Design Portfolio 2016 by Raymond Tung

RAYMOND TUNG DESIGN PORTFOLIO 2016

contents CITY+ L INKAGES L A KEV IEW, MIS S IS S AU GA, CAN ADA

GROWING GREEN F ISHERMA NS B E N D, M E L B O U R N E , AU S TR AL IA

GOING WITH THE FLOW HIGH PA RK, T O R O N TO, CAN ADA

COMMON FOR STUDENT GROWTH BA CK CA MPUS, U N IV E R S ITY O F T O R O N T O, TO R O N TO, CAN ADA

reclaiming mumbai UR b LA aN d nd es SC ign AP & E A pl MA RCH ann ST ITE ing ER CT PL UR A E Re NNIN se G ar ch

ea stern wat e r f r o n t, m u m b ai, in d ia

Existing conditions

Green

Large green spaces disconnected from the water

Green spaces exist on the site, but are fragmented and scattered amongst roads and parking lots. With the exception of the marina, green spaces are not connected to the waterfront.

Pockets of fragmented green spaces, some with relation to the water

CITY+ LINKAGES lakeview, mississauga, canada

Water Existing shoreline is the result of land reclamation for industrial and shipping purposes

Existing marina with largely privatised water useage

INDEPENDENT STUDIO PROJECt, 2013

Water connections are severely limited due to the site historically limiting access to the greater community. Waterfront activity currently occurs at the marina just outside the site, despite its use being largely privatised.

CITY+ LINKAGES seeks to create new linkages from the urban, built Mississauga community through Lakeview, a current brownfield and industrial precinct, to Lake Ontario, while also creating a 21st century community for several thousand residents and workers. The site currently sits on a 245-acre waterfront site, previously hosting the Ontario Power Generation (OPG) coal-burning Lakeview Generating Station. It is the largest undeveloped waterfront property under stingle ownership in Mississauga and its redevelopment presents the city with a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to revitalise the waterfront and create a community with a lasting legacy. City+ Linkages is grounded along a central axis, Lakeview Boulevard, extending from Ogden Avenue into the site. Along this axis are four different public realms: Lakeview Square, Lakeview Boulevard, Lakeview Canal, and Lakeview Ferry Terminal. Each public realm provides a new experience in Lakeview and Greater Mississauga. The site design addresses the city’s goals to link the city to the water, create new public spaces, create a vibrant community, increase multimodal connectivity to and within the site, and become a destination for local and regional visitors.

Streets extending from greater community stop right at Lakeshore Rd E, creating a ‘wall’ effect

Community The site has historically been a barrier with Lakeshore Rd E as a boundary between the greater communities of Mississauga and Peel Region and the industrial, OPG-owned lands.

Lakeshore Rd E creates a barrier between the site and the rest of the community

Disused pier, a reminder of the site’s maritime past

Historical Areas of historical and cultural significance are limited towards the southern end of the site. The site of the former power station, piers, and coalunloading berth hint at the site’s former industrial past.

Former aerodrome and OPG power station site

Disused coal-unloading berth, a reminder of the site’s industrial/ shipping past

BUILDINGS

CORRIDORS

GREEN NETWORK

HARD & SOFT EDGES

LANDMARKS

LANDSCAPE TYPES

NEIGHBOURHOODS

PEDESTRIANS

PUBLIC TRANSPORT

STORMWATER COLLECTION & TREATMENT

STREETS

VIEWS & SIGHTLINES

LAKEVIEW SQUARE The first experience is Lakeview Square, the community common and northern terminus of Lakeview Boulevard. A pavilion in the centre becomes a UV stormwater filtration plant that discharges water along a water installation along Lakeview Boulevard into Lake Ontario.

LAKEVIEW BOULEVARD The second experience is Lakeview Boulevard, a retail corridor inspired by traditional high streets. This will become a nexus for commercial uses and the focus of community activity will be along its widened central median, where a water installation will be located to facilitate stormwater discharge into Lake Ontario.

LAKEVIEW CANAL The third experience is Lakeview Canal, a portion of the newly created shoreline created by extending the exisiting outfall channel. This naturalised edge will feature wetland vegetation and nature trails, along with recreational terrestrial and aquatic programmes.

LAKEVIEW FERRY TERMINAL The fourth experience is Lakeview Ferry Terminal, the southern terminus of Lakeview Boulevard and where Mississauga meets Lake Ontario. It is envisioned to be an area of active waterfront recreation, as well as a transport interchange for water transport to Torontoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s city centre and neighbouring Port Credit.

BUILDING TYPOLOGIES

Medium-rise GFA: 4,409 - 5,780m2 Storeys: 3 storeys Height: 9m

Medium-rise with podium GFA: 1,1472 - 14,799m2 Storeys: 3-storey podium, 5-storey medium-rise Height: 9m podium, 15m medium-rise

Courtyard GFA: 6,707 - 27,855m2 Storeys: 3 - 6 storeys Height: 9 - 18m

Half courtyard GFA: 3,071 - 4,709m2 Storeys: 3 storeys Height: 9m

Slab courtyard GFA: 2,228 - 3,602m2 Storeys: 3 storeys Height: 9m

Terrace GFA: 9,899 - 39,443m2 Storeys: 2 - 7 storeys Height: 6 - 21m

Helix GFA: 1,233 - 4,721m2 Storeys: 2 - 3 storeys Height: 6 - 9m

Sitewide metrics: Total GFA: 841,458m2 Total units: 8,415 Total population: 16,830

(This page and opposite) Aerial perspectives of site

Site morphology

Natural The original alignment of the Yarra River was narrower and it flowed further north than present-day. The site was a floodplain characterised by low-lying wetlands in which the Maribyrnong River and Moonee Ponds Creek flowed into. Near the present-day Docklands site was a large wetland named West Melbourne Swamp.

growing green fishermans bend, melbourne, australia INDEPENDENT STUDIO PROJECT, 2012 GROWING GREEN seeks to create a landscape- and environmentally driven approach to transforming Fishermans Bend, a former industrial site along the Yarra River. It draws upon three main characteristics of the site: 1) limited amounts of green space, 2) weak connectivity within the site and its surroundings, and 3) immense private ownership of land parcels in the form of superblocks that limit the ability to implement the first two characteristics. The project envisions 21st century urban from an environmental and sustainable approach with the self-driven ability to improve conditions within the site and those outside as well. Process is introduced on-site through an urban nursery or ‘green source’ to grow vegetation necessary to vegetate the rest of the site. ‘Green networks’ of improved transport and streetscaping will address weak connectivity. Strategies to incentivise the private ownership of individual land parcels will see the formation of ‘green pockets’, which will aid in improving and increasing connectivity between land parcels to connect them to existing and new green spaces.

Late 1800s Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation of Melbourne quickly created the need for improved port access and facilities. In 1880, the Yarra River was widened and realigned to improve access to the port, creating the Fishermans Bend channel (i.e. Coode Canal) and Coode Island. West Melbourne Swamp was reclaimed to create the port facilities of the Docklands.

Present-day The present-day alignment of the Yarra River has not been drastically changed, however the old river course north of Coode Island was reclaimed in 1950s. In the 1960s, the container port facilites were built. The decline of industrial activity and shipping in Melbourne has led to redevelopment and revitalisation of land along both sides of the Yarra River.

TLA

COODE ISLAND

YARRAVILLE

CENTRAL BUSSINESS DISTRICT

VICTORIA HARBOUR

A YARR

WETLAND

RIVE

YARR A

RIVER

ET LA

SOUTBANK

WE TLA

YARRA’S EDGE

AY W

WESTGATE PARK

R EF

WETLAND

CITY OF PORT PHILLIP

SOUTH MELBOURNE

PORT MELBOURNE

URBAN NURSERY GARDEN CITY BEACON COVE

ALBERT PARK

URBAN NURSERY HOBSONS BAY URBAN NURSERY

GREEN SOURCE: URBAN NURSERY

Urban forest evolution

The operations of Port Melbourne, located at the south-west quadrant of the site, is envisioned to vacate, leaving a large portion of the site open for redevelopment. These lands leave behind a trace of their former use by way of contaminants which must be remediated.

1800s

1900s

2000s

Melbourne founded Carlton Gardens Alexandra Avenue Elm trees Plane trees

An urban nursery will be constructed for the growing of vegetation to be used as bioremediators on-site to aid in remediation of contaminated lands, as well as to be transplanted to other sites for further greening and remediation purposes. Transplanted vegetation will create a naturalised waterfront along a segment of the Yarra River, creating a new waterfront condition, as well as vegetation for improving the city’s open spaces, parks, gardens, and streets. This strategy aids in the City of Melborune’s Urban Forestry Strategy to ensure urban resilience against climate change and provide for environmental, social, and economic benefits by increasing tree canopies, tree diversity, and creating a new regional park.

Periods of drought Water restrictions Climate change awareness Reminder of European origins Aesthetic quality Provide shade Reclaim land Cultivate or tame landscape Reminder of nature and growth Improve land value

Develop neighbourhoods Revegetation Natives as patriotic Concept of trees as an ‘asset’ emerges

Urban intensification Urban heat island mitigation Biodiversity Water-sensitive urban design Sustainability Recognition of public realm Health and well-being benefits

Urban heat island effect 19.5 18.5

Temperature (°C)

17.5

Giving & receiving sites

16.5 15.5 14.5 Rockbank

Deer Park

Sunshine

Braybrook

Footscray

5 West

CBD

Richmond

Prahran

Caulfield N

Chadstone

Distance from CBD (km)

Clayton

Noble Park

Dandenong

Hallam

South-east

Creation of a new regional park Kings Domain/ Royal Botanic Gardens

Giving sites Urban nursery

Receiving sites Publicly-owned land Waterfront

0.82 km

Urban nursery

Treasury Gardens/ Fitzroy Gardens

Carlton Gardens

Westgate Park

Birrarung Mar

0.26 km2

0.32 km2

1.5 km

Existing park Street

Land parcels are classified as either ‘giving sites’ or ‘receiving sites’. As the urban nursery grows, propagates, and transplants vegetation to other sites, it is a ‘giving site’. Land parcels that will receive transplanted vegetation are ‘receiving sites’. These sites include publicly-owned land, the waterfront along the Yarra River, and existing green spaces.

0.35 km2

Albert Park 2.25 km2

Fawkner Park 0.41 km2

0.08 km2

Flagstaff Gardens 0.072 km2

Beaconsfield

Urban nursery (giving site): Vegetation growth, propagation, and transplant for remediation and urban forest enhancement

Naturalised waterfront of the Yarra River (receiving site): Remediated and naturalised waterfront condition with vegetation from urban nursery

Existing networks

GREEN NETWORKS: IMPROVE CONNECTIVITY

Streets (within site)

Fishermans Bend, despite being close to the CBD, lacks the connections necessary to allow it to function in co-ordination with the larger city.The major connection into the site is the West Gate Freeway, which bisects the site east-west. Connectivity in and around the site is limited.

Pedestrian (within site)

Improved connectivity via a new vision of streetscaping will see the creation of complete streets, serving pedestrians, cyclists, public transport, and vehicles. Streets will be planted with vegetation grown from the urban nursery and will treat, filter, and harvest stormwater for its sustainable reuse.

Motorway Arterial Collector Footpath

Service lane

Land transport

Water transport

Green network typologies Green networks are redesigned city streets that will enhance connectivity throughout the site by enhancing pedestrian and public transport circulation as well as connecting green and open spaces.

Williamstown Ferry Train

Spirit of Tasmania

Tram

Cruise ships

Bus

Container ships

Major station

Major pier

Vegetation grown in the urban nursery will be planted to create the different green network typologies: street plants, swales, and constructed wetlands. In addition to enhancing connectivity, green networks will provide ecological benefits of increasing the urban forest as well as harvesting, treating, and filtering stormwater. Street planting

Footpath

Swales

Cycle lane

Light railway

Street median

Constructed wetlands

Roadway

Recreational trail

Waterfront

River

Green networks: Community green spaces connected by various circulations modes along re-envisioned streetscapes

Parcels by shape

GREEN POCKETS: INCENTIVISE PRIVATE OWNERSHIP Land parcels within Fishermans Bend are primarily superblocks with private ownership, limiting the ability to improve future connectivity and circulation. To create new streets and connections through these superblocks and to stimulate redevelopment, block typology strategies are devised to allow future developments to be built at higher densities, often in the creation of higher-storey buildings, in return for stipulated amenities consisting of: 1) green pockets, a network of smaller green and open spaces throughout the site, and 2) a network of laneways and other public spaces to connect green pockets through large superblocks.

Parcels by size

Block typologies

Block typology strategies Typology 1: L, M, S parcels Open-air laneway through large-parcel development to connect green pockets with street Green pockets of small parcels Green pocket of medium-sized parcel connect other green pockets and laneway with street

Typology 2: L and S parcels Open-air laneway through large-parcel development to allow connection from green pockets to street Green pockets of small-sized parcels connect laneway and street

Typology 3: M and S parcels

Green pockets of small-sized parcels connect to street Green pockets of medium-sized parcels at rear to preserve street frontage

Typology 4: M parcels only

Green pockets of medium-sized parcels connect each other to street

Typology 5: S parcels only

Green pockets of small-sized parcels connect each other to street

Green pockets: Urban vitality in community gardens, laneways, and other public spaces between developments

Flows

Green Green flows comprise of ecological systems and their integration towards ecological health and resilience. Fragmented vegetative communities will be reorganised to to strengthen the overall ecological health of the site. An integrated urban green network will help minimise habitat fragmentation.

GOING WITH THE FLOw high park, toronto, canada INDEPENDENT STUDIO PROJECT, 2012 GOING WITH THE FLOW embraces the concept of ‘flows’, the interaction of people and ecosystems with landscapes. Flows in this context are a reference to 1) the gradual change of landscapes over time, 2) the need for landscapes to accomodate human and ecological needs, and 3) planning for future health and resilience. As flows are continuously in ‘movement’, actions are taken to strengthen this movement and to provide oppor tunities to connect and integrate High Park, not only within its own boundaries, but to its surroundings. Programmes are intensified and concentrated, with emphasis on revenue-generating uses. Flexible spaces will be created adjacent to redevelopment and revitalisation areas. Circulation will be improved by strengthening the trail system, limiting vehicular traffic, and promoting public transpor t. Vegetative communities are strengthened by minimising fragmentation and creating a connection of wetlands from the park’s water bodies to Lake Ontario. Stormwater will be treated on-site by biofilters at Grenadier Pond and constructed wetlands along the shorelines of water bodies and wetland islands at the waterfront

Water Water flows are the hydrological and sediment dynamics of the site. High Park will be used to filter and cleanse stormwater run-off from neighbouring areas on-site before reaching Lake Ontario. The existing breakwaters will be removed to allow the return of sediment flows to the shore and to prevent shoreline erosion and aid in shoreline remediation.

Community Community flows comprise of people and their interaction and integration with communities. High Park will see increased accessibility by prioritising alternative modes of transport. Entrances and current park ciruclation will be modified with an integrated hierarchical nature trail system to minimise disturbance.

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

Allotment gardens Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s garden Civic space Colborne Lodge Community gardens Dog off-leash area Dream site Flexible space Greenhouse Grenadier Pond biofilter Grenadier Channel Grenadier Pond Grenadier Restaurant Hillside gardens Jamie Bell Adventure Playground Lower Duck Pond Nature Centre Public transport interchange Shoreline wetland Sports grounds Spring Creek Channel Spring Creek nature trails Sunnyside Beach Sunnyside Pavilion Sunnyside Pier Sunnyside Pool Terraced gardens Upper Duck Pond Urban agriculture fields Urban Ecology Museum West Ravine nature trails Wetland islands

Phase 1: 5 years

Phase 2: 15 years

Phase 3: 25 years

Create flexible spaces at park entrances

Programme

Create a recreational trail Close the zoo and convert to community gardens

Create a waterfront trail

Continue creating a recreational trail

Conversion of greenhouses to urban ecology museum and urban agriculture fields

Continue flexibility of programmes and promote additional programmes over time

Evaluate existing programmes and promote revenue-generating programmes

Improve programming of waterfront

Improve park entrances

Circulation

Extend streetcar service into the park Limit vehicular access to certain roads and promote active transport trails

Continue improving park entrances

Selective modification of circulation network as needed

Reduction of Lakeshore Blvd lanes Provide ferry services at pier

Plan for sucession of oak savannahs Monitor health of oak savannahs

Organise sporadic vegetative communities

Monitor health of successional forest Continued maintenance of vegetative communities

Vegetation

Continue construction of wetlands Construct wetlands the shores of water bodies Undertake tree plantings on the waterfront

Creation of wetland islands Continue construction of wetlands along Lake Ontario shoreline

Grading for flexible spaces Selective modificatoin of surfaces as needed

Hygrology & topography

Earthworks for biofilters

Grading for streetcar extension

Excavation of hillside for terraced gardens Construction of channels to connect to Lake Ontario

Earthworks for wetland islands Dredging for wetlands along Lake Ontario shoreline

Flexible park space

(Above) Section of terraced gardens (Right) Section of flexible park space

Grenadier Pond biofilters

(Top) Section of Grenadier Channel (Bottom) Section of wetland islands

DIGITAL FABRICATION Two physical models were digitally fabricated by the MLA 1 class, which included myself, to aid in topographical studies of High Park and its surrounding context. The first model is of the community at the mouth of the Humber River with the Queensway and Gardiner Expressway. This model was constructed by laser-cutting details onto sheets of millboard. The second model depicts the High Park in its entirety and its connection to the waterfront and Lake Ontario. This model was constructed with a combination of techniques, including CNC and laser-cutting of millboard and plywood.

Solace

Interaction

COMMON FOR STUDENT GROWTH BAC K CAMPUS, university of toronto, toronto, canada INDEPENDENT STUDIO PROJECt, 2011 COMMON FOR STUDENT GROWTH is a revitalisation of Back Campus, one of the University of Toronto’s largest open spaces, and a focal point in the centre of the university. The revitalisation takes direction from the university’s Open Space Master Plan, which envisions Back Campus to become a landmark-status landcsape with improved connections between buildings, and a landscape that celebrates ‘learning’ and the ‘student’. The design is grounded in the concept of ‘student growth’, chosen from the Latin motto found on the university’s crest, “Velut arbor aevo”, translated into “May it grow as a tree through the ages”. The design is inspired by tree rings which symbolise growth. This design believes that students can achieve growth during their university career through 1) Y solace, 2) interaction, and 3) discover y.

Discovery

“May it grow as a tree through the ages”

Different areas of the site allow for different types of programming, each corresponding to the three ways that allow for student growth to be achieved. Back Campus is forecasted to become a major student common due to its location by University College, Har t House and other major university buildings and facilities.

SOLACE

STUDENT GROWTH INTERACTION

DISCOVER

(Right) Site viewed atop Soldiersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Tower (Bottom) Section of site

EXISTING CONDITIONS

Infrastructure Mumbai’s promontory shape has resulted in urbanisation that is dominantly north-south, as evidenced by axes of major roads and railways. Although the railways were built for industrial purposes, the railway system is primarily passengeroriented due to the process of deindustrialisation since the late 1980s. New infrastructure projects to relieve road congestion are a series of sea links, flyovers, and bridges, of which the Bandra-Worli Sea Link on the western shoreline is emblematic. The lack of water transport is extremely striking given the city’s strong maritime history.

RECLAIMING MUMBAI eastern waterfront, mumbai, india independent research project, 2015 This reseach project investigates how landscape architecture can act as a catalyst in the transformation of a section of the industrial Eastern Waterfront, the historic por t of Mumbai, to address the following critical issues the city is currently facing: 1. Minimal available green and open space, 2. Chronic housing shortage arising from high demand but low supply, and 3. Unemployment from deindustrialisation. This project interprets the concept of ‘reclaiming’ in two ways: 1. Physical creation of new green space that will provide public access to a once-inaccessible waterfront and in doing so, 2. act as a social stimulus, giving the urban poor, previously marginalised and excluded persons, the ability to be included in the city-building and restructuring of Mumbai.

Urbanisation Mumbai’s solution to urbanisation has always been through land reclamation without a formal plan to co-ordinate and organise growth. Deindustrialisation, illegal contamination, and poor sanitary infrastructure have created areas of highly unsuitable living conditions that threaten the safety and security of the population. The proliferation of slums is a physical manifestation of this issue. Continued urbanisation trends, together with economic liberalisation and the rise of an affluent middle class will only leave the urban poor further struggling in the cycle of poverty.

Environment Mumbai originally consisted of seven islands, which through land reclamation has become one land mass. The disappearance of mangroves and shrinking water flows, remnants of once-present water features have been lost in the psyche of modern Mumbai. Landscape is perceived as small, dispersed pockets of green and open spaces. Their provision has not kept pace with the city’s growth, resulting in the city having some of the fewest amounts of green space per capita in the world.

METROPOLITAN CONTEXT

CITY TRENDS Neoliberal economy - Beginning in the early 90s - Resulted in dramatic social, political, and economic changes

In-migration - Large influx of rural migrants - Overcrowding/ strain on resources - Housing shortage - Rise of informal housing - Poor liveability

Deindustrialisation - Brownfield redevelopment opportunities - Loss of economic opportunities - Rising unemployment - Rise in informal-sector jobs

Environmental degradation - Mangrove encroachment/ destruction - High vulnerability from climate change - High ground/ water/ air pollution

CURRENT LAND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS MIDDLE CLASS

Lands occupied by slums

Lands sold to developer by owner

(Public and private)

Land is developed

Luxury apartments Luxury malls

URBAN POOR

Public housing

Eviction of slum-dwellers

Displacement

Resettlement

Squatting

LOW AMOUNTS OF OPEN SPACE

INADEQUATE HOUSING SUPPLY

Metropolitan Mumbai lies in a river plain with urbanisation constrained by the surrounding mountains and sea. Urbanisation is most intense in Island City, the southern part of Salsette Island. The construction of Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and new peripheral development further threatens the fragile mangrove ecosystems. National roads and railways are located in valleys and lowlands. The water system creates a diffused natural infrastructure network. The historic port, once the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s centre for shipping activity, is now suboptimally used, with modern containerised shipping occuring across the harbour.

Playgrounds 4 km2

Gardens & parks 2.5 km2

Recreation ground 7.7 km2

Housing units required per year

Housing units built per year

= 1,000 housing units

HISTORY OF MUMBAI

x Early settlements b a se d o n a g r i c u l t u r e a nd fi s h i n g ( p re 1 5 0 0 s )

INDUSTRY

Mumbai, historically known as Bombay, was originally an archipelago of seven islands, inhabited by paddy farmers and fisherman (kolis). In the late 16th century, the Portuguese established control of the islands. In the mid 17th century, the islands were ceded to England and later leased to the English East India Company, who established the region as a foothold of economic importance and shifted their headquarters to Bombay. By the mid 1850s, the city had become a major colonial port and industrial city with the cotton textile industry forming the backbone of the economy. The port linked the mills with markets throughout the British Empire and the opening of the Suez Canal further accelerated the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s growth and importance.

AGRARIAN + FISHING SETTLEMENT X

COLONIAL TRADING POST X

In the late 1980s and into the 1990s, the Indian government adopted a series of capitalist reforms, heralding an era of neoliberal policies and competition from globalisation. This led to an economic shift from industrial activities to post-industrial activities. Former industrial lands such as the cotton mills and the historic port currently are underutilised, with their futures uncertain. Slums are being rapidly demolished with gated housing communities and shopping malls in their place, catering to the growing middle class. Present-day, neoliberal Mumbai is unequal with the wealth gap widening and exacerbating social and environmental woes.

URBAN GROWTH

From 1870 to 1970, industrial and commercial development prospered, resulting in mass rural-to-urban migration into the city, creating an industrial working class and a bourgeoning middle class. During the 1970s, growth was planned in the periphery with the founding Navi (New) Mumbai to address the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s housing shortage and to absorb new population growth. A new port across Mumbai Harbour at Jawaharlal Nehru was planned.

x Early settlement by Ko l i s fi s h e r fo l k SEVEN ISLANDS X

x Sev to dow (16 x Po r t u g u e s e o c c u p a t i o n (1534)

(Right) Historical timeline of Mumbai

AUTHORITY

x E a r l i e s t k n ow n se t t l e m e n t

PRE-COLONIAL X

COLONIAL

1530

1600 1500s

1600s

30 million

x S ue z C a na l o p e ns; B o mb a y i s c l o se st I nd i a n p o r t t o E uro p e ; ma j o r grow t h o c c ur s (1869)

TOTAL POPULATION

x Mu m ba i Me t r o beg i n s o p e ra t i o n s (2014)

x I nt e nse sp e c ul a t i v e a c t i v i t y se e s e st a bl i shme nt o f b a nki ng a nd f i na nc i a l c o mp a ni e s ( mi d 1 8 6 0 s) x B o mb a y B a ro d a a nd C e nt ra l I nd i a R a i l wa y C o mp a ny b eg i ns o p e ra t i o ns (1856)

x Tex t i l e i n du s t r y de c l i n e s ; de i n du s t r i a l i s a t i o n o c c u r s (late 1980s)

x G re a t I nd i a n Pe ni nsul a r R a i l wa y b eg i ns o p e ra t i o ns (1853) x 2 3 ,1 4 0 ,0 0 0 (2020 est)

x B o mb a y exp e r i e nc e s t ext i l e b o o m f ro m c o t t o n mi l l s (1850) COLONIAL INDUSTRIAL CITY X

MONOPOLY-HELD COLONIAL TRADING POST X

INDEPENDENT MAJOR CITY X

NEOLIBERAL MEGACITY X x P O P. RE AC HE S 2 0 M I LLI O N (2014) x 1 8 ,4 0 0 ,0 0 0 (2011)

x N a vi ( N ew ) Bo m ba y fo u n de d t o di s p e r s e g r ow t h (1972) x E xt e nsi v e t ra c t s o f l a nd re c l a i me d a l o ng fo re sho re s ( 1 8 6 0 s)

x F i re o ut b re a k i s i mp e t us fo r urb a n i mp rov e me nt s; se t t l e me nt d i sp e r se s (1803)

x F ir st lar ge -scale , civ il en gine e r in g wor ks by W illiam Hor nby (1772)

SLUM POPULATION

x 1 6 ,3 6 9 ,0 8 4 (2001)

x Ur ba n g r ow t h i n t o s u bu r bs beg i n s (1970s)

x H o r ny-Ve l l a rd c a usewa y l i nk s a l l i sl a nd s i nt o si ng l e l a nd ma ss; d e e p -wa t e r ha rb o ur e st a bl i she d (1838)

20 million

x N ew C BD e s t a bl i s h e d a t N a r i m a n Po i n t (1970)

x F i r st c e nsus i n I nd i a (1871)

x 1 2 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 (1991) x Ma j o r h o u s i n g s h o r t a g e beg i n s ; s l u m p o p u l a t i o n s increase (1950s) MUMBAI METROPOLITAN REGION X

ISLAND CITY/ SALSETTE ISLAND X

x P O P. RE AC HE S 1 0 M I LLI O N (1984)

x 1 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 (2014)

10 million

x 9 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 (2007)

x English East Ind ia C o m pan y transfer s head qu ar te r s to Bombay (1 684)

x 8 ,2 2 7 ,3 8 2 (1981)

x In di a a c h i eve s i n de p e n de n c e (1947)

x England leases Bombay to Englis h East India Compan y ( 1668)

x B o mb a y M uni c i p a l C o rp o ra t i o n fo r me d (1888) x 5 ,9 7 0 ,5 7 5 (1971)

ven Islands ceded England as royal wr y 661)

x Que e n’ s P ro c l a ma t i o n by Que e n V i c t o r i a ; I nd i a c o me s und e r d i re c t r ul e o f B r i t i sh c row n (1858)

x B ui l d i ng s C o mmi t t e e a nd Tow n C o mmi t t e e fo r me d t o regul a t e b ui l t e nv i ro nme nt (1806)

1,244,934 (1921)

773,764 (1881) 664,605 821,764 (1872) (1891) x x x

170 0

1,268,936 (1931) 1,018,388 (1911) x x

1800s

x 4 ,1 5 2 ,0 5 6 (1961)

x 2 ,9 6 6 ,9 0 2 (1951)

x 4 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 (1985)

x V i s i o n Mu m ba i p u bl i s h e d u n de r ‘ w o r l d- c l a s s ’ i de o l o g y (2003)

x INDEPENDENCE X x 400,00 (1964)

1900

1800 1700s

1 ,6 8 6 ,1 2 7 (1941)

x Bo m ba y r e n a m e d ‘ Mu m ba i ’ by Sh i v Se n a nationalist party (1995)

2000 1900s

2050 2000s

SLUMS

MUMBAI SLUM POLICY TIMELINE ECONOMIC CENTRALISATION X

TRENDS

Slums are heavily populated informal settlements, characterised by substandard housing and poor service provision.They generally lack sanitation, clean water, reliable electricity, proper planning, law enforcement, and other basic services. They are a partcular concern in megacities of the global south, where majority of the world’s urban growth is forecasted. The highest concentration of slums are found in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and South East Asia. Slums are mostly caused by rapid rural-to-urban migration, economic stagnation, high unemployment, poverty, poor planning, natural disasters, and social conflicts. Solutions to improve the situation have included a combination of slum removal, relocation, upgrading, public housing schemes, and holistic urban planning.

PUBLIC PROVIDER OF HOUSING X

1950

1960

RENT CONTROL & x EVICTION PREVENTION SPECULATION CONTROL & DISTRIBUTION CLEARANCE & DEMOLITION

RESETTLEMENT

Slum formation Income inequality

Lack of economic growth

In-migration

Lack of affordable housing

Poverty

POLICY FOCUS

HOUSING TENURE REDEVELOPMENT & REHABILITATION IGO & NGO INTERVENTION PRIVATE-SECTOR INTERVENTION

Slum formation

World’s urban slum population Total population: 7,243,784,000

22.24%

STATE

Non-slum urban population 3,880,128,000

MUMBAI RENT CONTROL ACT (1947) - Negative impact on private investments - Adverse effects on property-tax collection

Urban slum population:

Total population: 23,140,000

Non-slum urban population:

47.54%

12,140,000

Urban slum population: 11,000,000 52.46%

CITY OTHER

Mumbai slum population

RESPONSIBLE AUTHORITY

863,000,000 77.76%

MUMBAI MUNICIPAL CORPORATION ACT (1954) - Empowered to clear slums

ECONOMIC LIBERALISATION X PUBLIC FACILITATOR OF HOUSING X

1970

1980

1990

2000

x x x

x x

SLUM AREAS (IMPROVEMENT, CLEARANCE & REDEVELOPMENT) ACT (1971) - Equipped wider powers to notify slums and implement clearance schemes - Improvements on government land only; infrastructure improvements MAHARASHTRA VACANT LANDS ACT (1975) - Lands encroached by squatters deemed vacant and slum-dwellers fined and evicted; alternative accommodation provided MAHARASHTRA HOUSING AND AREA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (1977) - Slum improvement begins on government and private lands; includes provision of taps, latrines, footpaths, drains, and streetlights - Hindered by lack of space and staying orders from courts; slums on private lands or central-government lands could not be improved

SLUM IMPROVEMENT CELL w/i MMC (1969) - Clearance and resettlement of slums permitted on municipal lands

URBAN LAND (CEILING & REGULATION) ACT (1976) - Act bypassed by private landowners via manipulation and permission

MUMBAI URBAN DEVELOPMENT PROJECT BY WORLD BANK (1980s) - Promoted regularisation of squatter settlements and spply of serviced land - Long-term tenure of land granted - Only benefited municipal land, not private and central-government lands

SLUM REDEVELOPMENT ACT (1995) - Advocated private-sector participation in housing slum-dwellers - Land cleared was to be built and sold to higher-income groups with subsidies for slum-dwelers - Goals were to release encroached land and create housing stock, while shifting responsibility of rehousing slum-dwellers from public authorities to private sector

EASTERN WATERFRONT CONTEXT

Land use

Land tenure

Mumbai’s connection to its historic central city has weakened with new developments in the periphery as it rushes to realise ‘world-class’ ambitions. At the same time, deindustrialisation has opened opportunities for the provision of public space, a much-needed amenity, at many brownfield sites. The Eastern Waterfront is no exception to this ‘reclaiming’ process, where multiple aspirations, needs, and conflicts are played out. The Eastern Waterfront occupies an area of 1,800 acres, and is undergoing a post-industrial transformation. The land is largely owned by Mumbai Port Trust (MbPT), except for some lands held for naval and defence purposes. Despite the Eastern Waterfront extending along 12km of the edge of the city, all inaccessible waterfront, only one per cent is occupied by public space. Therefore, the Eastern Waterfront plays a critical in not only opening up a large portion of the central city, but creating opportunities for public space and engagement. The site also has the potential to become a model development, where social and environmental needs can be accommodated in addition to economic needs - a shift from conventional development in megacities of the global south. Provision for public housing and economic opportunities for the urban poor are possibilities that can be explored within the site.

PROPOSED LAND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS MbPT becomes land developer

(Public agency that can address social issues)

Employ labour force (Utilise latent labour force of slum-dwellers)

Green axis laid out to catalyse development

Parks/ open spaces Land is developed

Amenities 5.89%

Community amenities Public housing

Storage 22.78%

Roads 16.78%

Remediation process

(Provides formalised employment to slum-dwellers)

1) Parks & open spaces 2) Defence 3) Residential 4) Commercial 5) Small industries

0.85% 4.56% 1.73% 5.39% 4.36%

1 2 3 4

Vacant 2.86%

LEGEND Port activities 10.5%

Railways 11.28%

Manufacturing 15.88%

Port activities Storage Manufacturing Small industries Commercial Residential Defence Parks/ open spaces Roads Railways Amenities

15 monthly 3.73%

Monthly 10.66%

MbPT operated 46.67% Long lease 36.08%

Port utilisation

Connectivity WADALA

SEWREE

COTTON GREEN

REAY RD

DOCKYARD RD

SANDHURST

DHAKKA

MASJID BUNDER

CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI TERMINUS

BALLARD PIER

GATEWAY OF INDIA

LEGEND

MbPT operated Long lease 15 monthly Monthly Vacant

Suboptimal port use Port use

Port use 55.05%

Sub-optimal port use 44.95%

LEGEND Eastern Freeway Major road Minor road Port Trust Railway Passenger railway Railway station Water route Ferry pier/ passenger terminal Defence land Land reclamation (in progress) Major building/ landmark Park/ open space Mangrove Informal settlement Perimeter wall/ barricade CBD (Fort) Site entrance (all vehicular) Site

Remediation

Built form

Circulation

Open space

Phase 1: 5 years

Phase 2: 5 - 10 years

Green axis laid out; all publicly accessible

Railway built from soil recycling plant to future residential precinct Loop road built for service and maintenance

Existing industrial buildings Buildings undergoing demolition Green axis

Soil recycling plant constructed Soil remediation of residential precinct

Phase 3: 10 - 15 years

Street tree planting of residential precinct Passive use lawns Multiuse recreation field Wooded lawn Community common built

Railway extended to serve future construction area Conversion of railway to light railway into city Futher streets constructed

Buildings undergoing demolition Residential developments Existing industrial buildings

Soil biopiles for remediation Remediated soil for construction use Soil excavation of futured developments

Phase 4: 25 - 30 years

Phase 4: 15 - 25 years

Street tree planting of commercial/ office precinct Passive use lawns Multiuse recreation field Wooded lawn Waterfront squares built Esplanade constructed

Street tree planting of commercial/ office precinct Passive use lawns Multiuse recreation field Wooded lawn Extension of esplanade

Street tree planting of commercial/ office precinct Passive use lawns Multiuse recreation field Wooded lawn Waterfront square built Esplanade constructed

Ferry terminal constructed Further conversion of railway to light railway to VT terminus

Further conversion of railway to light railway

Further streets constructed

Full conversion of railway to light railway Further streets constructed

Buildings undergoing demolition Commercial/ office developments Existing industrial buildings

Hughes Dry Dock restoration Buildings undergoing demolition Cultural and office developments Existing industrial buildings

Godown restoration Buildings undergoing demolition Residential, commercial, and historic developments

Soil biopiles for remediation Remediated soil for construction use Soil excavation of future development projects

Hughes Dry Dock restoration Buildings undergoing demolition Cultural and office developments Existing industrial buildings

Remediated soil for construction use Closure of soil recycling plant

Biopiles for soil remediation

Soil excavation of contaminated lands Soil recycling plant

Construction of soil recycling plant and remediation of contaminated soils via biopiling

Participation of urban poor in city-building process Land development with remediated soils

Unloading of remediated soils from soil recycling plant

Transport of soils via railway

Transport of remediated soils from biopiles for construction of new developments

Residences nearing compeletion

Remediated lands with planted trees

Conversion of railway to light railway

Community green spaces Community recreation opportunities

Residential developments

Community development and ongoing soil remediation

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