The American University in Cairo Department of Architectural Engineering Fall 2018 ARCH 4980 Dr. Amr Abdel Kawi Dissertation– Hybrid Architectural Intelligence Rawan Sohdy - 900140198
"The intuitive mind is a sacred gift, and the rational mind is a faithful servant. We have created a society that honors the servant and has forgotten the gift." —Albert Einstein
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ABSTRACT
One of the schools of thoughts studying the notion of next architecture proposes that next architecture is intelligent architecture. This view is a response to the rising knowledge economy which weighs importance on human and technological knowledge as facilitators of innovation and renewal. An architecture that is always in renewal could not be architecture of stasis and is, instead, architecture in motion. This paper explores what motion in architecture pertains. It surveys the literature for how technological advancement and artificial intelligence have contributed to setting architecture in motion. It also presents a field study aiming to reveal how the human capital can also set architecture in motion as a channel for interplaying that against the technological approaches to the same issue. Recognizing that what sets human intelligence apart from technological intelligence is the ability to arrive at solutions intuitively without pre-determined rules to follow, this paper compares between two informal Friday Markets in Cairo where rules are self-generated to redefine the meaning of space considering both space and time dimensions to fuel that discussion and see how it may contribute to the development of a new language for architecture in motion.
The result of this research reaffirms Cedric Price’s saying “technology is the answer, but what is the question?� where technologic advancements enable architecture to be literally in motion as a response to the forces people intuitively shape their experiential space in accordance to. The forces derived from the field study present a sample of unorthodox animate design drivers that result in architectural motion. These drivers are informal political power, social interactions including empathy and competition, cultural background setting specific visual manifestations of space, improvisation for attractive attention shifts, and finally the development of economic return from leftover spaces. The field study shows that such phenomenological experience of people in space lead to literal, processional represented as well as contained language of architectural motion in space ranging from growth to reuse, transformation and attraction. The paper concludes by recommending expanding further on the language of intuitive motion drivers through further case studies for clearer categorization and experimenting with their technological programmability.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................................... i TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................................................... ii TABLE OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................................................. v 1.0.0
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Research Overview ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................................. 2 2.0.0
LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Next Architecture: The Intelligent City Framework ............................................................................ 3 2.2
Renewal in Architecture................................................................................................................ 4
2.3
Motion in Architecture.................................................................................................................. 5
3.0.0
RESEARCH TASK ............................................................................................................................ 7
3.1
Purpose of the Study..................................................................................................................... 7
3.2
Research Question ........................................................................................................................ 7
4.0.0
RESEARCH QUESTION DISCUSSION ............................................................................................... 8
4.1
Technology and Architecture ........................................................................................................ 8
4.2
Human Intuition ............................................................................................................................ 9
4.3
Human Intuition and Architecture .............................................................................................. 10
4.4
Summary of Terms ...................................................................................................................... 12
4.5
Selected Sites .............................................................................................................................. 12
4.6
Scope and Limitations ................................................................................................................. 15
5.0.0
RESEARCH APPROACH ................................................................................................................ 16
5.1
Literature Analysis....................................................................................................................... 16
5.2
Field Study: Patterns of Motion .................................................................................................. 16
5.3
Field Study: Phenomenological Interviews ................................................................................. 17
5.4
Synthesis of Results..................................................................................................................... 19
6.0.0
LITERATURE ANALYSIS: TECHNOLOGICAL INTELLIGENCE ........................................................... 20
6.1
Technology and Architectural Software ..................................................................................... 20
6.2
Technology and Architectural Materials ..................................................................................... 21 ii
6.3
Technology and Architectural Structure ..................................................................................... 23
7.0.0
FIELD STUDY ................................................................................................................................ 24
7.1
Al Sayeda Aesha Friday Market.................................................................................................. 24
7.2
Discussion: Al Abaggeya Friday Market ..................................................................................... 32
8.0.0
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS ................................................................................................................. 39
8.1
Architectural Motions from Technology ..................................................................................... 39
8.2
Architectural Motions from Intuitive Patterns ........................................................................... 40
9.0.0
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 47
9.1
Synthesis of Results..................................................................................................................... 47
9.2
Significance of Study ................................................................................................................... 48
9.3
Recommendations ...................................................................................................................... 48
10.0.0
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................... 49
11.0.0
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................... 54
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Al Sayeda Aesha Market Map ...................................................................................................... 13 Figure 2: Al Abageyya Market Map............................................................................................................. 14 Figure 3: Design alternatives for window dimensions using the genetic algorithm (Luisa Gama Caldas, Leslie K Norford. 2002) ............................................................................................................................... 20 Figure 4: Types of Smart Materials (Mohamed, A. 2017) ........................................................................... 21 Figure 5: What are Smart Materials? Mohamed, A. 2017 .......................................................................... 21 Figure 6: Hygroscopic Building Skin (Poppinga, 2017) ................................................................................ 22 Figure 7: Al Sayeda Aesha Informal Parking ............................................................................................... 24 Figure 8: Al Sayeda Aesha bus and microbus stop ..................................................................................... 24 Figure 9: Hygroscopic Building Skin (Poppinga, 2017) ................................................................................ 25 Figure 10: Pigeon houses and wooden rooms. ........................................................................................... 25 Figure 11: Ground floor most finished. This image shows layers of change/ additions. ............................ 25 Figure 12: : Commercial, residential, topped by pigeon houses. ............................................................... 25 Figure 13: Further informal buildings visible from site............................................................................... 25 Figure 14: Tree as a hanging display. Products hung on other products.................................................... 26 Figure 15: Formal shop with table display .................................................................................................. 26 Figure 16: Pet nests and containers as display ........................................................................................... 26 Figure 17: Container shop and pallet display supports .............................................................................. 26 Figure 18: Products as display (hook to display net) .................................................................................. 26 Figure 19: Shop frame as hanging display .................................................................................................. 26 iii
Figure 20: Shading and trees used for display ............................................................................................ 27 Figure 21: Car hood used as seating and display ........................................................................................ 27 Figure 22: Spread fabric on ground as display ............................................................................................ 27 Figure 23: Broken swing set for children amidst the market...................................................................... 27 Figure 24: Children using abandoned car as ladder.................................................................................... 27 Figure 25: Hanging light on trees for late hours ......................................................................................... 27 Figure 26: Cardboard and metal for shading .............................................................................................. 28 Figure 27: Products as seats ....................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 28: Noisy machinery set up away from the shop in isolated parking .............................................. 28 Figure 29: The beginning point of the market, creeping from beneath the Abageyya bridge ................... 32 Figure 30: Autostrad exit to slaughterhouse as microbus access ............................................................... 32 Figure 31: Wooden frame with palm leaf roofing ...................................................................................... 32 Figure 32: Wooden frame with metal roofing ............................................................................................ 32 Figure 33: : Wide paths for cars .................................................................................................................. 33 Figure 34: Main paths for walking .............................................................................................................. 33 Figure 35: Narrow paths for display............................................................................................................ 33 Figure 36: Abandoned railway defining path .............................................................................................. 33 Figure 37: Narrow paths amidst junk display ............................................................................................. 33 Figure 38: Narrow paths amidst window display ....................................................................................... 33 Figure 39: Market beneath bridge. ............................................................................................................. 34 Figure 40: Hanging sinks ............................................................................................................................. 34 Figure 41: Hanging chandeliers ................................................................................................................... 34 Figure 42: Horizontal layering of windows ................................................................................................. 34 Figure 43: Chaotic vertical stacking ............................................................................................................ 34 Figure 44: Organized vertical stacking. Table on table. .............................................................................. 34 Figure 45: Chaotic horizontal display (pool of junk) ................................................................................... 34 Figure 46: Shaded Tricycle .......................................................................................................................... 35 Figure 47: Shading for low sun.................................................................................................................... 35 Figure 48: Children on scooter .................................................................................................................... 35 Figure 49: Bridge shading roofless shack .................................................................................................... 35 Figure 50: Lighting interwoven in products ................................................................................................ 35 Figure 51: Interviewee #1 ........................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 54: Interviewee #2 ........................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 52: Dogs, street protectors .............................................................................................................. 37 Figure 53: Storage in shop .......................................................................................................................... 37 Figure 55: Image from inside the supermarket .......................................................................................... 38 Figure 57: Using the deserted bridge structure as a station ...................................................................... 44 Figure 58: Using the deserted bridge as a station, parking and roof.......................................................... 44 Figure 56: Turning a deserted land into a parking in Sayeda Aesha ........................................................... 44 Figure 59: Horizontal expansion and transformation ................................................................................. 44 Figure 60: Vertical Layering ........................................................................................................................ 44 Figure 61: Sayeda Aesha trades appear as a result of forces and disappear on their absence.................. 45 iv
Figure 62: Abaggeya Market trades change with time as a reult of forces ................................................ 45 Figure 63: Sayeda Aesha residents organizing the market through street ownership............................... 45 Figure 64: Al Abaggeya Market as self organized with some governmental rules ..................................... 45 Figure 65: Sayeda Aesha Market Path ........................................................................................................ 46 Figure 66: Al Abaggeya Market Path........................................................................................................... 46 Figure 67: Al Sayeda Aesha Market Displays .............................................................................................. 46 Figure 68: Al Abageyya Market Displays ..................................................................................................... 46 Figure 69: Abstraction of displays- vertical, horizontal and diagonal......................................................... 46
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Motions from Technology ............................................................................................................. 39 Table 2: Intuitive Patterns as Categories of Motion in Sayeda Aesha ........................................................ 40 Table 3: Motions from patterns of intuition in Abageyya Market.............................................................. 41 Table 4: Motions derived from Interviews in Sayeda Aesha Market.......................................................... 42 Table 5: Motions fromIinterviews in Al Abaggeya Market ......................................................................... 43 Table 6: Interviewee Information Index ..................................................................................................... 54
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1.0.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Overview This paper introduces the intelligent city framework as a school of thought that defines next architecture as one that is continuously renewing with human intelligence and technological intelligence as its essence. Realizing that technological intelligence is about advancement and that humans are continuously changing and adapting, this paper begins with the hypothesis that intelligent architecture, too, should be in motion.
“Intelligence is an irrelevance to a system in a static state.� ~ (Stonier, p.14, 1992)
But is current architecture not in motion? Raising this inquiry against the literature helped refine it, identifying motion of the next architecture not as change that happens to the architecture, but change that is designed for. Furthermore, it pushes the boundaries of designing for change beyond flexible architecture and kinetic architecture, referring to architectural motion that is continuously reshaping and bettering rather than accommodating change. Hence the way we currently design based on the pre-programmed belief that architecture with an extended unalterable life once built is grand architecture is a mental obstacle to achieving next architecture that is in motion (Franck, Karen A. 2016).
In order to attempt to overcome this obstacle, this research begins by surveying the literature to develop an understanding of motion as apparent and non-apparent changes in space and time (Hardy, A.2011)(Harris, Y. 2000). Then, the notion of motion is contextualized to architecture by looking at categories of movement such as literal, represented, contained and processional motion (Hardy, A.2011)(Harris, Y.2000) (Harris, Y. 2006) The remaining task this study adopts is hence to attempt to identify how technological advancement and human intelligence could yield such different expressions of motion in architecture.
Although technology exhibits intelligence through learning from human intelligence, each still maintains their discrete uniqueness. For instance, what characterizes human intelligence is having personal desires and intuitive decision making while artificial intelligence has an unprecedented capability of computing
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the optimum output (Braga, A., & Logan, R. 2017). When discussed in an architectural context, technology has a vast number of applications in architecture ranging from construction to mechanical systems as well as programmed parts all aiming for efficiency and optimization of building process and performance. This study aims to look at the literature on technological advancement from the lens of how it could lead to architectural motion and renewal once built. As for human intelligence, the literature identified its characteristic property to be the ability to reach conclusions intuitively when there isn’t a sufficient amount of knowledge or time to tackle a problem or a need. In other words, intuitive responses are based on the implicit sum of experience (Nelissen, 2013) that arises as a response to an emotional need requiring the activation of human capacities such as imagination, creativity, pattern recognition, trust, and empathy (Gigerenzer, 2007). In an architectural context, the human input is discusses as prominent in spontaneous formal and informal architecture that highlights the intermediate space between the designed and realized architecture, showcasing the individuality and simplistic judgment of its users (Igor, 2013). According to the literature, due to prominent insufficient presence of materials and know-how in urban informalities, intuition based problem solving becomes more apparent (Stryker, Beth, Omar Nagati, et all. 2011). Most of the literature is on identifying patterns of improvisation, but how intuitive drives lead to patterns that could be specifically identified as a change in space and time, a motion, is understudied.
This dissertation hence analyzes technological advancements from the perspective or architectural motion and explores human intuition in the case studies of Al Sayeda Aesha and Al Abageyya Friday Markets where the space-time effect of improvisation, creativity and self-generated rules are studied and conclusions are drawn. Finally, potential for the interplay between the two is considered.
1.3 Problem Statement There are three parts to the problem of architecture that is designed for immutability. First, it does not comply with the potential of next architecture being intelligent architecture that is continuously causing and showcasing renewal. Secondly, elongating the lifespan of architecture rather than designing for adaptability is economically unviable due to maintenance cost and loss of demand (Franck, Karen A. 2016). Thirdly, unchanging architecture creates juxtaposition in values between human tendencies towards commemorating architecture just as built and the exponential growth and dynamism we aim for in technology and artificial intelligence. 2
2.0.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Next Architecture: The Intelligent City Framework One of the proposed means for a better urban future is the concept of smart cities (He, Y., Stojmenovic, I., et all. 2014) which entails a parallel shift towards smartness in the constituents of a city including architecture. The smart city concept could be understood through multiple frameworks that propose different focal points to a smart city: technology, human, energy, data management, and institutional frameworks. The focus of this research is on a subcategory of the technological framework; namely, the intelligent city.
Scholars discussing the intelligent city framework refer to it as a virtual or physical space that allows for and showcases innovation and renewal through the adoption of knowledge (Komninos, N. and Sefertzi, E. 2009). The appearance of this framework is a response to the digital revolution and the shift towards a knowledge economy where information is becoming the most valuable resource as seen in the rising trends of globalized innovation, collaboration, and the advancement of the World Wide Web. Moreover, it is evident in development being measured through knowledge, accessibility and innovation by the European Union starting 1999 (Kominos, 2008). Scholars such as Mitchell (2007) argue that the source of knowledge and innovation in an intelligent city is technology, its evolution, and the means of embedding it into the city. On the other hand, social scientists look at the intelligent city as one that capitalizes on the human capital as the most precious source of creativity and innovation (Edvinsson and Malone, 1997) (Bounfour and Edvinsson, 2005) (Edvinsson, 2006). Florida (2002, 2005) concludes the argument stating that an intelligent city is a creative environment shaped by talent, technology and tolerance together. Hence, intelligent architecture is a hybrid between technological and human intelligence aiming to yield innovation.
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2.2
Renewal in Architecture
Technology is always advancing and humans are always changing. This brought up the question of: is architecture, too, in constant renewal? The way we design changes over the years with the rise and fall of architectural styles, but do we design individual building to be changing? The hypothesis proposed is that current architecture is designed for stagnancy. In order to verify or refute this hypothesis, the literature was surveyed for opinions and studies on the matter.
According to sources, architecture has a lifespan of 50-100 years (Guiwen Liu, Kexi Xu, et all.2014). Within this lifespan, architecture can take nine different paths: abandonment, demolition, deconstruction, preservation, renovation, adaptive reuse, reoccupation, pure expression and resurrection (Franck, Karen A. 2016). Hence, an individual building once built can be changed and upgraded in multiple ways; however, this does not refute the hypothesis that the designer does not consciously design architecture to be adaptive and renewing during its lifetime.
Two possible rebuttals can be brought up against this hypothesis on designers’ intent: flexible architecture and adaptable architecture. One way to accommodate change is to create flexible architecture, but even that is a kind of stagnancy or fixity in architecture where the designer designs the building to be permanently flexible in a singular way (Lynn, Greg. 2001). As for adaptable architecture, an interesting study by Lelieveld (2007) outlines that there are various degrees to which architecture could be adaptable ranging from flexible to active, dynamic, interactive, intelligent and smart. According to the study, the far-fetched smart adaptability is one that adapts to users’ interests and interactions, learns from its environment and users and could ultimately redesign itself. However, the surveyed architecture shows that the most that has been established is dynamic adaptability despite the capability of the available technology to push it to interactive (Lelieveld, C. M. J. L., A. I. M. et all. 2007).
According to literature, architects limit themselves by not incorporating technology more than that technology limits them. For instance, Moore’s Law reveals that technology and artificial intelligence are evolving and renewing exponentially due to the ability to incorporate more transistors in integrated circuits at an exponential rate (Mack, Chris A.2011). Moreover, the introduction of machine learning suggests a future of intelligence that could continuously get smarter and even design better versions of itself (Carter, Matt, and ProQuest. 2007). Noting that the paper limiting adaptability to “interactive” was
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published in 2007, this implies that architecture today should be able to go much further than dynamic adaptability, even possibly all the way to architecture that continuously betters itself. The dream of such smart architecture is not new. For instance, the book Self Organization and the City describes a postmodern city as an ever-changing product of the contribution of all its users. Although unrealized, optimists view this postmodern city as the creative and desirable dream (Portugali, Juval. 1999).
In summary, to unlock the full potential of intelligent architecture that is in constant renewal in sync with technology and humans, next architecture is one that is not only designed to be flexible or kinetic, but one that is responsive enough to be continuously reshaping. It is architecture in motion.
2.3
Motion in Architecture
“When I look outside the door what do I see? An airplane flying over, a car passing by… Everything is moving. That is our environment. Architecture should deal with that.” ~ Frank Gehry
What is Motion? Realizing that architecture in motion could enrich the way we currently design, further research has been conducted in order to understand motion. Synonyms of motion from the thesaurus range from advancing to change, flow, kinetics, locomotion, mobility, progressing or moving. To set something into motion, to mobilize it, can mean to prepare, ready, inspire, stimulate, make use of, transport, or to make capable of movement. Hence, to mobilize architecture could mean that it literally moves through kinetics and change, or that it stimulates, educates and inspires its occupants and users.
What are the types of motion? This inclusiveness of motion beyond the structural sense is verified by a research paper identifying the modes of expression of motion in architecture to include structure, generation and decay, inhabitation alongside materials, association to organic and natural motions as well as developing both local and international connections. Similarly, Greg Lynn (1998) identifies that architecture could be looked at as a static frame that contains motion, or it can be a kinetic or seemingly kinetic frame that is also shaped by forces of motion and contains motion.
How is motion expressed in architecture? An interesting study on the expression of motion in architecture develops the following categories of movement: literal motion, represented motion such as frozen transformations, contained motions which is an illusion of motion that sets the user’s eye, mind
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or even body into motion and finally processional motion which is about experiencing time while being physically static or experiencing a compressed or elongated version of time, moving through time (Hardy, A. 2011). This indicates that even seeming static architecture could imply motion.
What is the importance of motion? This idea of architecture that is in motion, continuously reshaping itself literally or in the minds of the users, has been discussed and approached by multiple architects including Greg Lynn, Frank Gehry, and Peter Eisenman (Architectural Motion). This portrays that there is promising potential in designing architecture in motion. The following list includes seven reasons why motion in architecture is beneficial for the future of architecture as discussed by multiple sources (Parnell, S. 2011)(Hardy, A. 2011)(Harris, Y. 2006).
1. Reflect attitudes of flexibility and movement through time and location evident in globalized instantaneous communications and the increasing normality of travel 2. The "information revolution" opens domains where space and time are so firmly entangled. 3. Form can never truly follow function because function changes with the passage of time 4. Buildings need to have a dialogue with their surrounding as the relation with context changes 5. Empowering the user into simultaneously being a client, occupant, and architect 6. Smart buildings alter the physical properties rather than the performance of a myriad of systems (simple and interesting solution to old problems) 7. The shift in accountability to include social and environmental factors, not merely financial
The literature hence discusses the fixities and stillness in architecture, the importance of defying them and setting them into motion, as well as offers precedents on how motion could be expressed in architecture. However, to enrich this expression of motion it should be as a response of the changing environment, context, and user needs. While responding to the changing environment is largely studied, no existing literature clearly discusses how architectural motion could be learned from and responds to the changing nature of technology and humans.
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3.0.0 RESEARCH TASK
3.1
Purpose of the Study
3.1.1 Contextual Purpose In the attempt to define the language of future smart cities, this research acts as a small chapter in the manifesto of smart cities focusing on the contribution of intelligence to future architecture. Intrigued by how the inputs of an intelligent city, human or technological, are incessantly changing, this study investigates how the output architecture could also be less still and static.
Since technology is in constant motion through advancement, and humans change based on their own free will, this study aims to explore how these two types of motion could shape architectural motion by asking the following two questions: How does technological advancement bring about architectural motion? How can human intuition bring about architectural motion? The former is to be analyzed through synthesizing findings from the literature while motion from human intuition is to be analyzed through observing humans freely reshaping their context without predetermined rules such as in urban informal settings. 3.1.2 Research Purpose By speculating and deducing relations across disciplines of computer science, psychology and architecture, the result of this research aims to offer a rich perspective on designing architecture in both space and time, defying current fixities, in order to output active, responsive, and continuously intriguing architecture.
3.2
Research Question
How does creative human intuition coupled with technological optimization shape architectural motion; using areas of Al Sayeda Aesha and Al Abaggeya Friday Markets as case studies?
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4.0.0 RESEARCH QUESTION DISCUSSION
4.1
Technology and Architecture
4.1.1 Defining Technology The dictionary definition of technology is the science of craft coming from the Greek term techne which means art or skill. This can be viewed as simple tools such as the hammer or the more sophisticated computer technologies of today such as the TV as well as laser technologies (Cheek, D. W., & Cheek, C. A. (2005). (Farmer, J. O., & Farmer, J. O. 2005). 4.1.2 Potential in Technologic Intelligence
Technology has always been intended to imitate human thoughts and actions efficiently such as with artificial intelligence that has an unprecedented optimization capacity (Braga, A., & Logan, R. 2017). The potential of embedding this programmed optimization to result in architecture in motion is summed up in the following quote:
“Our present task is to unfreeze architecture, to make it a fluid, vibrating, changeable backdrop for the varied and constantly changing modes of life. An expanding, contracting, pulsating, changing architecture would reflect life as it is today and therefore be part of it.” (Jan Rowan, 1968) According to Steenson (2018), designers have turned to technology since the 1960s, when architectural problems grew in complexity. He provides Christopher Alexander’s dissertation and book The Synthesis of Form as evidence on studies pertaining to artificial intelligence and architecture. Similarly, Cedric Price coined the question “technology is the answer, but what is the question” emphasizing that technology is the tool of realizing architectural dreams (Steenson, 2018). This belief in technology has not died out, as even contemporary architecture today focuses on the use of advanced technologies and materials in the building itself, as evident in architectural styles such as high-tech and neo-futurist architecture (Harris, Y. 2000).
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4.2
Human Intuition
To understand human intelligence, a vast amount of the literature is dedicated to comparing human and artificial intelligence. In an article discussing the limits of artificial intelligence which only outperforms human intelligence in formal logic and computation in terms of speed and precision, humans are said to be characterized with a sense of self which makes them not only rational and logical, but also intuitive (Braga, A., & Logan, R. 2017). This sense of self empowers the human intelligence with emotion and aim driven intuitive thinking (Braga, A., & Logan, R. 2017)(Nelissen, 2013). 4.2.1 Sources of Intuition From a phenomenological perspective, intuition is imagining an object in a setting in a way that seems too real and right that the person would be convinced to act upon that mental image (Drummond, J. 2015). However, it is worth noting that intuition does not appear out of nowhere, it is in fact a gestalt, the result of all implicit experience combined (Nelissen, 2013).
According to Gigerenzer (2007) there are certain human capacities that allow for intuitive problem solving including trust, imitation, and compliance to a human culture. These could also include capacities such as imagination, humor, curiosity, creativity and values (Braga, A., & Logan, R. 2017). According to both sources, these capacities are put to use in order to solve problems when there is not enough knowledge or time to do so logically (Braga, A., & Logan, R. 2017)(Gigerenzer, 2007). 4.2.2 The Process of Intuition Besides the experience of intuition and the capacities that allow for intuition, intuition could be understood through analyzing the intuiting process. The book Intuition: The Inside Story compiles a number of papers discussing intuition from multiple perspectives and hence provides a holistic view on the process of intuition through analyzing its nature, types and techniques. According to Floyd, the nature of intuition is defined as the first step in problem solving; it is what provides the general direction to solve a problem. Hence, problem solving techniques that involve induction, deduction, analysis, synthesis, trial and error, analogy, simplification, simulation and animation among others, are said to involve intuition. The sudden attention shift experienced during those techniques pinpoint intuition, identifying it as insight, inspiration, imagination, creativity or empathetic decision making (Davis-Floyd, R. 1997). 9
4.2.3 Types of Intuition The types of intuition, according to Evelyn H. Monsay (1997) are: 1.
Visual Intuition: Creating mental images
2.
Geometric/ Spatial Intuition: Abstracting meaning from mental images
3.
Mystical Intuition: Creative abstraction that requires mixed disciplines
4.
Sensible intuition: Based on the direct complex experience, this is a reductive method
5.
Physical intuition: Isolating experience to simplify and more accurately understand experience
4.2.4 Summary: Defining Intuition Together, these sources summarize what intuition is:
Intuition is seemingly unjustified thinking processes or actions that are, in fact, based on the sum of all experience (implicit and explicit knowledge). Intuition adds to knowledge.
Intuition is triggered by an emotional need, a drive or an aim.
It is based on human capacities for pattern recognition, imagination, simplification, intermixing (creativity), abstraction, and curiosity
4.3
Human Intuition and Architecture
4.3.1 Spontaneous Architecture as Intuitive Architecture The idea of how intuition shapes architecture is understudied. However, some papers and scholars touched upon the periphery of the issue. This section establishes what is available in the literature.
As mentioned earlier, intuition is need or emotion driven. It is what people reside to when they have insufficient amount of knowledge or time to deal with a given problem. A term coined in the literature to refer to architecture produced from such a process is spontaneous architecture.
A comprehensive study titled The Phenomenon of Spontaneity in Urban City Realm (Igor, 2013) first defined spontaneity as a genuine act that is not premeditated. This aligns with our notion of human intelligence being based on no pre-established rules. Igor (2013) then contextualizes spontaneity in architecture as an intermediate space between what ought to be and what has become, a space reshaped by the user’s individuality. He then proceeds to verify that this might characterize 10
spontaneous architecture as informal architecture and marginal settlements of nomads, slums and places of scarce areas. However, he clarifies that there are some sorts of formal spontaneous architecture such as historical emergences and formal processes of transformation carried out on the architecture. Both the formal and informal types of spontaneous architecture seem to be flexible or partially designed architecture that could accommodate change based on simple judgments. In summary, it is a bottom-up, self-centered architecture that seems like a mutant of a given type without having a signed professional author regardless of whether it is temporary or permanent.
What identifies spontaneous architecture as intuitive architecture is hence that it is based on unprofessional judgment and that it is self-centered, and arises from the needs of the users. This type of architecture mobilizes people by turning them into active participants in the city yielding Jane Jacob’s praised spontaneous democracy and R. Sennet’s applauded city diversity (Ignor, 2013). Similarly, the phrase “a mutant from type”, in particular, signifies a creative approach to the problem, which is a human capacity involved in the intuitive process freeing architecture from its stagnant pre-conceived image. These together signify that spontaneous architecture could be a link between human intuition and how it yields architecture in motion.
The interest of Igor’s doctoral dissertation parts away from the interest of this study at that point where Igor outlines principles of developing the identified spontaneous areas. This paper focuses on identifying how motion arises from spontaneous areas. 4.3.2 Intuition in Informal Urban Settings While spontaneous, intuitive architecture is identified as characteristic of both formal and informal architecture, most of the literature referring to improvisation and creativity refer to those seen in urban informalities. For instance, the book Architecture Timed discusses the fact that even unplanned for informalities, such as in Tower David, yield a more innovative outcome than our pre-designed architecture resulting in inspiring, dynamic, changing environments (Franck, Karen A. 2016) driven by nothing but the pure non-expert human intelligence. These patterns of informality are studied locally in sources such as Learning from Cairo by Beth Stryker, Archiving a City in Flux by Cluster, An Informal Pattern Language by Nada Nafeh, and Understanding Cairo by David Sims. Examples of these patterns are informal street vendors in downtown and roadside developments around the Ring Road (Stryker, Beth, Omar Nagati, et all. 2011). Informal patters are also studied internationally in papers such as 11
Transformative Adaptation in Informal Settlements in Kiberia, Nairobi by Mayrose Bedhauer and Bangok’s informal morphologies in Forms of Informality and Adaptations in Informal Settlements.
Since urban informalities arise from needs and offers a non-rule governed platform for people to adapt their environments, and because they are a rich starting point to identify improvisation and creativity, they offer a strong correlation to motion and change based on intuition.
4.4
Summary of Terms
The subsections 4.1-4.3 hence provide basis from the literature to define key recurring terms. 1. Motion- Continuous reshaping of space and time through physical and perceptual movement and change. 2. Technology- The artificial tool and process needed to tailor an object for a specific need. 3. Intuition- Aim and emotion driven unconscious problem solving facilitated by human imagination, improvisation, pattern recognition, 4. Spontaneous architecture- The intermediate space between the planned and resultant architecture where individuality is expressed without professional or informed means.
4.5
Selected Sites
Building on the potential of identifying intuitive patterns of motion in spontaneous informal settings, an informal case study was to be selected. Since motion is a space time concept, this informal site had to be either studied over a prolonged period of time or chosen as one of a temporal nature. Due to time constraints, Friday Markets were chosen as a temporal informal market typology that either only unfold on Fridays or are particular attractors of customers on Fridays. Al Sayeda Aesha Friday Market was selected as an example of the former and the permanent Al Abaggeya Friday Market the latter.
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4.5.1 Al Sayeda Aesha Friday Market
Figure 1: Al Sayeda Aesha Market Map
After the burn down of the nearby Al Tonsy market, the government relocated the traders to multiple areas, one of which is Al Sayyeda Aesha market shown in fig(1). This market appears when the informal residential zone tucks back into the houses allowing the market to flow on Fridays and Sundays. The boundaries of this market are Al Sayeda Aesha mosque and the cemetery it gradually fades into.
The changing dynamic of the street between residential and market grants the study the element of temporality against which spatial changes and accommodations could be mapped – mapping motions. The informal rule generation between residents, traders and customers offers a platform of spontaneity and cemented spontaneity, revealing intuitive motion patterns.
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4.5.2 Al Abaggeya Friday Market
Figure 2: Al Abageyya Market Map
As an alternative relocation of the market after the burn down of Al Tonsy Market, traders found home among the dead: amidst Al Abaggeya cemetery highlighted in the fig(2). This market creeps beneath the Abaggeya Bridge, with pets and furniture on one side and junk and antiques on the other. The boundaries of this site are the cemetery itself with the slaughterhouse enveloped in it.
Having lasted for many years on daily basis, this market provides premises for exploring the layers through which people singlehandedly turned a still land for the dead into a vibrant market for the living. 14
4.6
Scope and Limitations
Technical Limitations: This study does not intend to dissect the technicalities of technology but rather merely summarize the implications of technological advancements to architecture.
Focal choice: Although urban informalities are the subject under study, this is not to confine the idea of mutation to it. For instance, housing projects are often individualized, altering their initial design despite the formal set of rules. However, in urban informalities the absence of formal rules makes the changes more spontaneous and hence more dependent on intuition.
Quantitative Limitation: This research paper does not aim to analyze all existing informal patterns nor decipher all means of intuitive logic, which is perhaps an ever evolving field, but could be seen as a means of generating a method of deducing architectural motions from them.
For further research: This research does not cover the exact informal urban planning rules that govern the stillness of the architecture nor aims to deduce new planning rules, but instead develops an understanding of how and why these rules arise to create motion.
Scope of inquiry: The scale of the study is not purely urban, where it is not intended to analyze patterns of settlement and street growth, but it is also not purely architectural where the study is restricted to the building level. Instead, since the specific inquiry is on human intuition, the scope deals with any scale that qualifies as experiential space.
Scope of Case Studies: It is worth emphasizing that the search for logic nulls the importance of the repetition of the exact pattern as intuitive action is individualized (Gigerenzer, 2007) and can be an anomaly, and hence a breadth approach dominates this research.
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5.0.0 RESEARCH APPROACH
The first part of the research regarding the exploration of motion from technology is purely literature based, deducing relations between different studies. However, the second part of the research deals with a more fluid topic: human intuition. Motion resulting from such a process will hence be identified through the direct observation and experience of this motion either by the urban investigator or the users, entailing the employment of a phenomenological approach in the research process.
5.1
Literature Analysis
Initially, a survey of the role of technology in architecture will be established to pinpoint the different fields of research: structure, materials, openings etc.
The latest technological developments in those fields will be analyzed.
The uses of those developments will be categorized based on the understanding of motion in architecture from the literature review
5.2
Field Study: Patterns of Motion
5.2.1 Data Collection
Both sites were visited on Fridays, in order to capture the most vibrant day for the market.
To maximize exposure, the duration of the visit included the unfolding around 10AM and nighttime starting 5PM.
The study will begin by a thorough description of the site as experienced, walked through from beginning to end mentally noting patterns of improvisation, adaptation, and change.
On the walk back, these patterns alongside newly noticed patterns were photographed.
5.2.2 Presentation of Pattern Results
Since most patterns existed in multiple iterations, the patterns are divided into categories.
These categories will contain descriptions of the patterns as experienced and are accompanied with the collected photographs of them.
The patterns are then grouped based on the motions they result in for ease of analysis.
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5.3
Field Study: Phenomenological Interviews
5.3.1 Sampling After capturing the observed patterns of motion, general and pattern-specific interviews were conducted with the tradesmen on site. People were initially selected based on approachability and their willingness to engage in an interview. To provide breadth to the field study, the interviews were conducted with people located at different points along the market stretch. At each point of the market, a person was chosen with the aim of diversification so that the results would not be biased to a specific profession, gender or age. Neutralizing bias maximizes the probability that the triangulated results are based on intuition as the common human factor rather than other group affiliations.
Following is a summary of the sample followed by the exact indexing of the interviews in table (6).
Age: 4 young adults, 7 adults, and 4 elderly
Gender: 3 females and 12 males
Profession: 3 Pet supply, 5 pet trades, 3 textile trade, 1 junk trade, 1 antique trade, and 1 who owned a supermarket
10 were interviewed in Al Sayeda Aesha and 5 were interviewed in Al Abaggeya.
3 of those interviewed were also residents of the sites, and 1 was a customer.
17
5.3.2 Conduction of Interviews The interview began with a simplified introduction to the purpose of the study, stating that it was for the intention of understanding the market dynamics as well user needs for enhancement. Since intuition is about implicit experience, it is a highly individualized phenomenon that no survey or specific set of questions could tackle. Instead, similarly individualized questions were used that fell under a number of guiding categories. This section lists and justifies these categories with examples.
Introductory background questions as short answer factual questions to identify conversation entry points.
a.
“How long have you been here?”
b.
“How often do you come here?”
Once entry points are pinpointed; open ended questions were used to get in depth insight from the interviewee.
a.
What is the story behind your chosen profession?
b.
Can you recall the creation of your most prized innovation?
Imaginative variation questions aiming to explore the inner drives and emotions that generally formulate their intuitive thinking.
a.
“If you were to change something about the place, what would it be?”
b.
“Describe your dream shop in a permanent market.”
Short verification answer questions were also used to fill any missing gaps. a.
“Did someone teach you that?”
b.
“You frequently watched movies about that as a child?”
Explanatory pattern-specific questions were used to verify or null any assumptions made regarding the recorded patterns of motion.
a.
“Who set up this swing?”
b.
“Why do you have your microbus parked here?”
Exploratory questions on the forces driving motions. a.
“How did the market change you?”
b.
“How do you feel about the location of the market?”
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5.3.3 Data Analysis 
For Sayeda Aesha Friday Market interviews, all interviews were audio recorded and for Al Abaggeya Market, important points of the interviews were transcribed manually on the spot and not recorded due to noise.

These content of these interviews is highlighted in the results section in order to identify drives for action, implicit patterns, and forces shaping how the patterns turn out to be.

To summarize the interview results, the patterns are categorized in accordance to types of motions in a table.
5.4
Synthesis of Results
The research results thus far are motions that are enabled by some technological advancement, motions visually seen in experiential space through patterns, and motions identified by individuals through phenomonogical interviews. Taking the idea of mobilizing stillness as a start point, a series of illustrations will be used to overlay how layers of motion are introduced to still space.
Firstly, the market will be sketched out at still, empty space. Following that, the layers of observed patterns will be added to the sketch. Then, the layer of how the interviews elaborate on the creation of these patterns will either be sketched over or annotated on, triangulating the data on intuitively driven motion. This procedure will be repeated for the both markets, providing a platform of comparison between the two.
Each illustration of introduced motion will then be categorized in accordance to the literature as literal, represented, contained or processional motion. This enables a discussion of the interplay between intuitively driven motion and technological driven motion.
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6.0.0 LITERATURE ANALYSIS: TECHNOLOGICAL INTELLIGENCE
Now that the process has been outlined, this section of the report initiates its implementation. The simpler task in responding to the research question is to analyze current technologies and how they pertain to motion then conducting the field study on motion from human intuition and finally overlaying the two. Architectural applications of technology can vary from technology as a tool, design solution, or construction solution. Since technological advancement is additive (Mack, Chris A. 2011), current technologies reflect within them past technologies that have been taken further. Hence, studying the current trends in tech-based architecture becomes a reflection of the general direction of how and why technology enables architectural motion.
6.1
Technology and Architectural Software
Technology appears in the architectural context in both the design phase and the building itself. For the design, CAD and BIM technologies, infused with artificial intelligence, bring digital architecture and morphogenesis to life. An example of such applications is a recent study of a genetic algorithm that evaluates lighting and thermal behavior to generate design alternatives (Luisa Gama Caldas, Leslie K Norford. 2002).
Figure 3: Design alternatives for window dimensions using the genetic algorithm (Luisa Gama Caldas, Leslie K Norford. 2002)
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6.2
Technology and Architectural Materials “If yesterday we programmed computers and other machines, today we program matter itself.� (Tibbets, 2017)
Materials could be programmed to act in a specific way based on electric automation or they can be programmed to react in specific ways based on material properties as informed by the user of the environment, and the structural properties of the matter being programmed (S. Tibbets and K. Cheung. 2012).. Programmable materials or smart materials are ones that could change their shapes and properties when subjected to environmental changes in terms of pH, humidity, temperature (Fan, X., Chung, J.2016) (Mohamed, A. 2017). This allows for self-assembly, self-repairing, self-replicating materials (S. Tibbets and K. Cheung. 2012)
Figure 5: What are Smart Materials? Mohamed, A. 2017
Figure 4: Types of Smart Materials (Mohamed, A. 2017)
21
These materials offer benefits such as durability, strength, toughness, ductility, resistance, ease of manufacture, self-healing and increased responsiveness (Mohamed, A. 2017).
The most prominent use of motion and change in architecture is in building skins. However, new advancements allow for this treatment to go beyond the typical mechanical systems by building on the material properties. For instance, a study by Poppinga (2017) investigates biomimetic actuators that use hygroscopic materials that react to the presence of water and hence imitate the tropistic movement of plants as shown in fig (4). According to the study, this could be expanded to different material responses to light, heat, enzymes and electric voltage (Poppings, 2017).
Figure 6: Hygroscopic Building Skin (Poppinga, 2017)
However, advancement in material technology isn’t limited to building skins. For instance, the founder of MIT’s Self Assembly Lab states that construction will turn into a computer science or biology rather than sledgehammers and welders through programmed self-assembly such as in his angle-based Macrobot and Decibot prototypes. This process is done by setting as assembly sequence, programming the parts, offering activation energy, and enabling error correction (Tibbets, S. 2012). Further investigations into the interaction of materials with their environment allow for macro-scale instead of merely prototypical self-assembly (Papadopoulou, A. , Laucks, J. and Tibbits, S. 2017). 22
Tibbits (2014) uses the term 4D printing to explain that these printed materials could transform over time based on pre-programming to respond to the environment as well as user needs. This transformation could be about turning three dimensional or morphing between shapes (Tibbets, S. 2014).
6.3
Technology and Architectural Structure
Advancement in structure allows for advancement in architecture. Coupling advanced structures with programming and material based treatment allows for even further architectural advancement. For instance, tensegrity structure is by nature deployable due to its detached struts. Coupling this with materials that are heat sensitive allows for morphing the structural shape at different temperatures as shown in fig (2). Such an application allows for structural systems yielding major change in shape to be used in light-weight structures as well as other non-architectural applications (Liu, K., Wu, J., Paulino, G., & Qi, H. 2017).
Mohamed (2017) divides the notion of technologically advanced structures into smart and sensory structures. He defines smart structures as a composite of conventional materials with responsive properties allowing for self-healing structures. Sensory structures on the other hand are about active control systems that allow for automated detection of failure.
Fox and Kemp (2009) discuss the creation of interactive architecture that responds to both the environment and users through literal, physical change. They quote Kostas Terzidis stating that physical implementation rather than virtual motion challenge the very nature of what architecture is. Such physical change could be in designing transportable, nomadic structures or programming architecture to self-destruct, grow, or transform. This could be realized through embedded computation, deployable structures, or simple dynamic systems to respond to human, environmental, and spatial needs.
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7.0.0 FIELD STUDY
7.1
Al Sayeda Aesha Friday Market
7.1.2 Observed Patterns of Motion Informal Services: Parking and station Lying at the intersection of multiple streets, a sudden peak in crowdedness greets visitors into the area where Al Sayeda Aesha Mosque lies. The vibes of trade begins from an empty plot to the right of the mosque fig (2) where informal valets (sayes) from the area charge visitors for parking. Despite its informality, this rule has become so prominent in Egypt that it has turned into the norm, turning many of Egypt’s empty lands into money generating parking spaces with intriguing capacities and organizations. Approaching the inlet of the market, starting from beneath Al Sayeda Aesha Bridge, this area of the street has been Figure 7: Al Sayeda Aesha Informal Parking
used as a microbus and bus stop or terminal, feeding people into the Sayeda Aesha mosque and market as in fig(3). Market Organization The wide, peak of the market shows busy trade of dogs, fish, and birds. Further into the market, other species of reptiles are seen alongside an increasing number of pigeon trade. The number of people selling and buying decreases
Figure 8: Al Sayeda Aesha bus and microbus stop
deeper into the street until the market completely fades out.
24
The market street is originally wide, 7.5m as measured on the map, but the market creeps onto the street through displays, rocks, and pedestrian density narrowing it, fig(4). The Context The market is sandwiched between one to two floored buildings. Evidence of change in these buildings is seen in the different materials, different addition of ACs, and cloth lines as a sign of residential use as in fig (6). Multiple pigeon houses are seen as a third level addition as shown in fig (5). The added second level is Figure 9: Hygroscopic Building Skin (Poppinga, 2017)
usually poorly finished brick or wooden rooms as in fig (7) known as 3eshash.
Figure 12: : Commercial, residential, topped by pigeon houses.
Figure 11: Ground floor most finished. This image shows layers of change/ additions.
Figure 13: Further informal buildings visible from site.
Figure 10: Pigeon houses and wooden rooms.
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Market Display
Figure 16: Pet nests and containers as display
Figure 17: Container shop and pallet display supports
Figure 19: Shop frame as hanging display
Figure 18: Products as display (hook to display net)
Figure 15: Formal shop with table display
Figure 14: Tree as a hanging display. Products hung on other products.
26
Figure 20: Shading and trees used for display
Figure 21: Car hood used as seating and display
Figure 22: Spread fabric on ground as display
In the limited space occupied by each tradesman, each improvised a way to maximize the display space. Some chose to expand into street territory using appropriate tables or more unorthodox fabric on ground. Other limited their display to the shop space, but used the shop structure to also display on. Other used transportation methods, microbuses for themselves or containers for animals, as displays. If insufficient, this also expanded to surrounding trees and layering products: using products to display products.
Miscellaneous Patterns
Figure 24: Children using abandoned car as ladder
Figure 25: Hanging light on trees for late hours
Figure 23: Broken swing set for children amidst the market
27
Figure 28: Noisy machinery set up away from the shop in isolated parking
Figure 27: Products as seats
Figure 26: Cardboard and metal for shading
Abandoned cars and garages are used by children as ladders, fig (18), and used as a noise buffer for noisy machinery, fig (21). Similarly, needs such as lighting and shading are accommodated by using available media such as existing trees or cardboard remains. During their free time, traders rest under the shade on chairs or make use of their products, fig (22), while children use a broken swing as a monkey bar, fig (20). 7.1.3 Phenomenological Interviews This section summarizes the important, relevant points made in the phenomenological interviews. This process was done through transcribing the recorded interviews first in Arabic, translating them to English, and then highlighting anything that qualified as intuitive or in motion according to their preestablished definitions and dimensions. The participants in the interviews are herewith presented below. 1. Young male adult, selling clothes on the ground, fig(22) a.
Introduced himself as a newcomer from Asyout
b.
Bluntly stated that he pays a daily 20 L.E. to rent the place.
2. Male adult selling clothes on tables and hanging some on a tree. a.
He informs us that there are rent rules set by the residents of the area for both the
space and display units in the market. b.
He refers to the houses as eshash, acknowledging how deteriorated the place it.
c.
Finally, he shows us that he shares the backside of the neighboring tradesman’s display.
28
3. Young male adult selling pigeons and grass while using his microbus for seating, shading and display. Fig(21) a.
The interview begins by introducing himself as an employee in the civil registry who sells
pigeons because growing them is his hobby. According to him everyone picks their trade based on their hobby. b.
He relates this hobby to growing pigeons on his roof back home in Menia. Then, builds
on that to emphasize the importance of market accessibility to both tradesman and customers. c.
Discussing the market organization, he states that place doesn’t affect the rent cost,
only items do- including his microbus. However, he explains that he needs it to bring the goods all the way from Menia and back. d.
When asked if he needed it for shading, too, he explains that the street requires shading
and intuitively measures it up to 4m into the street as a way to mark up the boundaries instead of narrowing the streets further.
4. Young male adult resident and blacksmith who owns a shop and storage on the ground floor. He was setting up a noisy machine in the deserted parking across- see fig (28).
a.
He is a lawyer and works in the market only on Fridays. The shop originally belongs to
his father and he has been working in it alongside his siblings all along.
b.
He proudly states that he invented an Egyptian version of an Italian metal machine that
polishes marble, explaining that there are a number of marble tradesmen in the area.
c.
As a shop owner, he explains that he works starting later hours as an agreement
with his friends who want to make use of his market space. d.
As a resident of the eshash, he romanticizes the orthogonal layout of the area
which allows for extensive visibility. According to him, this planning adds value to the place like Muizz differently does.
29
5.
Male adult selling fishing supplies, using his own hook as a raised, cantilevered display of nets. a.
Asking him to explain his choice of displays, the tradesman proudly explains that he uses
the hook to lift his products. b.
Then, he explains the use of cheap blankets to support his products on the perforates
pallet nests, saying “what is there to be done? I need to raise my four children!” c.
Finally, he states he would rather remain in his position than along the main street
because customers are used to finding him there.
6. Elderly male selling birds and using his motorbike for seating. a.
“I buy and sell birds as a hobby”
b.
On suggestions for bettering the market, he suggests introducing shading justifying that
with his previous experience of a friend whose birds died from the heat. This knowledge of birds extends to justify how he stores his birds in closed areas of the motorbike away from the wind. c.
He explains that although he owns a car, he uses the motorbike as an accommodation
to the market’s narrow streets. d.
He clarifies the irony of tradesmen spilling onto the street to show off their goods, not
realizing that they are narrowing the potentials of people coming through due to car inaccessibility. e.
On the market’s location, he comments that a purely commercial zone would eliminate
the problems with residents. f.
He observes that anywhere a market exists, services “are created” for it.
g.
On the diversity of means of display, he explains the use of nests for pets because of
their transparency, any customized or inward displays would not do as well. h.
Finally, on the market organization he explains that more harmful pets such as dogs are
kept inward to keep people safe.
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7. Young adult selling pet food under cardboard shading with lighting shown in fig(26). a.
He justified his shading set up for heat and rain protection. His use of cardboard is
temporary as “metallic ones are a 100 times better.” b.
“The presence of movement is most essential to the market,” whether that is in terms
of accessibility to the site or its temporality to be present on days such as Friday when people are free. He verifies this by comparing his Friday to Sunday experience of the market.
8. Female adult selling pottery items beside the swing set shown in fig (23). a.
The swing is bought by one of the residents to rent it to children instead of letting them
noisily play along the market all day long. b.
Although she mainly resells pottery, she also sells handmade accessories that she
makes with her neighbors.
9. Female adult selling pet supplies a.
“Customers are attracted to what looks different and diverse”
b.
She explains her need of shading for heat, rain and also to hang products on
c.
She justifies her use of lighting to opening up to 11PM
d.
Entertainment isn’t a priority since she divides shifts with her sons and daughters.
10. Adult male selling pigeons a.
Being a resident with a pigeon house, he explains the method of building them with
openings so the wind won’t break them. When asked about his source of knowledge, he references movies and songs and how raising pigeons is as old as time. b.
When questioned further, he also explains that he is part of a local pigeon community
that discusses stories, issues, and needs of pigeons. c.
With a romanticizing tone, he recalls how his childhood revolved around taking care of
and growing pigeons. d.
He relates the need for heightened security to the Egyptian law that doesn’t incriminate
pigeon selling.
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7.2
Discussion: Al Abaggeya Friday Market
7.2.1 Observed Patterns of Motion Boundaries and Gateways The Abageyya Souk’s beginning and end are marked by the boundaries of the cemeteries to the right and left of the Abageyya Bridge. The market grows under the shade of the bridge, expanding into the cemetery from both sides. Deeper into the market, the slaughterhouse lies enveloped between two
Figure 29: The beginning point of the market, creeping from beneath the Abageyya bridge
branches of the market. The point of branching is not only the beginning of the slaughterhouse, but it is also the exit from Autostrad from which visitors typically access the market, turning the underside of the bridge at that point into an informal station. The underside of the bridge at the beginning and end of the market are used as shaded informal parking areas also organized by informel valets, sayes. Context As mentioned earlier, the market grows inside a cemetery. However, it is difficult to realize that while
Figure 30: Autostrad exit to slaughterhouse as microbus access
walking through the market due to the density of trade shacks and that they are also 1 floor high. The size of the shacks is highly modular, only doubling in size at times. As for the construction of those shacks, they are generally built using wooden frames and shading infill when necessary. The roofs range from metal roofs to ones made of palm leaves.
Figure 31: Wooden frame with palm leaf roofing
Figure 32: Wooden frame with metal roofing
32
Paths Walking into the market, the width of the street is noticeably narrow, only allowing cars through in limited areas. Such paths are either identified by the presence of an abandoned railway as in fig (36) or through the organization of the shacks themselves as in fig (33). These paths exist in a hierarchy where cross roads are wide enough for cars to pass as in fig (33), paths between shacks are wide enough for around 4-5 people to pass side by side as shown in fig (34), and paths between display items or within shapes controlling flow to 1-2 people per width as in fig (35), fig (37) and fig (38).
Figure 33: : Wide paths for cars
Figure 36: Abandoned railway defining path
Figure 34: Main paths for walking
Figure 35: Narrow paths for display
Figure 37: Narrow paths amidst junk display
Figure 38: Narrow paths amidst window display
33
Market Organization Although it is very difficult to tell where the next turn will take you, each path generally feels like a zone where you are either completely surrounded by junk, sanitary facilities, furniture, antiques, pets or clothing. The area generally lacks services; however, supermarkets are found at crossroads and in formal structures nearer to the cemeteries. Figure 39: Market beneath bridge.
Market Display
Although the shacks themselves are highly modular, the way traders display items is instead as diverse as the items themselves. These vary from highly organized as in figto apparent chaos, some products are displayed as they would be usually used and other times in a completely unorthodox manner.
Figure 40: Hanging sinks
Figure 43: Chaotic vertical stacking
Figure 41: Hanging chandeliers
Figure 44: Organized vertical stacking. Table on table.
Figure 42: Horizontal layering of windows
Figure 45: Chaotic horizontal display (pool of junk)
34
Miscellaneous Patterns Other patterns of motion observed that do not fall under the above categories include transportation and playing equipment such as tricycles and scooters. The tricycle in fig(46) looks like a mini shack, with support structure and shading. On the mention of shading, shacks that lie beneath the bridge do not have roofing, and those facing the low Eastern and Western sun have vertical shading as in fig(47). This indicated that the shacks are not just an ignorant modularity. Finally, most shacks have light installed within as shown in fig(50).
Figure 46: Shaded Tricycle
Figure 49: Bridge shading roofless shack
Figure 47: Shading for low sun
Figure 48: Children on scooter
Figure 50: Lighting interwoven in products
35
7.2.2 Phenomenological Interviews This section summarizes the important, relevant points made in the phenomenological interviews as noted down and transcribed during the time of the interviews. The participants in the interviews are herewith presented below. 1. Male adult, selling sports equipment as junk a. When asked about the history of the market he stated that the explosion of a car in 2010 led to their relocation here. b. When asked on how the market is organized, he stated that at first it was one continuous market but then the government divided it into two parts to distribute the density of people. c. Most of his speech was based on Egyptian proverbs, responding to the idea of competition within a zone specialized in selling anything as “my enemy is the enemy of my business”
Figure 51: Interviewee #1
d. Similarly, the response to how such competition doesn’t lead to fights was “your tongue is your ride”, indicating that smart interaction is necessary to maintain the market dynamic. e. On his experience of relocation, he said that he prefers the current loation of the market since it causes no disturbance to anyone “the dead don’t complain!” f.
Despite buying the umbrella in fig(51) to deal with the scorching sun, he had no ideas for market enhancement.
2. Male adult, selling antiques a. He introduced himself as a tailor who changed profession when the trend turned towards readymade clothing b. He came from a market originally located in Moneeb before government relocation, verifying that a non-residential location for the market is preferable to muffle the noise. c. He began in the Moneeb market by selling antiques, then expanded on to sell additional items such as glasses and furniture. d. When asked about the source of knowledge or the drive for expansion, he used the proverb “the market is a school” as an edited version of the school of life. 36
e. According to him, the most important lesson learned is “the plastic from the real” referring to both valuable products and fake people. f.
He also showed us his use of the backside of the shop as a storage where items are protected by the market dogs.
Figure 53: Dogs, street protectors
Figure 54: Storage in shop
Figure 52: Interviewee #2
3. Male adult, selling window frames a. This person was approached with the request of describing the market for way finding, he recalled the mental map from memory using the bridge as a landmark reference to one’s side there is wood and aluminum products and on the other the junk and clothing market. b. Pointing out his installed light, he states that it’s for the time of sunset; however, most traders leave soon after because shop lighting is not enough without street lighting. c. Finally, he explains that the places were chosen at random depending on the empty spots because what matters is the familiarity of the customer with the location rather than the location itself.
4. Female adult, owning a supermarket a. The female owner introduced herself as a resident of the area, living there for 20 full years and experiencing the rise and fall and rise of the market once again. b. She blames the great fire on the use of wood and palm leaves as roofing instead of metal. c. Then she described how when the market burned down, some people forcefully took over the place and enforced a rent on the traders to come back to the market, which they mostly all did due to the popularity of the place as a market. 37
d. On her own experience of the market, she began with the supermarket as a project inside her house then she moved outwardly for exposure, renting a shop from her neighbor. e. When asked to describe the organization of the market, she began with Autostrad as a reference and how on one side lies the furniture and vulgar pet trade while on the other the antiques, junk and sanitary products. f.
She voices her desire to relocate the residents of the area due to the trouble the market brings, the absence of sanitary and absence of services.
Figure 55: Image from inside the supermarket
1. Male elderly, selling junk a. When asked on his choice of palm leaf roofing, he explained that he does not believe that they were the cause of the fire and that it was a planned burning of the market. b. As for his choice of trade, junk sanitary product trade was the profession his father passed on to him, and it is profitable enough to enroll his 4 daughters in higher education. c. As rain poured through the roofing, he voiced his concern about the lack of preparation of the area for being a market and how exposure to the elements harms people and products.
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8.0.0 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
8.1
Architectural Motions from Technology Table 1: Motions from Technology
Technology
Motion
Use
Software
Iterations
Different design options and simulating possible real life changes for responsive design
Actuation
Self-Assembly
Easier , faster construction as well as possible on-site reconfiguration
4D Printing
Morphing
Easy to print architecture and architectural parts that reshape with time or as a response
Deployable structures
Transportation
Architecture that could be relocated and reassembled in other contexts
Kinetic parts
Dynamicity
Architecture and architectural parts that respond move in response to the environment and users, reducing need for additional mechanical systems
Embedded systems
Responsiveness
Allowing responsiveness to be programmed rather than depending on material properties, widening possibilities
By listing and describing the motions the technological advancements discussed in section 6 lead to, table (1) shows that technology mainly equips architecture with literal motions such as iteration, self assembly, morphing, transportation, dynamicity, and responsiveness. Such motions can be brought about through material properties or programming. However, the logic on which the architecture is programmed or set to move is manually decided. Hence, the conclusion is that technological programming singlehandedly might not result in architecture that continuously reshapes unless the animate force, potential intuitive drives, is thoroughly understood and inputted. 39
8.2
Architectural Motions from Intuitive Patterns
8.2.1 Categorizing the Observed Patterns of Motion in Sayeda Aesha All the patterns mentioned here qualify as intuitive for two reasons. First, they have a function and hence satisfy the need for that function, becoming a need driven pattern. Secondly, they qualify as intuitive rather than merely rational because they are unorthodox and creative with no informed knowledge. The intuitive patterns observed in Al Sayeda Aesha are synthesized into four categories of motion in table (2): redefining use, growth, expansion, redefining typology, and spontaneous problem solving. Table 2: Intuitive Patterns as Categories of Motion in Sayeda Aesha
Motion Redefining use
Patterns 1. Unused land to parking 2. Unused land to station 3. Unused parking as noisy workspace
Growth
1. Vertical growth for mixed use: commercial and residential 2. Vertical and horizontal growth of residential units 3. Pigeon houses built on roofs
Expansion
1. Expansion of parking spaces into the street 2. Expansion of trade areas into the street 3. Blocking the street with rocks to visually expand and clear up area in front of shops
Reshaping typology
1. Diversity in display as: horizontal, vertical, cantilevered, hanging 2. Display could be specialized structure, additional structure, structure from context, and non-structure such as other products
Spontaneity
1. Products as seats and shading 2. Contextual elements for lighting and climbing
40
A similar exercise was done with Al Abageyya Market as shown in table (3). While redefining use was a common category, new categories of intuitively driven motion appear as containment, camouflage, movement, and lingering. Table 3: Motions from patterns of intuition in Abageyya Market
Motion Redefining use
Patterns 1. Unused land as parking 2. Unused land as station 3. Reusing cemetery as market
Containment
4. Cemetery boundaries setting expansion limits to market
Camouflage
5. Modularity and monotony allows for intermixing of unexpected zonescemetery and market 6. Modularity increases homogeneity between different zones and decreases way finding
Movement
7. Organization of the built designs the void 8. Hierarchy of width in void defines path use and gives a sense of order and flow
Linger
9. Unexpected display of sinks aiming to maximize visibility 10. Chaotic display develops intrigue and curiosity to explore all items
While the analysis in this subsection helps realize the categories of motion intuitive drives can lead to, it only hints at what these drives could be. The hypothesis is that the phenomenological interviews could provide more insight on such drives when analyzed.
41
8.2.2 Categories of Motion from Phenomenological Interviews The elements of motion below are deduced as a result of intuitive thinking whenever the interviewee justified it as a personal or social need (hobby and empathy) that is known through experience or as “an obvious truth.”
Table 4: Motions derived from Interviews in Sayeda Aesha Market
Motion
Tools and Drives
Temporality
Temporality defined by and attracts tradesmen from outside Cairo and those needing an additional part time job.
Self-Organization
Social actuators lead to empathetic and commercial sharing of space between residents and tradesman as well as commercial introduction of services and entertainment.
Resurfacing memory
Culture and experience as informal tutors that inform trade needs and requirements.
Attraction
Pattern recognition revealing what attracts customers in terms of display, diversity and demand.
Whether it be about expanding into the street, lifting products, or using transparent displays, visibility becomes essential in attracting and adding value to items.
This is also applicable to adding place value by highlighting hidden treasures “orthogonal plan” offering street visibility. Movement
Whether it is to redirect pedestrians, loading and unloading trucks, or using specially small vehicles
As hypothesized interviews reveal more about the intuitive drives, relating economic drive to temporality, sociopolitical and socioeconomic drive to self-organization, cultural drive to memory, visual drives to attraction, and prioritization drives to movement.
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Table 5: Motions fromIinterviews in Al Abaggeya Market
Motion Transformation
Tools and Drives 1. Change of material use to prevent fire 2. Splitting of market due to political control 3. Locating different functions in proximity allows for learning and renewal 4. Change in trends and preferences of community leads to change or new possibilities such as with the tailor 5. Seeking shade, protection and security from and with flora and fauna
Progression
1. Locating similar functions in proximity breeds competition that encourages progress
Self-Organization
1. Forming zones of similar functions 2. Zones organizing the built to formulate paths 3. Using existing landmarks as division elements; the bridge and the railroad
Resurfacing memory
1. Inheritance of some functions over time
Attraction
1.
Constance breeds familiarity to attract customers
Similarly historic, environmental, and sociopolitical drives led to motions of transformation and emotional drives led to progression. Self-organization was a recurrent motion but due to functional drives and visual drives. Similarly, the motion of resurfacing memories reappeared under an emotional rather than cultural drive and attraction due to a social rather than visual drive. What appears from this analysis is that the same architectural motion can result from different intuitive drives or a combination of them. This means that categorizing the interviews by motion and drive is insufficient to explain the observed patterns and correlate the two. However, what seems apparent is that the motions revealed from the interviews are more intangible such as memory, attraction, progression, and transformation. On the other hand, the patterns photographed are by nature physical, visual and tangible. Since most of these motions occur in the same context, seeing the interplay between the tangible and intangible motions then overlaying them with the intuitive drives identified from the interviews might reveal more about the complex relation between them.
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8.2.3 Visualizing Motions Based on the motions derived from the patterns and interviews, a series of illustrations were drawn to compare between the still version of the markets and the introduction of those motions. Patterns are drawn in a black color and information added through the interviews that cannot be tangibly expressed in space is highlighted in purple. The result of this is clarifying possible continuous architectural motions and the intuitive forces resulting in them.
Figure 58: Turning a deserted land into a parking in Sayeda Aesha
Figure 56: Using the deserted bridge structure as a station
Figure 57: Using the deserted bridge as a station, parking and roof
1. Politically, economically and environmentally driven motion of reuse of deserted spaces: Politically imposed informal rules create an illusion that guides the creation of motion that qualifies as contained motion, organizing deserted space as in fig(56) and as established from interviews on renting space and realizing space. Similarly, existing structures can unintentionally bound, allowing political drives to create illusions of place and paths as in fig (57) and fig (58).
Figure 59: Horizontal expansion and transformation
Figure 60: Vertical Layering
2. Sociocultural driven visual expression of time as a motion of growth and transformation: Literal growth in constrained space can be expressed through layering or change. For a clear expression of time, layering leaves evidence of different materiality and finesse such as in fig (60). On the other hand, transformation expresses general richness without details of growth such as in fig (59). From the interviews, layering reveals social drives such as important family relations and cultural drives such as Egyptian proverbs and pop culture. 44
Figure 61: Sayeda Aesha trades appear as a result of forces and disappear on their absence
Figure 62: Abaggeya Market trades change with time as a reult of forces
3. Socio-emotional transformation as a result of a matrix of external and internal forces: Functions appear, as shown in fig(61), as a result of emotional factors such as hobbies, empathy towards the object of trade or the inheritance of that trade, pattern recognition for needs for a trade in a market. However, once existent, those functions begin applying internal forces on each other due to social interaction as in fig (62). If the force is that of competitive repulsion the result is the growth and progression of the function. If the force is that of intriguing attraction, the result is the expansion or synthesis of the function as shown in fig(62). Either ways, the power of this force is expressed across time, making transformation a processional motion.
Figure 63: Sayeda Aesha residents organizing the market through street ownership
Figure 64: Al Abaggeya Market as self organized with some governmental rules
4. Politically driven fluid territoriality for expansion and compression. A land with no owner attracts informal ownership which could result in a contained motion of reuse as mentioned earlier in the discussion of fig(56), fig (57) and fig(58). However, another motion this brings about is the expansion of territoriality. Fig(63), shows that this fluid territoriality is not only to expand since its interaction with other boundaries reshapes it. In addition, formal political forces of ownership split or separate this reshaping boundry as in Al Abaggeya Market shown in fig(64).
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Figure 65: Sayeda Aesha Market Path
Figure 66: Al Abaggeya Market Path
5. Visual and economic prioritization as a basis for hierarchical movement and organization. The creation of path is essential for visibility in any market. Hence, in Sayeda Aesha this was established by preventing parking in front of trade spaces using rocks as well as through expanding the territoriality of trade spaces. The result of this, as seen in fig(65), is an irregular path that contracts whenever the priority for trade intensifies. On the other hand, the Abageyya market has regular paths as shown in fig(66). Yet, this does not null the importance of hierarchy where the width determines the mode of motion: car, multiple users, or single users. Since in both scenarios physical manifestation is used to represent the path to be followed, this is a represented motion.
Figure 69: Al Sayeda Aesha Market Displays
Figure 68: Al Abageyya Market Displays
Figure 67: Abstraction of displays- vertical, horizontal and diagonal
6. Visual and creative drives to create shifts in attention to bring about a motion of attraction. According to interviews and observation, attention and visibility is tackled in unorthodox manners such as by maintaining modularity so bridges would remain as landmarks, hanging sinks, tying to trees, or setting a pool of junk to curiously navigate through as illustrated in fig(67) and fig(68). By isolation, the one rule followed is to hang what is light and let heavy objects rest on solid ground as summed in fig(69), improvisation comes from freeing the self from any other rules. 46
9.0.0 CONCLUSION
9.1
Synthesis of Results
Analyzing motion from technologic advancement in section 8.1 revealed that technologic intelligence allows us to create literal motion in architecture such as iterations, responsiveness, self-assembly, morphing, and dynamicity. It was noted that the logic to program animate architecture needs to be first established from an ever-changing setting. Indeed, analyzing the case studies of Al Sayeda Aesha and Al Abageyya Friday Markets in section 8.2.3 showed the full spectrum of literal, contained, processional, and represented intuitively driven motions. While the initial assumption is that technology could only bring about the logical, literal motions, the literature reveals that understanding human intuition such as creativity is the first step into programming it (Carter, M. 2007). Hence, the research result brings us back to the Cedric Price’s quote, “technology is the answer, but what is the question?�
This research hence formulates a method to determine the question for technology to answer by observing humans reshape space intuitively. The studied areas showed manifestations of human intuition and their creative responses as patterns that were traced, categorized and analyzed in order to lay foundation for a language of motion in which the layer of programming could be added. Our current understanding of human intuition is limited, even in the specialized fields of psychology and neurology. Yet, while these fields study the intuition from within, this research instead explores its physical manifestations so that it could be utilized in the field of architecture, and hence tackling the issues of renewal and adaptation.
The data collected so far reveals some of the drives and basis behind intuitive action such as formal and informal political power, social structures, emotions, economic need, environmental tolerance, cultural background, visual aims, and improvisation. The resultant motions are both tangible and intangible, varying from growth to expansion, transformation, reuse, attraction and organization. From the analysis in section 8.2.1 and 8.2.2, it was realized that the richness of the resulted motion is an outcome of the multiplicity of intuitive forces creating every single pattern. Section 8.2.3 justifies this richness by realizing that intuitive forces result in the initial appearance of a pattern and then the existence of this pattern, in itself, turns into another force.
47
9.2
Significance of Study
This study proposes an intelligent architecture that is in a continuous flux by realizing the drives that lead people to intuitively reshape space. Having such knowledge acts as a first step in realizing technologic, efficient solutions to program architecture to be in optimized intuitive motion. By doing so, this study suggests bridging the gap between the rigidity of formal, gated communities and the unregulated vibrancy of informal settings through a transformative formal architecture. The result of this study is the beginning of a language that could be further developed and elaborated on as guidelines for setting architecture into motion.
Ultimately through this adaptive language of motion, and by negating the need for demolition and renovation, this study makes way for the reimagining of the economic life of buildings by reshaping, regenerating demand.
9.3
Recommendations
As mentioned, the research is a step along a larger vision for developing an intelligent architecture. It is suggested to develop the study further through the following steps. First, a control experiment is needed in which rules are imposed, similar to the case of newly planned developments and gated communities, in order to verify the notion of spontaneity and the inferred inversely proportional correlation with the existence of rigid rules.
Moreover, the field study was conducted through open ended questions and interviews which lead to a broad understanding of the site forces, users’ intuitive motives, and emergent patterns of motion. It is suggested that the questions would be developed further based on the current findings to acquire a deeper understanding and consequently, more accurate and clearer vocabulary of the language of intelligent architecture under scrutiny.
Additionally, and since the research aims to find a language of intelligent architecture, the study shall be repeated in different sites, taking into consideration the notion of spontaneity and lack of rigid rules, in order to reach a diverse jargon that could be utilized in prospective designs. Finally, and since motion is a space-time concept, the study could be repeated on difference scales; such as interiors and urban spaces over longer periods of time. 48
10.0.0
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11.0.0
APPENDIX
The following is a table of information for reference on the 15 interviewees whose names have been nulled for the purpose of promised anonymity. The listed names are in no particular order.
Table 6: Interviewee Information Index
Interviewee
Market
Age
Gender
Profession
Description
A
Aesha
Young
Male
Pet Supply
Trader
B
Aesha
Young
Male
Textile Trade
Trader
C
Aesha
Young
Male
Pets
Trader
D
Aesha
Adult
Male
Pets
Trader
E
Aesha
Adult
Male
Metalwork
Resident
F
Aesha
Adult
Female
Pet Supply
Trader
G
Aesha
Adult
Female
Textile
Trader
H
Aesha
Elderly
Male
Textile
Trader
I
Aesha
Elderly
Male
Pets
Trader
J
Aesha
Elderly
Male
Pets
Customer
K
Abaggeya
Adult
Male
Junk
Trader
L
Abaggeya
Adult
Male
Antique
Trader
M
Abaggeya
Adult
Male
Antique
Trader
N
Abaggeya
Adult
Female
Supermarket
Resident
O
Abaggeya
Elderly
Male
Junk
Trader
54