»O 113. Jâ◊fih^Õ=`«Å∞

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8. "≥·^Œº „QÆO^ä•Å∞ 1. PÇ¨~°O P~ÀQÆºO

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2. =¸eHÍ"≥·^Œº z\Ï¯Å∞ 36–00 3. PÜ«Úˆ~fi^Œ "≥·^Œº z\Ï¯Å∞ 25–00 4. PÜ«Úˆ~fi^Œ "≥·^ŒºO 36–00 5. QÆ$Ç¨Ï"≥·^Œº ~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ 36–00 6. QÆ$Ç¨Ï"≥·^Œº™ê~°O 36–00 7. Ç¨ÏŸq∞Ü≥∂"≥·^ŒºO (^•fi^Œâ◊Å=}zH˜`«û) 54–00 8. „Ñ¨Hõ$u"≥·^ŒºO 36–00 9. PÇ¨~°O–"≥·^ŒºO 99–00 10.ã¨OÑ¨Ó~°‚ PÜ«Úˆ~fi^Œ–z\Ï¯ "≥·^ŒºO 99–00 11.PÜ«Úˆ~fi^Œ"£∞ 36–00 12.PÜ«Úˆ~fi^Œ =¸eHÍ"≥·^ŒºnÑ≤Hõ 99–00 13.^Œ∞OÑ¨‰õÄ~°Å∞, P‰õΩ‰õÄ~°Å∞, HÍÜ«∞QÆ∂~°Å∞ "å_»HõO – LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÍÅ∞ 99–00 14.<å@∞"≥·^ŒºO (ˆHãπ Éˇ·O_çOQ∑) 360–00 15.UHõ=¸eHÍ"≥·^ŒºO 99–00 16.JëêìOQÆ Ç¨Ï$^ŒÜ«∞O(4ÉèÏQÍÅ∞) 1200–00 17.~°Ç¨Ïã¨ºã≤^ŒúÜ≥∂QÆ"≥·^Œº™ê~°"£∞ 99–00 18.„áê^äŒq∞Hõ Ç¨ÏŸq∞Ü≥∂"≥·^ŒºO 99–00 19.XÉˇã≤\ ˜ 99–00 20.ÃÇÏÖòÎÔQ·_£ 99–00 21.PÜ«Úˆ~fi^ŒO–r=#"Õ^ŒO 99–00 22.Ñ¶¨Ù_£^ä≥~°Ñ≤ 99–00 - 26 -

23.<åºK«∞~°Öò^ä≥~°Ñ≤ 24.ã¨OÑ¨Ó~°‚P~ÀQÍºxH˜ 20xII 25.H©à◊§<˘Ñ¨CÅ∞ g∞ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÖˇ·`Õ... 26.Ü≥∂QÍ=∞O„`« 27.Ü≥∂QÍ ã¨O_Õ @∞ =∞O_Õ 28.ÃÇÏ~°ƒÖò "≥∞_çã≤<£–ÃÇÏÖòÎ@∞_Õ 29.ÃÇÏÖòÎÃÑ¶·Öò 30.=ã¨∞ÎQÆ∞}áê~î°O 31.~°™êÜ«∞# "årHõ~°} `«O„`«O 31.ã≤^Œú=¸eHÍ ~°Ç¨Ïã¨ºO 32. „áê}ÏÜ«∂=∞=Ú – Ü≥∂QÍ–Ñ¨`«O[eNx"åãπ

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9. JÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ê – Éèí"åh ~°HÍÅ∞ 1. N JÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ê bÖÏ=∞$`«O 2. N JÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ê P~å^èŒ# 3. N JÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ê Éèí[#áê@Å∞ 4. N JÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ê Ñ¨Ó*ÏHõÅÊO 5. N JÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ê ÉèíH˜Î w`åÅ∞ 6. N JÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ê nHõ∆ F 7. N JÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ê Éèí[#=∂Å F 8. N JÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ê x`«ºÑ¨Ó[ P 9. N JÜ«∞ºÑ¨Ê x`«ºxÜ«∞=∂=o P 10.N Éèí"åh bÖÏ=∞$`«O(^Œ∞~åæÉèí"åhnHõ∆) - 27 -

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10. Éèí[#Å∞ – H©~°Î#Å∞ 1. J#fl=∞Ü«∞º H©~°Î#Å∞ 2. N~å=∞^•ã¨∞ H©~°Î#Å∞ 3. ã¨~°fi^Õ=`å =∞OQÆà◊Ç¨~°`«∞Å∞ 4. =ã¨∞O^èŒ~° =∞OQÆà◊ Ç¨~°`«∞Å∞ 5. ™œÉèÏQÆº ^Õ=`å =∞OQÆà◊Ç¨~°`«∞Å∞ 6. ã¨~°fi^Õ=`å Éèí[#Å∞ 7. z\˜ì á⁄\˜ì áê@Å∞ 8. *ÏfÜ«∞ w`åÅ∞ 9. ^Õâ◊ÉèíH˜Î w`åÅ∞ 10.Ñ¨O_»∞QÆÅ∞–Ñ¨Ù}ºˆH∆„`åÅ∞ ÉèíH˜Îw`åÅ∞ 11.Q˘aƒà◊§áê@Å∞,ÖÏeáê@Å∞,HÀÖÏ@áê@Å∞ 12.J#fl=∞Ü«∞º ã¨OH©~°Î#Å∞ 13.ÃÑo§áê@Å∞–„ã‘ÎÅáê@Å∞ - 28 -

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14.ÉèíHÍÎ#O^Œ Éèí[#H©~°Î#Å∞(FÖò¤ã≤hÃãìÂÖò) 15.ã¨~°fi^Õ=`åÉèíH˜Î=∞}˜=∂Å 16.|`«∞Hõ=∞‡ LÜ«∂ºÅ áê@Å∞ 17.J#fl=∞Ü«∞º ã¨OH©~°Î<åxkè(1000H©~°Î#Å∞)

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11. Ç≤Ï\òû ™êOQ∑û 1. Ñ¶¨∞O@™êÅ ÉèíH˜Îw`åÅ∞–ÉèíQÆ=næ`« 2. Zãπ.Ñ≤.ÉÏÅ∞ ÉèíH˜Îw`åÅ∞ 3. Ñ¶¨∞O@™êÅ ã¨∞=∞^èŒ∞~°w`åÅ∞ 4. Ñ≤. ã¨∞jÅ ã¨∞=∞^èŒ∞~°w`åÅ∞ 5. Zãπ.Ñ≤. ÉÏÅ∞ ã¨∞=∞^èŒ∞~°w`åÅ∞ 6. Zãπ.*Ï#H˜ ã¨∞=∞^èŒ∞~°w`åÅ∞ 7. "Õ@∂i ã¨∞O^Œ~°~å=∞=¸iÎÇ≤Ï\òû 8. ã¨~°fi^Õ=`å ã≤hÉèíH˜Îw`åÅ∞

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12. „ã‘ÎÅ‰õΩ LÑ¨Ü«ÚHõÎ Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõ=ÚÅ∞ 1. NHÍO`å=∞}˜ =O@Å∞ ("≥*ò) 2. NHÍO`å=∞}˜ =O@Å∞ (<å<£"≥*ò) 3. âßHÍÇ¨~° =O@Å∞ 4. =∂O™êÇ¨~°=O@Å∞ 5. z\˜ìz\Ï¯Å∞ 6. JO^•xH˜ z\Ï¯Å∞ 7. Ñ≤Å¡Å ¿Ñ~°∞¡ (ÃÑ^ŒÌk) 8. Ñ≤Å¡Å ¿Ñ~°∞¡ (z#flk) - 29 -

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9. ÖË>ˇãπì ZO„ÉÏ~Ú_»s âßsÉ’~°¤~üû 10.ÖË>ˇãπì ZO„ÉÏ~Ú_»s _ç*ˇ·<£û 11.z<åfl~°∞Å‰õΩ z~°∞uà◊√§ 12.Ñ¨ã¨O^≥·# á¶êãπìÑ¶¨Ù_£ =O@Å∞ 13.Ñ¨ÖÏ"£Å∞, „ÃÑ¶·_£ Ô~·ãπÅ∞, "≥Ô~·\ ©Ô~·ãπÅ∞ 14."ÕÑ¨Ùà◊√§–WQÆ∞~°∞¡ 15.WOw¡+¨µÖ’P_»Ñ≤Å¡Å¿Ñ~°∞¡ 16.WOw¡+¨µÖ’ =∞QÆÑ≤Å¡Å¿Ñ~°∞¡ 17.„ÉËH±á¶êãπì =O@Å∞ 18.Ñ¨O_»∞QÆÅÖ’ KÕã¨∞H˘<Õ Ñ≤O_ç=O@Å∞ 19."≥∞ÿ„HÀ"À"≥<£ =O@Å∞ 20.ã¨~°fi^Õ=`åÉèíH˜Î=∂Å 21.Ñ≤Å¡Å¿Ñ~°∞¡ (ÉÏ|∞) 22.Ñ≤Å¡Å¿Ñ~°∞¡ (áêÑ¨) 23."≥∂„_»<£ "≥∞Ç¨ÏOk (QÀiO\Ï‰õΩ _ç*ˇ·<£û) 24."≥∂„_»<£ Ñ≤Å¡Å¿Ñ~°∞¡ 25.<À~°∂iOKÕ <å<£"≥*ò=O@Å∞ 26."≥∂„_»<£ >ˇÿÅiOQ∑ (ÖË_ôãπ [O\òû)

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WO„^Œ*ÏÅ ~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ =∞¿ÇÏO„^Œ*ÏÅ ~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ â◊s~°ÉèÏ+¨ (ÉÏ_ô ÖÏOˆQfi*ò) „H˜Ü«∂Ü≥∂QÆO P#O^ŒOQÍ rq^•ÌO Ç¨Ïiâ◊ÛO„^Œ <å@HõO "å`åûÜ«∞#HÍ=∞ã¨∂„`åÅ∞ Ñ¨OK«™êÜ«∞HõO ~°u~°Ç¨Ï™êºÅ∞ J#OQÆ~°OQÆO (HõOÉèíOáê\˜ ã¨fiÜ«∞O„Ñ¨HÍ+π) â◊$OQÍ~°ˆHo (HõOÉèíOáê\˜ ã¨fiÜ«∞O„Ñ¨HÍ+π) Jã¨`À=∞Ü«∞ ã¨^Œæ=∞Ü«∞ QÍÜ«∞„fq*Ï˝<£ zO`å=∞}˜ (<å@HõO) ÉÏÅ<åQÆ=∞‡ áêO_»= L^ÀºQÆ=Ú HÍà◊Ç¨Ïã≤Î „ã‘ÎÅ „=`«Hõ^äŒÅ∞ HÍà◊Ç¨Ïã≤Î QÆ$Ç¨Ï"åã¨∞Î zO`å=∞}˜ HÍà◊Ç¨Ïã≤Î QÆ$Ç¨Ï"åã¨∞Î =∞~å‡Å∞ (Éˇ·O_»∞) ‰õΩÖÏ~°‚= `«O„`«"£∞ PKå~°º ã≤^Œú <åQÍ~°∞˚#`«O„`«O(Xi[#Öò) Ü≥∂QÍã¨<åÅ∞ (VG/TNL) - 32 -

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