Fly Back to the Moon - The Research Book

C.

Alan

1. Home Behind the Thumb

In 1972, Apollo 17 carried commander Eugene Cernan, command module pilot Ronald Evans and scientist Harrison Schmitt return back after a three-day stay on the lunar surface. Since then, humans have never returned to the Moon. After that attempt, humans seemed to have crossed the moon landing off the to-do list, and never bothered with it again.

What does the moon landing really mean for mankind?

Countless online journeys highlight the importance of the moon landing to the US in winning the US-Soviet space arms race in the last century. Looking back at the images and literature of the era, we can appreciate that there seemed to be a great deal of enthusiasm for the moon landing on the part of both the US government and the public. Thanks to this enthusiasm, huge investment regardless of cost, the creativity of young scientists and relatively lenient risk assessments, mankind was finally able to stand above Mare Tranquillitatis and look from the surface of the Moon to Earth for the first time.

I particularly liked what one astronaut said about how he felt in lunar orbit. You could cover the whole planet with one thumb. Anyone you love, anyone who loves you, anything you seek, any honour you are proud of, any memory that brings you joy or pain, is behind your thumb.

As we stood above the Moon, we finally looked at the earth in such a light for the first time. I couldn’t help but wonder what I would have thought if I had been lucky enough to be one of the 12 people who were there, if I too had the opportunity to look back at the Earth, the place on which I would probably live for the rest of my life, the home where I lived. What would I feel when I first saw the Earth rise from the horizon of the Moon?

Looking at that blue planet, at the only place we know that gave birth to life, while beneath our feet is a pure land that has never been disturbed by life before. When we are here, perhaps we have an answer to the purpose of our flight to the Moon.

Buzz Aldrin(1) , David Scott(2) , Charles Duke(3), and Harrison Schmitt(4)

I am writing this text in March 2023. At this moment, these four people are the only ones left on Earth who have ever looked back at the Earth from the Moon, and that number will eventually reach a desperate zero. As our confusion about being on the Moon becomes a question that cannot be answered, what is left of our memories of the Moon? We may need to stand on the Moon dust again in order to answer this.

Charles Moss Duke Jr., Apollo 16, Born in 1935. Harrison Hagan Schmitt, Apollo 17, Born in 1935. (3) (4)

(1) (2) Buzz Aldrin, Apollo 11, Born in 1930. David Randolph Scott, Apollo 15, Born in 1932.

2. We Do Not Deserve the Moon

The Moon is simply a perfect being for a satellite. It has an ingenious size, it keeps a perfect distance from the Earth. These coincidences make the Moon and the Sun appear almost the same size from the Earth. The Moon thus has the opportunity to completely block the Sun and temporarily assert its sovereignty over the sky. Not only that, but the Moon also brings tides to the Earth, thus driving life towards land. The Moon helps to maintain the elegant and stable tilt of the Earth, giving us a regular change of seasons. All this makes the Moon look more and more perfect. In the cosmos as we observe it, it is not only the Earth that is a unique being. The Moon, the only satellite of the Earth, is also delicate and wonderful, and we should cherish it.

The Moon didn’t always look so right. According to some studies, at the time of its creation, the Moon appeared to be 15 times larger than it is today. The huge moon hung in the sky, staring down at the Earth. After that it moved away from the Earth at a rate of 3.8 centimetres per year. In a few years’ time, we may only be able to see the Moon over the sun. The other stars are also moving away from us because of the expansion of the universe. So it seems that we are in a fortunate age. We can still see the stars and a full moon with an apparent diameter of between 29.3’ and 34.1’. In a few years’ time, when we look into the sky again, we may only see the small Moon and a few stars, and endless darkness.

What kind of relationship does the Moon maintain with the Earth? Although the true cause of the Moon is still unknown, existing geological observations confirm that the Earth and the Moon share the same roots. The Moon was once part of the Earth and grew with it. To return to the Moon is also to return to our ancient homeland.

When I confidently talked with my tutor Ken a few months ago about the connection between the Odyssey and space voyage, he chatted with interest about the clever relationship between the Odyssey and the space voyage:

Having said this, he paused. Yes, exploring space might be a journey home to the place that provides all the elements that make us up. And returning to the Moon is the first step in our journey home. Returning to that place that we remember as the most familiar but unfamiliar.

“

Well, although people like to use odyssey to refer to space voyage, the Odyssey itself is telling a story about coming home. ”

3. We Are Still in the Old World

The aftermath of World War II had a severe impact on the economies of all countries involved in the conflict. But the United States seized this opportunity to leap forward and gather most of the world’s industrial production capacity. The idealists born of the ‘baby boom’ enjoyed an explosion of wealth, desire and enthusiasm. They sang “I hope I die before I get old”, as if nothing was unattainable in this country. All this culminated in the moon landing, which brought mankind into the so-called ‘space age’ with a bang. But it all seemed to go too fast, and after that, people quickly fell into silence.

When my tutor talked to me about the man on the Moon and the Apollo programme, he could go on for ages. That night, as I sat in the Science Museum’s IMAX cinema and watched Kubrick’s 2001 A Space Odyssey in high resolution, every grain of film was so clear with modern technology. I looked at the special effects moon, filmed at a time when no one had ever seen the Moon’s surface in person. I suddenly understood why my tutor had talked about the betrayal he had felt when he heard that the Apollo programme had been cancelled, and the flash of loss in his eyes.

It was not, or not just, a betrayal of a promise, but a betrayal of mankind’s desire for a ‘new world’, when the US abandoned the Apollo programme in 1972 simply because “the moon landing no longer made sense”. If the lunar landing plan could be continued, human architecture might have already sprung up on the Moon, or even on Mars, by now. The scenes in 2001: A Space Odyssey might actually have happened in the year 2001. As Arthur C. Clarke looked up at the Saturn V, he exclaimed “the end of the old world”. What he probably did not expect was that mankind did not stay in the ‘new world’ for long, but soon fell back into the ‘old world’. Perhaps to thrive in the ‘old world’ order is what humanity wants now. It was only when the US’s position in the Old World was no longer secure that he finally remembered the Moon as the door to the New World. If only it could find the key that would unlock this door, the United States would be able to re-establish order in the ‘new world’ and win a new race.

In the near future, will mankind count backwards and send three more lucky people to the Moon, just as it did then? The United States, China, Europe, Russia, India and Japan, all of these countries have plans for a manned moon landing by 2030. We seem to be back to the days when the masses went crazy over JFK’s promise to go to the Moon. I can’t hold back my excitement for a new ‘race’ to the Moon. But it makes me feel a little sad all over again when I think that we need to go back to the Moon as a ‘person of some nation’.

Was the moon landing just this new political orgy in the end? The will of the individual seems to be rendered meaningless in the face of the costly project of going to the Moon. Countries

want to show their power by going to the Moon as a way to explore the possibilities of their national future. All I want is to step on top of the lunar

The Moon has been portrayed as holy and pure in many cultures, and this statement appears all the more convincing in the bright moonlight of the dark night. But all that seemed to change when Armstrong first set foot on a land that had ‘never been touched by life’. Since then, this cold, barren land has been marked by the recklessness of life.

When humans first landed on the Moon, criticism was rife. Some people (5) claimed that this human action had ‘tarnished’ the Moon and ‘broken’ its purity and mystery. Frankly, I have some empathy with them. The fact that man has landed on the Moon is both exciting and sad. I am excited about having one more planet for humans to touch, and sad about having one less planet without human traces. But in thinking that the Moon was once part of the Earth and helped nurture life on it, the moon landing seemed more like a re-entry into that old familiar home. We gently dusted off the floating dust, revealing the mottled paintwork and dried wood grain that reminded us of the uncanny familiarity of the house, even though we had never met.

Half a century had passed and rude humans no longer bothered to infest the Moon. After everything has been raised and the dust has fallen, everything seems to be the same again. Above the blue planet, human groups continue to fight over their ideology, energy and development. The Moon is once again a spectator, watching the ebb and flow quietly. The Moon seems to be the same again, as if nothing has ever changed.

4. 5.

Colour of the Moon Forgotten in the Space

The 12 astronauts who returned from the Moon rarely talk about their time there. Aldrin once described it as being “stripped out of the whole process of going to the Moon”. It was like sitting at home on the couch and watching yourself being watched on the Moon. Many people can remember all the technical details of the moon landing, but they can’t recall what it was like to be on the Moon. It was as if these memories belonged only to the Moon.

When they returned, they were left on the surface of the Moon forever, like the landing gear of Lunar Modules.

surface, find a smooth rock to sit on and watch the Earth that gave birth to me rise from the horizon.

Astrologers Bill Reeker and Tom Stoppard (5)

Some people call this ‘Moon Amnesia’. They argue that the overly detailed and tight schedule and the immense psychological pressure caused them to focus on the mission itself, leaving all other memories to fall by the wayside. There may be some truth in this argument, but as I understand it, these astronauts are not completely mission machines. They were perhaps more interesting than we might have thought. They race high jumpers and lunar rovers and play golf on the Moon. Of course, they probably saw all of this as part of the mission because they remember it all so well!

When the Moon spacecraft looped to the far side of the lunar orbit, Earth’s signals couldn’t reach them. One NASA worker called it “the deepest solitude human has experienced since Adam”. In that place, the huge moon blocked out all light from Earth, while behind them lay the stars and the endless darkness of the universe. Some of the astronauts “lost their sense of joy” when they were immersed in this solitude; some astronauts enjoyed it so much that they were able to enter another dimension and think about the universe; while others learnt the preciousness of the noise and learned to value every mundane part of the Earth.

While the commander drove the lunar module to the surface with his flight partner, the control module pilot was left alone in lunar orbit. When it is time to head to the far side of the Moon again, he will be left alone with this loneliness. The nearest humans were still on the Moon, and it was not clear whether they would return safely. When Michael Collins (6) , Apollo 11’s control module pilot, heard himself referred to as ‘the loneliest man’, he laughed and said he was too full of tasks to feel alone at that time. But I’m sure that when his ears are no longer filled with the whispers from the command centre, when he is only surrounded by the noise of instruments running, when he is still worried about bringing his companions Neil and Buzz back to Earth safely, no one will understand the real meaning of loneliness better than him.

6. Neil

As the first human to walk on the Moon, Neil Armstrong (7)’s selection seemed a perfect decision. Humble, calm, rational and erudite. Writers and journalists have always used these words unstintingly to describe the astronaut. He seemed to have everything a good spaceman needed to have.

Michael Collins, Apollo 11, Born in 1935, Died in 2021 (6)

Neil Armstrong, Apollo 11, Born in 1930, Died in 2012 (7)

The popular image of Armstrong is limited to various reports, biographies and interviews about him. But it probably doesn’t matter what his true character was like, or not that much. Everything we can see Armstrong doing has proved to us that he was different. He has been described as “driving in the dark and foggy night”, where any light that hits him is reflected and you can only see the image you expect from him.

He has indeed earned this precious opportunity through his strength. The handling of the crisis in Gemini 8 proved to NASA that Armstrong’s calm strength helped him to win the opportunity to fly Apollo 11. On Lunar Module Eagle he again used his calmness and rationality to manage the landing crisis and successfully complete the mission to the Moon. On his return to Earth, he was no longer allowed to take part in new aviation missions due to his ‘special’ status as the first man on the Moon. Although he could have been well off with this title, he chose to decline most public events and commercial partnerships, escaping from the public eye and living in peace and quiet. Like David Bowman in 2001, he

Neil seems to have been appointed by the heavens to complete the moon landing. No one but him seemed to be up to the task of taking the first steps on the Moon on behalf of mankind. On 25 August 2012, Neil Alden Armstrong passed away after a long illness. After leaving the Moon where he had set foot, he also left the Earth where he had lived. While people were still in turmoil from the moon landing, would he have remembered what Collins had said to him when he returned to Earth:

is as cool as ancient ice in the darkest corner of the Moon’s pole.

“Neil, we missed the whole thing.”

7. No One on Earth Has Ever Fly to the Moon Again

There are only four humans left on the planet who have been to the Moon. The average age of the four has now reached 90 years, which means that this number will continue to dwindle rapidly. The Earth’s memories of the Moon will also become fewer and fewer. It’s like a silent countdown, urging mankind to pick up its connection with the Moon again. It is slightly reassuring to know that, whatever the purpose, we are already doing it. Plans for manned lunar landings by various countries are on the agenda. Perhaps one day we will be able to travel between the Moon and Earth so often that the statistic becomes irrelevant. But remember the desperation you feel when that number gets close to zero.

I was once chatting with a friend about the moon landings. We talked about “What will it mean for us when moon landings become a regular thing?” Frankly, even if the moon landing becomes as commonplace as an international flight, for the average person it is just one more tourist attraction to visit. Or maybe we could use the ‘moon power’ generated by the Helium-3. I find it amusing to think that souvenir shops will be built on the Moon selling stuffed toys for the lunar module. As mankind continues to bring its own set of rules to new planets, it always makes you wonder if mankind is ready to go to other planets.

“The Moon is the oldest television (8)”. Well, be it the apes of ancient times, the painters of the Renaissance or the poets of the Sui and Tang dynasties, all have given different meanings to the brightest celestial body in the night sky. No matter how fierce the strife on the ground, the Moon always remains the same, shining brightly. Will there ever be a day in the future when we can stand on the Moon and look out over the half-arc of the Earth, the place we know so well, the place that so many astronauts have described as ‘incredibly fragile’, and feel a little bit of the unusual, or glimpse a little bit of the truth about the world?

Moon is the Oldest TV (Installation), Nam June Paik, 1965 (8)

What does it mean for us to return to the Moon? We may only wake up when we are actually standing on the Moon. But let’s also consider the question Andrew Smith (9) raised in Moondust:

“Do I stick with life as I know it, be happy and content with the considerable challenge of appreciating and improving that, or shoot for the Moon and risk being dissatisfied, finding that it wasn’t what I expected, or that nothing else can ever match it afterwards?”

Andrew Smith, an American-born British journalist and nonfiction writer

We are now approaching lunar sunrise, and for all the people back on Earth, the crew of Apollo 8 has a message that we would like to send to you.

In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.

And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.

00:00:47

JIM LOVELL

And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day. And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so. And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.

00:01:23

FRANK BORMAN

And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so. And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good. And from the crew of Apollo 8, we close with good night, good luck, a Merry Christmas – and God bless all of you, all of you on the good Earth.

#2 BOOK OF GENESIS 1 1-10

BILL ANDERS

MONOCHROME TELEFUNKEN T05 TESTCARD

B. 1928

P. 1 P. 2 8 1.

We are now approaching lunar sunrise, and for all the people back on Earth, the crew of Apollo 8 has a message that we would like to send to you. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.

00:00:47

And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day. And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so. And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.

00:01:23

And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so. And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good. And from the crew of Apollo 8, we close with good night, good luck, a Merry Christmas – and God bless all of you, all of you on the good Earth.

#2 BOOK OF GENESIS 1 : 1-10

BILL ANDERS

JIM LOVELL FRANK BORMAN

#2 EARTHRISE 1968 AS08-14-2383

by JIM LOVELL

B. 1928

BYLUMENMARTINWINTER

RMODULEPILOT/FREDWHAISEJR

. (B1933)

byJIMLOVELL INTHESHADOWOFTHEMOON

AS11-40-5878

#1 P. 2 P. 3 P. 4

P. 5 P. 6 END

THE

17 16 11 14 15 33 37 12 13 18 34 35

38 39 42 44 45

47 48 49 51

32 29 30 28 25 24 41 40 43

46 50

36 31 26

27 23

22

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THE MOON BOOK

Hamish Lindsay preserved this 1/4 inch audio tape. It was digitised by Colin Mackellar in May 2013 and edited in May 2015. The audio files of each pass are unaltered, however, periods of silence between passes have been removed or reduced. Carnarvon Capcom is Ed Fendell.

What are we over now, Jim?

I don’t know, we’re coming over the west there, and they want you to come back in now.

We’ve been trying to talk to you for a while here.

Aw, Cape (Canaveral), let me just find a few pictures. This is fun.

Well, back in! Come on.

Coming in. Listen, you could almost not drag me to come back to you, but I’m coming.

You still have three and a half or four days ago, buddy.

I’m coming.

The hand hold on that spacecraft is fantastic. You can really … Aren't you going to hold my hand?

Ok. I'm on top of it right now.

Ok, you're right on top. Come on in then.

No, come on in the … Ed, come on in here.

All right.

Come on. Let's get back in here before it gets dark.

It’s the saddest moment of my life.

(Laugh) Well, you're going to find it sadder when we have to come down with this whole thing.

I'm coming.

Ok. Come on now!

written by HairunLi / written by HairunLi in march 2023

00:00:00S/C Let’s see what Kleinknecht has got to say.

Flight

The flight director says get back in. S/C Gus, this is Jim. Got any message for us.

CC Gemini 4, get back in. S/C ok.

* NASA’s official voice transcript does not include a part of the conversation.

S/C I don’t know. We’re coming over the west there and they want you to come back in now.

CC Roger. We’ve been trying to talk to you for a while here.

White This is fun. S/C Well, back in. Corne on.

White ... to come back to you, but I’m corning.. S/C You still have three and a half or four days ago, buddy.

White I’m corning. S/C ok. CC You’ve got about four minutes to Bermuda LOS.

CC Gemini 4, Houston Cap Com. White I’m trying to ...

S/C Ok, Ok. Don’t wear yourself out now. Just come on in.

WHITE EDWARD HIGGINS WHITE II

S/C SPACECRAFT / JAMES ALTON MCDIVITT

CC CAPE CANAVERAL

1930 - 1969

1929 - 2022

S/C How you doing there?

White The spacecraft really looks like it’s ... because whenever a piece of dirt or something goes by it always heads right for that door and goes on out.

S/C Ok - whoops, take it easy now. White Ok. I’m on top of it right now.

S/C Ok, you’re right on top. Come on in then. White The hand hold on that spacecraft is fantastic. You can really ... Aren’t you going to hold my hand?

S/C No, come on in the ... S/C Ed. come on in here. White All right. S/C I’ll put the gun up.White I’ll open the door and come through there. S/C Ok. Let’s not lose this camera now. I don’t quite have it. A little bit. more. Ok. I’ve got it. White ... S/C Yeah, we sort-of talked about that - White Huh? S/C We sort of talked about that didn’t get very much of a chance. White No. S/C Come on. Let’s get back in here before it gets dark.

White It’s the saddest moment of my life.

S/C Well, you’re going to find it sadder when we have to come down with this whole thing. White I’m coming. S/C Ok. Come on now.

- 00:03:50

Bill Anders

We are now approaching lunar sunrise, and for all the people back on Earth, the crew of Apollo 8 has a message that we would like to send to you.

Bill Anders

In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness.

Jim Lovell

And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day. And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so. And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.

Frank Borman

And God said, Let the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and let the dry land appear: and it was so. And God called the dry land Earth; and the gathering together of the waters called he Seas: and God saw that it was good.

Frank Borman

And from the crew of Apollo 8, we close with good night, good luck, a Merry Christmas – and God bless all of you, all of you on the good Earth.

00:03:51- 00:05:44

FRANK BORMAN JAMES LOVELL

ANDERS

19281928 -

00:05:45 -

Fred Haise

Okay, Houston.

James Lovell

I believe we’ve had a problem here. CC

This is Houston. Say again, please. James Lovell

FRED HAISE JAMES LOVELL JACK SWIGERT

Fred Haise

Okay. Right now, Houston, the voltage is - is looking good. And we had a pretty large bang associated with the CAUTION AND WARNING there. And as I recall, MAIN B was the one that had had an amp spike on it once before.

CC Roger, Fred. Fred Haise

In the interim here, we’re starting to go ahead and button up the tunnel again. CC Roger.

Fred Haise

Yes. That jolt must have rocked the sensor on - see now - 0^QUANTITY 2. It - was oscillating down around 20 to 60 percent. Now it’s full-scale high again.

CC Roger. James

Lovell

And, Houston, we had a RESTART on our computer and we had a PGNCS light and the RESTART RESET.

CC Roger. RESTART and a PGNCS light. RESET on a PGNCS, RESET.

James Lovell

Okay. And we’re looking at our S - SERVICE MODULE RCS HELIUM 1. We have - B is barber poled and D is barber poled, HELIUM 2, D is barber pole, and SECONDARY PROPELLANTS, I have A and C barber pole. BMAG temperatures?

Fred Haise

Okay, AC 2 is showing zip. I’m going to try to reconfigure on that, Jack.

CC Roger.

Fred Haise

Yes. We got a MAIN BUS A UNDERVOLT now, too, showing. CC MAIN A UNDERVOLT.

Fred Haise

It’s reading about 25-1/2, MAIN B is reading zip right now.

James Lovell

And, Houston, Odyssey. CC Stand by 1, Jim.

CC 13, Houston. We’d like you to attempt to reconnect fuel cell 1 to MAIN A and fuel cell 3 to MAIN B. Verify that quad Delta is open.

Fred Haise

Okay, Houston. I’m showing - I tried to reset and fuel cell 1 and 3 are both showing gray flags, but they are both showing zip on the flows. CC We copy.

4.

Anders, W. (1968). Earthrise. In National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Campigli , H. (n.d.). Apollo 13 Re-entry Groundtrack. Honeysucklecreek. net. Retrieved April 6, 2023, from

https://honeysucklecreek.net/msfn_ missions/Apollo_13_mission/a13_reentry-groundtrack.html

NASA. (n.d.). Apollo 13 Transcripts. History.nasa.gov. Retrieved April 6, 2023, from https://history.nasa.gov/ alsj/a13/a13trans.html

NASA. (1965). Gemini Program Mission Report.

NASA. (1970). Apollo 13 Technical AirTo-Ground Voice Transcription.

NASA. (2015). Gemini IV

Audio Recorded at Carnarvon.

Honeysucklecreek.net. https:// honeysucklecreek.net/other_stations/ carnarvon/GT4_audio.html

NASA. (2020). Apollo 13 Flight Journal - Day 6, part 8: The Blackout, Splashdown and Recovery. History. nasa.gov. https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ ap13fj/29day6-returnhome.html

NASA/JPL-Caltech. (1990). Voyager 1’s Pale Blue Dot. In National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

NASA/JSC/ASU. (2023). March to the Moon. Asu.edu. https://tothemoon.ser. asu.edu/ Sington, D. (Director). (2007). In the Shadow of the Moon. Smith, A. (2005). Moondust : In Search

ARCHIVE PHOTO DATABASE

of the Men Who Fell to Earth. Fourth Estate.

Wikipedia Contributors. (2018, December 18). Apollo 8. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation. https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_8

Wikipedia Contributors. (2018, December 12). Apollo 13. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation. https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_13

Wikipedia Contributors. (2018, December 19). Jim Lovell. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation. https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Lovell

Wikipedia Contributors. (2019, January 20). Houston, we have a problem. Wikipedia; Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Houston,_we_have_a_problem

Wikipedia Contributors. (2020, April 28). Ed White (astronaut). Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_ White_(astronaut)

Wikipedia Contributors. (2022, May 10). Gemini 4. Wikipedia. https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemini_4

Wikipedia Contributors. (2022, September 11). Apollo 8 Genesis reading. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading

I want to express my gratitude towards my tutor, Ken Hollings, for all of his invaluable assistance with both the concepts and text editing. And thanks to all of the astronauts who contributed to the flight to space.

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