International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR) ISSN: 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P) Volume-9, Issue-11, November 2019
Preliminary Investigation On the Effect of Crumb Rubber (From Waste Tyre) On Nigerian Tar Sand Bitumen and Conventional 60/70 Olutaiwo Adewale O., Adewole Oluwatobi S.
060 47'N and longitudes 0030 59'E and 003059'E [8]. Its properties are highlighted in TABLES 1 and 2 below.
Abstract— In this study, standard laboratory tests such as: Penetration, Viscosity, Softening Point, Specific gravity and Flash/Fire Point tests, were conducted on samples of crumb rubber-modified Tar sand bitumen and crumb rubber-modified conventional 60/70 bitumen, using crumb rubber replacement percentages of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 12.5% and 15%.
Table 1: Properties of Tar Sand Sample Bitumen Saturation A B Samples Weight of Tar Sand (g) 2474.7 2468.2 Weight of Sand (g) 2008.5 2002.0 Weight of fillers (g) 283.4 278.2 Weight of bitumen (g) 182.8 177.6 % of weight of Bitumen 7.4 7.2 Average % weight of bitumen 7.3
Index Terms— Bitumen, Crumb rubber (CR), Marshall Stability & Flow, Tar Sand
I. INTRODUCTION Nigeria’s road network of about 200,000km is largely in a bad state despite the fact that Nigeria is reputed for having the second largest deposit of bitumen in the world, spanning approximately 120 kilometers across Ogun, Ondo, Lagos and Edo State [1]. The estimated probable reserve of bitumen in Ondo state alone is 16 billion barrels, while that of Tar Sands and Heavy Oils is estimated at 42 billion barrels. Its primary use (70%) is in road construction as a binder mixed with aggregate particles to form Asphalt Concrete [2]. About 80% of Asphaltic materials used for road construction in the country is still being imported despite our vast bitumen deposit. The high cost of pavement construction makes it imperative to seek for alternatives to conventional bitumen. A rheological weakness of conventional bitumen has generated an increasing interest in the use of polymer-modified binders to enhance conventional bitumen properties [3]. To modify the natural bitumen obtained from tar sand, it is important to employ readily available and abundant waste material such as scrap tyre rubber. Crumbed rubber tyre, CR, is usually defined as rubber having a particle size of 9.5mm (3/8 inch) or less [4]. Tar sand, also known as Bituminous Sand or Oil Sands are naturally occurring deposits containing loose sands or particularly consolidated sandstones that are saturated with highly viscous bitumen [5].
Table 2: Gradation Analysis of Tar Sand Sieve sizes
Cumulative weight
25mm 19.5mm 12.5mm 9.5mm 4.75mm 2.36mm 1.18mm 600mm 300mm 150mm 75mm Pan
9.00 58.90 115.70 184.50 292.30 657.60 1684.50 2002.10 2005.00
% Cumulative retained
% Cumulative passing
0.44 2.94 5.76 9.18 14.55 32.74 83.86 99.68
99.56 97.06 94.24 90.82 85.45 67.26 16.14 0.32
2.2 Crumb Rubber (CR) Crumb rubber (from Scrap tyres) used for this research was obtained from Tensquare Engineering Services Ltd, Lagos. Its properties are shown in TABLE 3. Table 3: Properties of Crumb Rubber sample S/N Properties Test Result
II. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY The materials used in this research work include: Tar sand, Crumb rubber, and Conventional 60/70 Bitumen. 2.1 Tar Sand
1
Size
Passing 600-micron sieve
2 3
Specific gravity Moisture content
1.104 0.84%
Tar sand used for the purpose of this research was collected at Imeri village, Ijebu Mushin, Ijebu East Local Government area of Ogun state which lies between latitude 060 46'N and
Olutaiwo Adewale O., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Nigeria Adewole Oluwatobi S., Post-graduate Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Lagos, Nigeria
Figure 1: Crumb rubber sample
1
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