San Jose Stadium

EPICENTER

READY TO KICK-OFF THE MLS SEASON

SAN JOSE EARTHQUAKES

SOCCER GAINS POPULARITY IN SANTA CLARA

SAN JOSE REJOICES WITH NEW HOME STADIUM SEE ALL THE DESIGN, ANALYSIS, BREAKDOWNS, AND THESIS STUDIES

EXCLUSIVE FULL PAGE SPREADS RISING YOUNG ARCHITECT FROM CAL POLY POMONA

RAMIN TASBIHCHI 1

Special Thanks To Professors:

Sasha Ortenberg Pablo La Roche Hofu Wu

2

SAN JOSE

STADIUM

RAMIN TASBIHCHI

3

CONTENTS 4

Precis:

Precedence Preface Current Development Proposal Significance Prospective Site Zoning Ordinance

Interviews:

Kent McLaughlin

Deanna Seitz / Alexa Taylor

Richard Campbell Pre-Conceptions:

Climate Study

Sustainable Responses

Program Table

Cost Analysis Concepts:

View And Progression Typical Massing Symmetry Versus Assymetry

Components:

Pitch Stadium Construction Parking Egress Stairs Seating Locker Rooms Media VIP & VVIP

Design:

Transparent Exterior Structural Development Light Penetration Floor Plans Sustainability Section Structural Section

Credits:

Annotated References Images Bibliography

5

I.

Precedence Preface

The game of soccer is a sport that has enveloped the world. No matter almost any country knows of this sport. And of any ball sport, soccer is one that exists in the most amount of nations around the world. This game has always existed in the United States of America, yet has taken frontline notice only in the more recent history. Dating only back as far as 1996, the MLS was established. The foundation of the league was created after the success of the FIFA 1994 World Cup, and the inauguration was held at San Jose, California, consisting of ten competitive teams.

Of course the game of football had existed long before, coming to America and being known as soccer. However it was not until the founding of the Major League Soccer, that this sport became more popularized to the nation. The league started with a mere ten teams, and has now expanded around twenty, with room for expansion.The organization has slowly gained more and more fame by buying professional athletes of a higher status in this arena. Though the funding for this sport and nation is strong, the popularity has never been great enough to entice the interest of athletes from around the world. Rather only a few bigger names have joined every now and then, making the headlines.

Many nations of the world possess an internal league. It seems the more successful leagues have deep reaches to the furthest places, employing athletes from all over the world. The smaller or less powerful leagues are always noticeable as the amount of foreign players is minute. The United States is currently at this level.

Striving to gain strength in the world stage, the MLS tries to seek out employ some of the higher priced famed players from certain parts of the world. This has proven successful to some teams.

However teams that have neither the funding nor the popularity have yet to attain these players.

These teams then get stuck in a bad situation, never have the roots to grow from. This cycle is detrimental, as without strong key players, the team does not perform. When the team does not perform, the fans do not support. And without support, there is no funding to buy such said players.

So then it becomes the duty of a promoter to help liven up a team. This usually comes when a city, or even a state has put a strong backing to support their home team. One most exemplory of this is New York. The state itself, and its main city of New York City, have strongly supported the soccer in this nation. Taking great pride, the existing team has been well funded, buying big names. Furthermore, the state has supported the creation of two more new teams, to come in the near future. Other than this example, for the most part, the East Coast, and some of the Mid West of the United States, have a completely different energy for supporting the soccer sport. Each state taking great fandom in their home team.

California is particularly lack-luster in this category. In attempt to boost this, the home well known team of Los Angeles, the Galaxy, has attempted to make big purchases. Even to allow foreign investors to take ownership of this team. Yet when it comes down to it, the support for this sport is not strong, nothing near comparison to the other states of the United States.

And especially nothing in comparison to other countries. Yet thanks to the bigger names on this team, the Galaxy has made fame around the world, just in name, maybe not in performance.

6

Nevertheless, a great step in bolstering the MLS.

Yet in this state of California, there are many other teams waiting to receive their chance in the spotlight.

Many teams go unmentioned, and unsupported, never making it to join the MLS. However, regardless of this, there are still two teams that stay strong and proud.

The first and most famed is the Los Angeles Galaxy.

The second is the shadow underneath the former, and is the San Jose Earthquakes. Though the latter possesses stronger history, even being one of the founding teams of the league, this team is little known amongst the world.

Moreover, the Earthquakes have little support, only save the home county of San Jose is in strong support of this team. Unlike the Galaxy, whereupon when they challenge larger world clubs, the whole country of the United States is in support.

There are numerous reasons that the club of San Jose does not receive credits. The first is the lack of strong players. Though in the past history, several world stars were recruited, as of now, when the MLS is more famed through the United States, this team only possesses names known to their own county, and few that are known around the nation, and almost none that are world renown. The Earthquakes have begun to a have a downwards fall in popularity. Though this is quite contradictory to their sport performance, which can arguably be said to be at the top of its game. But due to shuffling of ownership and funding, the Earthquakes are at risk of being one of the lower clubs in the league.

Many historical teams in the MLS are no longer chartered, and so the cycle of a birth of a new team comes to replace it. This is quite ridiculous in comparison to many other countries, where club teams have deep roots of over a hundred years. Even teams of other sporting athletics, such as the NFL, or National Football League, has teams that have lengthy histories. So why is it that the MLS is in a constant state of flux, whereupon teams are always disappearing?

The answer is simply not just the performance of the teams, but of the support. This support comes from the fans. And these fans need to arise from somewhere. Smaller teams start with having the simply fan-base of their hometown, and sometimes the greater county. And then larger clubs begin to have the support of their state. Even greater clubs have fans from other states, and maybe even other countries. As of currently San Jose does not have a strong fan-base outside their own county. Santa Clara, the hometown of this team, treats it with a very home pride manner. However to grow stronger in support and fame, the fans must expand more than just the hometown. But how can this be accomplished, if the state fans must be shared with the Southern California group of the Galaxy. And even worse off, the Northern California fans are not in full support of the Earthquakes, some supporting the Southern California neighbors, some even supporting the teams from northern neighboring states and provinces.

The MLS is constantly expanding. Investors have begun to take development in the creation of new teams. And the borders have expanded to even including teams from Canada, having branch teams from Mexico, and even competition with many Caribbean nations. As the time progresses, smaller teams struggle and become drowned, such as San Jose. And one of the

7

major issues that makes this team have such variance to other teams in the league is the home stadium. The fact of the matter is, San Jose does not possess a home field. In the past, the team has gone ahead and played in university stadia. And when thinking of any sports match, the most important feel is the appearance of the stadium. This brings the feeling of a home for any team.

MLS has started to come into realization of this. Many teams of current do not possess stadiums of their own. Some of the more well funded teams have begun the creation of stadiums to give a stronger sense of pride to these teams. Yet even so, none of these stadiums are close to comparison to other nations of the world. In fact, when the FIFA World Cup was played in the United States, stadiums belonging to universities, or belonging to the NFL were utilized. This sort of diminutive treatment towards the stadia of MLS teams is what breeds lack of support on the national and international scale. Current development around the nation of the United States of America now has the construction of several or more stadiums for the sole purpose of soccer.

Yet none are on a grandscale enough to be in comparison to other countries. Lamentingly, maybe the MLS does not possess enough fans to fill up the seating for larger stadium. But the proof of this is actually false. The fallacy is the belief that there is not strong support for MLS, so stadium should not be built so large. Yet when really looked upon, many of the big games are sold-out early. So this gives way to reason to create larger stadiums, possibly with seating that becomes optionally used when smaller scale games are played. The San Jose Earthquake become a perfect example and experimentation of this philosophy, to better the support of this team by method of stadium design.

8

II.

Current Development

The team of the Earthquakes, formerly known as the Clash, of San Jose, California, is a group of long-standing history, even prior to the formation of the MLS. However, from switches in ownership, and the interests of every new investor, the team is more like vagabonds, going around from home to home. Name changing is only part of issue that prevented this team from having rigidity. The change in ownership and investors is the strong issue that makes this team have such looseness in history. As the founder once created this team in 1974 under the North American Soccer League. Thereafter the the San Jose team lost its position in the league, playing in a minor league of the West Soccer League.

After a change in manager, the team was pulled out of the slum of lower division play, and was put back to a higher tier in the American Professional Soccer League, under the team name Hawks. Which would only last a couple of years. This owner would successfully lead the team into the MLS. Yet unfortunately, due to outside concerns, the owner was forced to resign from this position.

Once again the reigns of this leadership was changed.

Under this new British ownership, the largest endorsement came from the Nike company, which prompted and urged the name change to the Clash.

Yet difficulties of plenty would occur between the owner and hired coaches. Many a-time, multiple coaches would be fighting against one another. The team went through a spurt of many head coaches within a manner of only a few years. Hope would shimmer in 1999, when a new head coach, from the Canada national team, was hired, who brought upon some star player power, and even had the name changed back to the Earthquakes. The team would be at thetime sponsored by the comapny Honda. It felt like the revival of the team. A name not only signifies a title, but of a history that a team must hold on. The team began a resurgence.

The team and its management pressed hard to be able to create a stadium specific for the soccer sport. After some many failed and rejected attempts, the owning company, AEG, would move onto create a new club in the MLS, the Houston Dynamo of Texas. Though the owners claimed that the San Jose team would keep all logo and jerseys. Regardless, the team would suffer nearly a year of inactivity. And at the beginning of the new year, the MLS commissioner announced that the Earthquakes would resume play in one year time. To help with this revival, the former head coach returned once again. Once again this coach would prove to be the savior of revival. The team once again became a big name in the MLS.

Throughout this long and disheveled history, the team has sufferred problems of most

9

importantly having a home. All through, the team would always utilize a university stadium as home field, formerly using a major San Jose university school. Occasionally, when big matches would be played, the Earthquakes would borrow a stadium belonging to NFL teams. At the present more than half century, the home field for important matches are held at the NFL league team Oakland Raider stadium. Still unsettling, the current home stadium for the last half decade is at a major Santa Clara university school.

Through great struggle, San Jose would agree to the creation of a soccer specific stadium dedicated to the Earthquakes team. The planning was long in time span, being initially agreed upon in 2007, with a final planned construction date to be in 2014. Throughout the time frame, the stadium planning has had so many changes in area of planning, going from high to low, from low to high, and then back to low square footage total. Also fluctuating in direct relativity to this was the capacity of which the proposed stadium would hold. Funding was always an issue, with the amount of money ever increasing, though the price of construction always being changed to lower cost. The lengthy process also ordered for a rezoning from the council of San Jose, to allow this stadium to be created, and a location to be decided.

The city of San Jose hopes to utilize the land as a greater part of urban planning, Many marketing and business plans have been proposed. On the vacant land, there will also potentially be housing or residential buildings. Another option is to create hotels, which would either be in services mainly for people arriving from the airport, or those coming the stadium. Either way, there are many plans, with cost analysis of the different options. Some of the said options even show the difference in projected income based on the varying buildings that would be constructed. For example the study of the predicted revenue of whether to have a stadium or not. The answer in the analysis seems to always point in the direction that the benefit of building a stadium greatly outweighs the construction cost. The home city was overjoyed with the proposition of finally creating a home field for the San Jose Earthquakes. Demolition and preparation of the site began on March 3rd, 2011. The groundbreaking ceromony was held on October 21st, 2012, whereupon there were 6256 participants digging into the ground. This was a great show in the pride the city has in its home team. This event holds the record for such ceremony in the Guiness World Record.

10

III.

Proposal Significance

To be without a home field is truly demoralizing.

A home field is not simply a place where the home matches are played, but a true piece of architecture that houses the spirit of the team and supporters in a structural manifestation. The commissioning committees have all finally come to agreement in the creation of a soccer specific stadium for the Earthquakes of San Jose. This is the first and foremost priority, to allow the team to be out of the university grounds. This is not only beneficial to the morale of the team and supporters. A lot of benefit comes to the harried like problematics that was produced on the campus due to the MLS team being located there.

The noise level was of concern, the traffic was adjusted, and most greatly parking was affected. Now the team will have a home of its own, furthering its status amongst other MLS teams.

The MLS continues to expand, as the popularity of each individual team grows. The Earthquakes are no exception to this, and quite on the contrary could easily become a forerunner of this. The domestic league has been gaining popularity and outside influence. The MLS now has more foreigners than ever before, inclusively the coaches, and even the team owners. The goal of any professional soccer league is to keep a balance with a good variety of foreign players, and a strong amount of domestic players. The latter is not so much an issue, but rather the former is a problem. And to draw these player from outside countries, there needs to be a strong appeal to the home of the team. Hence the stadium becomes a necessity.

Now what is left is to create a stadium of iconic design. Something that will stick in the memory of every visitor. The architecture itself can be of aide to bring popularity to the team.

Not only that, but attach an image to the identity of this team. This will help promote the growth of youth players in California. During the recent history the expanse of youth soccer players in the west coast was magnanimous. However, a vast majority was in the Southern California. To help stretch the reach to the northern portion, what is needed is a strong role model team. In the south, the natural leaders are the Galaxy and Chivas. So now it becomes the obligatory duty to the community that the Earthquakes must be the leading figure of the north.

What is more, only a few years ago, the NWSL was initiated. Ten teams were created in an association known as the National Women’s Soccer League, consisting of players from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The league is very scattered, as support varies from state to state. And as of current, California does not host any women’s professional soccer club. Which is quite a surprise as a strong group of the amount of members of the national team consist of players who originate from California. These girls simply get scouted from university teams, and hardly from club teams.

Thus in a propose solution to this, the amount of land allotted to the creation of this

11

stadium for the Earthquakes can easily afford something greater. This would be the probable planning of an eventual sports complex. And this stadium cannot simply be expected to be only utilized by the team itself. Quite often in these situations, youth academies and youth teams would practice and play on the off-days. In subject to that, women leagues could easily be played at this location. Now this Santa Clara, San Jose location becomes more than just a shining beacon of this county, but moreover one of the whole California, as it will easily become a forefront for the women soccer leagues.

This stadium will hopefully be an example that will breed the rise of other stadia, specified for the sport of soccer. As the United States has hosted the World Cup, both men’s and women’s in the past, the nation continues to attempt to bid for it once again. Though much is rejected to no avail, even though the country attempts to gain acceptance almost every tournament. There are many issues at hand that will probably need to be solved in order to fully have a compelling bid to the FIFA committee. One of the strong possible problems would be the lack of soccer stadia. Such is unfavorable to accept the bid in the country of the United States, which would simply use NFL and college stadiums. Especially when other countries either having existing soccer stadiums ready to be retrofitted, or even other countries with great funding to the sport that are willing to create completely new facilities.

In so, the hopes of creating this one physical structure of a stadium for San Jose, is not simply a singular ideal, but many. And it does not just stand for one team, but for the future of an expansion of the soccer world in the United States. The creation of stadium with iconic design has long been accepted and utilized in other countries. So it is time that America takes pride in its soccer teams, and creates architecturally designed stadia.

12

IV.

Prospective Site

San Jose is a county in Northern California.

Though technically geographically speaking, this county is not quite even past the halfway latitudinal coordinate of California. In the end, it is still considered of the northern portion of California. The county is at the southern border of San Francisco Bay. And of this county, the city of Santa Clara is in the the near center. The site of proposed design is located on an alotted land that is on the eastern edge of the city border.

The prospective use of the stadium would be foremost the home of the San Jose Earthquake. So it is best to adhere to the original plan to the current proposed site. The county of San Jose, along with approval from MLS committe, has chosen a location next to the San Jose International Airport, which serves as border between the city of Santa Clara and the city of San Jose. This part of the land was formerly and recently rezoned to allow development of said stadium to occur. The place area is a long strip, with only the msot southern portion being dedicated to the actual stadium, the remainder being the parking. Though the size of the actual stadium is possibly up for debate.

Directly across the main street is the Buck Shaw Stadium of Santa Clara University, which was the former home of the Earthquakes for the time being. This locale was never meant to be permanent, but rather as a intermediate location during the process of finding a new stadium. Unfortunately the establishing of plans for this stadium took rather longer than expected. Nonetheless, the new stadium has not in fact moved so far from this location. So the fans will not have a big change in venue, and not much significant variance in parking strategy.

Formerly, this empty lot was utilized for extra parking, whilst the main parking was located on the university campus territory. Now the parking will be removed from campus boundaries and onto the what remnant of this lot will be after the construction of the stadium edifice.

This location is a very key crossroads of important traverse in the city of Santa Clara, even the county of San Jose. The freeways and highways of 880, 101, 87, 82 are all in very near proximity. This is characteristically because of the airport. The airstrip being located adjacent directly to this lot. The main barrier is created by the train

13

tracks that run between this lot and the campus of Santa Clara University. This is an added buffer from interfering with the school, of which this professional sports team had previously been doing. Also of concern was the added traffic and noise to the residential, which were adjacent to the school. Now that the location has been moved, there is no longer issue of this.

What does prove interesting is that the stadium does not alot the favorable orientation of north to south in length. As proposed by FIFA, typical stadium design would best be if the setting sun does not affect either goal side, to enable the players to perform best. The stadium would thereof need to be off the cardinal coordination slightly. Another issue that usually comes with stadiums is the increase of traffic flow. Which is easily taken care of, as Coleman Avenue would be a route mostly used for means of travel to and from this location. Other roads such as El Camino Real are quite frankly already more utilized for travel, thus this backroad of Coleman Avenue is properly set for such a purpose. What also comes with a stadium that usually proves problematic is noise level.

This is usually the noise extruding the periphery of the stadium zone to the neighborhood. But this time, it is quite the opposite. With the train running past, and more significantly the airplanes flying nearby, the challenge is keep the sound out, rather than keeping the sound in.

San Jose and the owners of this team have of course already proposed an initial stadium draft. Though this is hardly a design rather than just a contractor drawing. The stadium seems not unlike a California style small university stadium. Already as is, most larger universities in California, and even smaller universities in other states, have larger more architecturally designed stadia than this. How is it expected that a professional grade team is to make home at a stadium with a concept of this haphazard design. There should be full architectural development to create a beautiful home for the Earthquakes. The stadium must become one of the icons of this city and county, and even furthermore should become representation of state-of-the-art stadia design for future MLS stadium construction.

14

V.

Zoning Ordinance

With the plan for a new home stadium for the San Jose Earthquakes, much litigation was involved, and many proposals were submitted. This ultimately ended with the final idea of vacating the zone between El Camino Real and Coleman Avenue, just to the north-west of the 880 Freeway. Which means this zone is directly southwards of the San Jose International Airport, which takes up the area above, reaching to where the 101 Freeway lies.

This proposal had to be a reached agreement between the two governing cities of San Jose and Santa Clara, since this encroached upon both their borders.

Oddly enough, each placed a separate and difference zoning for this area. One named it as agriculture, the other named it as light industrial. Though either way, there is no longer anything there. Simply a vacant lot that could be utilized for anything, as it is essentially separated from all of the city, having the airport, train tracks, and freeway flanking it from all sides.

So what do the two cities have plan for this area? The place is not just set out for the stadium in itself, but the arena will be part of a greater plan to help lighten the city and increase tourism and the economy. The proposal includes having retail malls, hotels, large parking lots and parking structures. It is almost as if all this is in plan to compliment the existing airport. And with the new stadium underway, this area will hopefully be abundant in business. With this, new streets will be implemented, some out of the exisiting roadways, others simply completely new avenues. And even a new main avenue south of this site, in hope of easing traffic, without having to solely rely on Coleman Avenue. And now with this new plan, a new zoning ordinance was manifested. Since the previous zoning basically served nothing, this was no problem. However the only struggle came between the two cities, as they tussled over how exactly to plan this all.

For the most part, this is the most current proposal, and mostly likely the one they will proceed with. And of this new plan, the only one that has for-sure designs of construction is the San Jose Earthquake Stadium.

15

V.

16

Zoning Ordinance

VI.

Professional Interview

An interview with 360 Architecture. This firm is an American architectural practice, that has a strong focus on making sports facilities, in all levels. Their work ranges to all parts of the United States, creating sporting arenas and stadiums for many different types of athletics. This particular interview is with senior project manager and project architect, Kent McLaughlin.

His experience is vast, as he has worked for both 360 Architecture, and another firm that was formerly HOK. That firm is now bettwe known as Populous, and is one of the world’s most renown stadium designers, having taken a huge multitude of projects all around the globe. And Kent McLaughlin has had over twenty-five years of experience between both firms.

- What is the most important feeling to have when inside a stadium?In example, should a spectator feel: comfort, excitement, security, relaxation, etc.

It is all about the patron – most likely excitement and anticipation are both at the top of the list. Keeping them on the edge of their seats so to speak is a goal – yet after a patron attends.

Several games over the season or years – comfort and knowing where everything is becomes more common. While facilities are more aware of security throughout a complex – their goal is to not burden the patron with anything more than is necessary to create the feeling of a safe environment. Beyond the pat down area as a patron enters – very little impacts the patron beyond that point.

17

- Do you think that a stadium only suits the function of operating sports, or that it can serve a higher value in the community?

It must give higher purpose in my opinion. And we strive to create architectural buildings, stadiums, arenas, etc. that give back to their environment and strengthen the sense of place within which they exist. They are so big that they must and do impact the higher value in the community. Must in a good positive way – not just to become a necessary evil to the city because of a sports team – they should become a viable, useful entertainment zone and facility for many other uses. Strengthening the sense of community as a gathering space, as a destination, as a beacon of sorts. Obviously they can become a big impact to the economy of the neighborhood and the welfare of the public though jobs and spawning off shoot business startups adjacent to the facility.

- How do you come up with a design? What are the strongest inspirations?

Design is the first thing that comes out of the cracker jack box! No, just kidding. We are working on a new arena in Seattle and the design metaphors revolve around all type of things but in particular the port and the cranes and the shipyards. So taking a clue from the surroundings is common to spark an image for a building. The sport and the team also play a big part in it.

Environment is usually the biggest driver for the looks of a building – unless the owner wants something different just to be different or striving to be iconic.

- Do you think the architectural design or the functional purpose came as more of a designing factor when creating a stadium?

While it is geared around sports or entertainment functions the aesthetics are very important – both from a marketing perspective as well as cities wanting either iconic architecture or traditional architecture to blend into an environment. Both are critical – if you think otherwise, it is my opinion that you are not doing your job as an architect.

- Was the programming ever a big issue? Or does it tend to just become part of the design, with no need to put extra effort in fitting it in?

Not sure I follow your questions – but let me offer this – Yes it is important and typical - the programming is specific to each building. While an arena is much like any other arena with basketball or concerts or hockey….the club spaces, seating configuration, offices, retail components and site are all different so the program while not a start over most of the time is

18

specifically developed for each location and each client. We often start with a program as a tool to work with owners to refine their vision for their building –and then yes, it must become part of the design effort. It is an effort and document that is forever evolving through design process and until the building is complete.

- What is usually the most pressing physical issue when addressing a site?

Most sports venues are driven footprint wise by the size and shape of the field/pitch. Baseball field have some play but if MLB they still need 340 feet to 400 feet dimensions for the foul lines and dead center. So that field footprint requirement sets the site orientation and then squeezing other critical program like docks and patron ingress around it becomes the big challenge. If the stadium is in the middle of a big parking lot like Anaheim its not big deal. When it’s squeezed in like the SF Giants ballpark the architecture must respond to the site and in that case becomes a feature – hitting the water with a homer!

19

VI.

Professional Interview

An interview with Fentress. This firm focused on large scale projects, but maybe does not focus primarily on stadiums, yet was responsible for the creation of the new Denver Broncos (American) Football Stadium. This location is better known as Sports Authority Field at Mile High. This particular interview is with a member of the firm who is NCARB approved as a mentor, Alexa Taylor. With aid from the communications specialist, who is in charge of outreach to students, Deanna Seitz.

- What is the most important feeling to have when inside a stadium?In example, should a spectator feel: comfort, excitement, security, relaxation, etc.

A stadium needs to meet basic functional needs (physical comfort, seats, restrooms, food, environmental shelter etc), in order to be classified as a stadium, however this does not make it a successful stadium. A great stadium will allow spectators to feel community through the excitement and memories it creates.

A good stadium will grow its own identity over time. It will support exciting game watching and a sense of community that (other than the dynamic variable of the sporting team itself), begins with good design and goes beyond the excitement of seeing the event in person. For example on the Broncos Stadium (Sports Authority Field at Mile High) the seat walls are very steep and the bowl is exceptionally tight. The proximity of the sides across the bowl allows spectators to build upon the rest of the audiences energy - it is contagious and goes beyond the team playing a good

20

game. The game watching experience and the sense of community are heightened by seeing the game in that particular stadium. A good stadium will support an experience that is not just about the sporting event and it is about more than one spectators experience - the story becomes that the spectator was part of the greater community of fans that experienced the game.

A great stadium then goes further than the excitement of a single game watched within it. It builds roots within the community and has a history of memorable events that have occurred events that were shaped or heightened by being in that particular stadium. The stadium starts to become an icon and destination in and of itself - it begins to take on the mantle (along with other iconic community buildings) of begin the heart of the community. A great stadium will inspire memories that go beyond seeing the game - you were part of the fan community at a particular event “in the Broncos stadium”.

- Do you think that a stadium only suits the function of operating sports, or that it can serve a higher value in the community?

As part of the greater “heart” of a community a stadium does and should serve a higher need within the community. In addition to supporting community events like major concerts, community political events, seasonal celebrations it becomes an iconic destination in and of itself and part of the community identity.

- How do you come up with a design? What are the strongest inspirations?

The Broncos stadium form was strongly rooted in the historical stadium it replaced. There was community controversy in tearing down the existing Broncos Stadium - it had become a heart within the community. Direct throwbacks to the old stadium were the bowl opening to the south, the tightness of the bowl (this ratio was compressed even more due to the addition of so many new boxes while maintaining a similar pitch and rise to the bowl), and most importantly the steel treads and risers. The steel treads and risers had their own identity and memories within the community. The fans stomp their feet on the steel, the bowl ring is tight to create a deafening roar and intimidate the opposing team. The design allow the fans to connect in a sense of domination over the opposing team and the spectator community shares memories of the roar of the steel and the physical reverberations felt in ones belly.

- Do you think the architectural design or the functional purpose came as more of a designing factor when creating a stadium?

The architectural design supporting the spectator experience was the main design factor.

21

- Was the programming ever a big issue? Or does it tend to just become part of the design, with no need to put extra effort in fitting it in?

A stadium is so big that fitting the program in is not a significant hurdle compared with other building types.

- What is usually the most pressing physical issue when addressing a site?

Queuing of cars arriving/leaving a site. Impact on neighborhoods/number of access points.

Parking. Site circulation: the team, the spectators, services (food/beer in, trash out), services (cleaning), technology (broadcasting vehicles).

22

VI.

Professional Interview

An interview with Hoover Associates. This firm deals with a variety of buildings types, yet mostly focus on the instutional, usually university or college edifices. In doing so, one significant project was the new Stanford University Stadium. This particular interview is with one of the lead principal architects of the firm, Richard Campbell. He is also directly responsible with the design and project of the aforementioned stadium.

- What is the most important feeling to have when inside a stadium?In example, should a spectator feel: comfort, excitement, security, relaxation, etc.

To Hoover Associates, the very most important feature was good sightlines to the playing field.

Absent that, other amenities are immaterial. To put it more simply, the spectator should feel that he has a good unobstructed view of all the action on the field.

- Do you think that a stadium only suits the function of operating sports, or that it can serve a higher value in the community?

I think that a university stadium can, and should, offer other venues. The Stanford stadium has been used for graduations, and major speaking events in addition to football and soccer.

23

- How do you come up with a design? What are the strongest inspirations?

As mentioned earlier, the strongest inspiration was good viewing situations. We also tried to bring into the design the arches that were a very significant visual feature of the old stadium.

- Do you think the architectural design or the functional purpose came as more of a designing factor when creating a stadium?

Functional purpose was the strongest design factor. A major issue is seating for the handicapped.

You cannot simply place a wheelchair space at he end of a seating aisle. I am aware of four pending lawsuits because wheel chair spaces were located where the handicapped person could not see the exciting times in a game, because all those around were standing.

- Was the programming ever a big issue? Or does it tend to just become part of the design, with no need to put extra effort in fitting it in?

Programming was a major issue, starting with stadium seating capacity, adequate facilities for the handicapped, number, type and disbursement of concession stands. meeting building codes for toilet facilities and the disbursement and convenience of same.

- What is usually the most pressing physical issue when addressing a site?

Parking, quick and easy access into and out of the stadium.

24

VII.

Climate Study

The climate of this region California greatly differs than the typical Southern California. Though this city is located near a body of water, the effects are variant from being like a beach or coastal city. The San Jose and Santa Clara area that has been alotted to construct this stadium is relatively to almost fully unobstructed, being on as of a now an empty lot, perimeter guarded by airport strip on one side and train railroad track on the other side. So it can be assumed whatever weather that may come in to play would be in full effect.

First before establishing which technologies to implement, the climate itself must be researched and fully understood. The location of this site in context with the world is 37.35ยบ North by 121.92ยบ West. This puts it above the Equator, above any Tropics lines. The line of which is where the zone of all deserts seem be across the world.

Travelling from Mexico and America to the Sahara and Africa, to the Middle East, the Tibetan mountains, and so on, is all of desert climate along this sector of latitudes of the world. The foremost problem with this desert climate limited amount of rain. The precipitation averages an accumulation anually of about 6.12 inches. And per year, about 58 days of rain, usually occurring in the near the winter and spring seasons, though even with the dry summer months there are the occasional thunderstorms.

The city surrounding is of dramatic changes in topography. This is due to seismic activity, among other natural occurances, that there are many monutainous ranges. Yet the few cities are bundled in the valley area between all of the mountains. Thus San Jose is pretty much a flat land, and a very low land, at points even being below sea level. The temperature of this area is as might be imagined, with a range of temperature values.

The minimal average temperature low comes usually in December-January at 41.9ยบF. The average temperature high comes during the summer, at 84ยบF. Thus as would be predictable of a region near the bay, and yet still part of the arid geography. Though it does get pretty cold and has enough rain, there is usually an averge of more than 300 days of sunshine. Generally stated, the weather does not have a large range, and has most of the days of the year in comfortable temperature.

25

The area is not lacking humidity, yet it is not a factor that proves problematic. The general description is that on average, mornings will have dew, since humidity during the morning at all parts of the year is above 85%. Yet the daytime proves that there is little significant humidity, usually being on average below 65%. The wind and rain can attest to a huge factor in the average humidity count. The winds do carry some amount of humidity, strongly coming from the north-west and the south-east. Meaning there is humidity gained from being near the bay from the north-west. And there is humidity coming from the mountains in the south-east. Yet it can be presumed that a lot of the humidity is due the rain coming. Water build up in the clouds from being over a bay induces rainfall. As well as many rain clouds coming over from the changed in air temperature and altitude of the mountains. The prevailing winds are from the same direction as aforementioned. Wind does come from all directions, though at lower frequency. The highest frequency comes from wind speeds of up to 30 kilometer/hour to 10 kilometers/hour, coming from the direction of the bay or southern mountains. The average monthly wind velocity is measured at 4 meters per second to 5.5 meters per second.However the highest wind speeds occur from the cardinally eastern mountains. This would be the Coe Park.

Which is the largest state park in northern California. This hilly and open space allows wind to be unobstructed and come at gaining velocity to the site of San Jose, and other such cities adjacent to this park.

The desert climate breeds intense sunlight conditions. The average hours of sunlight in a year are above ten and a half hours. Thusly it can be deduced that the sun is very predominant in all times of the year. With an annual average of 5 kilowatt-hours per square meter of solar radiation. The monthly low averaging at 1.99 kilowatt-hours per square meter, and the monthly high averaging at 7.41 kilowatt-hours per square meter. Of course the winter being the low, and the summer being the high. The sunlight is an important factor dependent on the way its treated. Often the sun is dealt with as a detrimental aspect that increases discomfort. However there are ways that sunlight can be utilized for positive reasons, especially since it grants an abundance of solar energy.

26

VIII.

Sustainable Responses

From the climate analysis, the portions of which are beneficial for environmentally sustainable design, and which aspects might need to be prevented. The first and foremost is the comfort factors. All other usage of sustainable architecture takes second in precedence to this.

The goal is to have visitation from everywhere, to make sure there is no difficulty for people to adjust to this location. Thus to attract people to this site, creating a environment that people do not have to adapt to, rather the place has been amended to better fit the levels in which people already feel comfortable in.

The first of the factors is the water. This is obvious, no matter where in the world, water is a rare resource. This location of San Jose is blessed to have strong rainfall. Yet this precipitation does not last the whole year. Thus the water should be stored in some cistern or tanks to be utilized in times of need. Furthermore, nowadays grey water becomes a resource that is not extraneous, and must be reutilized. This water would not just be used for maintaining vegetation such as trees and foliage, and most importantly the grass, but also for the people. So to create potable water, there needs to be a sanitation system. The best sustainable solution would be maybe to use gravel and other such methods that nature utilizes in rivers. And water that is utilized for human consummation, whether for drinking or toiletry and such, must have specified heat. To create this heat, with minimal use of energy, the pipes should take advantage of geothermal solutions. Unfortunately geological methods might not be entirely possible due to seismic zones. Hence other methods of passive cooling could be utilized.

The wind is also an abundance natural resource.

The wind is consistent throughout the year in this region, though not at high speeds. So the most useful direction to catch the wind is from the north-west, whereupon the most frequent amount of air flow comes from. This also goes for catching the wind from the south-east, which is also frequent, as well as the wind from the direct east which is at the highest velocity. The humidity of the wind is a gift, not being too much, and being necessary to bringing moisture to this arid atmosphere. Due to the unheated temperature of the breeze, it is very welcomed for direct contact. The wind temperature is a cool breeze, as temperatue of the wind ranges from 50ยบF - 59ยบF. This goes for all wind directions, save the gusts coming from the bay. The bay region winds range at the normal temperature, so it is not necessarily an uncomftable wind, nor is it a nice breeze. So instead, the humidity might be collected, at the first phase of this medium. The second phase would be to allow the wind that still has velocity,

27

to go through a coolant of sort. And then finally the altered wind could be used to cool down the people. The point is that people do not need to have high wind speeds, but rather to simply have movement of air, so that whatever has been emitted from their body, whether heat, radiation, perspiration, or even respiration, will have a movement by air flow.

Another factor that is usually important to the creation of a stadium is the sound level.

Acoustics is a major aspect of any architecture that involves a mass amount of people. In the case of a sporting facility, the acoustics is actually two concerns. The first is keeping the sound within, meaning that not too much noise is sent outside to disturb the neighborhood. It is for this reason, that placing this site in an spacious undeveloped area is beneficial. The next factor is the fact of the sound within the facility. This is to allow the minimal reverberance, so that sound does not echo through the building. And to allow pinpoint amplification of necessary foci, such as the noises that come from the field of play. The other would be for the announcements made from the telecom, whereupon creating a good natural amplification could aid in wasted amount of effort and funding for the sound system. The location of the site deems for a challenge unusual to such edifice type. Being near trains and airplanes, the stadium must also be able to keep sound out. Distractions both visually and audibly will be a task to undergo in the development of this structure. The curve of the walls that surround must be at angle to deflect sound away from the outside, yet contain the noise of the interior within, without echo nor too much reverberance. The latter is achieved by making sure the walls curve without recurve which would cause unsettling vibration of noise. Furthermore, the height of the exterior walls must be enough to abet the noise diversion, as well as visual distraction. As far as acoustics, another important factor would be successful by the correct choices of materials, and a best suit the form of the building.

One of the most key sustainable factors is the selection of materials. These should be made of long-lasting constituents that require low maintenance. With the less need of replacing the materials, there is less labor that is needed, and less waste produced. Thus to say, maybe organic materials might not be the most suitable. The other idea of material factor, is to recycle previously used substances. This has been done with the Soccer City Stadium in Johannesburg, South Africa, which was renovated and reconstructed for the World Cup 2010. It utilized recycled metal panels around its faรงade. This lesson can be carried out further, for this new stadium idea, by using such remolded steels and other metals, not just for veneer components, but maybe for the actual structure. The second major example of recycled materials is the Estรกdio Municipal in Braga, Portugal. The concrete material was made from minerals of the quarries of the very earth it had excavated to make this cliffside stadium. Though this might not be an exact corollary, the idea is that the aggregate of the concrete can come from other deconstructed or demolished edifices, thus essentially recycling the concrete.

Finally, with the high amount of sunlight, without much aid from the atmosphere to refract it, unless for the less

28

than 60 days of cloud cover, the sun becomes very direct and hot. Besides the risk of radiation, the sun generates a lot of heat. There are many solutions to solve this issue. The first thought might be to enclose the stadium.

But making an indoor stadium proves its own set of new problems if done. So there is the idea of the partial enclosement expand to give optimal shading. To give this proper shading, it might be that the eaves that are directly overhead the spectators, that create an awning like design. The other idea of similar sort is to create large walls that surround the periphery of the stadium, maybe not directly attached to the perimeter, more so around the site. The next idea is to basically bury the site, or place the stadium below the ground plane. This has been recently prospected for the design of design of a soccer stadium in the United Arab Emirates. By digging the site underneath the ground level, this not only creates walls that can give shading, but there is the hope that the ground below the elevation is cooler. Though this might not be completely logical to be applied to this site, some parts of this idea could well be. The periphery of the stadium is slightly sunken into the terrain, allowing for canal of grey-water collection to gutter around the perimeter, eventually being held underground in a cistern.

The massive amounts of sunlight is also a positive facet. The sun gives an abundance of energy if collected by solar panels. This is not a new innovation, as it has already been utilized in the National Stadium in Kaoshiung, Taiwan. Now, the region of San Jose potentially gives off much more sunlight than most sites, so it is a great opportunity to utilize such technology.

As a quick study, based on the data from Solland Solar panels company, that have acclaimed photovoltaic panels that can produce 0.3 kilowatt-hours per module, of which their module size is 6.5 feet by 3.3 feet, if solar panels were placed upon this site, at a fixed tilt at a flat zero degree angle, in a year, within one square foot of photovoltaic would gain about 18 kilowatt-hours. To put that into perspective scale, a single light-bulb with the rating of 100-watts, if run 24 hours a day, for a whole year, uses 876 kilowatt-hours of energy. If imagined that the photovoltaic panels would span the entirety of roof surface of the complex, that would produce a massive amount of energy, hopefully able to completely power the entire stadium, if not more. The mission would be to create a stadia that supplies energy for itself, and in using power supply means almost entirely of electricity, not to waste other natural resources. This becomes even more of a possibility as breakthroughs in thin film photovoltaics are now available in this modern time, whereupon they are even as far as 70% transparent, without loss of energy conversion efficiency.

29

Public Restrooms

600

15000

Refreshment Stalls

6

1200

Restaurant Café

2

2000

Circulation Corridors

IX.

Program Table

Stairways

Beverage Bars

The charts show the programmatic data 6 Private Boxes of this edifice. The base initial argument is that VIP 2 this stadium will have to hold a capacity of 30000 V V I P 2 spectators. This is to qualify under FIFA regulations Television Broadcast Centers 1 to support international matches.

These aforesaid Miscellaneous matches are not just national teams, but still the ters club teams, simply comingSurveillance fromCenother countries.1 Facilities Which is the ultimate goalSecurity of MLS stadia, to be1 Electrical Power reused during future Olympics or World Cups. 1 Emergency Electrical Power 1 The scheme provided by the first proposal of the First-Aid Treatment - Spectators 2 San Jose Earthquakes stadium was a capacity of Police Assembly 1 25000. By the time groundbreaking and finalization Waste Removal 1 occured, the number was reduced to 18500. Now Maintenance Closets 1 once again, as always, the Support number of spectators1 Systems is up for debate. Especially with the risk of Locker overoccupancy, due to thePlayers growing number of fans.

Tunnel 2 And also the potential fluxFirst-Aid of spectators that comes Treatment - Players 2 with larger matches that have teams Locker Rooms - Home from abroad.

1 To give a decisive statement, this- Awdecision for this Locker Rooms ay 1 Doping Control qualification 1 project will be based on the FIFA Rooms - Officials 1 for international matches. Locker Conclusively, many of Locker Rooms Ball B o y s the areas alotted per program are based on FIFA1 Locker Rooms - Ball Girls 1 regulations, standards, design suggestions.

1200 Stadium

Program

Net Area

1

71415

Field 12000

Pitch

750

Field Periphery

1

43385

110000

Seatings - Field

50

150

Seating 750 1600 200 200

Seating - Away

12500

112500

Seatings - Home

12500

112500

Seating - Goals

5000

45000

600

15000

Circulation

500

Public Restrooms

200

Circulation Corridors

200

Stairways

200

Refreshment Stalls

6

1200

200

Restaurant Café

2

2000

Beverage Bars

6

1200

2

12000

2000

Private Boxes

500

VIP

3840

VVIP

2

750

3840

Television Broadcast Centers

1

110000

40

Miscellaneous

500

Surveillance Centers

1

750

300

Security Facilities

1

1600

300

Electrical Power

1

200

Emergency Electrical Power

1

200

First-Aid Treatment - Spectators

2

500

Police Assembly

1

200

Laundry

2

100

Fitness Weights

2

1000

Entry Ticketing Booths

8

400

Waste Removal

1

200

Entrances

2

800

Maintenance Closets

1

200

60

1500

Support Systems

1

200

Players Tunnel

2

2000

Public Restrooms Entry Progression

Locker

Open Plaza

10000

Outlet

First-Aid Treatment - Players

2

500

Retail

3

9000

Locker Rooms - Home

1

3840

Restaurant Café

4

1000

Locker Rooms - Away

1

3840

Public Restrooms

60

1500

Doping Control

1

40

Locker Rooms - Officials

1

500

Car Parking Drop-Off

Helipad

Amount

7

4200

Locker Rooms - Ball Boys

1

300

Parking - Shuttles

500

280000

Locker Rooms - Ball Girls

1

300

Parking - Staff

200

32400

Laundry

2

100

Parking - Hospitality

100

16200

Fitness Weights

2

1000

Parking - Media

770

81000

Parking - Home

1600

270000

Ticketing Booths

8

400

Parking - Away

1600

270000

Entrances

2

800

1

30000

60

1500

Entry

Public Restrooms Entry Progression Open Plaza

10000

Outlet Retail

30

Car Parking

3

9000

Restaurant Café

4

1000

Public Restrooms

60

1500

X.

Cost Analysis

The cost of constructing a stadium is a numerical value that fluctuates. There is never a correct way to predict the cost of the erection of such an edifice. In almost all cases, hardly is there a case not like this, where there is a set budget proposed, yet the price goes up drastically, until completion whereupon the stadium actual cost was way beyond the price initially given.

The most vivid example of this would be the reconstruction of the famous Wembley Stadium, in London. The original affixed prices was £458 million. The price would grow drastically with passing time, until the long the eight year venture was over. The architects would ask for another £70 million. Later on the price became around £600 million. The year next was at £660 million.

And finally in ultimatum, once all complete, the price was £757 million! A world record for ever building a stadium.

This was just an oustanding example. Yet it proves the point that the initial cost breakdown will fall short of the final cost. And that the sum of funding set to this construction will most likely increase, unless a falling out occurs. This example also proves facts that the price of construction in general has gone up. Even more so, the money spent on stadia around the world has increased dramatically. For the future 2022 World Cup, Qatar has successfully bid and been awarded the host nation. The country has set aside $3 billion just for the construction and renovation of 12 stadia. Given the current Total Estimated Cost Cost / Square Meter world data, this is actually a feesible and reasonable sum of money to allocate for Substructure $ 2,388,300.00 $ 66.71 The main floor slab, and anything on the ground floor of typical construction, such as but not limited such. Looking back at the 2010 World to, colum bases, piles, footing, ground beams.

Cup, that occured in South Africa, the Johannesburg stadium cost $440 million. Frame $ 5,697,000.00 $ 159.14 All of the structural steel columns and beams, along with any intumescent paint or safety procedures.

These samples might seem extreme. One rational argument might be Upper Floors $ 3,109,500.00 $ 86.87 the capacity and size of the stadiums are Each floor of circulation, inclusively each tier of seating has precast concrete steps. much larger than what is being proposed for this site. However, let there be a gander Roof $ 6,204,000.00 $ 173.30 over in New York City. The state, and its The roof, if not fully enclosed, still shading device, with usage of structural steel, along with desired main monetary capital already are host to roofing material. a very successful MLS team. Yet now it Stairs $ 1,020,000.00 $ 28.35 wants to expand, with goal to ultimately Concrete casted staircases, or may be of other material, with landings, and handrails. have three teams, not just one. Already as is, the Red Bull Arean, which exists now, External Walls $ 2,028,000.00 $ 56.66 had a cost of $250 million for construction. Facing that seals cavities in between structural members, also secondary metal work and minor Now they are ready to spend more money structurals. as soccer craze grows. A plan for a stadium External Openings $ 300,000.00 $ 8.39 Glazing windows, doors, main gates, escape routes. in Flushing Meadows has been priced at $300 million. While a plan for a 25000 seat capacity stadium in Belmont Park has Internal Partitions $ 2,140,500.00 $ 59.79 Block work between areas in need of spearation or partitioning. a proposed cost at $400 million.

Internal Openings

$

705,000.00 $

19.70

Normalized single doors or double doors, for priority seating mostly, and any concession stands.

Finishes

$

1,463,250.00 $

20.44

698,250.00 $

19.50

Any paint, polish, or decoration of walls and floors.

Ceilings

$

Finished ceilings, suspended ceilings, sprinkler systems.

Furniture

$

1,672,500.00 $

31 46.73

Upper Floors

$

3,109,500.00 $

86.87

Each floor of circulation, inclusively each tier of seating has precast concrete steps.

Roof

$

6,204,000.00 $

173.30

The roof, if not fully enclosed, still shading device, with usage of structural steel, along with desired roofing material.

The simplest manner of which to predict the price of this proposed San Jose stadium would the cost of materials.

Yet this might prove the most inaccurate. The best Stairs be to calculate $ 1,020,000.00 $ 28.35 Concrete casted staircases, or may be of other material, with landings, and handrails. way is in using a case study cost model. In this case, the analysis was done by the United Kingdom based company, Davis Langdon, which is a branch company of AECOM. This cost External Walls 2,028,000.00 model was based$on a regional stadium$ for seating56.66 of 25000. Which is ideal to give comparison Facing that seals cavities in between structural members, also secondary metal work and minor tostructurals. what may be the predicted cost of the San Jose Earthquakes stadium. Thusly, the tables show the predicted cost, based on careful comparison to the cost model $ have unique 300,000.00 $ 8.39 External Openings Since stadia programming, and actually quite less programming than other Glazing windows, doors, main gates, escape routes. buildings. Thus it was much more effective to calculate cost via components that are more like categories rather than programs. Note that the profit from any entity has not been taken into Internal Partitions $ 2,140,500.00 $ 59.79 account.

This means any overhead from the architect, contractors, or other consultants is not Block work between areas in need of spearation or partitioning. priced here. One column of the chart displays the lump sum per each item. Thus enabling to total up the amount of funding possibly needed. With this method, the sum is $39697200.00. Which Internal Openings $ 705,000.00 $ 19.70 equates to approximately $1323.24 per Normalized single doors or double doors, for priority seating mostly, and any concession stands.

Total Estimated Cost Cost / Square Meter each seat of the capacity of the stadium.

On the other colum of the chart is the Substructure 2,388,300.00 $ 66.71 Finishes $ 1,463,250.00 20.44 The paint, main floor slab, and anything theand ground floor of typical construction, such as but not limited Any polish, or decoration of on walls floors. display of the entity amount per area. to, colum bases, piles, footing, ground beams.

With this, the hypothesized cost would equate to roughly averaging $55.40 per Frame 5,697,000.00 159.14 Ceilings $ 698,250.00 $ 19.50 All of theceilings, structural steel columns andsprinkler beams, systems. along with any intumescent paint or safety procedures.

Finished suspended ceilings, every square meter.

Upper Floors Furniture

$

3,109,500.00 $ 1,672,500.00

86.87 46.73

Each floor of circulation, of concessions, seating has precast concrete steps.

Priority seating lounges, inclusively restaurantseach and tier other upholstery and/or plastic of spectator seating.

Roof Sanitation

$

6,204,000.00 510,000.00 $

173.30 14.25

Stairs Disposal Waste

$

1,020,000.00 619,800.00 $

28.35 17.31

The not fully enclosed, shading device, with usage of structural steel, along with desired Sinksroof, andifwash rooms, toilets,still other sanitary appliances. roofing material.

Concrete casted staircases, may be janitorial of other material, with landings, and handrails.

Drainage and sewage, trashordisposal, maintenance.

External ElectricalWalls

$

2,028,000.00 3,879,750.00 $

56.66 108.38

Facing that seals between structural members, also signs, secondary metalelectrical work andappliances minor All lighting, powercavities supply,inback-up power supplier, illuminated any other structurals. and installations.

External Openings Heating And Cooling

$

300,000.00 $ 2,600,400.00

8.39 72.63

Glazing doors, main gates, escape air routes.

Standardwindows, heating and ventillation, probable treatment, and any sustainable devices.

Internal Partitions Water And Plumbing

$

2,140,500.00 2,781,000.00 $

59.79 25.89

Internal Openings Lift Elevators

$ $

705,000.00 $ $ 360,000.00

19.70 10.05

Finishes Communications

$

1,463,250.00 1,519,950.00 $

20.44 58.53

Ceilings

$

698,250.00 $

19.50

1,672,500.00 $

46.73

Block work between need of and spearation partitioning.

Potable water, piping,areas fieldin irrigation hosing,or cold water supply, hot water supply.

Normalized single doors or double doors, for priority seating mostly, and any concession stands.

Personnel elevators, freight elevators, spectator elevators.

Any paint, polish, or decoration of walls and floors.televisions, security, all emergency alarms.

Public addressing systems, broadcasting systems,

Finished ceilings, suspended ceilings, sprinkler systems.

Furniture

$

Priority seating lounges, restaurants and other concessions, upholstery and/or plastic of spectator seating.

32

Sanitation

$

510,000.00 $

14.25

XI.

Views And Progression

The goal is whereupon a team in the sport of soccer scores a point. It is the ultimate objective of a player, to ensure the goal with be made. Acheiving a goal produces magnificent feeling, like an honor being bestowed. Spectators of the sport enjoy the viewing of a goal being scored. Yet for both the spectator and the player, the goal is not everything of the game. No, all the acts that lead up to a goal is what makes the game spectacular. It is the progress that occurs in able for a goal to happen that holds the most beauty. Some spectators might just want to see the goal, and thus might just watch a highlight reel. Yet the majority prefer to enjoy the beauty of the game. And thus, stadia should acknowledge this in the manner of the design of said stadiums.

Hence in designing this stadium to be the center of a World Cup, it should epitomize the beauty of the game in full. This is achieved by aesthetically defining the design of the stadium based on two words. The first word being the progression. And the second word being the view.

Progression is the journey that a ball or player must take in achievement of victory in a soccer match. That in making a goal, there is no direct path. There are many steps, many procedures, many struggles that must be overcome and triumphed, to reach the goal. Thus, the point of the endeavor of this project is not to just create a stadium, but what happens before getting inside or even to the stadium. Such that meaning there is some sort of greater experience of entrance to the stadium, created by pathways and plazas affront it. No longer the typical design of stadia which simply feature parking at its perimeters.

So the first step is to make a grand plaza. An inviting place that people will visit. It is as if the location of a larger lobby. The place will be of smaller shops or restaurants, places whereupon a patron may utilize, even if nonrelative to being an actual patron of the stadium.

There are seating areas, along with pleasureable aspects, such as water features or foliage and trees, to give a nice comfortable atmosphere. Quite opposite to the metroplitan or urban feel, this plaza becomes an escape from the urbanism. The zoning of this area shall not exceed one storey, for reasoning to give comfort to the visitors. These tourists will be placed in an area of open air, yet cool and comfortable climate, thus achieved by possible shading techniques, which will not completely block out the sun, yet provide shadow nonetheless. This place becomes a nice place to have social exchanges with familiars and even those who are not. The visitor spends leisurely time. After exploring and socializing in the plaza, the visitor has enjoyed themselves, and thus want to become patrons to this establishment, thereof want to get to the stadium.

The second step comes after the visitors have entered the area surrouding the stadium. Now the persons will have their sightlines at the stadium. Which is at the endpoint of a path. This passage is inviting, making the visitor intrigued and curious. Not only that, but visitors will want to get to the end, whereupon the stadium is.

This is where the true progression begins. The passage is most likely a covered walkway that serves as the main traverse to the location of the stadium. Yet just like a

33

soccer match, the goal is never achieved so simply as a straight line. So this way will meander, giving glimpses of the endpoint, which is the stadium. The edifice will be alit, with lighting that will call it as a beacon. Furthermore, the stadium should be a higher point on this flat surface, thus having quite an elevational difference from the plaza. The passage way gives gradual change in elevation, until reaching the destination. And even throughout this path, there will be difficulties that the visitors will encounters, almost like obstacles, whether physical or simply theoretical. This path would be a round-a-bout way to get to the stadium, yet still suffice as the only main path, making all visitors have to undergo this trial. As the players within this soccer game must face great athletic struggle, the patron of the stadium too shall go through a struggle to view the spectacle. The visitor senses the romance of the allusion of a struggling path, and like any pilgramage, the final result makes it all the while. The patron now experience a grand entrance, not physically, but emotionally, arriving at the desired destination.

View is the enjoyment of the beauty of a game at any given moment, or at special moments that happen along the way of the duration of said game. The view is now literalized in the form of vistas for the patron. The views exemplify the beauties that surround the site.

These views do not just occur only in the places within the stadium, but at its periphery, and even prior to getting to the stadium edifice itself. Of course, there are always views that lead towards the stadium at progressive intervals, to thus guide the visitor to continue the passage.

The periods in which the views occur, give the patron a different appreciation, everytime they look upon the stadium from a different perspective. This also goes the same for when the patron has variant views of the aforementioned foci. The stadium compisition itself will also have different elements in its architecture, so that each part has varying art of design. And at the end of this tour, on the last views will be the plaza or entrance of this journey. The user now feels the accomplishment, having seen where they began, and now knowing where they have arrived.

Thus being said, the entryway of the stadium structure itself should be something that can express the joy of finishing of the journey.

Thus for this given site at the border of San Jose and Santa Clara, there will be attention to three main points of axis to the stadium. These will be, literally, yet more so figuratively, coming in from the main street, coming in from the train tracks, and coming in from the airport.

And by splitting into three different entrances, this creates three different circumstances of which the stadium will be view. Thus each vantage will take upon a varied perspective, noticing the brilliance of which is the form of this stadium edifice. This is a similar accomplishment of the famous Bird’s Nest, in Beijing, China. The stadium becomes an obtuse shape, with structure that is different at various points. Thus from any of the multiple directions, the vantage will vary greatly.

In similar accord, this stadium at San Jose will do the same, both in its gemotry and structure. Furthermore to exemplify this, the paths of which the visitors will take, will also help guide the eye to focus on the certain vantage that is given, and create wonder of what might the stadium be like from another viewpoint.

34

XII.

Typical Massing

Though being a large edifice, stadia are in fact pretty strict in programmatic organization. The first and foremost is the pitch, which is always located in the central part of the stadium. Around this, there is a direct access to the locker rooms, by way of tunnel. Around the periphery of the field there is ample room for photographers, players, security, medifcal staff, etc. Then behind this is another ring which is left for the bench and coaching staff. Then the seating for the spectators surrounds the field. This a key part of the program that is able to have some flexibility, dependent on the amount of seating needed, and of where the views shall be. The standard is that the optimum seating is at both longitudinal direction of the pitch. Other than that, optionally, there can be corner seating, or even seating behind the goals, in otherwords the transverse direction. All booths and boxes, such as media, or VIP and VVIP, and so on, must be located centrally aligned to the middle of the field. The stairs between the seating provide aisles that lead to the corridors that ring around the stadium. The part that can be adapted is how these corridors align from level to level. And then to enclose the stadium, the walls are erected in manners that usually have similar massing, but differing transparency or material dependent on each design. Finally the last element is the roof, which is usually open-air, yet come in a variety of methods of shading, coming at different sizes and angles, adjunct to the optimum shade and design.

Entrance West Sector East Sector South Sector North Sector Shading

35

XII.

Typical Massing

The previously drawn example shows the typical massing of a stadium. Regardless of the design of the stadium, the planning of this site has located the parking to be adjacent to the northwest of this edifice. However, as aforementioned there are still several other components that can be altered, thus though being small changes, in fact turn out to be drastic differences in design. The way that stairways and aisle connect to the corridors becomes an essential part that can alter the design significantly. This option has seating once all around the field. The main circulation is focused on one route. This route wraps around the stadium in an elliptical path. This creates the design of the exterior of the stadium. The path becomes a progression. the beginning is at the entrance plaza for the stadium, and then wraps up and around in a winding motion. The corridors are thus ramps, with minimal use of stairs, in elevation like many spirals. The spectators now enjoy many views as they travel to their desired seat.

Entrance West Sector East Sector South Sector North Sector Shading

36

XII.

Typical Massing

This second option is based on the fact that most all games occur in the afternoon. Knowing that, the most essential shading devices are needed on the west side.

Thus there can be two differing methods of shading, as far as roof design. The east side becomes a standard, minimal roof shading, only for the necessary protection from weather elements such as rain. The main portion of the shading is a piece that expands to cover the west side mostly, and as well as expanding to cover the north and south seating. The reasoning for making seating all around on all sides is to lower the height of entire edifice. And thereby, the shading device though large, is atleast somewhat shrunk in comparitive size. The roof of the west side expands and touches upon the ground, thus creating the plaza, or entrance in means of a shaded outdoor area.

Entrance West Sector East Sector South Sector North Sector Shading

37

XII.

Typical Massing

Regardless of option of design, the layout of the stadium is always in conjunction to the field, and in this case being located at this site, the field will be oriented with the longitudinal direction spanning from north to south.

This is to prevent the sun rise or set from glaring into the eyes of the players. Thus shading devices are exceptionally necessary in the main seating, as most of the seats are located either to the east or west of the field. For this third option, the stadium is opened at one face, allowing the backdrop of the field to be a view of the outside world.One edge might nto be needed, as the stadium does not accomodate for so many spectators. Taking this part out allow for more natural air flow. The direction of which this opening faces can be either to the north or the south. If to the north, it faces the airport, and the spectacle of airplanes landing and taking off could be an added beauty. If to the south, it faces the university, and the more busier side of site.

Entrance West Sector East Sector South Sector North Sector Shading

38

XIII.

Symmetry Versus Assymetry

After the analysis of the aforementioned basics of stadium layout, and further inquiry and study into other such forms, finally the ultimate question arises. Why are stadia designed to be symmetrical? The first and foremost answer is the shape of the pitch. The field is a vey rudementary and regulated object. This part of the stadium is hardly to be tampered with. The strict litigation is justified, that there be equality and symmetry in layout of a soccer pitch. Each team, each player, has an equalized chance in fair gameplay.

Yet now the pondering and questioning deepens into asking why the rest of the stadium must be symmetrical to match said pitch. In fact, most all stadium, even if some portion is cut out, have a symmetrical layout. And even in these stadium arrangements, whether octagonal or ellptical, there is still an equality conceptualized in the positioning of stairs, restrooms, concessions, and other conveniences. But then, if looked upon closer, the pricing of seating ranges greatly. One would expect the seats near to the sidelines at the center to be the higher price, being the most desirable to watch the game. This is true. But what comes second is more interesting. Even from the west side, or the east side of the pitch, there is a difference in price range. This is simply because most games are played near to evening time. So thus the seats less inclined to having the sun in their eyes are given a higher price. Furthermore, there is a significant difference between pricing for the seats in the south, and seats in the north. This is due to the natural glare, dependant on which hemisphere of the world the stadium is located. Thusly, for this stadum, seats in the north are less desirable.

So then why put seating symmetrically around the pitch? That question leads to the creation of a seating arrangement that is assymetrical. The greater seats are located where there is more desire to be seated. The way this particular stadium is placed on site, is not directly north-south, but at an angle of 30 degrees rotated towards the east. Hence, the least amount of seats are located to the north-west, where the most amount of seating is located in the south-east. And since the stadium is oriented on site not directly north-south, there is a stange geometry created, that is not an equal ellipse, and not even a symmetrical form, but this strangely beautiful deformed oval. Of course there is further enforcing to the reasoning for seating. The train tracks are located primarily to the south-east, and the airport runway is located to the north-west. It is a niceity to

39

either watch a train go by, or a plane take-off or come in for a landing. However a majoritiy of the time, the track and tarmac will be vacated, simply a barren land. And thus now what must be observed is which is more pleasing to the eye, an old railroad, or a vast expanse of the runway.

The latter is considered to be the more pleasing, and thus seating is arranged to the south with greater reasoning.

Minus the private boxes, such as important persons, and the press rooms, which must be located directly near the center of the pitch, the next sector with most seating becomes both the east and west directions. One might critique that there should be extra emphasis on these seats, in compared to being in the south, or even favoring one goal. Yet one must remember that a soccer game is of two half time periods, and thus the teams switch midway. A person who is near to the goal gets to view exciting action for both halves.

The arrangement of this seating directly dictates the stairways. Seating rows can only number so many, without affecting the laws of egress, and more importantly affecting the desired line of vision. So there is a lower tier, now being complimented with an upper tier. However this is now all around the stadium, due to the fact that the more desired seating will have greater number. Thus the lesser, in the north will probably only have one tier of seating, and the south will probably have two tiers of seating. The rest will all follow justly. Thereby, stairs will not be included at all points. Yet there will be stairways located where it is necessary to get to the second tier.

Now the other greater structure of a stadium is the shading devices. This completes the geometry of the mass. The shading still accomodates for the seating, regardless of location north or south or wherever. In most all stadia is there is a concise shading device that equally wraps around the seating. Yet this makes almost no sense, as sun angles vary greatly dependent on cardinal locale. So in response to this, shading should actually match to block the sun angle, not form a solid perfected oval. For this stadium, the shading structure in the north is much more curved and over-arching, protecting from the low angle of the northern sun. Whilst the shading structure in the south is much more vertically straight, as it simply needs to block the south light of the sun. And from these two origins, the rest of the shading structure is created, once again creating an assymetrical design. Further enhancing this, due to the initial arrangement of the seats, the shading structure takes on that form, so now is also a tilted ellipse.

40

XIV.

The Pitch

Soccer fields have a standardization of size throughout certain regions. Even having variances in the type of game, whether youth, small league, professional league, or even national matches. Since the utlimate goal of this construction is to create a stadium that can be reused for reasons other than just the San Jose Earthquakes home field, the field must be sized to match whatever dimension of the largest field applicable. With this thought in mind, the field should have reason to be used in international matches, thereof the compliance would follow FIFA regulations. This would mean the basic which is the field has a dimension of 105 meters by 68 meters. There also other linings which need to be maintained. Yet as far as construction is concerned, the more important area to take into consideration is the necessary periphery.

41

XV.

Stadium Construction

Perhaps one of the most essential parts of the entire process of creating stadia, is the actual materials and members that are selected for the structural integrity of the edifice. Safety is a huge issue when it comes to an assembly of people so large. It pays to be overprotective to ensure prevention of any failures in structures or collapse of walls or floors. So thus, the main materials as could be imagined are steel members with concrete diaphragm. The steel will be in compliance with AISC, and the concrete will be in compliance wtih ACI. While all loads will be taken into consideration with dead load and live loads as applicable by IBC, whichever produces the higher value of safety. The first notice is that according to IBC, the stadium falls under the occupancy type A-5.

The type of construction of this edifice is Type I A. Thus per IBC, all the structure is at the highest level or fire-resistance rated protection. Meaning that the in reference to table IBC 601, all of the primary structure, which would mostly be steel in this case, will have a 3 hour fire-rating. All of the walls, both exterior and interior, that are load bearing, will also have a 3 hour fire-rating. The floor construction, which would be concrete most likely, will have a 2 hour fire-rating. And finally the roof elements will have a 1.5 hour fire-rating.

Other than just the main portion of the seating and circulation, there are other components that add to the aggregate to create a full stadium. These parts are the actual enclosed rooms, in example, the security room, the media centers, the VIP and VVIP boxes, and the locker rooms.

These constituents can just be summed into the same style of construction and code regulations.

As these components, as listed by IBC 303.1, are all areas of occupancy tupe A that are rooms or spaces with a load of less than 50 persons, and less than 750 square feet, thereof considered under occupancy type B. Accordingly to IBC 602 and IBC 603, all the constructs will be of Type I A. And no use of wood, even fire-retardant, will be permitted, for any of the constructed rooms above two stories from the grade plane. The fire-rating for these partitions are 1 hour.

The corridors are somewhat enclosed, and shall abide to the egress laws, mentioned later.

However, another greater factor of enclosed spaces is the lavatories. The construction types shall be the same as aforementioned, not having large variance from other enclosed spaces, save the finished materials. The amount of wash-closets is regulated most loosely by IBC, and usually up for local jurisdiction, however FIFA has set regulation that amounts the number of stalls per spectator, and having a different grade dependent on the sex. For women, there should be about 20 stalls per every 1000 spectator. For men, there shoudl be about 15 stalls per every 1000 spectator. This is also inclused the requirements of disable and wheelchair accessible stalls, which is considered at 1 per every 5000 spectators. There is also the consideration that in every restroom, out of the entire room, of all the stalls, there should be atleast one handicap accessible stall. So this second consideration takes greater effect and allows for more in the amounting of how many handicap stalls will be installed. These restrooms will obviously be distributed in a reasonable manner around the stadium, each floor require to sustain its own restrooms.

The thought of planning the restrooms comes with conjunction to the concession stands. These are the bars and refreshment stands, which also have 5 points per every 1000 spectators. In conjunction with these two major facilities, the concentration can either be that the lavatories and concession are at alternating layout in smaller grouping, or at higher concentration whereupon lavatories are in one sector, and the refreshments located at the other sector. Either version having been and is acceptable as recommended by FIFA.

42

XVI.

Parking

As displayed by the programming calculation of square footage, the parking lot takes up a huge amount of land. As also afore shown, there are a mulititude of parking spaces to be taken into consideration. Each needs a different amount of spacing and area alotted. Other than just the standard parking, there are also drop-off zones. Special parking spaces are also granted for buses. All the spaces must also be align with organization that allows traffic to flow through the lot. Futhermore, as far as design, the parking lot must make efficient usage of the distance needed to travel to arrive at the entrance of the stadium. All the while taking into consideration which spaces might need be to most near to the actual stadium, and which can be further. When designing the dimension to this parking lot, the first regulations are set by the municipal code, which would come from the city of San Jose. Secondly, the technical regulations are set by FIFA, which have a set selection of how many spaces of which kind are needed. Also the fact that parking should be on-site with the stadium, which the furthest travelling distance no greater than 1500 meters. And according to sample FIFA calculations, the stadium of 30000 person capacity will have 5000 parking spots, with 250 bus parking spaces. With the of course IBC 1106.1 regulation of 2% of all parking spots will be allocated to handicap accessible spaces

According with the current plan of the commissioning board and city of San Jose and Santa Clara, the area will be part of a newer zone including hotel, retail, and other such venues.

As such, there will be several parking structures provided. It is within their plan that parking for the stadium will be accounted for within the parking garages. Thus not all of the parking places need be on grade, and not exactly within the zone parameters of the stadium, but rather will be elsewhere yet closeby.

43

XVII.

Egress

The means of escape is the most important factor of any building, second to only the structural integrity. Not to be confused as a law of egress, there is a reference that accompanies the access, which is relavant to the entrances and exits. The turnstiles are usually numbered as one per every 1000 spectators. The belief is that the people should be able to empty out of the stadium within 8 minutes time. Though this is not a code, just a suggestion.

Now onto the code requirements. First, since this is an assembly type construct, there are additional special codes to be followed. The first of which is by IBC 1024.7, which states that the travel distance to the exit should not exceed 250 feet. Furtermore, this section of the IBC states that open air seating can have a travel distance of egress not exceeding 400 feet.

Which seems more applicable to a stadia designed seating arrangement. Then by IBC 1022.6, the exterior egress ways should be separated from the interior, and have limited openings to only those necesarry for other occupied areas in need of egress. This section also refers to IBC 1019.1, specifically stating that A-5 occupancy does not need to have enclosed egress paths, inclusively interior egress paths. According to the assembly section, IBC 1024.6.1, the width of the path of egress should be 0.3 inches per each occupant served by this pathway. This is a corollary compliance with the table of IBC 1005.1, which by default is stating that the code claims assembly of stadia to have egress in which sprinkler systems would not have a significant safety effect. Finally, each exit should have a minimum width equal to the sum of all egress paths that arrive at this point, IBC 1024.2.

SEAT

AISLE

CORRIDOR

MAIN CORRIDOR

EMERGENCY EXITS

44

STAIRS

MAIN ENTRANCE

XVIII.

Seating

Quite possibly the most important factor of programming when it comes to patron satisfaction and comfort. For this, the first factor is that FIFA has set law that a seat must be absolutely at miminum 45 centimeters in width, with a backrest of atleast 30 centimeters. Yet the greater consideration is the laws of egress, which affect the amount of seating that can be alotted per row, and how many rows can be laid out with interval landings, and many other accounts related to the stairs and egress. From the IBC, the code to take into account is IBC1024.8 of assemblies, whereupon the common path of egress travel should not be more than 30 feet away from any person.

The next greater contemplation is the comfortability for spectators. There should be just enough room for someone to be seated without agitation, yet without overexertedly taking up too much area. This comes in the width and the depth dimensions aforementioned. Height is another great factor by itself. The elevational differences from row to row creates the differing angles to view the field. The regulations set by FIFA are borrowed from the original formula of finding the value of which is created by the sightline of a spectator. The diagramming is borrowed from the stadium seat installation Starena.

The focal point of a soccer stadium is at zero elevation. Most of the calculations come from the studies of a book of reference for stadia design by authors Geraint John, Rod Sheaard, and Ben Vickery.

The base recommended C-value would be 0.3 feet. So thusly, anything greater than this value is a boon, however anything lower than this value is negative.

Seating is a major planning issue that should be taken care of first. Conclusively, no matter the design of the construct, poor seating dimensioning will result in a bad stadium. To make this effectively work, from the first row to the thirteenth, the increments of height are 1.5 feet, yet after beginning with the fourteenth row onwards the height increases to incrementally 2 feet. Thus there are actually two angles of rake in effect to provide the optimal viewing pleasure.

45

Thus after mathematical formula of sightline, an answer is resolved for the probable seating elevation arrangement of this stadium. And also with compliance to the several governing codes, the seating layout of the rows and columns, with appropriate platform intervals and stair placement is now set. The intial diagram shows the typical arrangment that fulfills the set criteria.

The second diagram shows the designed layout of the seating meant for this San Jose stadium.

Note that the modifications are not only to abet with code compliance, but also for the aesthetic purpose of arrangement that is pleasing as the visitor approaches the desired seat.

10’

30’

46

30’

5’

30’

30’

30’

XIX.

Stairs

1.5’

1.5’

Along with egress comes stairs. This is vastly important in the design of stadia, since all of the seating is connected via the stairways. There are two major stair sets of applications.

The first is the stairs that lead patrons to different tiers or levels of elevation. The second is the stairs that lead the patron to their actual seat. Though both must meet standard regulations as set

by IBC, that does not particularly mean that both will look the same. By IBC 1104.4, any level that does not contain accessible components is not required to have a stair access. Of which is important to first point out, as stadium do not necessarily need roof or shading apparati access, etcetera. As standard, according to IBC 1009.1, the stairway width shall not be smaller than 44 inches, and according to IBC 1009.3, the height of the stair will not exceed 7 inches and still be more than 4 inches, with the depth being no less than 11 inches. IBC 1009.2 requires a minimu headroom of 80 inches. Yet this will not be problematic in the design of a stadium. And accordingly to IBC 1009.4 and 1009.6, landing will be provided every 12 feet of vertical rise, with the width in the traversing direction being no less than 48 inches. So thus, the first drawing displays the dimensioning of the typical stairways to the seats. The second drawing displays the characteristics of the design of the stairs that lead to the different floors.

0.5’

1.5’

1’

4’

47

XX.

Locker Rooms

As far as structural issues, the locker rooms might not be a big matter. However the programming of this sector is actually a bit complex. There are many different pieces of the program that must be laid out in an orderly manner. There are two approaches in where the placement of these dressing facilities could be. The first is that the two would be ajdacent to one another, on one side of the pitch. The second method is that the two would be on opposite sides of the pitch. Both styles have been utilized by major sports facilities. The first is more standard, whereupon each team has a separate locker room, then converge along one tunnel, bringing a sort of camaraderie to the opposing teams prior to gameplay. The second is usually utilized in leagues where violent opposition has had a history. The teams are separated to prevent any sort of foulups that could happen outside of gameplay. Within each locker facility, there are a multitude of components.

For this stadium, there will be two sectors of locker rooms, one per team. The two teams them join into one tunnel. Each locker room is facilitated with not just lockers, but smart board television, with bench seating to allow for meetings. Both locker rooms also having lavatories and shower rooms. Also included are laundry facilities, as might be necessary not just for the main games, but for practices held in this stadium. Furthermore, there are referee and officials locker rooms located adjacent yet beyond the player locker rooms. As required, adjacent to the aforementioned are doping control rooms, first aid treatment, and other such minor medicial accomadations. Located in this sector, are also security rooms, policing quarters, and personnel assemblence rooms, if the occasion need be.

48

XXI.

Media

Press boxes are an essential member of the stadium that not only relay information to the stadium itself, but to the outside world. Media facilities help popularize the sport at play in this stadium, and increase the exposure of the team to the rest of the country and world. There are certain regulations set by FIFA, which are pretty logical, of the placement and constructed.

For the general, the press box should be centralized, to thus have a full view of the field. At maximum, the press box should not exceed 16 meters from the center line of the field. This is in the main grand stand, where is usually directly above the player dressing rooms. The boxes are placed at high elevation, to have clear view in panorama, but not at the highest stands of the stadium. There should also be consideration that in occasions of larger scale games, such as international matches, the media rooms should have potential capability to expand.

The height difference and layout of the media center is not unlike that of normal seating.

In fact, the height is very much alike, if the sightline values were correctly formulated initially.

Where the variance comes is obviously in the depth of the tiers, as desks are necessary for proper media appliances. Furthermore, notice that there is a skip of alternating every other normal seating tier. This is give the most optimal unobstructed view, and not to have interference between several different media casting channels. The most important part is that the room should be enclosed from outside spectators. Thus meaning the front view should be separated by plexiglas, and the other sides shoudl be partitioned in suitable means. The general calculation in row width is that a single commentary seat would take up twice the amount of space of an ordinary seat. Though it is not essential for all media seats have a desk, the guideline is atleast half the spaces must be provided with a desk.

49

XXII.

VIP & VVIP

A major goal is providing a high quality hospitality to special guests of the game. These patrons are an essential chunk of the soccer stadium funding and support. In standard stadium designs, the minimal requirement is to facilitate for 300 persons. This is of course dependent on the significance of the match at play, so thus the rooms might have need to expand in capacity if need be. Of course these locations will have bolstered security for the guests and their items. The room will be centralized, not unlike a sky box. The VIP lounge should of course have separate toilet, services, and other facilities, inclusively a reception area.

As the modern game of soccer has evolved, so has the fan base. Furher than just the VIP, there are now patrons dignified as VVIP. These persons might or might not be essential parts of the funding of the stadium or support, but are still guests of high honor. These can be such as persons of high government standing, inclusively royalty. Yet there is also a good portion that may be persons such as owners of the stadium or large shareholders of the team, and other such sponsors. The location is usually in conjunction to the VIP lounge. Though every component of this VVIP lounge should be separate and easily differentiate from the VIP lounge. This capacity will be agreed upon by the owner of the stadium.

So now in this stadium, these special person are granted seating near the center of the pitch, as required by FIFA. They will enjoy outdoor seating to view the match, as it will welcome them to be part of the atmosphere. Directly adjacent to their backs is the indoor sector, which contains all of the hospitality features, separated from the general public, such as but not limited to, lavatories, dining, welcome desk, lounge, conference table, and multiple televisions.

50

XXIII.

Transparent Exterior

When thinking about stadia, the first image that comes to mind is usually a massive edifice that covers the grounds. A colosseum that is made of materials sturdy. But when further analyzing the structure which upholds a stadium, the truth is that it is very bare. Especially with the technology of this modern age, there are many ways to adequately structure a stadium that does not need to be so bulky. The point that is trying to be made in the design of this particular stadium is that there is no need to create a stadium that produces a heavy visual to the onlooker.

That a stadium could be light in appearance. In doing so, there is a complete inversion as to how people believe a stadium should be like. People will begin to look at a stadium in a new light, and this will lead to a revolution on how stadia in the future will be designed.

So to first accomplish this feeling, the exterior facade becomes the most prominent visual. The material of the shading shell should be of transparent element. Thusly, the material will be ETFE (ethylene tetrafluoroethylene), which is an advancement of the basic PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene). These are synthesized plastic polymers that are up to 90% transparent.

The advanacement in this material, particularly ETFE, continues as modern science furthers. Yet this type of material usage has actually been applied to architecture before even nearly one-and-a-half decades ago, the Eden Project, or Biodome, in Cornwall, United Kingdom. This is an exampled usage of the ETFE material when it was very nearly first established. The bubbles in the Biodome utilize three layers of ETFE, which has become the standard way in which to apply it. The first layer acts like a concave lens, simply due to the extrusion of air that it is filled with. The second layer simply acts a membrane that prevents many harmful rays from penetrating. Finally the third layer acts as a convex lens, thus diffusing the light, instead of amplifying or magnifying it. Thereof, light comes through, without too much excess heat, and without being direct sunlight. Furthermore this type of system is advantageous to normal glazing of which usually greatly increases heat and sunlight to a magnified extent.

This type of panelling system of transparent material has been most recently and famously been utlized in Beijing, China, on the aquatic sports venue of the Water Cube. The bubbles are all actually seven or eight different panels, arranged in a manner to look like random pieces, though in fact well calculated and organized. These bubbles are also made of ETFE, the previously mentioned plastic polymer material. Though this was chosen at a less transparent potency. Yet the layering system is still the same, producing this bulbous bulging effect, which was played out in benefit to the architectural facade.

Further emphasized by the use of LED (light emitting diodes) for lighting. Which will also be an element of this stadium at San Jose.

51

52

53

XXIV.

Structural Development

As aforementioned, upholding a stadium does not actually take as much structure as one might imagine. The main and most apparent structure is the one upholding the shading device.

The ETFE allows light to come through, yet prevents heat and harsh rays. Then at the higher portions of the shading device, there are thin-film photovoltaic transparent panels. The entire construct is transparent, and furthermore extremely light. The weight is very minimal, with the summative of all layers of material being less than an inch in thickness. Furthermore, being made of a thin plastic rather than some metal or even fabric element makes it even more the lighter.

So then the actual structural calculation comes from the necessity to simply hold its own weight. The steel structure must match the needed height and certain curvature angle to block certain sunlight. Thus to hold itself up, the main posts will be thicker than the other portions of the structure. Yet certainly do not need to be extremely large. These posts are actually two curved columns of steel, connected together like a truss, then ultimately coming to a single point.

The base of course being wide, while the top being the point. There is then the intermediate trussing in between, holding the two columns together. This type of structure was borrowed when anaylyzing the structure of the Allianz Arena, in Munchen, Germany.

The footing is of course with heavy large diameter caisson, at each point of which a colum hits the ground. The floor being a concrete slab on grade. And the caissons being extremely deep, approximately half the height of the actual structure, though all caissons will in fact be to the same depth or length, no matter the difference in structural member height, nor change in elevation.

Now the big issue becomes how do each of these tall structures prevent from falling over. This is done so by a compression ring, not unlike how many stadia are designed today.

Simply put, structural members are constantly pressing against one another, the force is then in equilibrium, preventing one or another from overturning, not unlike the way a dome or arch would work. This is summation of steel structural elements is shown in the before-mentioned arena, and better yet in the example of the Baltic Arena, in Gdansk, Poland. And this type of compression system is still applicalbe to this stadium at San Jose. The only remaining element becomes tertiary trussing between each of the main posts in a lateral sense. Which is also applied as the clamps and mullions of which the shading panels will be held.

54

XXV.

Light Penetration

In creating the idea of a light-weight stadium edifice, there is a third element, aside from the transparent facade material and the shading structural members. This would be the seating. It is almost irrefutable that there will the use of concrete. This will ofcourse be a reinforced ductile concrete. This cementicious connection makes the plaforms of which the seats will be planted to, and futhermore the pathways and aisles for travel. However there is no need to make such a heavy mass out of the concrete. In fact, why not imagine each row as a single concrete element, and then connected by another accord, rather than just making a thick concrete block.

Each of these concrete platforms is simply lifted off the ground, held up by post and beams. Of course, there are some walled elements, such as concession stands, restrooms, and projection walls. These create the necessary lateral resistance. And thus, leaves the rest of the seating to simply be on stilts. Connecting each row to one another becomes an embedded design of the structure of each seat. Between each row, there are small steel columns, acting like a transfer beam. These small steel members are in fact the structure of which the seats are placed upon. Seamlessly, the structure is integrated into the designed of the seating arrangement. And there is no need for a heavy mass. Light now penetrates through the apertures, creating an effect seldom ever seen in stadia.

This is further enforced as the light trickles between each gap between the seats, then there are larger apertures whereupon light comes from the opening created by the stairways and entrances to the tiers. Then the light reflects upon the ETFE glazing panels. The under passageway of this stadium is not some dark place, but corridors with natural daylight shimmering from all directions of the passerby. And as a person walks from the entrance to their desired seat, the come to realize the marvel of this stadium that is light-weight in feeling, created by the mixture of several architectural designs.

55

XXVI.

Floor Plans

0’

50’

56

100’

LOWER LEVEL

XXVI.

0’

Floor Plans

50’

100’

UPPER LEVEL

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

XXVII.

64

Sustainability Section

XXVIII.

Structural Section

65

66

67

68

69

XXIX. Annotated

References

1.

Fédération Internationale de Football Association, . FIFA Stadium : Technical Requirements And Recommendations. Zurich, Switzerland: 2007.

2.

Fédération Internationale de Football Association, . FIFA Safety Regulations. Zurich, Switzerland: 2008.

3.

Fédération Internationale de Football Association, . FIFA Safety Guidelines. Zurich, Switzerland: 2008.

4.

Major League Soccer L.L.C., . MLS History. New York, New York: 2008.

5.

Major League Soccer L.L.C., . History – San Jose Earthquakes. New York, New York: 2011.

6.

United States Soccer Federation, . National Women’s Soccer League. Chicago, Illinois: 2013.

7.

Robert Jonas, . San Jose Earthquakes Proposed Soccer-Specific Stadium . San Jose, California: 2011.

8.

Mercury News, . New San Jose Earthquakes Soccer Stadium Groundbreaking . San Jose, California: 2012.

9.

Sports Economic L.L.C., . Market Assessment And Economic Impact Analysis For Proposed Soccer Stadium In The City Of San Jose . Orinda, California: 2008.

10.

United States Department Of Energy, . EnergyPlus Energy Simulation Software . Washington D.C.: 2013.

11.

Solland Solar, . Poly-crystalline Photovoltaic Module EL72 Series . Maastricht, Netherlands: 2012.

12.

National Renewable Energy Laboratory, . PV-Watts. Golden, Colorado: 2012.

13.

FWP, . More Than A Stadium? . Preston North-End, United Kingdom: 2008.

14.

HVS Convention, Sports & Entertainment, . Business Plan Review: Soccer Stadium Proposal . San Antonio, Texas: 2011.

15.

Davis Langdon, . Cost Model: Football Stadiums . London, United Kingdom: 2004.

16.

Le Corbusier, . Towards A New Architecture . Paris, France: 1927.

17.

International Code Council, . International Building Code . Washington D.C.: 2012.

18.

Geraint John, Rod Sheaard, and Ben Vickery, . Stadia: A Design And Development Guide . Burlington, Massachusetts.: 1994.

19.

Starena, . Sightline For Seated Spectators . West Gosford, Australia.: 2013.

20.

DuPont, . ETFE Resin . Dover, Delaware.: 2013.

21.

UCLA Newsroom, . UCLA researchers create highly transparent solar cells for windows that generate electricity. Los Angeles, California.: 2012.

70

XXX.

Images Bibliography

1.

TH UK Network Ltd, . Adidas World Cup Match Ball Collection. 2009. <http://www.footy-boots.com/ adidas-world-cup-match-ball-collection-8060/>.

2.

Getty Images, . Beckham v Henry!. 2011. <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-1384800/ Beckham-v-Henry-MLS-superstars-head-head-LA-Galaxy-draw-New-York-Red-Bulls.html>.

3.

RSL Soapbox, . For Major League Soccer It Isn’t Just About Team 20 (NY2) But Beyond. 2012. <http:// www.rslsoapbox.com/2012/5/14/2839480/for-major-league-soccer-it-is-no-longer-about-team-20-butabout-beyond>.

4.

Chris Creamer, . San Jose Clash Logo. 2005. <http://www.sportslogos.net/logos/view/6192/San_Jose_ Clash/1996/Primary_Logo>.

5.

Chris Creamer, . San Jose Earthquakes Logo. 2006. <http://www.sportslogos.net/logos/ view/3lh97ghuc6hueh0db3gl/San_Jose_Earthquakes/2000/Primary_Logo>.

6.

Mercury News, . New San Jose Earthquakes Soccer Stadium Groundbreaking. 2012. <http://photos. mercurynews.com/2012/10/21/new-san-jose-earthquakes-soccer-stadium-groundbreaking/>.

7.

Robert Jonas, . San Jose Earthquakes Proposed Soccer-Specific Stadium . 2011. <http://www. centerlinesoccer.com/san-jose-earthquakes-proposed-soccer-specific-stadium-undergoes-neighborhoodscrutiny-new-design-elements-begin-to-take-shape/>.

8.

Zac Lee Rigg, . New U.S. Women’s League Called The National Women’s Soccer League. 2012. <http:// www.goal.com/en-us/news/66/united-states/2012/12/15/3605908/new-us-womens-league-called-thenational-womens-soccer>.

9.

Nicole Gaouette, . Giants Stadium Designer Builds In Iraq As Clinton Prods Business. <http://www. bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-15/giants-stadium-designer-builds-in-iraq-as-clinton-prods-business. html>.

10.

ThreeSixty Architecture, . New Meadowlands Stadium. 2012. <http://360architects.com/Meadowlands_ portfolio_360.html>.

11.

Joey McCullough, . Bronco Stadium Evolved: Athletics Unveils Plans For Bronco Stadium Expansion.

2010. <http://arbiteronline.com/2010/08/30/athletics-unveils-plans-for-bronco-stadium-expansion/>.

12.

Fentress Architects, . Incheon International Airport. 2013. <http://www.fentressarchitects.com/portfolio/ aviation/incheon/>.

13.

Rally Bus, . Bowl Bus Tailgating Travel To Stanford Stadium In Stanford, CA!. 2013. <http:// stanfordstadium.bowlbus.com/>.

14.

Hoover Associates, . University Circle. 2009. <http://www.hooverarchitects.com/index. asp?pgid=22&projectid=167>.

15.

Reuters, . Soccer City Stadium, Johannesburg: World Cup 2010 Stadium Guide. 2009. <http:// www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/competitions/world-cup-2010/stadiums/soccer-cityjohannesburg/6554681/Soccer-City-Stadium-Johannesburg-World-Cup-2010-stadium-guide.html>.

16.

Luis Ferreira Alves, . Braga Stadium. 2011. <http://architecture.about.com/od/findphotos/ig/Souto-deMoura/Braga-Stadium.htm>.

71

17.

Construction Week Staff, . Al Ain Stadium Design Wins Best Future Building. 2012. <http://www. constructionweekonline.com/article-18751-al-ain-stadium-design-wins-best-future-building/#.

UUgbEByG18E>.

18.

Solland Solar, . S.Benedetto Tronto (AP). 2012. <http://www.sollandsolar.com/elital_multimedia_ energy_eng.php>.

19.

Ministry Of Culture, Taiwan, . Kaoshiung Main Stadium. 2012. <http://www.culture.tw/index. php?option=com_sobi2&sobi2Task=sobi2Details&sobi2Id=864&Itemid=175>.

20.

Wolfgang Kessling, . TED Blog : 5 Amazing Spaces With Surprising Ways To Stay Cool. 2012. <http:// www.wordever.com/clipper/2235745/smart-humans-doing-smart-things-1536/3675.html>.

21.

Grant Wahl, . Cosmos Serious About New Stadium, Separate From MLS Plans. 2013. <http:// sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/news/20130116/new-york-cosmos-stadium/>.

22.

Wallpapers Of Asia, . Birds Nest Beijing China. 2008. < http://www.asia-trip.info/birds-nest-beijingchina.html>.

23.

Albert Speer & Partner GmbH, . Al Shamal Stadium. 2010. <http://www.archivenue.com/qatar-2022and-asp-release-proposals-for-five-stadiums-in-bid-for-fifa-world-cup-2022/>.

24.

Populous, . 2014 Incheon Asian Games. 2009. <http://www.bustler.net/index.php/article/2014_incheon_ asian_games_main_stadium_design_competition_result>.

25.

Captain Jack Sportsnet Forum, . Japan, Miyagi Stadium. 2002. <http://www.hrsport.net/SportnetKlub/ Tema.aspx?pID=1877666>.

26.

Chargingbull, . Cool Dome. 2008. <http://intelligentlyretarded.wordpress.com/2008/01/19/cool-dome/>.

27.

Robin Denton, . Eden Project Cornwall. 2001. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/ smithandjones/7393201826/lightbox/>.

28.

Getty Images, . Beijingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Olympic Venues. 2008. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics/7342488. stm>.

29.

BF Projects, . Allianz Arena Plano. 2008. <http://novumcoliseum.blogspot.com/2011/11/plano-allianzarena-y-green-point.html>.

30.

Tomasz Jozefczak, . Stadion PGE Arena GdaĹ&#x201E;sk. 2012. <http://www.geolocation.ws/v/P/77180816/ stadion-pge-arena-gdask/en>.

72

73

74