THE HISTORY OF
RAILWAYS Take
a
journey through time
from
to discover the history
the pioneering days of steam to the high-speed electric trains
BR BR J
TF148 ,H9B L998x
of railways,
of today
O N T
E
N T
S
feostonNtftelforam The
First
Steam Railway
2-3
Steam Locomotives
Come
of Age
How
Steam
a
4-5
Locomotive Works
6-7
American Railroads
8-9
Railways Across the World
10-11
Building a Railroad
12-13
Passenger
Comfort
W W:
14-15
Railroad Stations
&
16-17
Signal Boxes
Freight
&
the
Railroad Mail
18-19
Electric Trains
20-21
Diesel Trains
22-23
Great Train Journeys
24-25
Great Steam Engines
26-27
Traveling
Underground
The Future
Index
32 Inside
M
Back Cover
1
•
/
3
,
28-29 30-31
Did You Know?
i&
jH
1 /
••...-
9J
Wills' 5
Cigarettes PUFFING BILLY Many
on the
early locomotives stayed
tracks
by
having driving wheels that slotted into grooves
one of the
The
rail tracks.
Hedley designed sufficient grip
train
in
William
British engineer
wheels so that there was
between smooth wheels and
rails
without the need for grooves. In 1813 he built a
lpfcÂŤ
train called Puffing Billy using this
BR BR
was used
J
England to a nearby
to carry coal
from
a
new
mine
design.
in the
It
north of
river.
TF148 .H96 t998x
CUGNOT'S STEAM CAR
Experiments with steam engines were not In France Nicholas
produced the
first
Cugnot,
moving
just taking place in Britain
a military engineer
powered
vehicle
by steam. In 1769 he designed a three-
wheeled car
French army to
for the
move cannons. The weight huge copper boiler
difficult to steer
it it
built another
demonstrated it
and on
ran into a stone wall.
Cugnot
of the
at the front
made trip
its first
The
next year
machine, which he
in Paris.
It
turned over
tried to turn a corner.
as
Cugnot was
arrested as a public nuisance
and
his
machine was
impounded.
TREVITHICKS EXPERIMENTS Richard Trevirhick contributed to the development of the locomotive
by being the
steam-powered vehicles onto
working
for the
owners of
first
He
rails.
tin
person to put learned his trade
mines
in
Cornwall,
England. As the mines were dug deeper and deeper, the
problem
of draining
them became
greater. Trevithick
developed a steam engine to
pump
water from the
mines.
He
built his first
steam-powered locomotive Christmas Eve and pulled In at
1804 he
a
in
1801.
built his first railroad
Coalbrookdale
in
of his trains in
It
was demonstrated on
number of people up
a steep
Shropshire. In 1808 he decided to
London. He
hill.
locomotive for an ironworks
built a circular track in
show one Eaton
Square, one of the most fashionable parts of London, and
charged people to
The locomotive
travel in a carriage pulled
Ircvithick failed to get
transportation.
by
a locomotive.
did not catch the public imagination and
He
any
interest in this
new form of
returned to his native Cornwall and
continued working on stationary steam engines, including steam threshing machine and the
first
a
rock-boring machine.
The
First
^^fc ^ehicles
1
/
Jf
Steam Railway
that traveled
by
rail
existed long before
the arrival of the steam train.
From
the sixteenth
century wagons were being pulled along wooden
rails at
mines throughout Europe. Grooves cut into the
paved roads of the ruined city of Pompeii show that primitive horsedrawn railways (or railroads) existed
even during the time of the Romans. This made traveling
much
easier since the wheels rolled along
smoother surface. However, it still relied on the muscle power of humans or animals. As a means of transportation it was slow and could be used only for short distances. Although steam power was understood by the ancient Greeks, effective steam engines were not built until the middle of the eighteenth century. At first steam was mostly used to power stationary machines. It was only through the vision and determination of engineers in Britain and France that steam began to power the railroads. Fast and long-distance travel then became a reality.
"CATCH MF WHO CAN"
a
(
)ne of the reasons
improvement on
thai he
found
in
1812.
by means of grooves It
was used
It
stayed on the track
in the
to carry coal
wheels and tracks.
from
a colliery to
the city of Leeds, a distance of 3.5 miles.
.gflj
way
to
the
in
engine under high pressure. This
meant
thai the
steam
engine could be more powerful without making it
bigger. Trevithick used a
high-pressure steam engine
on the
train
Who
he showed
London. The
on
a
train
"( "att h
Can" by
because
Blenkinsop
a
put the steam
was tailed
This steam locomotive was built by John
earlier
steam-driven vehicles was
in
HAULING COAL
why
Trcvi thick's trains were an
it
its
Me
passengers
traveled
circular track.
•
Steam Locomotives
Come
of
he early attempts
Flying Scotsman
is
steam-powered
at
ocomotion showed that it was possible travel at speeds and distances that,
THE FLYING SCOTSMAN The
Age
one
until then, could only be imagined.
Two
nonstop between London
George and Robert Stephenson (father and son), carried out further development work and went on
and Edinburgh,
to build reliable
of the
most famous steam
trains ever built.
built in
1
923 and
It
was
traveled
a distance
of about 390 miles, even
managing
to
change crew
without stopping. At the time
this
was the world's
longest non-stop run.
claimed to be the train to reach
It is
first
100 miles
per hour, although this
cannot be
verified.
British engineers,
steam locomotives for
customers all over the world. Within a few decades whole countries and entire continents were linked by railway lines. Journeys that once took several days through inhospitable territory could
now
be done in just a few hours and in safety and comfort.
The steam locomotive
supreme
as the
most
reigned
common form
transport until the 1950s
when
it
of mass
was
superseded by diesel and electrical power. The passion for steam trains carries on and many are
still
carefully looked after
and run by railway
preservation societies. There are also the world where steam trains are
still
being used on a
commercial
some
\
*E
basis. In
parts of
MINH
L
TRIAL S
October 1829 the owners of the
Liverpool and Manchester Railway
announced
a
competition to find
the best locomotive for their railroad.
The
five trains entered were either horsedrawn or steam-driven.
It
won by
was
left),
the Rocket (shown
largely designed
Robert Stephenson, It
by
(right).
traveled
70 miles at an average speed of 15 miles per hour. His victory also meant the triumph of the steam locomotive over horse power.
THE LOCOMOTION It
who convinced
was George Stephenson
the
owners of the Stockton and Darlington Railway steam
to use
The
first
Locomotion,
For the
trains instead
of horsepowercd wagons.
locomotive that he built for the railroad was the
first
front
shown
here.
pulled 28 coal-filled wagons.
It
time there was
connecting rod between
a
and back wheels enabling them
George Stephenson
built three
t
he-
to turn together
more locomotives
lor the
Stockton and Darlington Railway.
STILL USING Steam This
trains are is
still
being used commercially
in several countries, particularly India
because steam trains remain simple to operate and cheap to maintain.
replacing
steam
STEAM
them with new
trains in operation
electric trains
diesel or electric trains
can be very high. India
still
because of the high cost of
oil
several
of their old steam
and China.
eost ol
has nearly 5,000
and China has about 7,000, more than the number
combined. Zimbabwe repaired
The
of diesel
and
trains in the- late
1970s
and the
lower cost of coal.
THE BEST FRIEND OF CHARLESTOWN The
commercial steam locomotive
first
that
was
built
and used
United States was called The Best Friend of Charlestown. passenger train over 6 miles on metal and
wooden
rails
It
first
in
the
pulled a
on Christmas Day
1830. After running successfully for several months, the locomotive exploded.
The
engine's fireman
had closed the
safety valve of the boiler
because the noise of the engine annoyed him.
Stockfoa*
THE STOCKTON AND DARLINGTON RAILWAY
IWiincr,,,,
Railway. Tin' <nnimini\ ÂŁCOACHfi 4
The Stockton and Darlington Railway in England was the first to use steam locomotives. The engraving on the left shows the opening of the railroad on September 27, 1825. With 25 miles of line laid
EXPERIMENT,
it
was the longest in
railroad in the world.
It
was
cÂť
MONDAY.
built
an area surrounded by coal mines and was
soon carrying over year. line
The
was
halt a million tons ol coal a
poster on the right
shows
also used to carry passengers.
that the I
he
first
passenger train was called the Experiment and
was
a great
success.
muMT
WKDNEBDAT,' * rarDAY.
SATURDAY.
ON THE FOOTPLATE There were always two crew members
The
speed.
The fireman had
and that the
fire
and regulating
was water
to see that there
was kept stoked up with the
Too much steam and valves
the cab of a locomotive.
in
driver was responsible for driving the train
right
its
in the boiler
amount
of fuel.
the safety
would shut down the
engine to stop the boiler from exploding; not enough steam
and the
train
would
stop.
EARLY IDEAS This illustration comes from
book
called
a
Mathematical Elements
of Natural Philosophy Confirmed by It shows that
Experiments, printed in 1747.
some people were thinking about using steam power for twenty years before Cugnot built his steam car. It would have worked by heating up water in the boiler and producing a jet of steam. In theory this would push
travel over
the vehicle forward, an unlikely outcome.
A
lot of fue
would be needed to produce enough steam to move the machine, and that would have made the vehicle too heavy. It
took another two decades before
it
was
realized that the
steam had to be put under pressure before
it
could produce sufficient
power
TURNING THE WHEELS
HEATING
THE WATER The
In this cross section
piston
is
encased inside
The steam
of a steam locomotive
a cylinder.
there are lots of tubes
the cylinder
enters
and pushes the
running along the
piston forward, which then
length of the
turns the wheel. Each time
locomotive.
These tubes
the piston
surrounded by water.
The
turns through one
hot gases from
revolution.
MOVING THE STEAM
the firebox pass along
and
this
heats the water
and
these tubes
produces steam.
moves forward
and backward the wheel
are
escapes.
The steam
collects at this
dome,
and then passes along
a
called a regulator valve,
tube to the pistons.
As the piston
goes back, the steam
More steam now
enters the cylinder
and
starts the process again.
How a
Steam Locomotive Works he idea that steam could be used
/halad
r
as a source of power been around for centuries, long before the invention
Roman
oftthe locomotive. In
STEAM FROM A KETTLE
Egypt, Hero of Alexandria
designed a machine that relied on steam power. However,
it is
generally accepted that effective steam technology really began
1698 when Thomas Savery invented the "Miner's Friend," a steam engine for pumping water out of mines. His invention was improved upon in the eighteenth in
England
in
Thomas Newcomen, James Watt, and Matthew Boulton. By the end of the century, steam engines were powering factories, mills, and pumps both in Europe and America. It was Richard Trevithick who applied this
h
engine whenever kettle
trains.
heating water to
is
heated.
a
The
steam created by boiling water
century by
technology to
easy to sec the
is
principles of a Steam
expands inside the kettle.
Steam trains work by produce steam. The steam
is
As more steam
produced
it
is
forced oui under pressure through the spout.
expands and the resulting pressure pushes a piston backward
and forward. The moving piston turns the wheels of the train by means of a rod and crank connected to it. Although the design of the steam locomotive gradually improved, the
worked has not changed
significantly to the
present day.
NEWCOMENS STEAM ENGINE This diagram shows the steam engine invented by the Englishman
Newcomen
in
1712.
was used
It
to
pump
water out of mines.
steam into the cylinder. As the steam cooled This pulled
Different kinds of locomotives are classified by the
way
in
which
their wheels are arranged.
small wheels at the front are called the
leading wheels, the larger wheels are the driving
wheels connected to the pistons and the
back wheels are known wheels.
Many American
as the trailing
locomotives
had four leading wheels and four driving wheels but no trailing wheels.
known
shrank and
a
Thomas
worked by pushing
vacuum was
created.
down the piston, which raised the pump rods and removed the water. The piston was then raised by weights attached to the pump rods.
COUNTING THE WHEELS
The
it
It
as the
They were
4-4-0 type.
way
it
In
1
830
was held between
a race
horsedrawn
train.
It
a
steam locomotive, Tom Thumb, and a
took place on a stretch of the Baltimore-Ohio
Tom Thumb broke down and
the horse
won
line.
the race.
CONFLICT WITH THE INDIANS Many the
who
of the people
American
built
railroad system
thought they were buildin
on uninhabited
land. In fact,
they often laid track through territory that
belonged to
American Indian
tribes. It
local
is
perhaps
not surprising that the Indians saw the arrival of the railroad,
and
the settlements that were built around
them,
as a threat to their
way of life and
attacked the trains.
AN AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVE This train shows
many of the
modifications added to
American steam locomotives. The bars called cowcatchers
by
and protected the
train
large animals, like buffalo. Since
at the front
were
from being derailed
much
of the track was
unprotected, a large lamp was placed at the front of the train to
warn people of its approach. Early American
locomotives used the firebox.
A
wood
wire
chimney
rather than coal as fuel for
mesh had
to catch
to be placed in the
any burning wood sparks
LINKING A CONTINENT 1863 over 10,000 workers
In January
Pacific Railroad started to lay track
for the Central
westward from
Sacramento. In December 1865 12,000 workers from the
Union
Pacific Railroad
eastward from lines
met
1869, the
at
began to build new tracks
Omaha. Over
three years later the
Promontory Point
last spike,
in
Utah.
10,
which was made of gold, was
driven in and united the two tracks. possible to take a train Pacific coast
two
On May
It
was
now
from the Atlantic coast
of the United States of America.
to the
Albany &Bnffak
American Railroads JO!
s
railways spread across Europe they provided
between cities and industrial centers. In the United States the story of the locomotive was very different. Railroads were built through areas that had not yet been settled. Towns were created along these railroads to serve the needs of the railroad companies and their customers. The railroads played an important part in opening up and developing many parts of
Through
im
35 fcwn-g. COBG
G0U.G WIST.
THE RAILROAD CRAZE The
railroads were
successful in the
American
The expansion of the
United States
was massive. In 1870 there were about 53,000 miles of track in the United States. By 1900 this figure had jumped to over 190,000 miles. It reached a peak in 1916 when there were 254,000 miles of track.
because die public
railroad system
found
it
a
cheap,
last,
and
way
to travel. In
reliable
the early wars, railroad
companies
made more money from passengers than from freight.
WILLS'
THE
ClOARETTEs
STOURBRIDGE LION In the early years of the steam
locomotive, American railroads were dominated
by English engineers and
factories.
Between
1
829 and
1841 over 100 locomotives were imported into the United States
from Eneland.
One
of the
first
of these was the Stourbridge Lion for the Delaware and Hudson Railroad.
which began work
in
1829.
It
proved to be too heavy
to run effectively.
THE DE WITT CLINTON The
first
locomotive in
New York
State ran
on August
9,
1831.
It
was called the De Witt Clinton. As the picture
shows, passengers traveled on the inside and outside of the carriages. Clinton,
who
died in 1828 after a career that
made him
a
It
was named
senator, a mayor,
W
new
links
the country.
II.
m^\
alter the politician a
governor
ol
New
De
\\
York,
itt
EAST.
Railways Across the World im fter Robert Stephenson won the Rainhill Trials ^HfeÂťl in 1829 with the Rocket, news of this exciting
^/
W new form
of transportation began to spread
around the world. People from many nations came to
and try it out. When they returned home they were determined to set up their own railway systems; but for many years Britain dominated the railway industry. Like the United States, many countries began by buying British-built trains. It was also British engineers who traveled around the world to supervise the laying of railway lines. After a while, other countries began to build their own locomotives or to modify the trains they had bought so that Britain to see
SWISS
MOUNTAINS Ordinary locomotives could not cope with the steep gradients of the Swiss mountains.
In
1882
a Swiss
the rack locomotive here.
By
the middle of the nineteenth
and major
Germany emerged
as
It
worked by having
a
toothed wheel that slotted into a
grooved central
they worked better in local conditions. century, the United States
engineer invented
shown
it
competitors of Britain in the building of locomotives for the world market.
rail.
THE CRAMPTON The
type of train trapped in the
snow
Crampton. These British-designed
in this picture
trains
was known
were very popular
in
as the
Europe,
particularly in France.
The
first
public railway line in France was opened in
1837 and ran between
Paris
and
St.
railways adopted the successful that as "taking the
many
Crampton
Germain. From the 1850s the French
engine.
people referred to
rail
They were
so
journeys
$>^x ^
Crampton."
GERMAN TRAINS At the beginning of the nineteenth century, what states.
The
picture shows the
first
train to
was the British-built Der
run
Adler,
is
now modern day Germany consisted of a Saxony. The first train in any of
in the state of
which ran
10
in
1835 between Nuremberg and
collection of small
the
Fiirth.
German
states
AN IMPERIAL RAILWAY much of
Since India was controlled by the British,
and other railway equipment
the track, locomotives,
was supplied by
British
railway line was
opened from Bombay
companies. The
April IS, 1853, a distance
of 25
first
to
Indian
Thana on
miles.
TRAVELING THE CONTINENT After independence in 1947, the railway
companies
in India
were nationalized by the government. Trains were modified to take
account of
America, the train
local conditions. Like early trains in in this picture has a
cowcatcher and
a powerful lamp.
BREAKING UP AFRICA In the
mid- 1880s the major
European powers met to carve
Each
up
developed
of the areas
railway system. states
in Berlin
between them.
.Africa
When
its
own
the African
gained independence they
found
thai twelve different
gauges use. is
of track
were
in
The tram shown
a
Beyer-< larratt
locomotive used by Nigerian Railways.
The
first
railroad in
Nigeria ran
^ 4 it
ft
a
STEAM ENGINES The
first
train in
The
Singawa.
to
From 1880 98
to
IN JAPAN
Japan ran on June line
was extended
railroad in China.
first
It
1876 and ran between Shanghai and Wuzong, a distance
of 20 miles.
Chinese revolution in
It
in
China began
was only
after the
1949 that railways to
expand
rapidly.
18~2. from
opened
Yokohama
Iokyo by October 1872.
1992 there were over
track.
CHINESE RAILWAYS This picture shows the
12,
to
1890 the Japanese railways grew from
to 1,459 miles. In
14,500 miles of
in
in
1901.
Building a Railroad uilding a railroad
is
not
as
simple as just
finding the shortest distance between
two points. As the Swiss railroad builders discovered, trains could not climb steep hills or mountains.
This was solved by either building the railroad around the
ISAMBARD
KINGDOM One
mountain, which saved money but
BRUNEI.
a passage through the mountain,
of the greatest railroad
engineers of the 19th
but cost more money.
century was Isambard
built in
Kingdom
He
started
Brunei.
work with
father building the
successful tunnel
River In
Thames
in
first
under the
London.
1833 he became
Western Railway and supervised the laying of the line between Bristol.
He
London
continued
to build railroad lines in
England and Wales, including two railroad bridges at Saltash
and Chepstow.
whom
first
which saved time was
railroad tunnel
1826 on the Manchester-Liverpool
line
and
was about one mile long. The longest railroad tunnel in the world is the Seikan tunnel in Japan, which is about 33 miles long. Railroad bridges also had to be constructed to cross rivers and valleys. The earliest railroad bridge was built on the Stockton-Darlington line in England in 1824. The longest bridge in the world today is the Huey P. Long Bridge in New Orleans and is over 23,000 feet long. The work of the railroad engineers and designers, such as Isambard Kingdom Brunei, is rightly remembered, but it is important not to forget thousands of ordinary people, some of
his
engineer for the Great
and
The
by carving
lost time, or
lost their lives in the process,
to these lasting
BLASTING During the
monuments
to
who
modern
also contributed
engineering.
THROUGH ROCK FOREIGN LABOR
early years of railroad
building, workers
had
to cut
through Railroad building required a
solid rock using only picks
shovels.
It
Nobel who
and
of workers, and
was the work of Alfred finally
railroad building
made this part of much less back-
companies
2*
many
relied
on foreign
workers. This photograph
shows American breaking. Nitroglycerine that
is
is
companies using Chinese labor.
managed it
with
a
to
1867 Alfred Nobel
make
it
stable
He
came
Chinese people
to California
during
by mixing
porous solid and so made
safe to use.
railroad
a liquid
very unstable and highly
explosive. In
lot
railroad
called his
new
the 1850s and
worked
as
it
unskilled labor. that 10,000
It is
estimated
Chinese workers
invention dynamite. built the railroad over the Sierras
12
and Rockies.
CROSSING THE RIVER Because railroads were built across kinds of territory,
all
became necessary
it
to build different kinds of bridges.
A
normal beam or arch bridge might
not be adequate for a train crossing a very wide river or valley.
The
Forth
Railway Bridge, which linked Edinburgh and
Dundee and
is
by King Edward VII
pictured on the right, was opened in
1890.
It
was one of the
made
cantilever bridges to be built. Cantilever bridges are steel
first
of tubular
towers joined together by a series of cables and brackets.
PAYING FOR
THE RAILWAY The
building of the railways
was often financed by governments because they realized their
the
economy
importance <>l
to
the country.
Money was
raised
government
shares.
by issuing
When
somebody bought a share they became a part-owner of the railroad company and shared (
in
any
profits
made.
rovernments were also
involved
in
ensuring that
sufficient land
was available
many owned by
toi
the railroads. Today, railroad lines are state or receive
subsidies.
en
'
TOOLS OF THE TRADE This picture from Punch magazine is called "Navvy in Heavy Marching Order" and shows many of the tools used by the
men who
built the railroads. Alongside
the pick and shovel, there
and
a
small wheelbarrow
"Navvy" came from the
first
were
is
a
hod
to carry
for carrying bricks
away
"navigators."
rocks.
The word
Workers hired
to dig
Some Many ot Workers who had
canals were called "internal navigators.'
later
employed
these workers
to build the railroads.
came from
Ireland.
helped to build the railroads
during the Crimean War
in
in Britain
1854.
were used
They helped
build a small railroad and dig trenches.
13
government
the
PULLMAN COMFORT 1859 an American
In
industrialist called
George
Pullman experienced
a very
uncomfortable train journey.
He in
decided to design a coach
which people could
and
eat with
more
comfort than on steamer."
modern
He
"sleep
ease
and
a first-class
EARLY PASSENGER COACHES
built the first
sleeping
car,
the
Pioneer, in 1863.
He
also
This picture shows one of the passenger trains.
built the first dining car
earliest
The coaches were
converted horse carriages. Those riding on
in 1868.
the outside were often covered in smoke.
~x
SLEEPING IN Pullman began
to sell his sleeping cars to
very popular and well
However, he was called
COMFORT
less
known
successful in
George Nagelmackers,
England
in
for their luxurious
Europe because
after seeing a
running
in
1868 and was
called the
Mann
They became
1866
in
Pullman car
started to build sleeping cars for Europeans. His started
1873.
compartments.
first
in
a Belgian
America,
sleeping car
Boudoir Sleeping Car.
MODERN COMFORT ROYAL TRAINS With
increasing competition from
aircraft
trains
and
now
cars,
The sumptuous
many modern
have to offer
a
this train
wide
range of services to attract
air
it.
that main-
European monarchs had
own cars built. Queen Victoria of
their
customers. This train has a movie screen built into
interior of
shows
Heating and
Britain
conditioning ensure that,
had
a luxurious
coach with thick
whatever the weather outside,
carpets
the passengers inside
walls.
remain comfortable.
and padded
It is
said she
enjoyed her sleeping car ore than her palaces.
14
Passenger Comfort ^fc
^
/When
///
â&#x201E;˘
the railroads were originally built they
were designed simply to carry goods
for short
companies soon realized that they could also make money by offering trains as a cheap and convenient form of transportation for travelers. Later, |f
distances. Railroad
people in the
if
THE ORIENT
number of
they realized that they would attract a larger
EXPRl
they offered more comfort. This became essential
United States as trains covered vast distances and people had to sleep on them. The
s s
For many, the mosi luxurious train of the Orient Express.
railroad
companies began
to
on [une
ran
offer different levels of
passenger accommodation
most went
who
at
paid the
and
"first class"
were given the most comfortable seats,
1
was
Ii
first
883, and
linked Paris and
Bucharest In
varying prices. Those
5,
all
more room, and the
smoothest journey. "SecondClass" passengers paid slightly
I
889
Romania.
continued
Bucharest to
|iast (
in it
now
Constantinople,
Aim
called Istanbul.
1919
on
it
included
route to
its
Its last
I
Italy
urkev.
journey was
Mav
in
1977.
and compartments were smaller and less comfortable. These two classes of railway travel still exist on many railroad
less
lines.
In the early years there was also a "third class," often a roofless
carriage without seats.
DIFFERENT CLASSES This picture from 1845, called
"Going
to the Derby,"
shows the
of service given
to
railway passengers. The picture
at
different kinds
the top shows first-class
passengers about to enter their
spacious carriage.
EARLY SLEEPERS
picture had
The Canadian Pacific Railway offered sleeping
These beds were
seats
and
elass far less
less
middle
legroom.
However, they did have both
accommodation
to everybody, not just the wealthy.
The second-
class passengers in the
a roof,
which (he
passengers
in the
third-
bottom
comfortable
than the beds offered by Pullman.
picture had to c\o without.
Railroad Stations & Signal Boxes
^
s
passengers began to use trains to travel from one
became clear that they needed some kind of platform and shelter while they were waiting for the train, and assistance to board it since the place to another,
it
doors were well above the ground. In 1835, in the
German
town of Nuremberg, a wooden shelter was placed over raised wooden platform. This became the world's first railroad station. The first major railroad station was Euston in London, which was built at the end of the 1830s. As the nineteenth century became larger and more ornate, using large amounts of steel and glass. Railway companies employed the best architects and engineers progressed, railroad stations
to design their stations.
SIGNALING ARMS One
of the
earliest
ways
of passing messages to the
moving
drivers of
trains
The upper arms
tell
the driver whether or not
should stop.
a train
The
lower arms are an advance
warning signals.
picture
for the next set
The is
to carry
largest of these
were rightly called "Temples of Steam." As the number of lines and the number of stations continued to grow, it became
was
through the use of signaling arms.
The
of
signal in this
increasingly important for the trains to be
some way. Collisions between trains happened often in the early days of steam. Railroad companies employed several methods to ensure that both the trains and the passengers traveled not controlled in
telling the driver
on with caution.
only comfortably but also
safely.
TICKETING In the
1
840s the
first tickets
for train
journeys were issued. These were
copper discs with the destination of the passenger engraved onto
Only
later
greater detail start to be used.
Tickets were checked by guards
and
later
by machines.
16
it.
did paper tickets with
a
NEW STATIONS Even though the importance declined
of the railroad has
importance with the
in
of the
motor
rise
and the
ear
airplane, projects to build
grand railway stations continue today. The picture is
Herouville station
of 1)
in
Lyon, France. Building these stations encourages people-
and
to return to the railways
helps redevelop run-dovt n areas in cities.
They
are
still
seen as symbols of the
importance
of a
c
ity.
GRAND CENTRAL TERMINAL )=
s.
New York
City's
Grand Central Terminal
was designed by Whitney Warren and constructed in 1907-13.
which was
to build,
of
money
building.
It
at the
$43 million
amount
time for a large public
could not be called a "Temple of
Steam" because
it
was
built to be used only
by
electric locomotives.
TOUCH
KEEPING IN It
cost
It
a considerable
was important that
signal boxes could
warn each other of any problems
in their
The telegraph, invented in 1837 by William Cooke and Charles Wheatstone, block.
was
used by the railroads
first
to connect
Paddington
West Drayton,
in
a distance
EARLY SIGNAL BOX
1839
in
Railroad lines were
London with
split
of just over
up into "blocks"
and each block was
13 miles.
controlled by
The
signal
MODERN SIGNAL BOX
a signal
box.
levers inside the
box controlled the
arms on the
and
signals
also controlled the points.
Operating the signals and railroad
now been
lines has
modern computerized
The of
screens
all
where
seen
systems.
trains
A
lines
The
bottom I
<^B
signal*
^.
are controlled
electronically.
17
i
W
box
part
hese led
from the jfc
and location of
trains in the area.
and points
the i
the positions
can change
signals
was done by cables at
of the pic ute.
the points, or junctions,
and the any
show
This
taken over by
signal
to the various
signals
and
points within
each block.
&
Freight
the Railroad Mail
^B A
//ell before the invention of the steam locomotive, horsedrawn trains were ยงy w used to pull a few freight wagons. These were usually used at coal mines and traveled only a short distance to a nearby river or canal. When the
//
W
steam locomotive appeared,
it
suddenly became possible
more than just two or three carriages. spread, two more things happened. First,
for trains to pull far
HAULING GOODS The
train
above
is
operated by Amtrak,
As railway
lines
the freight that they carried could be taken far greater distances, cutting out the
need for the journey by water.
the U.S. railroad
company, and
is
able
number
to pull a large
of freight carriages.
By
the 1930s, diesel
and
diesel-electric
locomotives had
become more powerful than steam locomotives
and could take
more
freight.
far
Many
governments
Second, trains began to carry not only raw materials coal but also finished goods
train
important today in Europe and
is less
many Asian countries still depend on freight trains. One of the items most
America,
first special
introduced in
amount of trucks on
London and letters
congestion and pollution.
They
are
trying to encourage
companies
to use
railroads to
move
was mail. was February 1855 between
successfully carried
The
are
which causes
factories to
the towns. Although the carrying of freight by
concerned about the
the road,
from the
like
along
by
trains
postal train
Bristol. Before this
time
were carried by mail coaches
muddy
roads and were very
slow and unreliable.
their goods.
STILL USING There
are
many
STEAM parts
of the world where the
steam engine
is still
the
main source of power for freight trains
the
and
dominant way
of
moving goods around. This
is
especially true
of large
countries like China, where this picture was taken. Behind the locomotive are the freight cars, called flat trucks, the simplest
main types of
freight cars are tank-wagons,
kind of car.
which carry
container cars, which protect goods from the weather.
IS
The
liquids,
other
and
EARLY FREIGHT TRAINS same
Early height steam trains used the
moved
carriages as
horsedrawn
slowly because none of the carriages had brakes.
solved in the 1870s the trains could travel
much
When
trains.
this
The
train
problem was
faster.
FOLLOWING IMPERIAL ROUTES The
first
railway lines built in Asia
served the interests of the Europeans
who
controlled these areas rather than the native inhabitants. This
were
less
meant
that passenger trains
important than freight
trains.
picture shows, countries like India the lines
and the
still
As
this
rely
on
trains built in the
early part of this century.
SORTING THE MAIL Collected mail was taken to
a special
mail was sorted into pigeonholes. sorted they were dropped ofi
was done without the
at
carriage
Once
designated stations.
train Stopping.
The
over the side of the train and caught by )latform.
The
where the
the letters were
mail was
a net
I
his
hung
on the railway
bags were then taken away tor delivery.
PICKING UP HE MAIL I
Trains were able to pick up any letters to be collected without the train
having to stop. Letters waiting to be picked up were put into
hung from past, a net
a special
hook
as
shown
in
a
bag and
the picture. As the train sped
suspended from the side of the tram caught the mail bag.
[9
l
J
Electric Trains ike steam, the potential of electricity as a source
many
g of power was understood
J"
f practical use
Italian
was found
for
it.
years before a
In 1800 the
Alessandro Volta invented
the battery,
supply of
which gave a constant and in 1819
electricity,
the relationship between electricity
and magnetism was discovered by the Danish scientist Hans
WERNER VON SIEMENS The the
inventor of
first
practical
electric train
from
came
electric train first
shown
at the Berlin
Trades Exhibition in
1879.
It
ran
on
an oval track about
300 yards long
at a
speed of 4 miles per hour. In 1881 the
years later
the English scientist Michael Faraday built the first electric motor. Electric
motors work with magnets.
An
electrical
current passes along a coil which creates a magnetic field. This acts against the
and inventors. was
Two
a family
of engineers
His
Christian Oersted.
first
public
electric train ran
near Berlin.
magnet
and makes it spin. It is this spinning magnet that runs the engine. The first electric train was demonstrated by Thomas Davenport in the United States in 1835. In 1842 an electric train ran between Edinburgh and Glasgow in Scotland. Its top speed was 4 miles per hour. But it was another 37 years before the first serviceable electric train was built. in the engine
ELECTRIC
TROLLEY CAR This rather extraordinary electric train ran for
3 miles
on
rails
on
the beach between
Brighton and Rottingdean It
was
built
responsible for the in
England.
the seaside
in the early 1900s.
by Magnus Volk.
It first
He was
also
first electric train to
ran
on August
town of Brighton.
4,
be built
1883,
in
ELECTRIC TRAINS IN AMERICA The
first electric train
States
was introduced
United
to operate in the
1895. In June of that
in
year a passenger
York using
m
New
service near
km&3P B-^-44^ ykMpff
electric
trains ran for a
distance of 7 miles.
The
shown
train
here
is
the
first
freight train to use electricity.
on August
ran
It
first
&
1895, for the Baltimore
4,
nearly 4 miles.
Almost half of was why
this
(
)hio Railroad for
a
distance of
journey was through tunnels, which
electricity
was chosen rather than steam.
THE CITY
IN
Streetcars have run city streets for
and were
years
on
many first
pulled by horses. Steam
locomotives were not
welcome on the of many
cities
streets
because
of the noise and pollution they caused.
The
arrival
of the
electric train
meant
that streetcars in cities
many
THET(,\
could be
developed. For safety reasons they are usually
powered by overhead cables
and
like this
a pantograph,
Japanese streetcar.
Streetcars are
one of the
most important forms of public transportation in the world's cities.
RECEIVING POWER This picture of
a
Siemens
electric
train at the Paris exhibition of
shows how some their power.
arm known
On
many
trains there
pantograph, which collected
as a
from overhead
power from
the top of
cables.
Other
1881
electric trains received
electric trains
a third "live" track that
was
was an
electricity
took their
laid next to
the tracks that the train ran on.
One is
of the
an
fastest trains in the
a Grande Vitesse) Paris
world
The TG\
electric train.
first
and Lyon
in
Train
ran between
France
in
September 1981. By 1988 the was reaching speeds miles per hour
of
{MO
rGV
over 200 kph).
HOW A DIESEL ENGINE WORKS work using
Diesel engines fuel
is
a
system
injected into a cylinder.
The
known
as fuel injection.
air inside the
cylinder
is
Heavy
diesel
compressed
by a piston. The compression caused by the piston makes the
air
extremely hot. This causes the fuel inside the piston to catch light and this
The power of the engine
pushes the piston forward.
by the driver varying the amount of
On
cylinder.
diesel trains the piston
is
air inside
to wheels.
and the whole
cycle
starts again. In diesel-electric trains the piston
powers
dynamo
a
power needed
that produces the electrical
to turn the wheels.
THE DELTIC One
of the most successful diesel-electric engines built in Bri
was the
The
Deltic.
began
British
for their long-distance
steam
Second World War. This prototype was
to look for a
trains after the
built in the late 1940s.
It
replacement
end of the
for the Deltic
;/'-/
I
was put into
production in 1955 and 22 were built in the next 6 years. that ran
These
They
replaced the steam trains
between London and Edinburgh.
trains
could reach speeds of over 160
miles per hour and each one has traveled
over 2 million miles.
\
RUDOLF DIESEL There
flMB^^ r
'"^R^fc
^V
'
u
is
Diesel
as to who first invented Some people claim it was first
some dispute cn gi n e.
by Herbert Stuart Akroyd
built
However, most people agree that
German Rudolf Diesel who
French-born Dr.
the diesel engine.
and
1
for an
replacement for the
steam engine.
He
first
demonstrated
the diesel engine in 1893 but until
invented
Between 1880
890 he searched
efficient
engineer
1896 that he was able
first fully reliable
it
was not
to build the
engine. In 1913 he
disappeared overboard while crossing the
Channel
to England.
22
in 1890. it
was
named
a
controlled
then driven back
by the revolving rod and crank attached This compresses the
is
fuel that enters the
,
Diesel Trains
!
^^^rhe
/
y
power
third major source of
trains
engine
is is
A
the diesel engine.
for
diesel
a type of internal-combustion
engine that has
many
similarities
engine. Diesel trains were basis in
first
with a gasoline HIGH-SPEED TRAVEL
used on an experimental
1912 by the North
Locomotive Company. They were put into British
1957 the members
In
European
of the
regular service the following year
(
Community
Sweden. Diesel began to be used in the United States after 1923 and saw regular
in
network
TEE
diesel trains
The
(Trans Europe
Express) was an
attempt to
electric
and
ol last
reliable trains.
service in Britain after 1931.
Between them,
created
an international
and
fight ofl
the competition from
now
companies.
airline It
dominate railways all over the Western world.
was aimed
at
business people and
had only
Diesel engines are
Cars.
are
used either to
first-c lass
These trams
powered
all
b)
diesel engines.
power the engine of the train or, more usually, to run a generator, which then produces an electric current. electric
This then drives an
motor. These trains are
called diesel-electric locomotives.
THE DOMINANCE OF DIESEL
LACK OF ELECTRICITY There
are
many
Since diesel trains are relatively
countries where
cheap to buy and run.
not practicable to replace steam
is
trains
with
electric trains.
because there are
many
are not used very often
This
electric trains
is
is
not only
the most popular replacement tor
steam.
The United
States railroad
it
to
and the overhead
cables that are needed to run them.
Diesel
is
developing countries thai diesel
company, Amtrak, has nearly
would simply be too expensive buy
in
is
lines that
and
it
it
the preferred replacement.
24,500 miles of
track,
only 34
which are
electrified. In
trains ran
on these
of them
are
and 253 use
I
ol
1994, 318
tracks. Sixty-five
powered
b) electricity
diesel engines.
Great Train Journeys ^^TFne
/
building of railway systems
throughout the world made
many remote and
%r
inaccessible
Developments in railway engineering meant that there were no conditions that could not eventually be overcome. Deserts, forests, and mountains, once impassable, were no longer obstacles to travel. Not only had it become possible to travel to
places easy to reach.
THE ORIENT EXPRESS For
many
the Orient Express
(see p. 15)
was the most
glamorous of all journeys.
scene for
such
as
It
such Basil
were spectacular, passing through some of the
most awe-inspiring scenery
train
Agatha
thrillers
THE "BULLET
TRAIN'
Christie's
the Orient
This picture shows the Shinkansen runnii
There have been
past
Mount
romances on board,
The
line
Express. real-life
places, but the train journeys themselves
has been the
many
Murder on
new
as the millionaire Sir
Zaharoff falling in love
with a Spanish duchess while traveling to Istanbu
Fuji, a
Osaka opened and the at
in
1
trains travel
160 miles
per hour.
dormant volcano.
between Tokyo and
964
in the world.
&&
A TRAIN THROUGH AFRICA The Blue Train runs between Cape Town in South Africa and the Victoria
Falls on the Zimbabwean/Zambian border.
The
luxury trains ran
first
between Pretoria and Cape in
1939.
It
Town
was only with the end o
apartheid that
it
became
possible for
the train to continue through
and into the heart of Africa.
It
ACROSS THE FROZEN WASTES
Zimbabwe
passes near Table
The Trans-Siberian
Mountain, the diamond-mining center of Kimberley, the
Hwange Game Falls. It is
Reserve, the
Zambezi
River,
in the
and the Victoria
one of the most beautiful journeys
in the
railway runs from
west to Vladivostock
nearly 6,000 miles long and
world
of eight days to
travel
its
M<
in the cast. it
It
take
entire length.
ACROSS THE ROCKIES first
of Canada
train to travel across the length
m Montreal on June 28, Moody
a
week
1886, and arrived
later. It
was
later
set off
at Port
extended to
Vancouver. Another transcontinental line was
added
in
1915
first line.
the
to the north
On
this
Quebec
second
of the line
is
Bridge, which
is
#90*
over 3,000 feet lone.
fv
*
1
Til
*MfeÂŁfe
XT*
is
THE HIAWATHA Nobody knows which steam In 1
train first reached
1893 an American locomotive claimed
100 miles per hour.
to reach a top speed of
12 miles per hour. Eleven years later in 1904 a train in Britain was
supposed to have reached 102 miles per hour. Neither of these claims can be verified.
The
first train
designed to run faster than 100
miles per hour was the Hiawatha. This train began service in
1935 and ran between Chicago and Minneapolis/St. It
Paul.
reached an average speed of 80 miles per hour during
part of the 412-mile journey.
THE FLYING SCOTSMAN The
Flying Scotsman
famous steam in
is
train in Britain.
probably the most It
was
built
1923 and ran nonstop between
London, and
King's Cross station, in
Edinburgh. This was the longest
nonstop run
in the world.
It
was
eventually withdrawn from that line
1963, after 60 years of service.
in
1988-89
In
where
Australia
it
went on
a tour
of
set the record for
it
the longest nonstop run for a steam train, a distance of
422
miles.
THE ROCKET The
first
train
successful steam
was the
Rocket, built
by Robert Stephenson 1829.
It
in
established the
supremacy of steam over horsedrawn
trains
by
winning the Rainhill Trials. It
remained
working on the Liverpool and
Manchester Railway until the
when
it
end of 1830, was replaced by the Northwestern.
THE EVENING STAR In
March 1959,
the year before
all
steam locomotives were
withdrawn from Canadian Railways, the Evening Star'was the last
steam train to be built freight train but It
was
in Britain.
was eventually withdrawn from
Two
years later,
from service on
all
It
was
built as a
also used as a passenger train.
steam
trains
service in 1966.
were withdrawn
British Railways.
Great Steam Engines
A
lthough steam locomotives have been
people
replaced by electric and diesel trains all
over the world, there are
who
affection.
still
many
regard steam engines with
They seem
to symbolize the
THE MALLARD
power of the railway engine much more visibly than any modern train. Steam trains also represent a more elegant and stylish age. It is little wonder that many books and films set on trains, such as Murder on the Orient Express, choose
Ik- fastest
I
ifk -type
train called the Mallard. It
was
buili
engineer in
1
it
with
Nigel
set a
record for
been preserved
by the British
Sir
*
Iresley
938. In the same
year,
of the most famous steam
trains have
the
is
streamlined Pa<
a steam locomotive for their location.
Many
steam
locomotive
.1
a
speed
new world steam train of
1
26 miles
per hour while traveling
long after they ceased to be
between London and
commercially viable.
They
are
Edinburgh.
owned by
private railway preservation
companies or looked
after in
museums, where
transportation
they are available for
all
to see.
CLASSIC AMERICAN DESIGN This
train
many
was designed by
E. S.
of the features that
recognizable.
He
Norris
in
the 1860s and shows
make American steam
designed
his trains to deal
trains instantly
with the sharp
bends and gradients of the American railroad system.
met hod was
to give
them smaller w heeh
THE MOSCOW METRO The Moscow Metro
is
underground systems It
was
in the world.
But there was
of the 1930s
built in the early years
Joseph
Many
seen as one of the most opulent
Stalin, the Soviet leader,
and was opened
hard and
it is
a price.
order of in 1935.
The work was
of the laborers were prisoners.
constructing
at the
believed that thousands died while
it.
SMOKY TUNNELS This picture from 1863
an early
is
picture of a train running
on the
London underground.
shows
what appears
The
It
to be a clean tunnel.
fact that
steam
trains
were
used meant that traveling on the
underground was an unpleasant experience. This problem was
by a
special
that diverted
smoke
partly solved
mechanism
into the water tank.
By
the end
of the 19th century the use of electric trains
on underground
systems meant journeys became
much
cleaner.
LONDON __ Underground
CONFUSING MAPS
Railways
The first maps of the London underground were
CUT AND COVER
difficult to
understand.
In the 1930s an engineer
This picture from 1868 shows
how
the underground railway in
London was
constructed.
a system called "cut
A
and
It
used
cover."
hole was dug, the brick arches
of the tunnel were
built,
and
the hole was simply covered
in
London
called
Harry
new map.
Beck created
a
The
were linked
stations
by straight
lines
and
the central area was
much
larger than if
drawn
to scale.
over again.
Londoner (proud of the Tube
t 28
m
"
y)
Z:::::
-
there
'
s
™
e
—
system,
to
frunds
**£f°"
Traveling Underground
o
ne of the effects that the steam locomotive had on
major
cities
was
to allow people to live further
from
where most of them worked. The suburbs of many cities were created as a direct
the center of the
result
city,
SQUASHED
own problems
of the
as the streets
I
became congested with people and traffic. The ideal solution came in 1863 with the building of the first underground railway system in London. It ran from Paddington to Farringdon
The
miles.
encouraged other
Today the
1927,
known
being so
for the trains
congested that people are
employed
to
push
passengers into the cars to
make many
sure thai as
people
as
possible can he
squeezed
in.
concerned about
own rise
in
London
cities,
congestion in their
Tokyo,
perhaps DCS!
is
success of the in
in
which opened
of nearly four
underground system
systems.
he underground
system
city centers
Street, a distance
TOKYO
IN
of the railroad. This expansion caused
streets, to build similar
of the automobile has given
new environmental concerns and many are putting more money into their
rise to
cities
underground railway systems. AMERICAN SUBWAYS This picture shows people entering a subway ear
New York
City.
Although the subway
underground system it
was not the in
first
Boston
in
in the
United
to be built in
1897.
in
New
States,
is
in
certainly the largest
with over 240 miles of track,
America. The
New York
York
first
City opened
U.S. subway was built
its first
subway
in
1904.
THE
PARES Ml
I
RO
The underground railroad
Mctiv And was opened
in
Pans
in
is
called the
1900. The stations
in
the center of Paris arc very dose together and
can easily be identified.
The
entrances were designed by called iron,
r=:
29
a
distinctive station
famous
Hector (.uimard. using
and
glass
architect
and
are in the Art X< niveau style.
cast
The Future Prom the 1950s 4^* on,
were
^^T becoming past. was an
experimental train built by
George Bennie near Glasgow in
Scotland.
The wheels
ran
along a suspended monorail that train.
was placed above the
The
train
moved along
the track with the use of a propeller at the back that
pushed
it
forward. Although
the experiment was a success, the train was
because
it
fast
a relic of
a declining industrial
THE RAILPLANE In the 1920s there
railways
The
rise
of the
automobile gave people a far
more
flexible
form of
transportation. Airlines offered both higher levels of
comfort and lower prices to
compete with long-distance passenger trains. In Britain, for example, the
amount of
abandoned
was too expensive
to develop.
track has been cut by about
half from 20,000 miles of
track in 1950 to about
10,000 miles in 1990, and in the United States from
224,300 to 162,700 miles of track
in the last
40
years.
Yet in the past few years the train has begun to fight back. Recent technological developments that trains are reliable.
also as a
becoming much
faster
mean
and more
Concerns about the environment have
made many governments look better way of moving people.
to the train
GAS TURBINE TRAINS work by mixing
Gas turbine
trains
gas with air
and igniting
it.
expands and escapes. This spins a rotor
The
air
which provides the
engine with power.
The
first
gas
turbine train was built in 1941 in
Switzerland but was abandoned too expensive to run.
air
then
as
TRAVELING AT HIGH SPEED Many
high-speed trains
would need new
traeks,
which can be very expensive. In Italy a high-speed train called the Pendolino has
been developed with ;peeial tilting
SO that
bends
ABOVE THE GROUND
ean deal with
it
in the rails.
on two
a
mechanism
lines,
It
runs
One
one between is
Turin and Venice and the
many
trains for
other between Milan in
and Naples.
It
1901 and
has a
which
in
trains reduce congestion in cities
speed of
years.
is still
The
firsi
of the
rails
one was
used today.
powered by collecting
either
maximum
ways
of the
by using overhead monorails. There have been monorail built in
Modem
electricity
Germany
monorails are
from the side
or are Maglev trains (see below).
about 185 miles per hour.
UNDER THE ie
picture
on the
been plans to dig
right
SEA
shows that there have
a tunnel
under the Channel
between Britain and France
for
many
years.
The Channel Tunnel was completed 1992. High-speed
from the center of London of
Paris in
in
trains carry passengers
to the center
about 3 hours. The above
picture shows the British
two high-speed
and French
trains
â&#x20AC;&#x201D;
the Eurostarznd TGV.
MAGNETIC TRAINS Man\' railway companies
wuh
Magle\
magnets
trains.
are
Both the
that levitate the
experimenting
nam
mu\ track have
tram and pull
it
along
using the principle that magnets either attract or repel each other.
the Yamanashi in
1996 and
run
at
nearly
is
This Maglev tram
Maglev
over 26 miles
is
in
[apan on
The line opened long. The trains can
test line.
350 miles per hour.
BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY
in
3 9999 03917 790
KNOW?
DID YOU Who
was the
Who
were the first passengers to ride through the Channel Tunnel? The railway
person to die in a
first
railway accident? The Liverpool and Manchester Railway was officially opened on
September
There were 8
15, 1830.
trains
tunnel between Britain and France was
opened on May
ready
600 invited guests, including the Prime Minister and the Duke of Wellington. Another of the guests was William to carry over
Mitterand of France and Britain's
British
Elizabeth
member of Parliament
Huskisson, the
Queen
of the first
He
and was
trains
killed,
becoming
a
also nearly killed
Where
by
a train.
difficult to breathe? In South America there are train services that run through the Andes Mountain range which goes through Bolivia, Argentina, Chile, and PeruAl/* On the track between Lima and La Oroya at La in
Peru the train climbs to
The Condor in
world
in the
at
is
heights the air
El
level.
Where
is
who
/
used the tunnel
highestesÂŁ$tion Bolivia.
At these
at all, such as Bhutan and Rvvaajda^hdfie iW"e^lso some
system.
and the tiny principality of Monaco have only J mile of track each. Even though railways in the United States have been declining over the p4stje\v decades, the United States of America still has.the most track of any country in the wo'rTd^li 1^990 the American Lesotho
height of
a
fe n^a^^^tem
""cbiTntri.es thatjha've a tiriy ->raiJw|y
i
-
have difficulty breathing.
railway
of
the straightest piece of railway
One
also
-
i
have emergency bottles of oxygen for any passengers
29, 1993,
British ambassador to France, Sir
-countries in the world that have no
ft
very thin and rarefied and cars
is
travel the
On January
Which countries have the smallest railway system? There are several
railway passengers find
15,806 feet above sea
1992,
and became the first person to travel to his new post without ever leaving land.
it
Cima
new
3,
Duke of
person to
Christopher Mallaby,
the
Austrian ambassador, Prince Esterhazy,
was
first
Queen
on April
Elizabeth's husband, the
the
The
tram.
year before
length of the tunnel.
stepped out into the path of one
person to be killed by
One
Edinburgh, was the
for
Liverpool and an influential backer of the railway.
II.
officially
1994, by President Francois
6,
in Africa
company had ovef*K4j/0O
miles
track.
How
rooms with bathroom and toilet. There is a point of the journey where the passengers travel in a straight line for 297 miles. This is the longest
rail lamps were developed? The United was the first country to put lamps on the front of its trains. In the early 1830s Horatio Allen, who started the South Carolina Railroad Company, placed a burning pile of pinewood in an iron basket on his trains. By the time of the Civil War in America most rail lamps used oil for fuel and had powerful reflectors to throw
piece of straight railway track in the world.
the light forward.
track?
of the most luxurious tram rides
world is the Indian-Pacific which runs between Perth and Sydney in Australia, a journey in the
of 2,386 miles. The
and
first-class
train
is
States
over 2,600 feet long
passengers have their
own
private
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would
like to thank:
Graham Rich, John Guy, and
Peter
No
All rights reserved.
book may be reproduced
in
any form, by
information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written
Done
permission of the copyright owner
for their assistance. All inquiries
Edition for the United States, Canada, and the Philippines published by
First
part of this
photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any
should be addressed
to:
Barron's Educational Series, Inc.
250 Wireless Boulevard, Hauppauge,
Barron's Educational Series, Inc., 1998
New York
1
1788
http://www.barronseduc.com First
published
The
in
Great Britain
in
1998 by
Square, Hadlow, Kent, TNI
ticktock 1
Publishing Ltd., The Office,
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 98-70734
ODD, United Kingdom Book Number 0-7641-4)538-8
International Standard
Copyright Š1998
ticktock Publishing Ltd.
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in
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1
1
'
1
INDEX A accidents
dynamite 12
32
16,
24,25, 32
Africa 11,
r
.
,.
,
,
Edinburgh,
32
Allen, Horatio
32
Amtrak
...
of
B
Eurostar 5
2
8,
28
Beck, Harry
Slnnkansen 24
London underground 28, 29 A
Siemens, Werner von 20, 21
Lyon 17,21
signal boxes
16-17
sleeping cars
14,
5J
20-21, 3
20
Queen 32
1
Maglev
trains
3
I
magnetic trains 3 mail
Mallard 2~
Evening Star 26
Mann Boudoir
Experiment 5
Car 14 mam 1&-2Q
F
30 Lx
South America 32 1
South Carolina Railroad 32
18-19
Mallaby, Sir Christopher
1
32
speed 26, 3
28
Stalin, Joseph
Sleeping
16-11
stations
steam engines 2, 3,
4, 5.
Stephenson, George
4,
Stephenson, Robert
4. 5.
6
5
26
10,
The
15
South Africa 24
Lustou, Loudon 16
Bennie, George Berlin Trades
II,
Seikan tunnel 12
18, 22, 26,
LI Condor, Bolivia 32
Elizabeth
Baltimore and Ohio
4,
29
'
electric trolley car
26
Railroad
,„
32
electric trains 4, 5,
23
18,
Australia
,
Duke
21,
Philip, c ,
'
,.
Akroyd, Herbert Stuart 22
altitude
Loudon
E
Best Frie Stockton and Darlington
Charlestowi Railway 5 Beyer Garratt
Stourbridge Lion 9
Bhutan 32
Sweden 23 Bleukinsop,Joh Switzerland 10, 12,
Blue Train 25 Boultou, Matti
TEE
brakes 19 bridges
telegraph
}
TGV
Kingdom 12 "
"Bullet Train
(Trans Europe
Expre
12, 13
Brunei, Isamba
1
7
(Tram
16
ticketing
Tom Thumb
30, 11, 12
Paciji
trams
Me
"Catch
8
2( tracks 2, 3.
Canadian
Grande
a
21,31
Vitesse)
(
Canada 25,
W
T
2
Win Trans-Siberian railway
25
Trevithick, Richard 2,
1,
Central Pacific F
Channel Tuum 1
12, 31.
tunnels
China
11,
5,
U
"class" of trove
Clinton,
De
\\
underground
'it
Coalbrookdale 2
Cooke, Willian .
.
Grampton 10
Railroad 8
1
'mied States
oj
2'>.
12
V
Cugnot, Nick ictoria, >lk,
\
Davenport, Th
Loudon
tlta.Alessandro
"
D'Herotu'ille, diesel engines
'•'
-
Brighton
MA
02136-3316
anvil.
Whitney
lieatsione, •eel
(
7
Sharks
anaitgi
UZOI
Z
Rudolf
diesel-electric lo
23
1
lames
att.
22-25 Diesel,
20
"" '*
Brighton Branch Ubrwy 40 Academy Hill Road
22
7
W r
Railroad 9
1
Magnus 20
Clin
Delaware and
Deltic
America \
IS, 20. 21. 23, 26,
Crimean War
De Witt
28
'nion Paciju
2".
crew 6
railroads
(
— 8-9,
1
,,
12
i
-
1"
THE HISTORY OF
r
RAILWAYS
r
DISCOVER... .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
The
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Who
or
what was Puffing Billy
The fastest steam .
How
effects
Great
train ever built
a steam locomotive works
of railways on American Indians
train
journeys around the world
How passengers
packed
are
like sardines
on
the Japanese underground .
.
.
Great steam engines, freight and the railway mail, trains
Take
of the future, and much, much more
.
.
.
journey and explore the history of Railways.
a
Discover the story of trains from the early days
of steam to the high-speed
trains
of today.
INCLUDING: The
•
•
First
Steam Railways
Great Train Journeys •
Passenger Comfort
• Freight and the Railway
Traveling Underground
• •
Trains of the Future
With more than 100 diagrams
color illustrations
—Railways
insight into the history
BARRON'S ISBN 0-7641-0538-
50595>
9
l
780764 105388 ll
$5.95
l
Canada $7.50
and
gives you a unique
and world of trains.