Spotify&Netflix Recommendations
WHAT ARE RCSI STUDENTS WATCHING/LISTENING TO?
Features:
RCSI RUNNING CLUB
RCSI BOOK CLUB
GP CLUB
MANSI POTLURI Editor In Chief
WAHEEBAH AHMED Social Media & Advertisement Officer
KESIYA MATHEW Treasurer ANOUSHKA BEBORTA Coordinator
COURTNEY CHENG Senior Advisor
STEPHANIE ADE-CONDE Content Editor
JOCELYN XU Graphic Designer
CORRIENA BRIEN, JACKIE KNOWLES Content Review, Staff Co-ordinators
RCSI Student Newspaper & Publications
“The views expressed in this publication, are the views and ideas of the said individual/s only. They do not necessarily represent the views, beliefs or attitudes of the RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences.
In addition, referral to any products, services, directions, or advice by any parties at this event, does not necessarily constitute an endorsement of any kind by RCSI.”
Dear Reader,
We're so delighted to welcome you back to another issue of Divercsity!
This year has been a fresh start with exciting events taking place at RCSI. In this issue, we've focused on the hard work of RCSI student groups and movie and music recommendations from our students.
A huge thank you to all the staff, student groups, the comittee and all the people who helped contribute to this issue of Divercsity!
Sincerely, Mansi
PotluriNote 3 Table of Contents 4-5 Club Feature: RCSI Running Club 6-7 Feature: RCSI Book Club 8-12 Article: Too Smart For Our Own Good? Bao-Nghi Nguyen, Tiffany Yeretsian, Gabrielle Sanatani
Sign up to Clubs and Societies via Student Life HQ
What Are RCSI Students Listening To? A curated Spotify playlist with submissions from RCSI students
Student Interest Group Feature: The General Practice Club
What Are RCSI Students Watching? Movie and TV Show recommendations from RCSI Students
5km runs around St Stephen's Green on Tuesdays, 10km runs on Sundays
Great Pink Run
Run In the Dark
Expand the club! Running Club is inclusive community no matter what pace or your running style!
Our first big event this year, in collaboration with the RCSI Cancer Society, was the “Great Pink Run” in Leopardstown Racecourse.
Despite challenging weather, we got a great turnout and raised awareness and €1200 for Breast Cancer Ireland. The atmosphere was amazing and we got to run around a new route. There were also lots of new faces which was great to see!
Our event was “Run in the Dark” which took place in early November in Dublin City. The late-night race aims to raise funds for paralysis research.
We were blown away by the enthusiasm to sign up and were able to secure extra spots. It sure was a great 5 or 10km run through the city in support of such a great cause.
Author: Lorna Williams
Our committee is hoping to plan some new events in the second semester, so make sure to follow us on Instagram and keep up with updates on StudentLifeHQ!
In the meantime, lace up your trainers and come join us on our weekly runs!
We aim to empower RCSI students to discover the joys of reading and literature, to learn about other cultures and worlds, and to grow as individuals. We cover all mediums, including podcasts, poetry, movies, and much more.
The atmosphere at our events is always laid back and the focus is on having fun and making new friends.
It’s not like your high school English class discussions! There are no expectations and no right or wrong answers.
So far this year we’ve held a monthly book discussion where we met up at a local café and chatted about our chosen book over pastries and coffee. We also hosted a speed friending session where students brought along their favourite book and discussed it with others.
Writing skills workshops with both academic and creative experts, and a guest appearance from a local author. We also hope to host a second hand book fair, and much more!
Author: Emily O' Hora
Course work can be all-consuming at times and at RCSI we often place focus on academicrooted societies, but in order to be truly great healthcare professionals, we need to take a step back from studying and foster our own wellbeing – and reading is a great way to do this.
.
Moreover, our fields require us to have empathy, compassion, and a certain degree of life experience, all of which can be gained from delving into a good book.
So for unique events (with lots of free food), book reviews, monthly meet-ups and much more, sign up as a member on HQ and follow us on Instagram @RCSIbookclub
As today’s technology continues to evolve, cell phones have become increasingly popular with over 4.23 billion smartphones in use around the world. The convenience, ease of communication, and multifunctionality are what draw people into constantly using their cell phones. However, the growth of cell phone technology and usage has sparked concern as to the potential negative effects of these seemingly perfect devices. Those who overuse smartphones display habits and patterns closely resembling those with behavioural addictions. With increasing efforts to evaluate this as a potential health problem, specific characteristics that may predispose users to develop this addiction, such as age, sex, and mental health conditions have been identified. Consequences of a cell phone addiction have also been recognized with a large focus on psychological issues, including sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression. The purpose of this review is to assess current knowledge on this health issue, the psychological effects, and the risk factors which predispose individuals to developing problematic smartphone use.
As technology has progressed within the past decade, society has become increasingly dependent on communication devices for everyday use. (1) Smartphones in particular have seen an exponential growth in sales over the past few years, with over 4.23 billion smartphones in use around the world in 2016, and more than 68% of the United States population owning a smartphone. (2, 3)
Smartphones are affordable devices that have a variety of convenient and accessible applications for day-to-day activities. The capabilities of smartphones range from mobile banking to producing high quality photos, with more functions emerging every day. Smartphones are quickly replacing computers as the preferred method of accessing the Internet due to cost and convenience. (1, 4)
At the outset, smartphones are highly programmable devices that allow users to communicate, browse the Internet, utilize multiple social media networks, and perform everyday tasks. While the benefits of smartphones are evident, the increased use of smartphones poses several potential risks to today’s society. In this study, we discuss the similarities between smartphone overuse and behavioural addiction, the risk factors that may predispose individuals to becoming dependent on their smartphone, and the negative psychological effects that smartphone overuse may cause.
The term addiction is defined as a “chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking, continued use despite harmful consequence, and long-lasting changes in the brain.” (5) Current literature was assessed to identify whether problematic smartphone use fits the definition of a behavioural addiction
A study by Hanley and Wilhelm defined addictive behaviour as any activity, substance, -
object, or behaviour that has taken over an individual’s life to the point where they are excluding other activities or causing physical, mental, or social harm to themselves or those around them. (6) These definitions of addiction include an emphasis on repetitive behaviours and symptoms of withdrawal, both of which have been associated with problematic phone use. Studies show that up to 35% of smartphone use is addictive. (7, 8) These devices encourage people to spend more time on-screen and less time socializing in person. (9)
In advance of widespread smartphone popularity, multiple studies had been conducted on behavioural addiction to the Internet. There was debate as to whether Internet addiction was an addiction to the Internet as a whole, or an addiction to the activities that it provided. A study conducted by Young et al. studied different forms of addictive behaviour on the Internet including the computer itself, searching for information, online games and shopping, and communicating with others virtually. (10) Smartphone use shares many attributes with Internet use, such as the ability to access online browsing and games. As such, Internet addiction criteria can be a useful starting point when developing smartphone addiction criteria. (11) Despite shared features between smartphone overuse and behavioural addiction, there is currently not enough evidence to officially classify smartphone addiction as a disorder; however, many studies still use this term. (12, 13)
In today’s society, cell phones are seen as critical in maintaining social relationships and for safety, and many young adults cannot imagine a life without a smartphone. (9) The constant use of smartphones has created problematic manifestations, such as losing interest in other activities, preferring the cell phone to personal contact, anxiety, and loneliness. (10) There is existing controversy about whether a user can in fact have a true addiction to their smartphone, and if addicted, whether this addiction
is to the phone itself or to the applications downloaded. The remainder of this study will assess behaviours related to problematic phone usage, rather than smartphone addiction as a clinical diagnosis. (12, 13)
We sought to assess which specific characteristics predispose individuals to developing problematic phone use. Multiple studies have been carried out to assess characteristics such as age, sex, and mental health conditions, and their relationship to smartphone addiction. (14)
The first factor commonly studied in relation to smartphone usage is age, in particular the use of smartphones in adolescents and children. In the United States in 2011, an estimated 67% of young adults owned a smartphone as compared to 53% of adults. (9) Many studies have assessed the prevalence of smartphone addiction in adolescents as they are widely regarded as a high-risk group for developing problematic phone use due to a multitude of psychological factors. (10, 15, 16) In 2013 in Korea, the risk rate for developing a smartphone addiction was almost three times higher in adolescents as compared to adults. (17) Furthermore, a study in Switzerland found the prevalence of smartphone addiction in adolescents to be more than 16%. (18) Overall, multiple studies cite that adolescents are likely to develop an addiction to smartphones due to many factors that are common to this age group, including subdued emotions, anxiety, and strained relationships with family and friends. (19)
In comparing smartphone addiction differences between sexes, there is conflicting data on whether sex is a factor in determining problematic smartphone use. One study stated that the amount of time spent on a phone influences the development of smartphone addiction and found that women spend an average of 600 minutes per day on their phones, whereas men averaged 459 minutes per day. The women in this study scored significantly higher on a scale measuring phone addiction. (9) Similarly, a study assessing multiple correlates of phone addiction found being female to be an independent predictor of smartphone addiction. (20) Contrary to these studies stating that women are more likely to develop an addiction to cell phones, a study in Iran found male students at higher risk of developing smartphone addiction. (21) Despite the above studies stating that one sex was more likely to develop an addiction over the other, multiple studies have found that sex was not consistently associated with the development of problematic phone use. (15, 16, 22) Conflicting data in literature may be a result of females having a higher level of self-awareness, and therefore self-reporting levels of phone usage more accurately. (16) Additionally, these differences between sex may be explained by differences in which applications are being used. One study found men use their phones more for work and practicality, whereas women were more likely to use their phones for connecting with others. (15)
The final factor commonly studied in relation to smartphone usage is mental health, particularly depression and anxiety. These conditions are very commonly addressed as a consequence of phone usage, and less often as a causative factor. (10, 23, 24) However, studies assessing risk factors of smartphone addiction found that both depression and anxiety were independent predictors of problematic phone use. (20, 22)
Further studies have been published on alexithymia, a complex trait based around the inability to describe one’s own feelings. Alexithymia has an association with multiple disorders, particularly depression and anxiety, and those with the condition often struggle with interpersonal relationships. (25, 26) These individuals who struggle with interpersonal relationships are enabled to communicate via a different medium, one that does not involve the same social cues as in person communication, and may explain why alexithymia is a predictor of problematic phone use. (25, 27)
Overall, there is a plethora of data published on the risk factors for developing a smartphone addiction. Despite this, it is difficult to assess causation from these studies as they are largely prevalence studies assessing populations that are already smartphone users with potential addictions. While depression and anxiety are consistently cited as a cause and consequence of problematic phone use, conflicting data still exists around whether sex plays a role. Finally, many of the above studies were carried out on adolescents, and little comparative data between adolescents and adults exists, making it difficult to assess the full breadth of smartphone addiction in the population.
As the popularity of smartphones increases, the potential negative consequences of excessive phone use are increasingly discussed. In particular, psychological and behavioural problems such as sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression have all been recognized as likely consequences linked to the overuse of smartphones. (10, 28, 29)
Sleep disturbance linked to smartphone overuse is a problem that has been highly investigated. (28) A study conducted in Egypt assessed the medical history, usage of cell phones, and health problems linked to mobile phone use in 300 individuals.
29.5% of this cohort that had increased smartphone use per day reported sleeping disturbances. (30) Similarly, another study observing cell phone use and various psychological outcomes in young adults found that higher cell phone use was linked to increased sleep disturbances. (29)
Along with investigating the effects of smartphone usage on sleep quality, this study also investigated symptoms of depression in relation to smartphone usage. They found that between baseline and one year follow-up, young adults that had a high frequency of cell phone use had greater symptoms of depression. (29) The relationship between depression and anxiety disorders and various behavioural addictions is highly evident in literature with a recent focus on smartphone overuse. (10, 31) A study conducted by Demirci et al. evaluated university students using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) to explore the relationship between depression, anxiety, and sleep quality with smartphone use. The results also showed a positive relationship between SAS scores and BDI, BAI, and PSQI scores, where these scores were higher in users with high mobile phone usage. (20)
While the negative effects of smartphone overuse are well documented, there are few studies that explore the psychological benefits. In 2019, a study using online interviews compared cell phone beliefs and usage habits between individuals. It was evident that cell phones were positively viewed as a way to stay entertained and connected with friends. The results also showed that 5% of individuals found that cell phones mitigate feelings of loneliness and 4% of individuals found that cell phones alleviate feelings of anxiety. (32)
The previously mentioned studies have illustrated associations between the psychological problems of sleep disturbance, depression, and anxiety with smartphone overuse. Despite the potential negative
consequences, evidence also suggests that smartphone use can have positive effects on one’s lifestyle and relieve feelings of anxiety or loneliness. However, with the literature published, there is frequent use of selfreported data to assess the risk factors and causative effects of smartphone overuse, impacting the quality of available data. (10, 33) Lastly, publication bias can affect the search of negative studies, as these are more difficult to publish and there are minimal data documenting psychological benefits of smartphone use. (34)
As smartphone overuse is a growing area of concern within modern day technology, it is important to understand the preventative measures that one can take to mitigate the potential negative outcomes. For example, the use of digital detox applications has been found to be an effective measure to reduce the ramifications of social media overuse. (35) Additional approaches include using phones in moderation, practicing mindfulness around the underlying behaviours driving phone overuse, and adjusting phone settings to limit notifications. (36)
The gain in popularity of cell phones has led to an increased research focus on both the predisposing factors and consequences of excessive smartphone use. Problematic smartphone use is an emerging health problem that resembles the characteristics of a behavioural addiction. Both age and mental health conditions are proven risk factors for problematic smartphone usage. Most papers cite that excessive cell phone usage can lead to sleep disturbance, depression, and anxiety; however, there is a lack of data assessing the potential psychological benefits of phone use.
1. Ryding FC, Kuss DJ. Passive objective measures in the assessment of problematic smartphone use: A systematic review. Addict Behav Rep. 2020;11:100257.
2. Hussain Z, Griffiths MD, Sheffield D. An investigation into problematic smartphone use: The role of narcissism, anxiety, and personality factors. J Behav Addict. 2017;6(3):378-86.
3. Atchley P, Strayer DL. Small Screen Use and Driving Safety. Pediatrics. 2017;140(Suppl 2):S107-S11.
4. Li L, Lok GKI, Mei SL, Cui XL, Ng CH, Ungvari GS, et al. The severity of mobile phone addiction and its relationship with quality of life in Chinese university students. PeerJ. 2020;8:e8859.
5. Fluyau D, Charlton T. Addiction. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020.
6. Shambare R RR, Zhowa T. Are mobile phones the 21st century addiction? African Journal of Business Management2012. p. 573-7.
7. Ko CH, Yen JY, Chen CC, Chen SH, Yen CF. Proposed diagnostic criteria of Internet addiction for adolescents. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2005;193(11):728-33.
8. Lopez-Fernandez O, Honrubia-Serrano L, Freixa-Blanxart M, Gibson W. Prevalence of problematic mobile phone use in British adolescents. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2014;17(2):91-8.
9. Roberts JA, Yaya LH, Manolis C. The invisible addiction: cell-phone activities and addiction among male and female college students. J Behav Addict. 2014;3(4):254-65.
10. De-Sola Gutiérrez J, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Rubio G. Cell-Phone Addiction: A Review. Front Psychiatry. 2016;7:175.
11. Kim H. Exercise rehabilitation for smartphone addiction. J Exerc Rehabil. 2013;9(6):500-5.
12. Panova T, Carbonell X. Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? J Behav Addict. 2018;7(2):252-9.
13. Lin YH, Chiang CL, Lin PH, Chang LR, Ko CH, Lee YH, et al. Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Smartphone Addiction. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):e0163010.
14. Alhassan AA, Alqadhib EM, Taha NW, Alahmari RA, Salam M, Almutairi AF. The relationship between addiction to smartphone usage and depression among adults: a cross sectional study. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):148.
15. Cha SS, Seo BK. Smartphone use and smartphone addiction in middle school students in Korea: Prevalence, social networking service, and game use. Health Psychol Open. 2018;5(1):2055102918755046.
16. Kwon M, Kim DJ, Cho H, Yang S. The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e83558.
17. Lee H, Seo MJ, Choi TY. The Effect of Home-based Daily Journal Writing in Korean Adolescents with Smartphone Addiction. J Korean Med Sci. 2016;31(5):764-9.
18. Haug S, Castro RP, Kwon M, Filler A, Kowatsch T, Schaub MP. Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in Switzerland. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(4):299-307.
9. Sahu M, Gandhi S, Sharma MK. Mobile Phone Addiction Among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. J Addict Nurs. 2019;30(4):261-8.
20. Demirci K, Akgönül M, Akpinar A. Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(2):85-92.
21. Mohammadbeigi A, Absari R, Valizadeh F, Saadati M, Sharifimoghadam S, Ahmadi A, et al. Sleep Quality in Medical Students; the Impact of Over-Use of Mobile Cell-Phone and Social Networks. J Res Health Sci. 2016;16(1):46-50.
22. Matar Boumosleh J, Jaalouk D. Depression, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students- A cross sectional study. PLoS One. 2017;12(8):e0182239.
23. Seki T, Hamazaki K, Natori T, Inadera H. Relationship between internet addiction and depression among Japanese university students. J Affect Disord. 2019;256:668-72.
24. Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. J Affect Disord. 2017;207:251-9.
25. Mei S, Xu G, Gao T, Ren H, Li J. The relationship between college students' alexithymia and mobile phone addiction: Testing mediation and moderation effects. BMC Psychiatry. 2018;18(1):329.
26. Shibata M, Ninomiya T, Jensen MP, Anno K, Yonemoto K, Makino S, et al. Alexithymia is associated with greater risk of chronic pain and negative affect and with lower life satisfaction in a general population: the Hisayama Study. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e90984.
27. Gao T, Li J, Zhang H, Gao J, Kong Y, Hu Y, et al. The influence of alexithymia on mobile phone addiction: The role of depression, anxiety and stress. J Affect Disord. 2018;225:761-6.
28. Sansone RA, Sansone LA. Cell phones: the psychosocial risks. Innov Clin Neurosci. 2013;10(1):33-7.
29. Thomée S, Härenstam A, Hagberg M. Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults--a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:66.
30. Salama OE, Abou El Naga RM. Cellular phones: are they detrimental? J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 2004;79(3-4):197-223.
31. Starcevic V, Khazaal Y. Relationships between Behavioural Addictions and Psychiatric Disorders: What Is Known and What Is Yet to Be Learned? Front Psychiatry. 2017;8:53.
32. De-Sola J, Rubio G, Talledo H, Pistoni L, Van Riesen H, Rodríguez de Fonseca F. Cell Phone Use Habits Among the Spanish Population: Contribution of Applications to Problematic Use. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:883.
33. Brenner PS, DeLamater J. Lies, Damned Lies, and Survey SelfReports? Identity as a Cause of Measurement Bias. Soc Psychol Q. 2016;79(4):333-54.
34. Mlinarić A, Horvat M, Šupak Smolčić V. Dealing with the positive publication bias: Why you should really publish your negative results. Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2017;27(3):030201.
35. Schmuck D. Does Digital Detox Work? Exploring the Role of Digital Detox Applications for Problematic Smartphone Use and Well-Being of Young Adults Using Multigroup Analysis. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2020;23(8):526-32.
36. van Velthoven MH, Powell J, Powell G. Problematic smartphone use: Digital approaches to an emerging public health problem. Digit Health. 2018;4:2055207618759167.
We are a group of RCSI students with a keen interest in primary care, striving to shine a light on the specialty and all it has to offer. Through the provision of a variety of student experiences, fundraising events, and engagement with the GP community, we hope to give an insight into primary care on a local and global level and provide an enjoyable student experience. We are currently operating with no formal recognition or funding from the college, but we hope to become officially brandished soon!
The GP Club was set up in 2020, in the height of the pandemic, and we managed to get right to work We organised for students to volunteer at the mass vaccination centre at The Helix in DCU from March-July 2021.
RCSI students were involved across a variety of roles including vaccine titration, acting as runners and administrative check-in, as well as helping patients in the observation area. Some even ended up on television! Involvement in The Helix set a good foundation for us to help out in other vaccination clinics throughout Dublin. Student volunteers from The GP Club assisted in GP clinics from Inchicore to Donnybrook throughout the months that followed
This experience provided a great insight for students into the connection between the GP and their patients in the community It also allowed us to feel like a small part of the efforts to put an end to the pandemic and a muchanticipated return to normalcy
As part of our own fundraising efforts, in the last 2 years we have teamed up with SafetyNet, a medical charity organisation that delivers quality primary care services to marginalised people in society without access to healthcare, including members of the homeless community, asylum seekers, substance users and more In our annual event: ‘Get Wet for SafetyNet’ - in the past 2 years we have managed to raise over €5,000, which has gone providing an essential service for underserved communities in Dublin.
It is also important to us in the GP Club that we provide an insight into the day-to-day experience of a primary care physician, to help students understand the life of a GP. In order to do this, we have actively engaged with GPs and Family Medicine physicians in Ireland and around the world to speak at our ‘Day in the life of a GP’ events over the past 2 years It was very gratifying for us to receive such positive feedback from student attendees, of which there were more that 200!
We would also like to extend a warm thank you to our staff mentors: Dr. Patrick Redmond and, formerly, Prof. Susan Smith, for their kind support and encouragement over the past 2 years
Despite our efforts, it hasn’t been possible to secure official status or funding We are looking into new avenues to go through to ensure our events and activities can continue to expand to cultivate student creation, growth and expression – to be aligned with other clubs and societies in the college
We are a passionate group who will continue to work on behalf of students to get GP on the map, especially as over 40% of each graduating class of medical schools will eventually work as general practitioners
Any ideas, feedback or suggestions are always encouraged, everyone is welcome to connect with us and we look forward to meeting you soon
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