Connecting Waterfront Attractions: A Narrative of the Evolution of San Diego’s Waterfront by Rai Duffy

Connecting Waterfront Attractions A Narrative of the Evolution of San Diegoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Waterfront

Thesis Work By R.C. Duffy

Connecting Waterfront Attractions San Diego CA Downtown District (Previously: The San Diego Convention Center Reconfigured) LA 404 Landscape Architecture Comprehensive Project Rai Duffy Ball State University College of Architecture and Planning Department of Landscape Architecture May 2011

The San Diego downtown waterfront has seen many renovations and additions over the years including its most recent project, the expansion of the San Diego Convention Center. This area has the fortune of being located on the San Diego Bay near many parks and arts opportunities. Since the convention center was built Comic-Con International has called this facility home to their extensive convention. As their popularity has grown, their attendance has exceeded the capacity of the center requiring either a change or a move. The convention and the city have decided to expand the convention center in order to accommodate this group. While an expansion is being planned for the Comic-Con user this project expands that idea to consider the citizens of San Diego. Comic-Con is only in town five days out of the year, while the citizens of San Diego are there three-hundred-sixty-five. In redesigning the waterfront district it is important to consider natural systems, transportation, and human interactivity. The following pages will discuss each of these in their context to the future of the San Diego waterfront.

A B S T R A C T

Introduction 7 Research 9 Section I: The Problem and Its Setting 10 • The Problem Statement & Subproblems____ 10 • Hypothesis ___________________________ 10 • Delimitations _________________________ 10 • Definitions ___________________________ 10 • Assumptions _________________________ 11 • Significance___________________________ 11 Section II: The Review of Literature 12 • Green Spaces _________________________ 12 • Community Uses_______________________ 14 • Ecological Management_________________ 16 • Expansion Project ______________________ 18 • Bibliography__________________________ 19 Section III: Methodologies & Planning 21 • Methodologies________________________ 21 • Goals & Objectives ____________________ 22 • Design Considerations__________________ 23 Section IV: Design 25 • Project Requirements __________________ 26 • Program_____________________________ 27 • Design Process 28 Location/Vicinity Map_______________ 28 Site/Setting/Context_________________ 29 Site Inventory & Analysis_____________ 30 Design Concept_____________________ 33 Embarcadero Parks__________________ 34 Convention Center Elements__________ 35 Water Connctions___________________ 38 Connection Zones___________________ 39 Stormwater Managment_____________ 40 Ruocco Park_______________________ 43 North Embarcadero Visionary Plan_____ 44 Misc. Details_______________________ 45 Seaport Village_____________________ 46

• Conclusion___________________ Section V: Appendix_______________ • Bibliography__________________ • Contract______________________ • Schedule____________________ • Site Photos___________________

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I N D E X

Introduction The San Diego downtown waterfront has seen many renovations and additions over the years including its most recent project, the expansion of the San Diego Convention Center. This area has the fortune of being located on the San Diego Bay near many parks and arts opportunities. Since the convention center was built Comic-Con International has called this facility home to their extensive convention. As their popularity has grown, their attendance has exceeded the capacity of the center requiring either a change or a move. The convention and the city have decided to expand the convention center in order to accommodate this group. While an expansion is being planned for the Comic-Con user this project expands that idea to consider the citizens of San Diego. Comic-Con is only in town five days out of the year, while the citizens of San Diego are there three-hundred-sixty-five. They use the waterfront from the Harbor Village shopping plaza, created by Disney Imagineering, all the way down to the convention center. This space is currently used by tourists and locals alike due to the quantity of hotels on the stretch. In redesigning the waterfront district it is important to consider the common design characteristics used in creating green spaces, trails, and waterfront redevelopments, the degree of relation between public transportation and programming, the role of education in ecological management, and how this relates to a site already under consideration for expansion. The following pages will discuss each of these in their context

to the future of the San Diego Convention Center, and the downtown waterfront district.

R E S E A R C H

The Problem & Its Setting

S E C T I O N 1

The Problem Statement & Subproblems This project is a waterfront redevelopment of the 15 acre corridor from the Harbor Village shopping center to the San Diego Convention Center site specifically considering community uses of the site other than Comic Con International, storm water management specifically in regards to the San Diego Bay, optimizing green space and walkways for human enjoyment and ecological implications, and preparing for an expansion project. • Creating green spaces and walkways that are aesthetically appealing and will be beneficial to the San Diego Bay, the community at large, and consider other ecological issues. • Discovering community uses for the San Diego Convention Center that could work around the Comic Con International convention. • Creating an ecological management plan that will address stormwater management, the San Diego Bay, and San Diego’s heat island effect. • Understanding and preparing for the San Diego Convention Center expansion project within a redevelopment plan to create a cohesive end product.

Hypothesis The San Diego waterfront is in great need of a redevelopment project not just for the convention center, or Comic-Con International convention, but for community involvement, and ecological factors. • The green roofs and facades that will need to be added to the San Diego Convention center and surrounding buildings will boost the city’s green factor and interest while adding to the aesthetic and functional character of the site. • The Downtown District of San Diego will benefit from more community park space, and possibly art expression space. This will manifest in more of a strolling area that will have programmed spaces large enough for groups of 30+ people. • Some areas along the waterfront will require stormwater management design elements that will both aid in the safety of the San Diego Bay and educate the public about the need for such measures. • The expansion project will be informed by the proposals made in this plan in order to meet the same end goals and to avoid re-constructing the waterfront after such a short period of time.

Delimitations This project will not include: • Surveys or interviews with local residents • Original studies of stormwater plantings • Grant applications for funding • Specific details on desired incoming events • A maintenance plan for the premises • Architectural plans for the convention center expansion project

Definitions • Comic-Con International refers to the annual comic book convention held during the summer in San Diego, California at the San Diego Convention Center. • Green roofs are a garden type that can be found on top of a building in order to effect stormwater, and energy consumption. • Stormwater Art is a concept that both addresses stormwater management in environmentally responsible ways and creates expressive landscapes that celebrate stormwater. • Triangulation is the practice of designing spaces so that people, place and activity meet to create a well-used space. • Vertical gardens are a façade treatment that is designed to do the same things as a green roof but on the vertical plains of a building.

Assumptions This project assumes that: • There will be adequate funding for the proposed changes • The San Diego Convention Center desires to be a public space • The architects chosen to design the expansion project will be willing to work with a landscape architect in their design • There will be funding for continued maintenance. • All other parties along the waterfront will be willing to make the necessary changes Significance This project will redevelop a very prominent feature of San Diego into a more beneficial space for the community. Currently the waterfront is under utilized except for one week out of the year when Comic Con International hosts its event. During that time hundreds of thousands of people explore the waterfront on their way to the convention center. While the project will develop space for the community it will also increase the easy of usability for Comic Con-International’s growing attendance since this event has such a huge economic impact on the city. Along with spatial considerations the redevelopment will allow for the center to be an example of ecologically friendly design techniques that are practical and beneficial for the area.

Review of Literature

S E C T I O N 2

Green Spaces With any design the success or failure of the end product rests in how many people actually use the space. In order for a designer to try to get as many people to use the space as possible it is important to find ways of getting people to the site. This can manifest in several ways including trails, public transportation, parking, or even simple triangulation. Trail Design One feature that the San Diego Convention Center could really use is a trail system that connects to the rest of the downtown. This would promote pedestrian interaction with downtown businesses, the waterfront, and the convention center as well as healthy lifestyles that involve walking or riding a bicycle. This section will look the benefits, challenges, and dynamics of bicycle and pedestrian trails. Cleary, and McClintock (169-192) discuss the experience of cycle planning in Nottingham. The project that they focus on is only one of the large-scale cycle route network projects that were announced by the Department of Transport in 1984. The project also aims to assess the impact of developing a network both on the numbers of cyclists and their safety. The goal of these networks is to encourage cycling as an alternative to driving in urban areas. Though this idea is very simple it is very important to the community. Due to the fact that cycling is a very important part of Nottingham it is not

surprising that cycle paths have been a part of their landscape schemes for quite some time (Cleary, and McClintock 176). Though there are a few lessons that can be taken from their model. One reason that their routes were not as effective as they had hoped was quite simply that they often did not consider the most direct path. In fact they more frequently chose the scenic route for their bicyclists (179). With this information it becomes apparent that the paths on the convention center site would be more beneficially designed as pedestrian paths with bicycle route connectors. This is also strengthened by the study information showing a trend in pedestrians being more likely to give up walking for cycling than people who drive (180). However no matter who is riding their bike it is always important to create awareness for every user. Without user awareness more accidents occur between all sorts of different participants (188). Knowing that the paths on site will need to be geared more toward pedestrians gives greater insight into how much space they will possibly need to take up, the amenities needed on site, and how to connect to the rest of the community. Though bicycle networks are a great idea for the community they are not best suited everywhere and this case study helps to exemplify that reality.

Repurposing Space Though specific uses of indoor spaces for the convention center may not be practical it is important to at least consider the in between spaces. Even in the original design of the convention center there was attention paid to utilizing outdoor space that was connected or a part of the overall structure. Though the center is not that old some spaces may have been forgotten or their designs may not be as well suited for the community as they were originally thought to be. In 1988 architect, Arthur Erickson wrote his own book describing works that he considered to be his most beautiful and interesting. More importantly, Arthur Erickson designed the San Diego Convention Center, the stage for Comic Con International. The information in the book covers both built and simply imagined works. Erickson won a design competition for the San Diego Convention center. He tried to consider the influences of the bay with its nautical look and ship like roof. It also strove to appear smaller than it really was to be friendlier to the pedestrian. The roof rooms were part of the original design however during construction they were treated as merely extras to the overall project (Erickson, 205). Today those rooms are still a valuable asset since the ship-like roof has coverings that resemble a ships sail and allow for the spaces to be partially enclosed for poor weather situations.

Human Interactivity A design is nothing without people to populate it. Therefore designing with the user in mind is key to making such a daunting project successful. There are many examples of how these things can be addressed, but perhaps the best study has been done by William Whyte. In Whyte’s The social life of small urban spaces he presents an informative look at why some spaces work, while others do not. Using New York City’s Seagram Plaza as a starting point, analyzing why certain urban spaces are more popular than others, and why public spaces are necessary at all. It seems counterintuitive but what attracts people most, it would appear, is other people. Though people may say they are looking to escape from it all they actually tend to go to crowded areas (Whyte, 19). However these crowds do not actually gravitate towards benches as designers would like to believe. Benches are essentially useless. They are more for punctuating design drawings than for functionality in a space because there are never enough of them, and they are never near the action (33). But as ineffective as benches are chairs seem to be the winning ticket. The possibility of choice is as important as the exercise of it. If you know you can move if you want to, you feel more comfortable staying put (35). Since the San Diego Convention Center is technically a private space it will be easier to implement the use of free standing chairs, and incorporate these design principles on site.

Aside from these bits of information it is also important to remember Whyte’s major rule that if you want a space to be successful you must involve triangulation. You have to triangulate people, place, and draw. The draw can be almost anything from food to street entertainment, but if there isn’t anything to draw people in the site won’t be a success. The proposed draw for this site is the waterfront, and the activities being hosted at the convention center.

CCDC Downtown Character

Community Uses San Diego has a very great convention center that has proved to be very useful and versatile over the years. However it seems as though the community has lost touch with this golden resource. The center is mostly used to house the Comic-Con International convention, a five-day event, but the rest of the year there is relatively little activity. With such a prime bay side location, and plenty of space to have activities it seems a horrible waste that this 40-acre site is so underutilized. Many elements go into community uses of a convention center including public transportation availability, and programming the space for flexible uses. These elements and a few examples will be discussed below.

Public Transportation There are many elements to creating a public transportation network that is effective and accessible. In most cities there is a bus route of some kind, in many other cities some sort of tram or rail line can be found, but not many cities have successful bicycle routes as well. Since San Diego already has the first two the major focus for improvement is the bicycle networking. Using Calthorpe’s transit oriented development proposal it has been determined that the best course of action is to increase bicycle connectivity. Calthorpe’s concept included a dramatic change in private car usage from 85% of all journeys to 60% as a result of a shift to public transit, walking, and cycling (Quinn,

311). The portion of San Diego under consideration already has extensive public transportation and walking opportunities, but is lacking in the bicycle network. Many examples of amazing bicycle networks can be pulled from across the globe however one in particular stands out. Bogotá’s Ciclorutas and Ciclovia bicycle networks are quite extensive. In the 90’s Bogotá’s mayor put great emphasis on public spaces, pedestrian ways, and bike routes in order to help clear up vehicular congestion (Beardsly, 35). Bogotá’s desire to clean up their streets and promote community transportation has translated into a highly interconnected system of travel ways. Though the bicycle network may not travel through the whole city, the parts that it is missing are linked to by either their bus or tram routes. North Carolina’s bicycle network is also an exemplary example of a well functioning bike network. This network focuses on tourism, health, and scenic adventures along the Outer Banks waterfront (NCDOT, 2). This particular development has been proven to bring in an estimated $60 million annually due to the increase of tourism to the area (3). In order to attain this sort of response bicycle facilities, and safety measures are very important to drawing the attention of potential tourists. From this it becomes important to remember that a bicycle network does not need to cover the entire city, it does need to be safe, and it should connect to some other form of transportation. With preexisting transportation networks

it would be wise to survey where there is possible need or congestion in order to see where a route would be best suited and specifically for the San Diego Convention Center it would help to direct where the connections to and from the site should be. This information will be acquired through an inventory and analysis of traffic flow information, and right-of-way width maps. Programming Programming for community spaces can be a very simple or a very complicated endeavor. The most complicated part is simply figuring out what the community needs. Much of the information needed for this endeavour may be gleamed from the San Diego Downtown Community Plan. Much of the information from this document points toward a design for arts, culture, historic preservation, or parks and rec. Another venue for discovering community uses for the convention center is through looking examples of similar spaces with high success rates. For example McCormick Place is a convention center made up of four interconnected buildings near the shore of Lake Michigan, downtown Chicago, designed by Alfred Shaw in 1959—one of the architects of the Merchandise Mart (“McCormick Place”). This convention center has been said to be the largest exposition complex in the USA, and the third largest in the world. McCormick Place hosts numerous trade shows, including the Chicago Auto Show,

held every February. However in 1967 the original building was destroyed in a huge fire. Since then the center has been rebuilt and seen many different expansions by a variety of architects. This center has seen good and bad times and had the hands of many different designers on it. However it is still a very highly used space due to the functionality of it and its access to the Chicago metro system as well as foot traffic. The many design principles that have been used over the years to connect the space are both eclectic and effective at the same time. On the other hand Frank Lloyd Wright designed the Monona Terrace Community and Convention Center, in 1959. The center is a peaceful environment that only a master like Wright could have created, and it is still in high demand today. His architectural vision for the City of Madison—a curvilinear gathering place that would link the shore of Lake Monona to the State Capitol—has been fully realized, you only need to look at Madison’s current organization to notice it. Though the end product turned out amazing it was not an easy journey. Wright criticized the people of Madison multiple times setting back the project. In fact due to Wright, WWII and funding issues the project wasn’t started until 1994 well after Wright’s death (Hamilton, 11). The interiors however decadent they may be were actually redesigned by Taliesin architect Tony Puttnam. Monona Terrace spans ninety feet out over the bordering waters, incorporating thoroughly modern technology and amenities with the architect’s signature

organic design that adds great character to an already wonderful design. This waterfront convention center is a great comparison to the one in San Diego due to it’s water location, historic designer, and connections to its city. Though the San Diego Convention center was designed with inspiration from the waterfront it was not programmed to have any interaction with the waterfront aside from a set of steps leading towards the bay. What makes this center in particular an even better example of design is its interaction with its surroundings and its silver LEED rating. Principles used in designing this space and incorporating it into the landscape are very useful for provoking great design thought. The thought put into community activities is also very important since the site that will be explored does not have enough of that to sustain itself outside of Comic-Con. Though specific uses have not been set out it is clear that if the space is planned for something it is more likely to be used. This means that efforts to address the waterfront will not be lost on the residents of San Diego, in fact due to the sailboat theme of the design of the convention center it is quite obvious that San Diego residents have a strong connection to their bay. Based on these two cases it would seem that a successful convention center, is centrally located to its target population, has accessible outdoor space, flexible indoor space, and is linked in to a larger transportation network for ease of access. The San Diego Convention center is located on the edge of the Downtown district

though it is connected to the rest of the downtown through the prominent Park Blvd.

Flickr-Atlas Parasite

Ecological Management Due to the size and location of the San Diego Convention center there are many ecological issues to consider. The size of the structure in question has the potential to influence issues such as excessive run-off into the San Diego Bay and an increased heat island effect. With the use of green technologies all of these issues can be addressed and possibly minimized creating a great example for the rest of San Diego.

• Acoustics, • Structure, • Compliance, • And cost (Grant, and Jones 141) Information including the total benefits and drawbacks of different types of green roofs are presented so that the designer may make the most educated decision for a particular project. For example this chart was included to show the benefits of intensive versus extensive green roofs:

compare the economic and environmental impacts of an intensive (or extensive) green roof with a built-up roof (Muga, Mukherjee, and Mihelcic 107). These scientists included analysis starting from transporting the material to the site all the way through actual functionality. Their findings show that in the acquisition of materials green roofs are actually 3 times less environmentally friendly, however throughout the life of the roof the green roof is 3 times more environmentally

Green Roofs One of the first things to consider is the practicality of implementing a green roof or green façades for the convention center. With such a large structure there are plenty of spaces in which these ideas could be put to use but it may be equally viable to suggest using roof space for convention space. Design frequently involves making trade-offs to obtain the “optimal” solution to a design problem, often using intuition or past experience as a guide. Since vegetated roofing is a relatively complex and comparatively new technology to many practitioners and customers, a rational method to help organize and rank the trade-offs made during the design process is needed to sway opinions. The research Grant and Jones offer includes the creation of a framework diagramming the decision process involved in the selection of green roof systems. Six important categories are identified including: • Stormwater, • Energy,

(Grant, and Jones 142) Grant and Jones include no nonsense techniques and figures to inform their readers of any level the benefits to having a green roof. While Muga, Mukherjee, and Mihelcic take a more technical approach to explaining the benefits of a green roof. They incorporate economic and energy use data obtained for a green roof operating in the Midwest U.S. at latitude 42.94N into an integrated approach to estimate and

friendly. In the end those calculations come out much more in favor of green roofs both in emissions, and in overall energy use and cost (Muga, Mukherjee, and Mihelcic 111-113). Though the approaches of these authors are very different they both came to the same conclusion that green roofs are very beneficial and cost friendly. In the case of the San Diego Convention Center it is ideal that 50% of the roof and façade be utilized for green technologies. Since roof space

is already utilized for outdoor convention space, weight and function considerations will also need to be factored in. As far as green façades go for the convention center there should be absolutely no problem implementing them due to their aesthetic and environmental impacts.

Water Bodies The San Diego Bay is a very prominent feature of the San Diego Convention Center site. To ignore its existence would not be a beneficial plan. In fact design ideas involving that feature are necessary at this point to gain the public’s interest in the site. Public involvement is of course not the only issue. The ecology of the bay is greatly affected by the amount and quality of the stormwater that goes into it. With a strengthened visual and physical connection between the downtown and the waterfront the general populous of San Diego would be more aware of their effects on the bay (Jay, Dixon, and Gillham 1). Flood control projects are the most common undertakings of many projects involving waterfronts and designers will have to consider the fact that

portions of the design may be underwater for different parts of the year. However with specific signage or visibility of ecological design elements the public will become more aware of their role as the steward of the bay (2). A few ways to make projects such as this more successful is to accommodate a variety of users and incorporate tangible aspects of history from the place. Many different approaches can be taken for the San Diego project, but the most important part is to remember to keep the public involved in the process and experience. A waterfront design is just a design unless the users are fully considered. The ecological elements will still function without visitor interactivity, but the long-term viability of the project rests in the perception of the public that the project is necessary. Stormwater New stormwater management techniques can use rainwater to create amenities that enhance a site’s attractiveness or value. The concept of “artful rainwater design” both addresses stormwater management in environmentally responsible ways and creates expressive landscapes that celebrate stormwater (Echols, and Pennypacker 268). Echols and Pennypacker exemplify five amenity goals for public interaction with stormwater features— education, recreation, safety, public relations, and aesthetic richness. Making the stormwater treatment system visible and legible

encourages visitors to notice and either instantly grasp the concepts or be curious enough to piece together the puzzle of the site (274). These authors highlight many different ways to create stormwater elements that address their five different amenity goals through charts and explanations. Summation of possible goals: • Education Goal—Create conditions to learn about rainwater and/or stormwater runoffrelated issues. • Recreation Goal—Create conditions for interacting with the stormwater system in a way that is relaxing, amusing, and/or refreshing. • Safety Goal—Promote safe interaction with stormwater treatment system by mitigating danger associated with water. • Public Relations Goal—Create symbolic stormwater statements about the values and qualities of those who created and own the site. • Aesthetic Richness Goal—Create an interesting experience of beauty or pleasure focused on the stormwater. (Echols, and Pennypacker)

The information shown by these authors illustrates the multiple ways in which a stormwater design may manifest itself in the community. The next step in utilizing the information they have provided is simply to decided which focuses are most important to San Diego. This information will be gathered from analyzing existing stormwater design features on the bay to determine what is already being done, and how successful it is. There may be room to have several amenity goals for multiple stormwater features, as site space allows.

Expansion Project It has become very obvious that if the San Diego Convention Center wishes to keep Comic-Con International at their site they will need to expand their convention space. This is a very difficult task due to the density of the current site, but there are plans already underway to accommodate this group. Therefore within any design proposal the considerations for this expansion need to be added into the scheme. Comic-Con Past & Present Comic-Con has always been in San Diego, hence the reason that they would like to stay despite the fact that they have outgrown the convention center. For years Comic-Con has remained a meeting place for fans, professionals, and anyone else who shares an appreciation for comics and the popular arts. It started in 1970 in the basement of San Diego’s U.S. Grant Hotel with 300 people (Bradbury, 20). In ’79 the convention outgrew the hotel and moved downtown to the Convention and Performing Arts Center (60). By the 90s attendance had quadrupled causing them to move into the brand new convention center (96). So as you can see space has always been an issue for this convention. With those original 300 people the goal was simply to meet with people who had a love for the art of comics. Later the group developed several interest groups and activities for their growing numbers including Anime, Artists’ Alley, Art Show,

Autographs, Exhibit Hall, Games, Portfolio Review, and Programming. One thing that sets Comic-Con apart from any other convention is the fans tendency to dress as their favorite characters. This phenomenon actually started in 1974 with a Masquerade Costume Contest (92). Though the contest is no longer practiced the fans still show up in their best gear for the celebration. The original amount of attendance to the convention at the center created a comfortable feel that has been lost with the continued growth of the event but not the venue. Today Comic-Con sells out far in advance, hotels close to the center are impossible to find and getting into the ‘best’ events is nearly impossible (/Film). The proposed expansion plan includes community involvement segments and deals with nearby buildings for temporary space. With so much community investment it is hard to imagine that a redesign of this space wouldn’t affect the community as a whole. Though it may not seem like a key feature for the town the simple fact that they are willing to invest so many resources in keeping it says otherwise. The previews into the future of the convention center, and the community’s apprehension show how integral this ‘simple’ convention is to the identity and livelihood of this space and its neighboring ones. Today comic books have become mainstream causing the growth in attendance and interest. At least until 2015 Comic-Con has decided to stay put but it is unforeseen if it will stay much after that

due to its continued growth. A venue with unlimited space is almost necessary at this point to ensure that the convention will be able to stay. So while the convention is very important to the site design if neighboring space cannot accommodate nearly infinite convention space it may be wise to keep in mind that the convention will eventually leave. Therefore elements that are being planned specifically for the Comic Con user groups still need to remain flexible, for other user groups that may arise as the years go on. Temporary Housing There are only so many hotels that you can fit into such a small space. However a commuting zone may be established to create a wider range of housing possibilities. Currently the San Diego Convention Center is within a mile of 7,500 first-class hotel rooms, which is too few for the 130,000 attendees (EnterSanDiego). However that figure does not include the ‘lower’ quality hotels and the hotels within commuting distance. Instead of proposing new hotel development in this area I feel that it is wiser to propose developments in public transportation or hotel development in areas on the tram route due to the current downtown density.

Works Cited • /Film. “San Diego Convention Center Plans $753 million Expansion in Bid to Keep Comic-Con.” /Film. Illumination Ink, 5 April 2010. Web. 29 Sep 2010. • Beardsly, John. “ Equalizing mobility: Bogotá - TransMilenio Bus System, Ciclorutas and Ciclovia, Alameda El Porvenir, Usme, City of Bogotá..” Harvard design magazine. SpringSummer.28 (2008): 35-41. Print. • Bradbury, Ray. Comic-con : 40 years of artists, writers, fans & friends. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2009. 1-207. Print. • Cleary, Johanna, and Hugh McClintock. “English urban cycle network experiments: the experience of the greater Nottingham network.” Town planning review. 64.2 (1993): 169-192. Print. • Echols, Stuart, and Eliza Pennypacker. “From Stormwater Management to Artful Rainwater Design.” Landscape journal. 27.2 (2008): 268-290. Print. • Erickson Arthur. The Architecture of Arthur Erickson. 1st ed. Portland, OR: HarperCollins Publishers, 1988. 224. Print. • EnterSanDiego. “Convention Center.” Enter San Diego. EnterSanDiego, 2010. Web. 29 Sep 2010. Web. • Grant, Elizabeth, and James Jones. “A DECISION-MAKING FRAMEWORK FOR VEGETATED ROOFING SYSTEM SELECTION.” Journal of Green Building. 3.3 (2008): 138-152. Print.

• Hamilton, Mary Jane. “Something spectacular for Madison: Monona Terrace Community and Convention Center.” Wisconsin architect. Jan-Feb. (1998): 8-13. Print. • Jay, Lance, David Dixon, and Oliver Gillham. Urban design for an urban century: placemaking for people. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2009. Print. • “McCormick Place.” Academic dictionaries and encyclopedias . 1. 1. Web. • Muga, Helen, Amlan Mukherjee, and James Mihelcic. “AN INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF THE SUSTAINABILITY OF GREEN AND BUILT-UP ROOFS.” Journal of Green Building. 3.3 (2008): 106-128. Print. • North Carolina Department of Transportation: Division of Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation, . North Carolina. Pathways to Prosperity; The Economic Impact of Investments in Bicycle Facilities. Raleigh: NCDOT, 2004. Print. • Quinn, Brian. “Transit-Oriented Development: Lessons from California.” Built Environment. 32.3 (2006): 311-322. Print. • “San Diego Convention Center: Facility Information Publication.” San Diego Convention Center. San Diego Convention Center Corporation, 2010. Web. 28 Sep 2010. Web. • Whyte, William. The social life of small

urban spaces. 3. Ann Arbor: Edwards Brothers, Inc., 1980. 1-125. Print.

Methodologies & Planning The methodology is a plan of action for approaching the design problem. The methodology has been used to research the common design characteristics used in creating green spaces, trails, and waterfronts, the degree of relation between public transportation and programming, the role of education in ecological management, and how this relates to a site already under consideration for expansion and continuous evolution. Quantitative, qualitative, and descriptive research methods have been used to gather primary and secondary information on each sub-problem. To determine the common design characteristics used in creating green spaces and trails primary and secondary research methods have been employed. Academic studies include journal articles on the science of designing these spaces. Johanna Cleary and Hugh McClintock in English urban cycle network experiments: The experience of the greater Nottingham network, William Whyte in The social life of small urban spaces and Arthur Erickson in The Architecture of Arthur Erickson have been important in understanding the design and functionality of trails and public spaces. To understand the degree of relation between public transportation and programming case studies of exemplary projects have been viewed and analyzed for key features and spatial relationships. These case studies are found in journal articles at the BSU architecture Library. John Beardsly in Equalizing mobility: Bogota â&#x20AC;&#x201C; TransMilenio

Bus System, Cliclorutas and Ciclovia, Alameda El Porvenir, Usme, City of Bogota and NCDOT in Pathways to Prosperity; The Economic Impact of Investments in Bicycle Facilities exemplify good design of bicycle paths that give back to the community and attract visitors. While McCormick Place and Something spectacular for Madison: Mona Terrace Community and Convention Center showcase the use of convention centers as community centers. Other academic studies include journal articles on the major principle of this design. Brian Quinn in Transit-Oriented Development: Lessons from California discusses many key elements of bicycle network connectivity. An understanding of these studies and spaces have lead to a well used trail network that will benefit the convention center and the city at large. To uncover the role of education in ecological management primary and secondary research methods have been employed. Academic studies include Elizabeth Grant and James Jones in A decision-making framework for vegetated roofing system selection and Helen Muga, Amlan Mukherjee, and James Mihelcic in An integrated assessment of the sustainability of green and built-up roofs discussing the feasibility of green roof technology. Uncovering the connections to the San Diego bay Lance Jay, David Dixon, and Oliver Gillham in Urban design for an urban century: Place making for people go into the elements of strengthening visual and physical connections to the water. Finally Stuart Echols, and Eliza Pennypacker

in From Stormwater Management to Artful Rainwater Design discuss how to create stormwater features for multiple, artful, educational purposes. This information has been used to provide an ecological element that is appealing to visitors and helps to maintain the ecosystems of the San Diego Bay. Finally in discovering how this relates to a site already under consideration for expansion further studies have been done. Ray Bradbury in Comic-con: 40 years of artists, writers, fans & friends, /Film in San Diego Convention Center Plans, and EnterSanDiego in Convention Center discuss the various elements pushing the San Diego Convention Center to expand beyond their current capacity for the Comic-Con International convention. Understanding the needs of this group and the proposed expansion has allowed this design to utilize open space, program around future elements, and still connect to the Downtown District.

S E C T I O N 3

Goals and Objectives Goal: Create green spaces, trails, and walkways that are aesthetically appealing and will be beneficial to the San Diego Bay, the community at large, and consider other ecological issues. • Objective: Implement green roof and façade treatments to deal with stormwater management, and create aesthetically pleasing gathering spaces. • Objective: Incorporate a trail system, or waterfront redevelopment that links the waterfront to other existing parks in the Downtown District. Goal: Discover community uses for the San Diego Convention Center that could work around the Comic Con International convention. • Objective: Program a variety of spaces in varying scales for varied user groups, with the largest spaces able to comfortably serve 50-60 people. • Objective: Implement tensile and other structures on the premises to account for possible unappealing weather conditions. Goal: Create an ecological management plan that will address stormwater management, the San Diego Bay, and San Diego’s heat island effect. • Objective: Along with green roof and façade treatments incorporate educational stormwater management design techniques to the waterfront.

• Objective: Design signage for the waterfront to inform the public of the uses of different stormwater mechanisms on site. Goal: Understand and prepare for the San Diego Convention Center expansion project and the Ruocco Park proposal within a redevelopment plan to create a cohesive end product. • Objective: Consider footprints of proposed structures, proposed amenities, and features from these projects on the proposed site. • Objective: Inform a balance between proposed work from outside firms and the work done here to minimize the costs for the city. Modifications: • A new and definite focus on implementing an overhaul on the waterfront walkway. • Connect existing waterfront projects with this waterfront walkway, and a possible trail network. • Use the proposed walkway and trails to better connect convention center users to city amenities. • Along the walkway and trail implementing gathering spaces, ranging in scale for city events and convention center activities, and green technologies.

Design Considerations Natural Systems The systems that are being considered are mainly stormwater related. This includes roof areas, faรงade areas, and general site stormwater. Each of these will be designed for individually due to their specific needs. These elements need to be considered because the site is 15-acres large and all of the runoff from the site goes directly into the San Diego Bay as well as runoff from the downtown area in general. Ideally stormwater features on site would be able to handle more runoff than the site creates in order to help clean runoff coming onto the site. This element is important for the health of the bay.

Transportation The San Diego waterfront is located along the southern edge of the Downtown District of San Diego. This site is linked in to pedestrian, vehicular, public transportation, and minimal bicycling routes. With the new design hopefully it will also be linked in to a thorough bicycle network as well. Though the site does have a prime location connected to a greater network, if the amenities on site are not in line with the feeding locations of the transportation networks they will not receive as much visitation. The success of the site rides on the public perception of accessibility.

Human Interaction Though it is always important to consider the users on a site, it is especially important for this site. The goal of this project is essentially to turn a convention center into a community center linked to an entire waterfront and the downtown. In doing this it will guarantee the continued viability of the convention center on the off seasons and in the event that Comic Con International relocates. To create this effect there needs to be a variety of spaces, uses, and environments that appeal to the general public. On the flip side all design elements need to address the issues of scale encountered when being near a multitude of large buildings.

D E S I G N P R O C E S S

Project Requirements Site Issues • The existing waterfront is very devoid of human amenities except for restroom facilities. • One half of the waterfront does not have access to the downtown due to a large mass of connected buildings. • Two-Thirds of the site is populated by large urban scale buildings which do not lend well to pedestrian perceptions of scale. • The waterfront projects over the years have not been formulated with a cohesive design vision in mind leaving the space disjointed. • Though the city is very environmentally conscious there have not been any instillations to address the stormwater leaving the site and depositing into the bay. Limitations • Demolition of buildings to create paths to the waterfront is not an option due to private ownership. • The topography limits the possibility of making connections from the waterfront into the downtown. Only at specific intersections can someone go from Harbor Drive north. • The topography also causes a much faster speed of rainwater run off which makes designing for it more challenging. • All access to the tram is on the northern side of the rail lines making linkages much more complicated.

Client • San Diego, County • San Diego, City • The Unified Port of San Diego • The San Diego Convention Center • The San Diego Bay

San Diego Convention Center • 40-Acre Site • Within 1-mile of 82,500 hotel rooms. • 1.7 million interior gross sq. ft. (convention center) • 1,950-car garage • Surrounded by park space

Users • San Diego Citizens • Recreation Enthusiasts • Recreational Bicyclists • Vehicular Bicyclists • Leisure Seekers • Boat Owners and Renters • Homeless Population • Shop Owners and Workers • Seasonal Tourists • San Diego Convention Center Visitors

Expansion Project: • $710.8 million Project • 5-acre rooftop Park • 870,000-ft addition • Neighboring hotels to devote all of their convention space until construction is complete. Seaport Village • 12-Acre Site • 5-Acres of parking • 54 shops, • 13 casual dining eateries • 4 fine dining waterfront restaurants • 4 miles of meandering cobblestone pathways (1/4 mile along San Diego Bay) • A plethora of entertainment events

Boardwalk • 1 mile in length along site • 5 free standing restroom facilities • Variable lighting averaging 200’ apart • Sparse seating • 15’-20’ average width

General

Specific

Right of Ways • Public boardwalk connecting the mile stretch from the San Diego Convention Center to the Seaport Village. • Connector trails connecting the boardwalk to the downtown of San Diego, specifically the Gas Lamp District.

Boardwalk • Boardwalk lighting ever 20’-30’ minimum. • Seating opportunities every 30’-60’ min. • Trash receptacles every 20’-30’ min. • 15’ pedestrian boardwalk • 8’ bicyclist lane • 7’ planters and seating (5’ on pedestrian space, 2’ on bicyclist space) to be placed every 30’-60’. • Planters to include some shade providing foliage or artistic instillations. • Restroom facilities to remain as is.

Transportation • Linking the metro, vehicular, pedestrian and bicycle traffic. • Implementing better access to the downtown tram system. • Creating at least one hub for pick up, drop off, and parking of metro, vehicular, and bicycle traffic. Stormwater Features • Visible, aesthetically pleasing stormwater purification features-swales, barrels, etc. • Green roofs that purify stormwater, beautify outdoor spaces, and still allow for human functionality. • Green façades to offset heat island effect, help with stormwater, beautify the structures, and bring the structures to a human friendly scale. Waterfront interaction • Bring people down to the water level in at least one location. • Provide at least one location for people to touch and interact with the water. • Connect the boardwalk to Marina Park Way and Convention Way.

Downtown Connector Walks • Lighting, seating, and trash receptacles to mimic the boardwalk. • Lighting, green facade, or stormwater elements to address the issues of scale.

Water Interaction • Most features to mimic the boardwalk. • Addition of cement stairs and platforms down into the water. Preferred to implement a stramp (Staircase/ramp)

P R O G R A M

Gathering Nodes • Space specific lighting. • Space specific trash receptacles. • Seating for at least 1/2 of the intended capacity. • At least 1/2 of the space must be planted, or stormwater friendly. Stormwater Education Area • Rehbein’s Epic System to be utilized. • Water movement to be visible in some spaces. • Local stormwater plants to be used for water purification. • Other features to mimic the boardwalk.

Location/Vicinity Map

D E S I G N

The site for this project is located in southern California, county of San Diego, the city of San Diego, the southern edge of the Downtown District. The area has access to prime waterfront real estate, cultural amenities, public transportation linkages, and many possibilities for connecting to the great downtown features.

P R O C E S S Ve hic ula r

ea r A

ed t c fe f A

es g an h C an tri s e Ped

Site/Setting/Context The downtown area is very heavily populated. There are many shopping and service opportunities as well as several artistic, cultural, and recreational opportunities. This is all made much more effective by the presence of local residence. Having people live in the downtown has created an existing market for local features without the use of the public transportation system or vehicular transportation to the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s amenities.

Gas Lamp Mall

Seaport Village

Ha rb or

Dr iv e

Co nv en tio n

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L A N D U S E

Key amenities are the Seaport Village for its shopping and experience potential, the convention center for the many community activities that occur there, and the Gas Lamp Mall for its high end merchandise and stunning design.

Site Inventory

T R A N S P O R T A T I O N

Gas Lamp Mall

Seaport Village

Ha rb or

The arterial road for this area is Harbor Drive, seen stretching diagonally from northwest to southeast.

Dr iv e

Co nv en tio n

The main transportation connections in this area are vehicular and trolley. There are plans in the latest Downtown District Community Plan to implement bicycle lanes, as well as more extensive trolley routes, and other public transportation.

Ce nt er

Connections from the waterfront to the downtown will need to stretch over this arterial road, which in some areas will be more complicated than at other points due to topographic changes.

Gas Lamp Mall

Seaport Village

Ha rb or

Dr iv e Co nv en tio n

Ce nt er

This map illustrates only a few of the cultural and recreational attractions of the downtown district. In highlighting these it becomes apparent that the intended site is located in a prime cultural zone for the downtown. Knowing this we can extrapolated that there will be many visitors to the site due to the entertainment value of places nearby. The styles of recreational activities in the area range from sporting to painting, and high class to casual. With a range like this the crowd drawn will be extremely varied.

A R T S & R E C R E A T I O N

Affected Waterfront Projects

R E D E V E L O P M E N T

Embarcadero 1 North Visionary Plan 2 Ruocco Park 3 Embarcadero Park Center 4 Convention Expansion

1 Gas Lamp Mall

2 Seaport Village

Ha rb or

Dr iv e Co nv en tio n

4 3

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4 These are waterfront projects that have been overseen by the Unified Port of San Diego and will be affected by this waterfront redevelopment project. They will be discussed further.

il Ra

Bike Route

ne Li

1 Community Parks 2 Downtown Connections 3 Commercial Corridor

Gas Lamp Mall

4 Stormwater Elements 5 Touching the Water

6 Transportation Hub

Seaport Village

Ha rb or

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Co nv en tio n

Ce nt er

D E S I G N C O N C E P T

y Wa n a i tr es d Pe

1940s E M B A R C A D E R O P A R K S

The Embarcadero Parks are a prime example of the vision, drive, and versatility of the San Diego people. These parks were created from nothing, and today they are flourishing, highly used park spaces with many art instillations on them.

PortOfSanDiego.org

These parks represent a city intent on expanding and becoming more green. With this example in mind, and the existence of the Unified Port of San Diego it is obvious that the city of San Diego is open and ready for waterfront improvements.

Average Park Conditions

In order to maintain a cohesive feel along the waterfront, new plant material along the waterfront will be specified to correlate with that of the Embarcadero Parks as well as the materials used for the paths. For example the two main trees used in these parks are the Yarwod Plane and the Jacarando. These plus Palm trees will be the main tree species used in additional plantings. Picinic Areas

PortOfSanDiego.org

1980s

View into the Bay

Basic Trail Conditions

San Diego Convention Center Expansion Proposed

Before

PortOfSanDiego.org

F E N T R E S S

PortOfSanDiego.org

November plans were unveiled for a rooftop park, truck tunnel, and hotel. San Diegoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s exhibit hall will be the largest on the West Coast. The design is by Denver architect Curtis Fentress. (Dubai Towers) The plan has passed an environmental review and is currently pending construction. Though on site there are currently no signs of change. After construction the rooftop park will become one of the largest park spaces in the area drawing a huge crowd for active and passive recreation, while the frontage of the building will provide many new retail opportunities that are currently lacking on this end of the site. PortOfSanDiego.org

A R C H I T E C T S

T H E C E N T E R

Waterfront

Convention Center

Enter Travel Zone Zone

2-Lane Pick Up

2-Lane

Veg

2-Lane

Veg

2-Way Train

Harbor Drive Existing Conditions Topographic changes stand to make access to the trolley more challenging.

Harbor�Drive�Existing�Conditions

View from Center Loading

Harbor Drive 1-Block away from Center

Issues: • • • • •

Loading and Unloading vehicals/metro Bike Access Amenities Safety Scale

Pedestrian Walk

4-Lane Road

Pedestrian Way

Retail and Ramp to Green Space

Proposed Waterfront Drive Proposed�Waterfront�Drive

I D E A L

(4)

Extensive Loading Area for Bus Access (3)

(1) This space is ideal for the location of a TOD hub. The hub would include bike parking structures (1), signage and access for a metro stop (2), a pedestrian bridge to the downtown tram, and seating areas for waiting pedestrians (3). Ideally there would also be a small service area (4) to house items for simple repairs such as air pumps for the bicyclists. There should also be a sculpture installation of a generic man and woman. These statues would preferably have meaning for the convention center or San Diego, however their purpose for this design is to serve

(2)

as an interactive feature for convention attendees, who would dress them up for the event. This is good for advertisement and way finding as well as visitor experience.

Lots of space for Bike Parking

T O D H U B

Local Pedestrian Bridge (LEeSie)

W A T E R C O N N E C T I O N

Tieredďż˝Walkway

Currently on at this space there is an unused, inaccessible pier. This pier is ideal for the development of a tiered walkway into the water. This space would allow people to interact with and touch the water. Currently there is not such an opportunity along this section of the bay and it would greatly increase the appeal of the area. San Diego has many beaches but no urban reactions to the water. This tiered pier would offer such an opportunity. Coupled with the development of new open space and shopping this creates a huge draw to the area.

D O W N T O W N

Future Corridor This will be one of the main connectors from Harbor Drive to the actual waterfront. It is important to open up the visual connection between these two spaces to attract and pull in passer-bys. This design proposes utilizing Rehbeinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Epic System to created a lawned parking and vehicular transportation area. This will help to create visual interest and to soften the harsh edges of the urban environment, encouraging pedestrians to venture from one end to the other. The other feature utilized are these artistic lighting structures. These will help to bring down the scale of the building to the pedestrian level, as well as to create a safe feeling environment during the evening hours. This idea was gleaned from the Chess Alley in Glendale California. The alley has 4,500-square feet of space dedicated to chess with five lighting structures and 16 tables.

Green Facade goddesschess.blogspot.com

landscapeonline.com

C O N N E C T O R

S T O R M W A T E R

Rainwater is collected on the roof, and funneled into a rain barrel for storage. From there the water is slowly released into a trough with an epoxy top for , drained into rain gardens for filtration and sent out to the bay.

(3) (1)

(2)

Inaccessible Visually and Physically This area is perfect for future outdoor convention center activities, and stormwater features. These parking spaces will still be accessible after the construction of the expansion project, however simply changing the materials of the parking area will make the space more aesthetically appealing, more accessible to pedestrians, and will give it a multiple purpose. The

lot

will

become

parking

(1),

convention overflow (2), and stormwater management (3) all at once. The area will utilize Rehbeinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Epic System to allow the parking area to look like lawn, and to help the management of stormwater run off without sacrificing functionality or aesthetic. This space is a multi purpose and use area designed for parking, convention booths, service access, and stormwater management all in an aesthetically pleasing environment.

The green drives will utilize the Rehbein Epic System. As you can see the system is fairly simple. The idea is that you use sand to percolate the water more quickly during large rain events, but the tray retains the water for drier times, and the tubing allows for additional water input if you find that the local rain fall is not adequate for your plantings. This method has proved to be very effective, and it sacrifices nothing with the sturdiness of the surface. The lawn planting will be able to support all types of vehicles while still doing its intended design purpose of creating a more pedestrian friendly space and helping to offset the urban heat island effect. Thin Metal Rim Epoxy Panel Water Trough

Epic System with visable Stormwater Feature

Rainfall January February March April May June July August September October November December

2.11' 1.43' 1.06' 0.78' 0.24' 0.06' 0.01' 0.11' 0.19' 0.33' 1.10' 1.36' Stats from SanDiego.org

www.sandiego.org

D E T A I L S

Plantings Concrete Base W Rebar Fiber Optic Lighting

Standard Seating Element

R U O C C O P A R K

PortOfSanDiego.org

Google Earth

Design Features: • • • • •

PortOfSanDiego.org

Splash Pad Art Display Areas Picnic Amenities Restrooms Passive Recreational Space

This park will implement some gathering features not seen on other parts of the waterfront and will do well to complete the chain of green spaces along the waterfront.

N O R T H E M B A R C A D E R O

North Embarcadero Visionary Plan

The Unified Port of San Diego is undertaking extensive plans to renovate the North Embarcadero. This is defferent from the North Embarcadero Park and is located along the bay stretching north. This area is currently mainly habitated by tourist groups and school tours coming to see the local museums. However the future plan will continue to connect this space to the convention center and will offer many more amenities for pedestrians and bicyclists in the area. Unified Port Of San Diego

Shade Structures will be placed as needed throughout the waterfront experience. For the design of these structures both the water itself, and Comic Con International were taken into consideration. Many science fiction space craft have intriguing propulsion lighting. This structure combines elements from the propulsion and the arches of waves. The horizontal sections of the structure will be made of pliable material to include at least 30% fiber optic strands. These strands will then be linked into a light source upon installation within the structure supports itself. Along the waterfront shade is very important during the day due to the exposure to the elements, however at night lighting becomes very crutial. These structures strive to tackle both at the same time.

Ripple of Waves

Shade Structure Plan

Fiber Optic Power Source

Firefly (Season 1, Episode 1)

S E A P O R T V I L L A G E

15-20’

8’

3’

Pedestrian Walk With Activity & Seating Options

Bike Route

Opt. Veg. Buﬀer

Night Life

Future Seaport Village Division of Space

Retail Storefronts

Issues: Seaport�Village • Lack of Amenities • Poor Definition of Space • Poor Use of Space • Need to Emphasize Connection to Retail • Lack of Focus on the Actual Water (1) Seaport Village (2) Waterfront Way This space is currently not very concussive to the future of the waterfront. In order to remedy this, the waterfront way will need to get a face lift of sorts. Updates will include directional lighting and atmospheric lighting, seating, shade structures, trash receptacles, bicyclist lane. Materials will remain similar to the existing, with the exception of a change in paving for the differentiation of the bicycle lane.

(1)

(2)

(1) (2)

This image illustrates the addition of amenities and organization change of the Waterfront Way. There are new directional lights (1) with ambient lighting on the sides and led lighting on the top programmable to provide direction to key events in the area. There are also new planters (2) to provide seating, shade, and division of space. Finally you can see the additions to the paving. On the left the paving will remain the same while on the right the paving will need to be replaced or painted over with a darker color to signify a different zone. There will also be a line of fiber optic pavers (3) to help define the spaces both during the day and at night. Standard features such as tourist binocular installations will utilize classic science fiction motifs as design inspiration to subtly include inspiration from Comic Con International.

(3)

10’

5’ 2’

6’

Pedestrian Seating Bike & Veg. Route Walk Divider

Future Seaport Village with Seating

3’ Opt. Veg. Buﬀer

Seaport�Village�With�Seating

Retail Storefronts

(1)

(2) (3) (4) (5)

W A Y

Key: (1) Restroom Facility (2) Directional Lighting (3) Reflective Paint (4) Fiber Optic Lighting (5) Seating Planter (6) Path Lighting, (7) Retention Wall (8) San Diego Bay

(6)

W A T E R F R O N T

(7)

(8)

The San Diego Waterfront offers many great possibilities. This project has striven to link the many amenities and experiences along the waterfront, while still allowing each space to have its own individual character. Though an over arching character may seem like a necessary component the truth of the matter is that this space will continue to grown and change to fit the needs of San Diego residents for years to come. The current influencer in the space, Comic Con International, has been considered and included into design features, while still being subtle enough that the average user may not realize the impact. Classic science fiction motifs were incorporated in such things as iconography in lighting, and the specific design of the pedestrian binoculars. This groups movement patterns were also emphasized as they will be navigating the waterfront in mass during three days of the year. However the features that assist this such as the directional lighting will be programmable for other waterfront usages throughout the year. Many elements will improve the desirability of the space. The implementation of the interactions with water will make the space much more popular with local residents due to the lack of an urban beach in the area. The stormwater management features will attract the eco-conscious crowd that is ever growing in the California area. And the connections to the downtown through the corridors, pedestrian bridge, and TOD hub will allow users of the downtown area to find themselves wandering into the space

more easily. All of these features coupled with the convention center expansion project and the discussion of creating Ruocco Park will allow this area to flourish. The expansion project will bring in more businesses, and expand an already viable economic driver. While the park will help to complete the chain of parks in the area.

C O N C L U S I O N

A P P E N D I X

B I B L I O G R A P H Y

• /Film. "San Diego Convention Center Plans $753 million Expansion in Bid to Keep Comic-Con." /Film. Illumination Ink, 5 April 2010. Web. 29 Sep 2010. • Azadian, Patrick. “Chess Park.” Chess, Goddess and Everything. blogspot.com, 2009. Web. • Beardsly, John. " Equalizing mobility: Bogotá - TransMilenio Bus System, Ciclorutas and Ciclovia, Alameda El Porvenir, Usme, City of Bogotá.." Harvard design magazine. SpringSummer.28 (2008): 35-41. Print. • Bradbury, Ray. Comic-con : 40 years of artists, writers, fans & friends. San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2009. 1-207. Print. • CCDC. City of San Diego Department of Planning. Centre City Community Plan. San Diego: California, 1992. Print. • CCDC. City of San Diego Department of Planning. Complete Community Mobility. San Diego: California, 2008. Print. • CCDC. City of San Diego Department of Planning. Downtown San Diego Lighting Master Plan and Guidelines. San Diego: California, 2008. Print. • CCDC. City of San Diego Department of Planning. Needs Assessment for Open Space, Parks and Recreational Opportunities for Downtown San Diego. San Diego: California, 2008. Print. • CCDC. City of San Diego Department of Planning. San Diego Downtown Design Guidelines. San Diego: California, 2008.

• • •

• •

•

• •

•

Print. CCDC. City of San Diego Department of Planning. Urban Sustainability Master Plan. San Diego: California, 2008. Print. “Chess Park.” The Los Angeles Times. LAT, 2011. Web. Cleary, Johanna, and Hugh McClintock. "English urban cycle network experiments: the experience of the greater Nottingham network." Town planning review. 64.2 (1993): 169-192. Print. DOT. Department of Transportation. Los Angeles Design Handbook. Los Angeles: California, 2007. Print. Dyett and Bhati. San Diego Department of Planning. San Diego Downtown Community Plan. San Diego: California, 2006. Print. Echols, Stuart, and Eliza Pennypacker. "From Stormwater Management to Artful Rainwater Design." Landscape journal. 27.2 (2008): 268-290. Print. Erickson Arthur. The Architecture of Arthur Erickson. 1st ed. Portland, OR: HarperCollins Publishers, 1988. 224. Print. EnterSanDiego. "Convention Center." Enter San Diego. EnterSanDiego, 2010. Web. 29 Sep 2010. Web. Grant, Elizabeth, and James Jones. "A DECISION-MAKING FRAMEWORK FOR VEGETATED ROOFING SYSTEM SELECTION." Journal of Green Building. 3.3 (2008): 138-152. Print. Hamilton, Mary Jane. "Something

• •

•

spectacular for Madison: Monona Terrace Community and Convention Center." Wisconsin architect. Jan-Feb. (1998): 8-13. Print. IGRA. International Green Roof Association. Quick Guide to Green Roofs. , 2010. Web. 20 Nov 2010. Jay, Lance, David Dixon, and Oliver Gillham. Urban design for an urban century: place making for people. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2009. Print. "McCormick Place." Academic dictionaries and encyclopedias . 1. 1. Web. Muga, Helen, Amlan Mukherjee, and James Mihelcic. "AN INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF THE SUSTAINABILITY OF GREEN AND BUILT-UP ROOFS." Journal of Green Building. 3.3 (2008): 106-128. Print. Munby, Beatrice. The University of Sheffield. Feasibility Study for the Retrofitting of Green Roofs. Sheffield: U.K., 2005. Web. 20 Nov 2010. North Carolina Department of Transportation: Division of Bicycle and Pedestrian Transportation, . North Carolina. Pathways to Prosperity; The Economic Impact of Investments in Bicycle Facilities. Raleigh: NCDOT, 2004. Print. Patton, Jason. "A pedestrian world: competing rationalities and calculation of transportation change." Environment and Planning. 39. (2007): 928-944. Print.

• Port of San Diego. “Development Projects.” Unified Port of San Diego. UPSD, 2011. Web. • Quinn, Brian. "Transit-Oriented Development: Lessons from California." Built Environment. 32.3 (2006): 311-322. Print. • Raxworthy, Julian. "Patrick Blanc." Landscape Architecture Australia. 1.118 (2008): 59-60. Print. • Roehr, Daniel, and Jon Laurenz. "Environmental benefits achieved by living envelope interventions in cities." Biotope City: Living Envelopes. Biotope City, 2010. Web. 20 Nov 2010. • Shanteau, Robert. California Department of Transportation. Detecting Bicycles and Motor Vehicles Using the Same Loop Detector. Seaside: California, 2007. Print. • "San Diego Convention Center: Facility Information Publication." San Diego Convention Center. San Diego Convention Center Corporation, 2010. Web. 28 Sep 2010. Web. • Whyte, William. The social life of small urban spaces. 3. Ann Arbor: Edwards Brothers, Inc., 1980. 1-125. Print.

C O N T R A C T

Scope & Fees Duffy, Inc. 24 March 2011 The Unified Port of San Diego Admin Building 3165 Pacific Highway San Diego, CA 92101-1128 Attention: Ronald Powell (Director) Subject: Proposal for the Downtown District Waterfront Redevelopment, 5-Acre site starting at the SE corner of the San Diego Convention Center property and stretching to the NW corner of the Seaport Village property, San Diego, CA. Dear Ronald Powell: This letter will serve as Duffy, Incorporated’s proposal and agreement to provide the professional landscape architecture services you requested for the above referenced subject. WE are very interested in working with you, the city of San Diego and the San Diego Convention Center in conjunction with Fentress Architects on this project. We are pleased to have the opportunity of providing the professional services and assure you of our interest and best professional effort consistent with the standard of care practiced by professional landscape architects.

Broad Scope of Work: The proposed site is already developed and is the subject of a current construction project. The work will involve developing a landscape plan for the approximately 1-mile long waterfront redevelopment from Park Boulevard to North Harbor Drive. As well as this plan there will also be development connecting this waterfront to Harbor drive directly to the north of it, with spot improvements for connectivity along the way. Some attention will be paid to the needs of users staying in the are for conventions, however a major focus will be on making the space accessible to the general public, connecting the site to the downtown resources, and implementing some stormwater management features. Scope of Work: Duffy, Inc. will provide the services described on Attachment “A,” which hereafter shall be a part of our agreement. Attachment A also includes an estimate of hours and derivation of fee so you can see what we will do and how we determined the cost. Additional & Excluded Services Additional services, including but not limited to the following, are not provided under the terms of this agreement. They will be provided at your request or concurrence.

1. Presentation to Mayor and City Council. 2. Changes to approved concepts or plans necessitating re-design, redoing the plans or the specification. 3. Soil testing, geotechnical engineering, civil engineering, and structural engineering. 4. Architectural drawings for buildings or structures to be proposed on site. 5. Maintenance plans for after construction Hourly Rates All services provided on an hourly, T & M basis, such as additional services or excluded services, will be invoiced at the following rates: Project Principal $ 175.00/hr Project Manager $ 125.00/hr Project Design Landscape Architect $ 95.00/hr Drafting Technician $ 60.00/hr Administrative Staff $ 55.00/hr Professional Fees Duffy, Inc. will provide the landscape architecture services for the fees itemized in Attachment “A.” The attached General Terms and Conditions are also included as part of our proposal and agreement. Thanks for asking for a proposal from Duffy, Inc. We’re very interested in working

with you on this project. Please donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t hesitate to call if you have any questions. If you concur with this agreement, please return a signed copy for our files. We can begin working as soon as we receive the executed agreement. Sincerely yours, Duffy, Inc. R.C. Duffy, ALSA Principal This proposal approved this __________Day of ____________, 2011 By:_______________________

Billable Hours   Duffy, Inc. Scope of Services

Project  Principal

I. Downtown District Waterfront Redevelopment  1. Obtain an aerial photography from Google Earth and  prepare and aerial base for the development inventory and  plan. Obtain a boundary survey and topo in ArcGIS from the  web. The Base will be several sheets.  2. Carry out an on‐site inventory of existing materials and  conditions unviewable from aerial photography.  3. Draft up programmable elements and problem solve the  circulation and experience along the waterfront  4. Coordinate with the project architect and the project  engineer for the Convention Center expansion project. To  make alterations to their construction documents before  construction.  Subtotal Hours:  II. Landscape Development Plan (LPD)  1. Using the site plan and information provided by the  architect and the civil engineer, we will prepare base plans  for the landscape and stormwater features. We also  anticipate using detail plans of each of the focus areas to  cover the detail planting, circulation, and function.   2. Prepare the LDP and provide schedules and calculation.  3. Finalize the LDP and coordinate the County submittal.  Check and plot the plans.  4. Provide quality assurance/quality control  5. Make revisions to the Landscape Development Plan based  on County review, check the plans and resubmit for final  review and approval.  LDP Sub Total Hours:  III. Presentation Graphics  1. Using the base create a graphic representation of the  proposed plan in diagram and plan form, accompanied by  supplementary smaller plans.  2. Using photographs of the site sketch out future conditions

Attachment A Duffy, Inc. 3-24-2011 Downtown District Waterfront Redevelopment Landscape Development Plan (LDP) • • • •

Waterfront Redevelopment Downtown Connections Transportation Orchestration Stormwater Features

Presentation Graphics Construction Documents

Estimated Hours  Project  Design  Drafting  Manager  Landscape  Tech  Architect        2  3  7

15    3

12    9

4  2

10  18

20  4

2  2

1  1

2  2

33    10

37    4

2. Prepare the LDP and provide schedules and calculation.    3. Finalize the LDP and coordinate the County submittal.    Check and plot the plans.   4. Provide quality assurance/quality control  2  5. Make revisions to the Landscape Development Plan based    Scope of Services  Project  on County review, check the plans and resubmit for final  Principal  review and approval.  LDP Sub Total Hours:  2  I. Downtown District Waterfront Redevelopment  III. Presentation Graphics    1. Obtain an aerial photography from Google Earth and  1. Using the base create a graphic representation of the    prepare and aerial base for the development inventory and  proposed plan in diagram and plan form, accompanied by  plan. Obtain a boundary survey and topo in ArcGIS from the  supplementary smaller plans.  web. The Base will be several sheets.  2. Using photographs of the site sketch out future conditions    2. Carry out an on‐site inventory of existing materials and    as experienced by visitors on the ground.  conditions unviewable from aerial photography.  3. Using the section cut method, create sections of key areas    3. Draft up programmable elements and problem solve the    throughout the project.  circulation and experience along the waterfront  4. Organize a master document of all of the above graphics  1  4. Coordinate with the project architect and the project  2  and findings in inDesign to be provided as a pdf.  engineer for the Convention Center expansion project. To  Graphics Sub Total Hours:  1  make alterations to their construction documents before  IV. Construction Documents    construction.  1. Develop the site plan to be integrated with the    Subtotal Hours:  2  architecture and develop key details for concrete  II. Landscape Development Plan (LPD)    construction elements.  1. Using the site plan and information provided by the     2. Consult the engineer for review.  architect and the civil engineer, we will prepare base plans  3. Check, plot the submission.  1  for the landscape and stormwater features. We also  4. Provide quality assurance/quality control.  4  anticipate using detail plans of each of the focus areas to  CD Sub Total Hours:  5  cover the detail planting, circulation, and function.   V. Compilation and Submission    2. Prepare the LDP and provide schedules and calculation.  1. Bring all of the required documents together into one set  1   3. Finalize the LDP and coordinate the County submittal.    package.  Check and plot the plans.  2. Assure sound delivery.    4. Provide quality assurance/quality control  2  Compilation Sub Total Hours:  1  5. Make revisions to the Landscape Development Plan based       on County review, check the plans and resubmit for final  Total Hours:  11  review and approval.      LDP Sub Total Hours:  2    III. Presentation Graphics      1. Using the base create a graphic representation of the      proposed plan in diagram and plan form, accompanied by    supplementary smaller plans.    2. Using photographs of the site sketch out future conditions

4  2

10  18

20  4

2  1  2  Estimated Hours  2  1  2  Project  Design  Drafting  Manager  Landscape  Tech  Architect  10  33  37        2   3  7  10  4

2  2    4  2  6      6    4     4  8    4  2  2

10  2  5  10  6    31    15  15    3     3  18    10  15  18

3  5  8    15    5  12    9   3  5  13    20  5  4

2  2  4  2   34    10

1  15  1

2  5  2

112    33    10

82    37    4

Fee Breakdown

Derivation of Fee  I. Downtown District Waterfront Redevelopment    2 hours @ $175/hr. Project Principal:  $700.00  6 hours @ $125/hr. Project Manager:  $750.00  15 hours @ $70/hr. Design Landscape Architect:  $1,050.00  12 hours @ $45/hr. Drafting Technician:  $540.00  Subtotal Fee:  $3,040.00  II. Landscape Development Plan (LPD)    2 hours @ $175/hr. Project Principal:  $350.00  10 hours @ $125/hr. Project Manager:  $1,250.00  33 hours @ $70/hr. Design Landscape Architect:  $2,310.00  37 hours @ $45/hr. Drafting Technician:  $1,665.00  Subtotal Fee:  $5,575.00  III. Presentation Graphics    1 hours @ $175/hr. Project Principal:  $175.00  6 hours @ $125/hr. Project Manager:  $750.00  31 hours @ $70/hr. Design Landscape Architect:  $2,170.00  15 hours @ $45/hr. Drafting Technician:  $675.00  Subtotal Fee:  $3,770.00  IV. Construction Documents    5 hours @ $175/hr. Project Principal:  $875.00  8 hours @ $125/hr. Project Manager:  $1,000.00  18 hours @ $70/hr. Design Landscape Architect:  $1,260.00  13 hours @ $45/hr. Drafting Technician:  $585.00  Subtotal Fee:  $3,720.00  V. Compilation and Submission    1 hours @ $175/hr. Project Principal:  $175.00  4 hours @ $125/hr. Project Manager:  $500.00  15 hours @ $70/hr. Design Landscape Architect:  $1,050.00  5 hours @ $45/hr. Drafting Technician:  $225.00  Subtotal Fee:  $1,950.00      Total Fee:  $18,055.00      VI. Reimbursable Expenses  Cost plus 10%

Scope of Services Duffy, Inc. 24 March 2011 San Diego Downtown District Waterfront Redevelopment Landscape Architecture Scope of Services Scope of services Tasks I. Base Plan & Site Visit 1. Prepare a site base plan for the Landscape Architectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s use using the Google Earth imagery and the ArcGIS data found. 2. Visit the site. Carry out an on-site observation of survey of existing conditions. Identify site drainage issues, locate significant vegetation and specimen trees, identify good off-site views, identify any negative views. II. Master Landscape Plan 1. Meet with the professors to discuss the existing conditions. At the meeting, review the site development program that has been settled upon and how the existing conditions may affect the development of the site to meet the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs. Discuss the types of building materials and plant materials desired. Discuss opportunities for sustainable design, water conservation and green faĂ§ade technology application. 2. Provide a written summary of the meeting. This summary with the site program will be the basis for design.

3. Develop a preliminary master landscape plan for review. The plan will illustrate the site development, grading and drainage solution, layout of site improvements, plant and construction materials selection. 4. Prepare an estimate of probable construction costs to verify that the master landscape plan meets the budget. 5. Review the preliminary master landscape plan at an on-site meeting. 6. Incorporate changes desired, and create a final master development plan. 7. Meet to review the final master landscape plan and obtain approval to prepare construction bid documents based on the approved master landscape plan. III. Construction Documents 1. Prepare construction documents to partial completion including: A. Site layout plan B. Site specific grading plan C. Planting plan if possible D. Irrigation plan if possible E. Landscape and irrigation installation details F. Site construction details G. Supplementary written specification 2. Prepare an estimate of probable construction costs if possible. 3. Meet to review the construction documents and estimates. 4. Make revisions that may be requested and prepare the rest of construction documents 5. Transmit final construction documents to the professors.

IV. Final Documentation 1. Layout and include all graphic representation of the project as well as written information in one concise book. 2. Layout the same information in board format if necessary 3. Meet with the professors to discuss necessary changes to the layouts. 4. Make any revisions necessary. 5. Submit final book and boards.

W O R K P L A N

S C H E D U L E

Month Week Sept 1 2 3 4 Oct 5 6 7

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

March

April

May

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38

Tasks List

Major Tasks

Problem Statement

Research Duy Review of Literature DraE Due Proposal SecGon 1 Due

SecGon 1 Review  of Lit

Review of Literature Due Methodology DraE Proposal Due NOcept Appendices DraE Appendices Due Prep for PresentaGons Prep for PresentaGons PresentaGon Proposal Work

revision

Appendices

Propsal Break Start Design Work

Master Plans

Design development Detail Designs Graphics Prep for PresentaGons MidTPoint PresentaGons Site Visit Design Reﬁnement Start VonstrucGon Documents

VonstrucGon Documents

Start ProducGon

Final Design PresentaGons Final Reports Due All Materials Finished

Graphics Final  Report Layout Design

S I T E Site Walk Map

P H O T O S