chemistry Data Book by Rajkumar Mahajan

Chemistry

First examinations 2009

Diploma Programme

Data booklet

http://www.xtremepapers.net

Diploma Programme

Chemistry Data booklet

First examinations 2009

International Baccalaureate Organization Buenos Aires

Cardiff

Geneva

New York

Singapore

Diploma Programme Chemistryâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;data booklet

Published March 2007 International Baccalaureate Organization Peterson House, Malthouse Avenue, Cardiff Gate Cardiff, Wales GB CF23 8GL United Kingdom Phone: +44 29 2054 7777 Fax: +44 29 2054 7778 Web site: http://www.ibo.org ÂŠ International Baccalaureate Organization 2007 The International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO) was established in 1968 and is a non-profit, international educational foundation registered in Switzerland. The IBO is grateful for permission to reproduce and/or translate any copyright material used in this publication. Acknowledgments are included, where appropriate, and, if notified, the IBO will be pleased to rectify any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity. IBO merchandise and publications in its official and working languages can be purchased through the IB store at http://store.ibo.org. General ordering queries should be directed to the sales and marketing department in Cardiff. Phone: +44 29 2054 7746 Fax: +44 29 2054 7779 E-mail: sales@ibo.org

Printed in the United Kingdom by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire

4019a

Contents 1.

Some relevant equations

Physical constants

Fundamental particles

Names of the first 103 elements

The periodic table

Melting points and boiling points of the elements

First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements

Atomic and ionic radii of the elements

Covalent bond lengths

10.

Average bond enthalpies at 298 K

11.

Organic compoundsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;thermodynamic data

12.

Enthalpies of combustion

13.

Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental and theoretical values)

14.

Standard electrode potentials

15.

Strengths of organic acids and bases

16.

Acidâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;base indicators

17.

Infrared data

18.

H NMR data

19.

2-Amino acids

20.

Structural formulas of some important medicines and drugs

21.

Structural formulas of some important biological molecules

22.

Structural formulas of some important food chemistry molecules

Notes This booklet cannot be used for paper 1 of the examination (SLP1 and HLP1), but the periodic table given on page 4 will be available as part of these examination papers. Clean copies of this booklet must be made available to candidates for papers 2 and 3 (SLP2, SLP3, HLP2 and HLP3).

Chemistry data booklet

1. Some relevant equations t1 = 2

0.693 k

log10

− Ea

ln k = −

k = Ae RT

E = hf

I0 = ε lc I Ea + ln A RT

PV = nRT

∆G Ö = ∆H Ö − T ∆S Ö

Chemistry data booklet

2. Physical constants Avogadro’s constant (L) = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1 Gas constant (R) = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1 Molar volume of an ideal gas at 273 K and 1.01 × 105 Pa = 2.24 × 10–2 m3 mol–1 (= 22.4 dm3 mol–1) Planck’s constant (h) = 6.63 × 10–34 J s Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 kJ kg–1 K–1 (= 4.18 J g–1 K–1) Ionic product constant for water (Kw) = 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6 at 298 K 1 atm = 1.01 × 105 Pa 1 dm3 = 1 litre = 1 × 10–3 m3 = 1 × 103 cm3

Chemistry data booklet

3. Fundamental particles Proton

Neutron

Electron

Mass (kg)

1.672648 × 10–27

1.674954 × 10–27

9.109534 × 10–31

Charge (C)

1.602189 × 10–19

Chemistry data booklet

4. Names of the first 103 elements Symbol

Atomic number

Element

Symbol

Atomic number

actinium

fluorine

aluminium

francium

americium

gadolinium

antimony

gallium

argon

germanium

arsenic

gold

astatine

hafnium

barium

helium

berkelium

holmium

beryllium

hydrogen

bismuth

indium

boron

iodine

bromine

iridium

cadmium

iron

caesium

krypton

calcium

lanthanum

californium

lawrencium

103

carbon

lead

cerium

lithium

chlorine

lutetium

chromium

magnesium

cobalt

manganese

copper

mendelevium

101

curium

mercury

dysprosium

molybdenum

einsteinium

neodymium

erbium

neon

europium

neptunium

fermium

100

nickel

Element

ÂŠ International Baccalaureate Organization 2007

Names of the first 103 elements

Element

Symbol

Atomic number

Element

Symbol

Atomic number

niobium

silicon

nitrogen

silver

nobelium

102

sodium

osmium

strontium

oxygen

sulfur

palladium

tantalum

phosphorus

technetium

platinum

tellurium

plutonium

terbium

polonium

thallium

potassium

thorium

praseodymium

thulium

promethium

tin

protactinium

titanium

radium

tungsten

radon

uranium

rhenium

vanadium

rhodium

xenon

rubidium

ytterbium

ruthenium

yttrium

samarium

zinc

scandium

zirconium

selenium

ÂŠ International Baccalaureate Organization 2007

Chemistry data booklet

5. The periodic table 1

0 2

Atomic number

1.01

4.00

Element

6.94

9.01

10.81

12.01

14.01

16.00

19.00

20.18

Atomic mass

22.99

24.31

26.98

28.09

30.97

32.06

35.45

39.95

39.10

40.08

44.96

47.90

50.94

52.00

54.94

55.85

58.93

58.71

63.55

65.37

69.72

72.59

74.92

78.96

79.90

83.80

85.47

87.62

88.91

91.22

92.91

95.94

98.91

101.07

102.91

106.42

107.87

112.40

114.82

118.69

121.75

127.60

126.90

131.30

132.91

137.34

138.91

178.49

180.95

183.85

186.21

190.21

192.22

195.09

196.97

200.59

204.37

207.19

208.98

(210)

(222)

57 †

(223)

(226)

(227)

89 ‡

†

‡

140.12

140.91

144.24

146.92

150.35

151.96

157.25

158.92

162.50

164.93

167.26

168.93

173.04

174.97

100

101

102

103

232.04

231.04

238.03

(237)

(244)

(243)

(247)

(251)

(254)

(257)

(258)

(259)

(260)

ÂŠ International Baccalaureate Organization 2007

Chemistry data booklet

6. Melting points and boiling points of the elements 14

Melting point (K)

Element

20 454

Boiling point (K)

1551

2573

4100

1600

3243

3931

5100

371

922

936

1683

317

392

172

1156

1363

337

1112

1814

1933

1973

2130

1517

1808

1768

1726

1357

693

2740

2628

553

718

239

303

1211

1090

490

266

117

1047

1757

3104

3560

3650

2755

2235

3023

3143

3005

2840

1180

2676

3103

886

958

332

121

312

1042

1780

2125

2741

2890

2445

2583

2239

1825

1235

594

429

505

904

723

387

161

961

1657

3611

4650

5015

4885

5150

4173

4000

3413

2485

1038

2353

2543

2023

1263

458

166

302

983

1194

2503

3269

3680

3453

3327

2683

2045

1338

234

577

601

545

527

575

202

952

2023

3730

5470

5698

5930

5900

5300

4403

4100

3080

630

1730

2013

1833

1235

610

211

300

973

1320

950

1413

3470

Chemistry data booklet 8

7. First ionization energy, electron affinity and electronegativity of the elements 1310

–72

First ionization energy (kJ mol –1)

2370

Electron affinity (kJ mol –1)

2.1 519

–52 900

1.0 494

799 –29

Element 1.5

2.5

3.0

786 –180

1060 –70

1.2 590

2.0 577 –47

0.9 418

1400 –3

Electronegativity

–71 736

1090 –120

1.5 632

661

648

653

716

762

757

736

745

908

577

1.8 762

1310 –142 1680 –348 2080 (O– +844)

3.5

4.0

1140 –342 1350

1.0

1.3

1.5

1.6

1.5

1.8

1.9

1.6

1.8

2.0

2.4

2.8

548

636

669

653

694

699

724

745

803

732

866

556

707

833

870

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

1.9

2.2

1.9

1.7

1.8

1.9

2.1

2.5

502

0.7 381

540

0.9 510

531

760

770

762

841

887

866

891

1010

590

716

703

812

920

1.1

1.3

1.5

1.7

1.9

2.2

2.4

1.9

1.8

1.9

2.0

2.2

0.7

0.9

1.1

Xe 1040

La 669

1010 –314 1170

Rb 376

3.0

2.5 941

0.8 402

1000 –200 1260 –364 1520 (S– +532)

2.1 966

Chemistry data booklet

8. Atomic and ionic radii of the elements 30

Atomic radius (10–12 m)

154 (1–)

Element 152

112

68 (1+)

30 (2+)

186

Ionic radius (10–12 m)

16 (3+)

160

143

98 (1+)

65 (2+)

45 (3+)

231

K 133 (1+) 244

Rb 148 (1+) 262

Cs 167 (1+) 270

197

160

146

131

125

129

126

125

124

128

133

141

C 260 (4–) 117

Si 42 (4+) 271 (4–) 122

94 (2+)

81 (3+)

90 (2+) 68 (4+)

88 (2+) 59 (5+)

63 (3+)

80 (2+) 60 (4+)

76 (2+) 64 (3+)

74 (2+) 63 (3+)

72 (2+)

96 (1+) 69 (2+)

74 (2+)

62 (3+)

53 (4+) 272 (4–)

215

Sr 110 (2+) 217

Ba 34 (2+) 220

180

Y 93 (3+) 188

La 115 (3+) 200

157

Zr 80 (4+)

141

Nb 70 (5+)

157

Hf 81 (4+)

135

68 (4+) 143

Ta 73 (5+)

136

137

W 68 (4+)

137

133

134

65 (4+)

86 (2+)

134

135

67 (4+)

66 (4+)

138

144

Ag 126 (1+)

138

144

Au 137 (1+) 85 (3+)

149

166

97 (2+)

81 (3+)

152

Hg 127 (1+) 110 (2+)

171

Tl 95 (3+)

162

Sn 112 (2+) 71 (4+) 175

Pb 120 (2+) 84 (4+)

N 171 (3–) 110

P 212 (3–) 121

As 222 (3–) 141

Sb 245 (3–) 170

Bi 120 (3+)

O 146 (2–)

F 133 (1–)

104

S 190 (2–) 117

Se 202 (2–) 137

Te 222 (2–) 140

181 (1–) 114

196 (1–) 133

219 (1–) 140

Chemistry data booklet

9. Covalent bond lengths Bond

Bond length (nm)

Bond

Bond length (nm)

H–H

0.074

C–H

0.109

C–C

0.154

Si–H

0.146

C=C

0.134

N–H

0.101

C≡C

0.120

P–H

0.142

C–C (in benzene)

0.139

O–H

0.096

Si–Si

0.235

S–H

0.135

N–N

0.146

F–H

0.092

N=N

0.120

Cl–H

0.128

N≡N

0.110

Br–H

0.141

P–P (P4)

0.221

I–H

0.160

O–O

0.148

C–O

0.143

O=O

0.121

C=O

0.122

S–S (S8)

0.207

C–O (in phenol)

0.136

S=S

0.188

C–N

0.147

F–F

0.142

C=N

0.127

Cl–Cl

0.199

C≡N

0.116

Br–Br

0.228

C–N (in phenylamine)

0.135

I–I

0.267

C–F

0.138

C–Cl

0.177

C–Cl (in chlorobenzene)

0.169

C–Br

0.193

C–I

0.214

Si–O

0.150

Chemistry data booklet

10. Average bond enthalpies at 298 K Bond

∆H (kJ mol–1)

Bond

∆H (kJ mol–1)

H–H

436

C–H

412

D–D

442

Si–H

318

C–C

348

N–H

388

C=C

612

P–H

322

C≡C

837

O–H

463

C–C (benzene)

518

S–H

338

Si–Si

226

F–H

562

Ge–Ge

188

Cl–H

431

Sn–Sn

151

Br–H

366

N–N

163

I–H

299

N=N

409

C–O

360

N≡N

944

C=O

743

P–P

172

C–N

305

O–O

146

C=N

613

O=O

496

C≡N

890

S–S

264

C–F

484

F–F

158

C–Cl

338

Cl–Cl

242

C–Br

276

Br–Br

193

C–I

238

I–I

151

Si–O

374

Chemistry data booklet

11. Organic compounds—thermodynamic data Substance

Formula

State

∆H Öf

∆G Öf

SÖ

(kJ mol–1)

(J K–1 mol–1)

methane

CH4

–75

–51

186

ethane

C2H6

–85

–33

230

propane

C3H8

–104

–24

270

butane

C4H10

–125

–16

310

pentane

C5H12

–173

–9

261

hexane

C6H14

–199

–4

296

ethene

C2H4

219

propene

C3H6

267

but-1-ene

C4H8

307

cis-but-2-ene

C4H8

–6

301

trans-but-2-ene

C4H8

–10

296

ethyne

C2H2

227

209

201

propyne

C3H4

185

194

248

buta-1,3-diene

C4H6

112

152

279

cyclohexane

C6H12

–156

204

benzene

C6H6

130

269

benzene

C6H6

125

173

methylbenzene

C6H5CH3

111

320

ethylbenzene

C6H5CH2CH3

120

255

phenylethene

C6H5CHCH2

104

202

345

chloromethane

CH3Cl

–82

–59

234

dichloromethane

CH2Cl2

–117

–63

179

trichloromethane

CHCl3

–132

–72

203

bromomethane

CH3Br

–36

–26

246

tribromomethane

CHBr3

–20

222

iodomethane

CH3I

–8

163

triiodomethane

CHI3

141

chloroethane

C2H5Cl

–105

–53

276

bromoethane

C2H5Br

–85

Organic compounds—thermodynamic data

Substance

Formula

State

∆H Öf

∆G Öf

SÖ

(kJ mol–1)

(J K–1 mol–1)

iodoethane

C2H5I

–31

chloroethene

C2H3Cl

264

1,2-dichloroethane

CH2ClCH2Cl

–166

–80

208

chlorobenzene

C6H5Cl

314

methanol

CH3OH

–201

–162

238

methanol

CH3OH

–239

–166

127

ethanol

C2H5OH

–235

–169

282

ethanol

C2H5OH

–278

–175

161

phenol

C6H5OH

–163

–51

146

methanal

HCHO

–116

–110

219

ethanal

CH3CHO

–166

–134

266

propanone

(CH3)2CO

–216

–152

295

methanoic acid

HCOOH

–409

–346

129

ethanoic acid

CH3COOH

–487

–392

160

benzoic acid

C6H5COOH

–385

–245

167

ethyl ethanoate

CH3COOC2H5

–481

ethanamide

CH3CONH2

–320

methylamine

CH3NH2

–28

242

ethylamine

C2H5NH2

–49

285

urea

CO(NH2)2

–333

–47

105

Chemistry data booklet 14

12. Enthalpies of combustion The values of the molar enthalpy of combustion (∆H Öc ) in the following table refer to a temperature of 298 K and a pressure of 1.01 × 105 Pa (1 atm). State

∆H Öc (kJ mol–1)

sulfur

carbon (graphite)

Substance

Formula

hydrogen

∆H Öc

Substance

Formula

State

–286

propan-1-ol

C3H7OH

–2010

–297

butan-1-ol

C4H9OH

–2673

–394

phenylmethanol

C6H5CH2OH

–4056

carbon (diamond)

–395

cyclohexanol

C6H11OH

–3727

carbon monoxide

–283

phenol

C6H5OH

–3064

methane

CH4

–890

ethoxyethane

(C2H5)2O

–2727

ethane

C2H6

–1560

methanal

HCHO

–561

propane

C3H8

–2220

ethanal

CH3CHO

–1167

butane

C4H10

–2877

benzaldehyde

C6H5CHO

–3520

pentane

C5H12

–3509

propanone

(CH3)2CO

–1786

hexane

C6H14

–4194

pentan-3-one

(C2H5)2CO

–3078

octane

C8H18

–5512

phenylethanone

CH3COC6H5

–4138

cyclohexane

C6H12

–3924

diphenylmethanone

(C6H5)2CO

–6512

ethene

C2H4

–1409

methanoic acid

HCOOH

–263

buta-1,3-diene

C4H6

–2542

ethanoic acid

CH3COOH

–876

ethyne

C2H2

–1299

benzoic acid

C6H5COOH

–3227

benzene

C6H6

–3267

ethanedioic acid

(COOH)2

–246

methylbenzene

C6H5CH3

–3909

ethyl ethanoate

CH3COOC2H5

–2246

(kJ mol–1)

State

∆H Öc (kJ mol–1)

C10H8

anthracene

C14H10

chloroethane

Substance

Formula

naphthalene

State

∆H Öc

Substance

Formula

–5157

ethanamide

CH3CONH2

–1182

–7114

benzamide

C6H5CONH2

–3546

C2H5Cl

–1413

methylamine

CH3NH2

–1072

bromoethane

C2H5Br

–1425

ethylamine

C2H5NH2

–1709

iodoethane

C2H5I

–1466

phenylamine

C6H5NH2

–3397

(chloromethyl)benzene

C6H5CH2Cl

–3709

nitrobenzene

C6H5NO2

–3094

trichloromethane

CHCl3

–373

urea

CO(NH2)2

–634

methanol

CH3OH

–715

glucose

C6H12O6

–2816

ethanol

C2H5OH

–1371

sucrose

C12H22O11

–5644

(kJ mol–1)

Chemistry data booklet

13. Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental and theoretical values) Ö The lattice enthalpy values (∆H lattice ) given relate to the endothermic process

MX(s) → M+(g) + X–(g) in which the gaseous ions of a crystal are separated to an infinite distance from each other.

Experimental values The data in these two tables are experimental values obtained by means of a suitable Born–Haber cycle. Ö ∆H lattice

Alkali metal halides

(kJ mol–1)

1022

846

800

744

902

771

733

684

801

701

670

629

767

675

647

609

716

645

619

585

Other substances

Ö ∆H lattice

(kJ mol–1)

Other substances

Ö ∆H lattice

(kJ mol–1)

CaF2

2602

MgS

3238

BeCl2

3006

CaS

2966

MgCl2

2493

SrS

2779

CaCl2

2237

BaS

2643

SrCl2

2112

CuCl

976

BaCl2

2018

AgF

955

MgO

3889

AgCl

905

CaO

3513

AgBr

890

SrO

3310

AgI

876

BaO

3152

NH4Cl

640

Lattice enthalpies at 298 K (experimental and theoretical values)

Theoretical values These two tables contain lattice enthalpies calculated from electrostatic principles on the basis of a purely ionic model for the crystal. Ö ∆H lattice

Alkali metal halides

(kJ mol–1)

1004

833

787

728

891

766

732

686

795

690

665

632

761

674

644

607

728

636

611

582

Other substances

Ö ∆H lattice

(kJ mol–1)

Other substances

Ö ∆H lattice

(kJ mol–1)

CaF2

2611

AgF

870

MgO

3929

AgCl

770

CaO

3477

AgBr

758

SrO

3205

AgI

736

BaO

3042

Chemistry data booklet

14. Standard electrode potentials Reduced species

E Ö (V)

Li+(aq) + e–

Li(s)

–3.03

K+(aq) + e–

K(s)

–2.92

Ca2+(aq) + 2e–

Ca(s)

–2.87

Na+(aq) + e–

Na(s)

–2.71

Mg2+(aq) + 2e–

Mg(s)

–2.36

Al3+(aq) + 3e–

Al(s)

–1.66

Mn2+(aq) + 2e–

Mn(s)

–1.18

½H2(g) + OH–(aq)

–0.83

Zn2+(aq) + 2e–

Zn(s)

–0.76

Fe2+(aq) + 2e–

Fe(s)

–0.44

Ni2+(aq) + 2e–

Ni(s)

–0.23

Sn2+(aq) + 2e–

Sn(s)

–0.14

Pb2+(aq) + 2e–

Pb(s)

–0.13

Oxidized species

H2O(l) + e–

H+(aq) + e–

½H2(g)

0.00

Cu2+(aq) + e–

Cu+(aq)

+0.15

H2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)

+0.17

Cu(s)

+0.34

2OH–(aq)

+0.40

Cu(s)

+0.52

SO42–(aq) + 4H+(aq) + 2e– Cu2+(aq) + 2e– ½O2(g) + H2O(l) + 2e– Cu+(aq) + e–

Standard electrode potentials

Reduced species

E Ö (V)

I–(aq)

+0.54

Fe3+(aq) + e–

Fe2+(aq)

+0.77

Ag+(aq) + e–

Ag(s)

+0.80

½Br2(l) + e–

Br–(aq)

+1.09

½O2(g) + 2H+(aq) + 2e–

H2O(l)

+1.23

2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)

+1.33

Cl–(aq)

+1.36

Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

+1.51

F–(aq)

+2.87

Oxidized species

½I2(s) + e–

Cr2O72–(aq) + 14H+(aq) + 6e– ½Cl2(g) + e– MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e– ½F2(g) + e–

Chemistry data booklet

15. Strengths of organic acids and bases The acid strengths in the following tables are given in terms of pKa values, where pKa = 竏値og10 Ka. The dissociation constant, Ka, values are for aqueous solutions at 298 K. Base strengths are given in terms of pKb values.

Carboxylic acids Name

Formula

pKa

methanoic

HCOOH

3.75

ethanoic

CH3COOH

4.76

propanoic

CH3CH2COOH

4.87

butanoic

CH3(CH2)2COOH

4.82

2-methylpropanoic

(CH3)2CHCOOH

4.85

pentanoic

CH3(CH2)3COOH

4.86

2,2-dimethylpropanoic

(CH3)3CCOOH

5.05

benzoic

C6H5COOH

4.20

phenylethanoic

C6H5CH2COOH

4.31

Halogenated carboxylic acids Name

Formula

pKa

chloroethanoic

CH2ClCOOH

2.86

dichloroethanoic

CHCl2COOH

1.29

trichloroethanoic

CCl3COOH

0.65

fluoroethanoic

CH2FCOOH

2.66

bromoethanoic

CH2BrCOOH

2.90

iodoethanoic

CH2ICOOH

3.17

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Strengths of organic acids and bases

Phenols Name

Formula

pKa

phenol

C6H5OH

10.00

2-nitrophenol

O2NC6H4OH

7.21

3-nitrophenol

O2NC6H4OH

8.35

4-nitrophenol

O2NC6H4OH

7.15

2,4-dinitrophenol

(O2N)2C6H3OH

4.01

2,4,6-trinitrophenol

(O2N)3C6H2OH

0.42

Name

Formula

pKa

methanol

CH3OH

15.5

ethanol

C2H5OH

16.0

Name

Formula

pKb

ammonia

NH3

4.75

methylamine

CH3NH2

3.36

ethylamine

CH3CH2NH2

3.27

dimethylamine

(CH3)2NH

3.28

trimethylamine

(CH3)3N

4.20

diethylamine

(C2H5)2NH

3.07

triethylamine

(C2H5)3N

3.36

phenylamine

C6H5NH2

9.38

Alcohols

Amines

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Chemistry data booklet

16. Acid–base indicators Colour change Indicator

pKa

pH range

Acid

Alkali

methyl orange

3.7

3.1–4.4

red

yellow

bromophenol blue

4.0

3.0–4.6

yellow

blue

bromocresol green

4.7

3.8–5.4

yellow

blue

methyl red

5.1

4.2–6.3

red

yellow

bromothymol blue

7.0

6.0–7.6

yellow

blue

phenol red

7.9

6.8–8.4

yellow

red

phenolphthalein

9.3

8.3–10.0

colourless

red

Chemistry data booklet

17. Infrared data Characteristic ranges for infrared absorption due to stretching vibrations in organic molecules. Bond

Organic molecules

Wavenumber (cm–1)

C–I

iodoalkanes

490–620

C–Br

bromoalkanes

500–600

C–Cl

chloroalkanes

600–800

C–F

fluoroalkanes

1000–1400

C–O

alcohols, esters, ethers

1050–1410

C=C

alkenes

1610–1680

C=O

aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters

1700–1750

C≡C

alkynes

2100–2260

O–H

“hydrogen bonded” in acids

2500–3300

C–H

alkanes, alkenes, arenes

2850–3100

O–H

“hydrogen bonded” in alcohols, phenols

3200–3600

N–H

primary amines

3300–3500

Chemistry data booklet

18. 1H NMR data Typical proton chemical shift values (δ) relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) = 0.

R represents an alkyl group, and Hal represents F, Cl, Br, or I. These values may vary in different solvents and conditions. Type of proton

R R

Chemical shift (ppm)

0.9–1.0

CH3 R

CH2

1.3–1.4 1.4–1.6

R3CH

2.0–2.5

H 3C C

2.2–2.7

CH3

2.5–3.5

1.8–3.1

Hal

3.5–4.4

CH2

CH3

O R

3.8–4.1 O

CH2R

O R

9.0–13.0

3.3–3.7

4.0–12.0

Type of proton

RHC

CH2

H NMR data

Chemical shift (ppm)

4.5–6.0

4.0–12.0

6.9–9.0

O R

9.4–10.0

C H

Chemistry data booklet

19. 2-Amino acids Common name

Symbol

H2N

alanine

pH of isoelectric point

Structural formula CH

COOH

Ala

6.0 CH3

H2N

arginine

Arg

COOH

CH2

NH2

10.8

H2N

asparagine

Asn

CH CH2

COOH C

5.4

NH2

H2N

aspartic acid

2.8 CH2

H2N

cysteine

COOH

CH2

COOH

CH2

Cys

5.1

H2N

glutamine

COOH

Asp

Gln

NH2

5.7

H2N

glutamic acid

glycine

COOH

CH2

COOH

3.2

Glu

Gly

H2N

COOH

6.0

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2-Amino acids

Common name

Symbol

pH of isoelectric point

Structural formula H2N

COOH H

histidine

CH2

His

7.6

H 2N

isoleucine

Leu

H2N

CH3

COOH

CH2

COOH

CH2

Phe

Pro

NH2

5.7

H N

CH3

COOH

5.5

CH2

COOH

6.3

COOH

CH2

Ser

5.7

H2N

threonine

6.0

Met

H2N

serine

COOH

9.7

H2N

proline

CH3

Lys

H2N

phenylalanine

CH2

CH2 CH3

methionine

6.0

H2N

lysine

COOH

Ile CH3

leucine

COOH

Thr

5.6 CH3

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2-Amino acids

Common name

Symbol

H2N

tryptophan

pH of isoelectric point

Structural formula CH

COOH

CH2

Trp

5.9 N H

H2N

tyrosine

Tyr

COOH

CH3

Val

5.7

6.0 CH3

COOH

CH2

H2N

valine

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Chemistry data booklet

20. Structural formulas of some important medicines and drugs CH3

CH2

OH O

CH3

C CH3 O

CH3

NHCOCH 3

COOH

aspirin

paracetamol (acetaminophen)

ibuprofen

CH2

OH CH2

CH2 CH3

CH2

CH3

OCCH3 CH2

CH3

O OCCH3

OCH3

morphine

codeine

heroin

O H3C

CH2

NH2

CH3

CH2

CH3

CH3 HO

CH3

amphetamine

epinephrine (adrenaline)

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caffeine

Structural formulas of some important medicines and drugs

CH3 O

CH3 CH3

CH3

nicotine

diazepam (Valium®)

penicillin

CH3

O N

HN N

O2N

H2 N HO

N CH2 CH2

nitrazepam (Mogadon®)

N H

CH2 O

acyclovir

indole

CH3 O

H3 C CH2 O

N CH3

CH3

cocaine

H3 C CH2

lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

Structural formulas of some important medicines and drugs

O NH2

CH2CH3 O

F 3C

CH2CH2

CH 2

CH2CH3

CH 2

NH 2 + Cl CH 2

fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac®)

procaine

CH3

O OH

CH2 N

H3C

CH2 O

H3 C

CH2

CH3

CH2 CH2

H 2C

CH2

CH3

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

lidocaine

H O O

CH 3O O

CH 2

NH 2 CH 2

CH 3

N+

CH 2 CH 2

NH3

CH 3O

CH 3 H

OCH 3

NH3

N H

psilocybine

mescaline

cisplatin

Chemistry data booklet

21. Structural formulas of some important biological molecules

H 4 OH 3

2 H

HOCH2

CH2OH

HO OH

H 1

2 H 3

lactose

O H CH2OH 4

sucrose

O C HO

C O

CH2OH

retinol (vitamin A)

H3C

CH2

CH CH3

ascorbic acid (vitamin C)

CH3

CH2 CH2

H3 C

CH2

CH CH3

CH3

CH2 CH2

CH CH3

CH3

CH2 HO

cholesterol

vitamin D

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Structural formulas of some important biological molecules

CH3

OH CH3

CH3

CH3 H3C

HO O

estradiol

progesterone

OH HO

testosterone

CH2

CH3

CH2

COOH

NH2 I

epinephrine (adrenaline)

thyroxine

NH2 C N

CH HC

NH2

C N

CH H2N C

N H

C N

adenine

cytosine

CH N H

guanine

N H

CH N H

uracil

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CH3

CH N H

thymine

Structural formulas of some important biological molecules

CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2

CH3

CH2 CH2

CH3

H3C

CH2

N Fe N O

CH3

HOOC

CH2

COOH

the heme group from cytochrome oxidase

NH2 N

P O

O O

P O

CH2 O

OH OH

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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Chemistry data booklet

22. Structural formulas of some important food chemistry molecules

Some anthocyanins

quinoidal base (blue)

flavylium cation (red)

chalcone (colourless)

carbinol pseudo-base (colourless)

Fe N

myoglobin

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porphyrin

Structural formulas of some important food chemistry molecules

chlorophyll

Some preservatives OH

OH C(CH3)3

C(CH3)3 O

O CH3

2-tert-butyl-4hydroxyanisole (2-BHA)

CH3

3-tert-butyl-4hydroxyanisole (3-BHA)

3,5-di-tert-butyl-4hydroxytoluene (BHT)

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Structural formulas of some important food chemistry molecules

OH HO

OH C

C3H7

COOC3H7

tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ)

2,4,5trihydroxybutyrophenone (THBP)

propyl gallate (PG)

Some of the carotenes

alpha-carotene

beta-carotene

lutein

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Structural formulas of some important food chemistry molecules

HO O

astaxanthin

Some fatty acids Fatty acid

Formula

Octanoic acid

CH3(CH2)6COOH

Lauric acid

CH3(CH2)10COOH

Stearic acid

CH3(CH2)14COOH

Palmitic acid

CH3(CH2)14COOH

Oleic acid

CH3(CH2)7CH═CH(CH2)7COOH

Linoleic acid

CH3(CH2)4(CH═CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH

Linolenic acid

CH3CH2(CH═CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH