REAL Cities | Bergamo / Book 1 - 2014 by REAL Harvard GSD

REAL CITIES BERGAMO

SMART[ER] CITIZENS

REAL CITIES | BERGAMO

SMART[ER] CITIZENS

Harvard University Graduate School of Design

Bergamo University

Dean Mohsen Mostafavi

Rector Stefano Paleari

REAL CITIES | BERGAMO

SMART[ER] CITIZENS

DEVELOPING ALTERNATIVE MODELS OF URBANIZATION FRAMED WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF TECHNOLOGICALLY-ENHANCED CITIES

Published by The Harvard University Graduate School of Design Copyright 2014, The President and Fellow of Harvard College All rights are reserved. No part may be produced without permission. Printed and bound in the USA by Harvard In-Plant Print & Mail Editing: Stefano Andreani, Helena Holgersson-Shorter Design : Stefano Andreani Cover Image : Stefano Andreani The Harvard University Graduate School of Design is a leading center for education, information and technical expertise on the built environment. Its departments of Architecture, Landscape Architecture, and Urban Planning and Design offer masters and doctoral degree programs and also provide the foundation for Advanced Studies and Executive Education programs. The information contained in this document (including all images) is part of an internal white paper report that may be covered by the international laws on copy righted material, intended only for the use of those involved in the bilateral agreement between the University of Bergamo and Harvard University, titled Smart[er] Citizens, and may be privileged. Any dissemination, distribution, or copying of this communication beyond the aforementioned individuals is strictly prohibited.

CONTENTS Executive Summary Introduction

Smart Cities for Smart[er] Citizens

4. Smart[er] Health: Bergamo as Health City 4.1. Research Framework 4.2. iHealth: Quantified Me/We 4.3. Aging with Grace: Social Inclusion and Agency

Technology and Cities: New Trends

4.4. Wellbeing Hubs: Incentivizing Healthier Lifestyles Choices

Smart Urbanity and Situated Technology

4.5. Case Studies

Innovation through Design Thinking From a Theoretical Framework to Applied Research

4.6. Research Findings and Ideas and Projects

Bergamo as a Smart Urban Prototype

Conclusion and Future Work

1. Smart[er] Cities: a Theoretical Framework

1.1. City Dynamics 1.3. Innovation: the Vitality of Cities 1.4. Strategy-driven, Technologically-enhanced Smart[er] Cities

2.1. The Event 2.2. Problems Setting: Stakeholders Debate 2.3. Interpretation: Design Thinking Process 2.4. Framing: Conceptual Maps 3. Smart[er] Knowledge: Bergamo as University City 3.1. Research Framework 3.2. University as an Innovation Hub/Broker of Knowledge 3.3. University without Borders: [Inter]nationalization 3.4. Edgeless University: Trans-disciplinary Collaboration and Distributiveness 3.5. Case Studies 3.6. Research Findings, Ideas and Projects

318

Bibliography 321 Research Team 323

1.2. Smart Cities: Thinking, Models and Value Chain

2. Smart[er] Citizens Kick-off Workshop

224

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY “SMART[ER] CITIZENS” JOINT RESEARCH PROGRAM The “Smart[er] Citizens” Joint Research Program is a multi-tier, multi-year academic collaboration between the Graduate School of Design (GSD) at Harvard University, USA, and the University of Bergamo (UNIBG), Italy. “Smart[er] Citizens” is part of the “Future of Cities” initiative pursued by the Responsive Environments and Artifacts Lab (REAL) at the Harvard GSD and of the “Bergamo 2.(035)” initiative promoted by the University of Bergamo. The overall vision of the research and teaching Program is to rethink and redefine the concept of Smart Cities in contemporary society, developing a theoretical framework for the implementation of new strategies and models that would tackle the pressing problems of today’s cities. In its current state, the vision of a Smart City is very much fostered by a technologically-enhanced worldview of the urban condition, where traditional and modern communication infrastructure, mainly the transport and ICT infrastructures, fuel sustainable urban growth and the quality of urban life. Smart Cities are envisioned as wired and ICT-driven cities, saturated with embedded sensors, actuators, digital screens, hand-held devices and smart phones, and all sorts of embedded and situated computing devices. Connectivity is the source of their growth and the driver of their effective performance, and all social classes benefit from the technological integrations of their urban fabric. The “Smart[er] Citizens” Research Program aims to expand this vision of Smart Cities, developing a strategy-driven framework in which innovative technologies are coupled with new social models of inclusiveness – where citizen become an active agent of change to create a better future for their city. The goal of the Research Program is to actually offer citizens a series of conceptual and practical instruments that would enable them to play a crucial role in the constantly-evolving dynamics of city life, effectively integrated in the so-called “digital age.” With the objective of developing alternative models of urbanization

framed within the context of technologically-enhanced cities, the “Smart[er] Citizens” Research Program addresses the emerging areas of Smart[er] Knowledge and Smart[er] Health, exploring the new opportunities innovative technologies can offer for the redefinition of knowledge creation and distribution of ecosystems of innovation, and for the enhancement of health solutions and wellbeing behaviors for healthier practices. The Program investigates – both theoretically and practically – how new models of networks, enhanced immersive and interactive spaces, and novel computational technologies can contribute to tackling pressing questions of learning and healthcare through the lens of the design of smart architectures, infrastructures, and ultimately artifacts, as well as technologically retrofitting or repurposing our built environments. For the purpose of developing innovative strategies, models, and solutions at the global scale, Bergamo is treated as a European case study, with the goal of eventually turning the town into a smart urban prototype as a reference for other cities worldwide.

BACKGROUND The “Smart[er] Citizens” research and teaching Program draws upon the academic experience of the 2012 “Smart Cities” Research Initiative between Harvard GSD and Bergamo University. This initiative promoted the “Smart[er] Cities” Course taught by Nashid Nabian at the GSD in Fall 2012. Through an intense collaboration between 12 Harvard GSD students and 10 Bergamo University students, the course resulted in research-driven design projects of technologicallyenhanced, smart urban solutions based on their intrinsic value for sustainable urban development and growth, as well as their applicability to problem areas identified as specific to the City of Bergamo. The outcomes of the course were presented in December 2012 at the “Smart[er] Cities” Symposium at Harvard GSD, with opening remarks by Prof. Mohsen Mostafavi – Dean of the Harvard Graduate School of Design – and Prof. Stefano Paleari – 7

Rector of the University of Bergamo. With an emphasis on both social and environmental sustainability, the Symposium was organized around the five main dimensions of the European Smart Cities Solutions: Smart People, Smart Living, Smart Environment, Smart Governance, and Smart Economy. The presentations of invited speakers both from the GSD faculty and research affiliates, as well as scholars from other universities and the student groups, were mixed and matched under these five categories to maximize the level of engagement between professionals and graduate researchers.

BILATERAL AGREEMENT The “Smart[er] Citizens” Joint Research Program between the Harvard Graduate School of Design and the University of Bergamo is conceived of as a 16-month collaboration (from June 2013 to September 2014) between students and faculty from both universities. There is a potential for one or more extensions. The current proposal and any extensions will be structured by a specific agreement between the two parties. Based on the agreement, the University of Bergamo released a call for proposals to its students on the subject of a smarter vision for the Bergamo region for the year 2035 (in relation to the Bergamo 2.(035) Research Initiative). A multidisciplinary group of 12 graduate students will be chosen to first work on preliminary research with the Harvard GSD faculty and researchers, and then collaborate with the GSD students taking the Smart[er] Cities course that will be offered in the 2014 Spring semester at the GSD. Within this bilateral agreement, a funded field trip will bring the GSD students to Bergamo for field research, engagement with stakeholders, and design brainstorming sessions with potential collaborators. The Bergamo University faculty, researchers, and students involved in the Program will then fly to the GSD for the end-of-semester “Smart[er] Cities” Symposium, which will showcase the outcomes of the course’s collaborative work. At the end of the course, the most promising project(s) will be selected for further development in the next phase of the research, leading to more refined versions ready for the production of (a) working prototype(s) in Year Two. At the conclusion of this phase, possibilities for extensions of the 8

project will be considered by both parties (Year Two, fall 2014 to end of summer 2015). The most promising and impactful idea(s) would be then developed to working prototypes, along with a specific and set of related evaluation and assessment methods. The following years of the collaboration can either be dedicated to developing projects from Year Two into an urban demo, or taking up another or multiple other project ideas and developing them into working prototype. The decided course of action will consider funding streams, technological developments, and relevant needs and opportunities that emerge in communication with stakeholders in Bergamo and beyond.

BERGAMO 2.(035) The “Smart[er] Citizens” Joint Research Program is part of the “Bergamo 2.(035)” initiative promoted by the University of Bergamo. The “Bergamo 2.(035) – A new urban concept for a new world” research program is motivated by the need to conceive an articulated, long-term and comparative vision of the most relevant future developments of an urban environment and its territory. The objective is to trigger the discussion and the definition of the strategic guidelines for mastering their trajectories and identifying the decision-making processes for tackling the most prominent critical issues. The “Smart[er] Citizens” program actively collaborates with the “Bergamo 2.(035)” initiative through a variety of research activities, with the shared goal of developing alternative models of urbanization framed within the context of a technologicallyenhanced City of Bergamo.

RESEARCH FRAMEWORK The “Smart[er] Citizens” Research Program explores how new models of networks, enhanced immersive and interactive spaces, and novel computational technologies can contribute to addressing the pressing questions of learning and healthcare through the lens of the design of smart architectures, infrastructures, and ultimately artifacts, as well as technologically retrofitting or repurposing our built environments.

Smart[er] Knowledge Education will be the critical determinant of success for our communities in the 21st century. Smart[er] Knowledge involves a community that aims to adapt and innovate within a specific urban context, yet also as part of a global network. Such territories need to have a high capacity for learning and innovation built into the creativity of their population, their institutions of knowledgeproduction, and their traditional and modern communication infrastructures. Within such a context, the academy could play an ever more important role as an institution, organization, and facilitator for the urban community to find its “anchors” of community life and foster broader, more creative interactions among citizens. All societies have specific learning platforms. What is new in the contemporary world is the intentionality of seeking them out as vital to current societal needs, in promoting a participatory governance and the empowerment of citizens, as well as in democratizing access to information and the facilities required for innovation. The Smart[er] Knowledge applied research project aims to rethink and redesign the role of universities in a more participative, democratic, and dynamically functional way, developing an effective integration of academia, institutions, industries, and ultimately citizens under new models of “University City.” In such a context, knowledge production and delivery – perhaps more than any other human activity – is dependent upon the modes of operation and the learner’s elaboration of information. Designing an innovative knowledge system no longer follows a comprehensive top-down approach, but rather allows grassroots, participatory practices to emerge through the deployment of appropriate technologies. Knowledge production, dissemination, and absorption happen in real places and in dedicated built environments whose functionality is enhanced by use of cyber functions and digital technologies. Through a multi/cross/trans-disciplinary approach, the project will eventually move from a research to an applied knowledge base, fostering the emergence of innovative physical and digital platforms at the intersection of knowledge networks. In this sense, high-tech solutions will be integrated with low- or notech strategies for highlighting the social relevance of academia, developing a coherent articulation of knowledge environments’

spatial and virtual arrangement at an increasing scale: artifacts, spaces, environments, and ultimately the city.

Smart[er] Health Globally, health challenges have seen a sharp increase in diversity, scale, and complexity over recent decades. In cities, aging populations, widespread obesity, and self-destructive lifestyle choices (in areas such as nutrition, mobility, etc.), and ailing urban environments are all taking their toll on outdated healthcare systems. While discouraging and grave, these challenges also present ample opportunities for research and innovation. An unprecedented availability of data both to physicians and patients, for example, could lead to more agile healthcare delivery systems and better-informed patient lifestyle choices. Advances in sensing technology could allow a deeper understanding of human behavior and consequently aid in creating actively healthy environments and artifacts. New approaches to the design and production of prosthetics could enhance the accessibility and involvement of disabled individuals in domains previously unapproachable. Clearly, the implications of such developments go well beyond the clinic walls and into the built environment. It is, therefore, the role of designers to synthesize this vast range of emerging fields of inquiry into user-centered systems, spaces, and objects designed to make wellbeing dynamic through experience and feedback. In this sense, effective strategies will be articulated to better integrate healthcare facilities within the city, creating hybrid environments that will eventually promote patients as active players in city life. The Smart[er] Health applied research project ultimately aims to identify the role of the city as key driver of practices and spaces that will encourage and support better health behaviors and lifestyles. To that end, new communication technologies and organizational models will be explored. The research will also investigate redefining the role of actors/stakeholders as effective agents of change.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The first year of the “Smart[er] Citizens” Joint Research Program is articulated into four phases that involve strategic analysis, design ideation, and project development. Phase 1: Detailed planning of the teaching and research program June 1st, 2013 - September 30th, 2013 During this preliminary phase, both parties performed a detailed planning of teaching and research activities, resources, and the main deliverables and milestones to be produced. During this phase, GSD and UNIBG faculty also devised ways of nurturing intense and collaborative interaction between UNIBG and GSD students. Phase 2: Scanning the Territory – Background and Evaluation Frameworks October 1st, 2013 - December 31st, 2013 Smart[er] Knowledge and Smart[er] Health are broad, interrelated domains of research. In preparation for the “Smart[er] Cities” Course planned in Spring 2014 at the GSD , the research team scanned these vast and emerging areas. Work during Phase 2 focused on articulating the state-of-the-art in Smart[er] Knowledge and Smart[er] Health, mapping and documenting key contemporary approaches and practices. The research also worked on identifying the more specific issues pertinent to Bergamo’s economic, social, spatial and technological situation as applicable to the notion of Smart[er] Citizens. In addition, an intense kick-off workshop brought together experts and researchers from both institutions for multidisciplinary ideation sessions and knowledge-exchanges. Phase 3: Ideation to Mock-Up January 1st, 2014 - April 30th, 2014 Phase 3 includes a seminar course – “Smart[er] Cities” – offered in the spring of 2014 at the Graduate School of Design, followed by Phase 4, in which evaluation and refinements are developed. At the end Phase 3, the most promising project(s) will be selected for further development in Phase 4. Offered in the spring of 2014, the GSD course will absorb the research analysis and findings produced during the preceding phase, and venture into a semester-long collaborative ideation and mock-

up activity with students from both Universities (about 12-13 per each). The outcome of the ideation phase will be developed into conceptual mock-ups by the end of the semester. The mock-ups (e.g. representative artifacts or low-fidelity replicas of an actual system) will allow the exploration and visualization of the overall architecture of the proposed system, the logic of its operation, the interaction scheme of the proposed platform, and the physical and virtual manifestations of the platform with its constitutive elements. Mock-ups will be documented using video or other media-based methods, thus facilitating the communication of compelling ideas internally, at the universities, to stakeholders, and possibly to funding organizations. At the end of the course, the results will be presented in a semi-public forum (such as a final course review at GSD). The course will include a one-week field trip from the GSD to Bergamo. The trip will allow students and researchers on both sides to meet, and will contribute to producing student projects that are specific and relevant for issues of Smart[er] Health and Smart[er] Knowledge in Bergamo. The field trip will also include workshops and other interactions with UNIBG faculty, as well as meetings and work with stakeholders. Phase 4: Mock-up Refinement and Project Selection May 1st, 2014 - September 30th, 2014 The research activities of Phase 4 will focus on further refinement of mock-ups and evaluating the project ideas based on the collaboratively derived evaluation framework, thus testing both ideas and developing the evaluation framework itself. Ideas proposed during the course, or versions and combinations thereof, will then be selected for further development into more refined versions ready for production of (a) working prototype(s) in Year Two. An event at UNIBG in September 2014 will be managed and funded by UNIBG with the main purpose of disseminating the project ideas and evaluating, jointly with stakeholders, their potential development into working prototypes.

“SMART[E]R CITIZENS” KICK-OFF WORKSHOP In October 2013, a four-day Kick-off Workshop officially launched the “Smart[er] Citizens” research activities. In the Kilometro Rosso lab space of the Bergamo University, the selected UNIBG students closely worked with GSD faculty and researchers to analyze the territory of Bergamo and identify critical issues to be addressed during the overall research program. To support this investigation, Bergamo students engaged and collaborated with a number of stakeholders of the two Smart[er] Knowledge and Smart[er] Health research areas. During this Kick-off Workshop, preliminary design concepts emerged through intense brainstorming sessions, thanks to the implementation of a variety of design-thinking strategies. In these sessions, researchers and students approached challenges, framed opportunities, generated ideas, and evolved proposals through feedback-loop processes. The workshop contributed to refining the theoretical framework of the research, as well as to articulating the state-of-the-art in the subject matters addressed by the Program, mapping and documenting key contemporary approaches and practices, and identifying the more specific issues pertinent to Bergamo’s economic, social, spatial and technological situation as applicable to the notion of Smart[er] Citizens. Evaluation frameworks are a key component of this work and will guide the research and activities conducted during the later phases.

PEDAGOGICAL FRAMEWORK Within the pedagogical framework of the “Smart[er] Citizens” program, the GSD will offer a seminar course – “Smart[er] Cities” – that will involve 12 students not only from the School of Design, but from other Harvard schools and MIT, actively working with the 12 Bergamo University students in a very collaborative and multidisciplinary environment. The course will benefit from the teaching and research activities carried out during the Phase 2 of the program (described in the next chapters). Following a rigorous teaching and research methodology, the “Smart[er] Cities” course is organized around four dimensions: (1) a literature review of Smart Cities, (2) an analytical case study of proposed or practiced Smart City solutions, (3) a rigorous 12

investigation of urban problems that can be addressed by Smart City-inspired solutions, and finally, (4) a hands-on approach to envisioning, proposing, designing, developing, and prototypically implementing ITC-driven, networked, and integrated solutions to the areas of Smart[er] Knowledge and Smart[er] Health.

KNOWLEDGE DISSEMINATION The goal is to collaboratively produce a framework and a model of implementation in the areas of Smart[er] Knowledge and Smart[er] Health for other regions and cities to adopt and integrate into their specific logics of operation and performance. For this purpose, Bergamo is treated as urban prototype that best represents the typical characteristics of many mid-sized European cities.

Public event In September/October 2014, a public event in Bergamo will present the research work and showcase the outcome of both the Smart[er] Citizens and the Bergamo 2.(035) initiatives in order to share these with the public, and solicit the further involvement of local stakeholders in the next round.

Conventional Press Publication The Smart[er] Citizens initiative will be disseminated through white paper internal publications – with the possibility of publishing peer-reviewed journal and conference articles coauthored by faculty from both universities.

Exhibition / Workshop The outcomes of both the Smart[er] Cities course and of the first year of the Smart[er] Citizens program – e.g., mock-ups, prototypes, urban demos – can be showcased in a temporary exhibition where visitors could engage and interact with other users, eventually integrating with the Bergamo 2.(035) and Bergamo Scienza initiatives.

Online/Mobile Presence A dedicated online platform – a Wikispace – is used as a digital knowledge base for the pedagogical and research framework that can be interfaced with web-based interaction. This platform

also serves as a discussion board, as well as a place to facilitate contribution and multidisciplinary collaboration through defined formats and templates for contribution. Following the Open-IDEO model, the online platform also capitalizes on the potential of social media to facilitate discussion. This permits the broader academic community and the general public to engage in evaluating outcomes, and in creating new discourse and research initiatives.

CROSS-DISCIPLINARY WORK Given the strong cross-disciplinary nature of the “Smart[er] Citizens” initiative, particular emphasis is given to the creation of a very collaborative, dynamic, and diverse working environment involving faculty and researchers from a variety of fields and interests, students from different backgrounds, stakeholders from a multitude of areas, and high-tech companies targeting various markets.

A MODEL FOR COMPARATIVE DESIGN-DRIVEN URBAN RESEARCH AND STRATEGIC PLANNING The “Smart[er] Citizens” lab’s model of knowledge production and dissemination allows for creating a paradigm of smart urban solutions that can be marketed to other cities and regions, as opposed to just creating stand-alone solutions specific to Bergamo. The marketability of this framework and its outcome opens up numerous fundraising possibilities for the future expansion of this research initiative beyond the proposed fouryear bilateral agreement.

The result is a hybrid research environment in which the University plays a crucial role, acting as a global platform for educational opportunities, sharing knowledge, inspiring creativity, and promoting innovation.

PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURES During Phases 1 and 2, the research team can benefit from office, teaching, and lab spaces at the Kilometro Rosso Scientific Park, as well as from other facilities of the Bergamo University distributed campus. During Phases 3 and 4, the GSD will provide space in the Responsive Environments and Artifacts Lab (REAL) premises, which will be used by the GSD research team and by the researchers from UNIBG.

INTRODUCTION SMART CITIES FOR SMART[ER] CITIZENS Today cities represent the core hubs of the globe, “acting as hives of innovation in technical, financial and other services. Globalization has led to the creation of a hierarchy of cities across the world within which cities compete for access to natural resources and skilled workers.”1 To maintain and secure global competitiveness, cities must tackle their own challenges while also maintaining growth. As one million rural people resettle in cities every week, cities will be home to almost 5 billion people in 2020,2 with more than 3 billion people moving into the middle class.3 “Such explosive growth will escalate the need for upgrading aging infrastructure, tackling rising costs of service delivery, and meeting ambitious targets for innovation and sustainability agendas. Cities must do this all within a post-financial crisis, risk-averse funding environment.”4 Cities are driven by the need to simultaneously tackle both long-term challenges – such as climate change and aging infrastructure – and short-term problems – such as traffic congestion, peak energy demand, and population growth. In these respects, Information and Communications Technologies (ICTs) are rapidly changing our world. 5 billion people have access to mobile phones, and 2 billion of these are “smart” phones with an internet connection. In India alone, there are 20 million new mobile subscribers each month.5 In New York, over 99% of citizens have residential access to high-speed broadband.6 However, the vast majority of cities are not yet developing fully integrated physical, economic, and digital master-planning. In this sense, the notion of the Smart City offers a holistic, strategic vision for bringing together innovative solutions that address a multitude of issues facing modern urban centers and communities.7 Making the move towards an ideal model of a Smart City requires a full understanding of its strategic value, and that means an evolution – for city leaders – from problemsolving concerns to a long-term strategic vision of future development.

Smart Cities: the European Perspective Despite this holistic nature of the Smart City, a taxonomy of “smart” sectors appeared to be beneficial for city leaders in the actual implementation of intelligent solutions. A first classification has been developed by the European Smart Cities Initiative, stating that “the smartness of a city can be measured by its participatory governance, its smart economy, its smart urban mobility, its smart environmental strategies and management of natural resources, and the presence of its self-decisive, independent, and aware citizens who lead a high-quality urban life.”8 In particular, the European Smart Cities Initiative proposed the following parameters for the identification and evaluation of the Smart City:9 Smart Economy An entrepreneurial and innovative spirit in a productive city, with a flexible labor market, the ability to transform, and international credibility, in which there is a serious commitment by businesses to expand and improve their activity. A smart economy is one in which entrepreneurial initiatives aimed at innovation are conducted at both a large and small-medium business level, where innovation goes beyond introducing new products and services to the market, or creating new production systems and re-positioning of old products. Innovation is the ability to change the managerial approach, organizational vision, valorization of existing human resources, and the capacity to attract new talent by caring for the tangible and intangible needs of workers. Smart Mobility A city that is physically accessible from the outside and that offers infrastructures and ICT systems, and sustainable, innovative and safe data transmission networks to all its citizens. Movement of people and goods is an integral part of daily urban life and work: the smart mobility project plans to improve fluidity through the implementation of specific, flexible, and efficient movement, utilizing various transportation services and the technological support of new mobile connection tools and personalized 17

mobile applications.

Smart Citizens

Smart Environment

Back in 2008 when the Smart City movement was taking its first steps, Robert G. Hollands asked for “the real Smart City to stand up.”10 Since then, there has been an intense and ongoing debate around this subject, as well as a number of projects self-proclaiming their “smartness.” Yet, “we still face the same question: how do we get citizens involved as active agents of this digital urban revolution?”11

Appealing natural habitats with low pollution levels and sustainable management of resources and waste. Smart environment is interpreted as care and concern first and foremost for the beauty of the landscape or its visible features. It means care for the quality of the constituent natural elements — air, water, and soil — monitoring their modification/ alteration. Finally, it means the quest for an answer to pollution via intervention in the processes of use and the transformation of natural resources. Smart People Improve the degree of training of citizens for a greater appreciation of education and culture, attention to social and ethnic diversity, the promotion of flexibility and creativity, and a cosmopolitan spirit and participation in public life. Individuals become the protagonists of change able to direct their behavior towards the acquisition, sharing, co-generation, and transfer of knowledge within the social cognitive framework, as a system equipped with its own memory, specific vision of the world, and identity-forming ideologies. Smart Living Investments in cultural and educational centers with excellent sanitary conditions, security measures for citizens, quality habitations, tourist attractions, and social cohesion. Modern man is looking for a better lifestyle through the use of the most advanced technology that simplifies his daily reality and offers a happier, healthier, and more productive life. Smart Living is a lifestyle that is not limited to the single individual, but extended to the common wellbeing of citizens and visitors. Smart Governance Regulatory and administrative simplification. A participatory role for citizens in decision-making processes, the provision of quality public and social services, and transparent management. This requires a strategic vision of the development of the city founded on a scientific approach and constant information, awareness, and the direct participation of public-opinion intervention.

The notion of the Smart Citizen is an important contribution to an urgent debate about the future of cities. An industry is growing up around a vision of the “Smart City,” one predicted to be worth more than $20 billion in annual market value by 2020.12 “But a growing number of voices now argue this vision is flawed and will not deliver the civic or economic benefits it claims.”13 According to Manu Fernandez: The smart city promises make sense only when citizens become makers and crowdsource manufacturing for the needs of their neighbourhood. Hundreds of cities are making public data open; making it possible for developers, civic hackers and activists to reuse it and thus, broaden public information with new transparency tools. The smart city becomes an arena for smart citizens when we understand the ways people are engaging using available, locally provided, digital tools.14 One of the reasons why the engagement of citizens is often not explicit is related to a Smart City vision that is usually shaped by providers of big technology who are not attuned to bottom-up innovation. It is a vision pursued by the need of the suppliers, and by the mindset of top-down master-planning.15 “On the one hand there is the view that Smart City design should allow for the disruptive ways in which people use technology. But there is also a stronger claim here, namely that citizens can, and should, play a leading role in conceiving, designing, building, maintaining our cities of the future.”16 Therefore a fundamental shift is needed in the way the concept of Smart City is articulated: alongside top-down masterplanning, city leaders need to enable bottom-up innovation and collaborative ways of developing systems out of many disconnected parts. One of the main challenges for the cities of the future, then, is how to create opportunities that engage

Access: Connecting All New Yorkers

300,000 4,000 + 50 + 200,000 3,557,162 36 in 2013 6 in 2011

80%

91%

100%

60%

2011 2012

2013 2014

19 4

every citizen in the development and revitalisation of the Smart City, opening up new possibilities for growth and innovation. As Mark Shepard and Antonina Simeti claim: Shifting the focus from technology and the city to the role citizens might play in shaping the urban environment, this bottom-up, distributed approach aims to directly connect people living in cities with information about their local environment, engage them in urban planning, policy and development processes, and solicit their participation in reporting conditions and taking action to affect positive change. [...] By focusing on people – not technology – as the primary actors within the system, this approach aspires to foster new forms of participatory planning and governance, where social and cultural factors are emphasised over proprietary high-tech solutions with big price tags.17 Above all, one might wonder what it actually means to call a city or its citizens “smart.” Popularized by marketing executives of large technology companies, embedded within the notion of the word “smart” is the idea that the optimization and efficiencies these technologies promise will inevitably make for a better life.18 As Bruce Sterling comments in a response to Dan Hill’s essay “On the Smart City: Or, a ‘manifesto’ for smart citizens instead:”19 After reading this I feel that I understand myself better: I like “other people’s” cities. I like cities where I’m not an eager, engaged, canny urban participant, where I’m not “smart” and certainly not a “citizen,” and where the infrastructures and the policies are mysterious to me. Preferably, even the explanations should be in a language I can’t read. So I’m maximizing my “inefficiency.” I do it because it’s so enlivening and stimulating, and I can’t be the only one with that approach to urbanism. Presumably there’s some kind of class of us: flaneuring, deriving, situationist smart-city dropouts. A really “smart city” would probably build zones of some kind for us: the maximum-inefficiency anti-smart bohemias.20 How the implementation of technologies can impact issues involving human and environmental security, and how these problems are linked with socio-economic and societal structures is therefore central to how citizens are attached to

their environment, and how they can best advance their own solutions to their specific problems. This is where new forms of organizational structures and approaches that link top-down with the bottom-up initiatives can be most effective.21 As Catherine Mulligan writes: To engage citizens in a debate about ‘Smart Cities’ therefore we must go beyond the role of technology in our world and how it can be used to achieve greater efficiency. We need a fundamental discussion about how we wish our common future to be shaped and organised – what constructs and social norms we wish to accept and how technology can enable them, rather than implement the technology and ask citizens to adapt their social norms to technology developed by large corporations. A robust debate between corporates, citizens, NGOs, academics, city leaders and technologists is required to push the smart city debate forward and fulfill its promise of a balance between environment, economy and the citizenry.22 In order for citizens to facilitate this process of engagement, Frank Kresin proposed a Manifesto for Smart Citizens:23 • • • • • • • • • • • •

Take responsibility for the place they live, work and love in; Value access over ownership, contribution over power; Ask forgiveness, not permission; Know where they can get the tools, knowledge and support they need; Value empathy, dialogue and trust; Appropriate technology, rather than accept as it is; Help the people that struggle with smart stuff; Ask questions, then more questions, before they come up with answers; Actively take part in design efforts to come up with better solutions; Work agile, prototype early, test quickly and know when to start over; Will not stop in the face of huge barriers; Unremittingly share their knowledge and their learning, because this is where true value comes from.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 22

public participation 2.0 smart-phone/smart-city a city where everything talks i-mobility new energies responsive public spaces the end of disciplines new universities factories back in the city new ways of working

TECHNOLOGY AND CITIES: NEW TRENDS Technology is the answer. But what is the question? Cedric Price

Technology is becoming a ubiquitous part of our lives, and is quickly permeating the dynamics of cities worldwide. Technology is impacting cities at different levels: from infrastructures to buildings, from mobility to governance, from spaces to objects. Carlo Ratti has identified ten main trends that will be likely to drive the future implementation of technology into critical aspects of city living:24 1. Public Participation 2.0 Connected and networked systems will help city leaders better manage cities. These systems will also get citizens more involved in the decision-making processes and allow them to solve problems at different scales. 2. Smart-Phone/Smart-City

5. New Energies Technology is gradually entering the places where we live. Sensors will allow us to control energy fluxes in order to optimize energy consumption and create more efficient living environments. 6. Responsive Public Spaces Public spaces will no longer be static environments, but rather dynamic environments for people to interact with. These spaces will respond to stimuli from both citizens and the external environment, creating new experiences and more efficient performances. 7. The End of Disciplines The traditional taxonomy of disciplines is no longer valid in contemporary society. Today’s complex and multi-scalar problems can only be solved only through cross-disciplinary collaborations and teamwork. 8. New Universities

Many aspects of the city are now accessible through the simple interfaces of smartphones. Citizens can use real-time data simply by accessing their mobile phones, helping the city itself to increase its overall “smartness.”

Digital technologies are deeply affecting the traditional systems of education. Universities will need to adapt their teaching methodologies to these new technologies.

3. A City where Everything Talks

9. Factories Back in the City

Technology allows things to “talk.” Sensors are able to collect an incredibly huge amount of data – Big Data – that will be used to create more efficient systems and smarter objects that communicate with each other. Big Data will also affect citizens’ behaviors, incentivizing people to change different aspects of their lives. 4. i-Mobility Today, it is possible to know everything about cities, and in real time. Collecting, analyzing, and processing this data will allow us to create new systems of mobility and improved traffic management. Cars themselves are getting smarter, thanks to embedded sensors that scan the spatial environment in real time. The intersection of data from the cities and data from sensors is leading to the development of autonomous driving – or self-driving cars.

Cities are facing a process of de-industrialization. Innovative technologies and digital fabrication methods will bring production back to cities, creating new models and manufacturing practices. 10.

New Ways of Working

Ubiquitous Wi-Fi connections allow us to create new ways of working and shift traditional working places – e.g., offices – to more unconventional ones – e.g., parks, coffee shops, courtyards.

SMART URBANITY AND SITUATED TECHNOLOGY In his 1969 article “The Architectural Relevance of Cybernetics,” Gordon Pask proposed that architectural spaces should be designed as systems capable of responding to emerging conditions and adapting to the needs of their inhabitants.25 To 23

this effect, he compared such spaces to cybernetic systems. Following the same line of thought, we may conceive of the digitally enhanced, postmodern city as a cybernetic mechanism that accommodates interaction in its capacity as a spatial system capable of extracting contextual information, acknowledging the inhabitants’ desires and needs, and adopting behavior patterns based on what it learns. However, unlike other real-time control systems, cities have a special feature: citizens. By receiving real-time information, appropriately visualized and disseminated, citizens themselves can become distributed, intelligent actuators who pursue their individual interests in cooperation and competition with others. Processing urban information captured in real time and making it publicly accessible can enable people to make better decisions about the use of urban resources, mobility, and social interaction. This feedback loop of digital sensing and processing could begin to influence various complex and dynamic aspects of the city, improving the economic, social, and environmental sustainability of the places we inhabit.26 Carlo Ratti and Anthony Townsend offer an interesting parallel between the evolution of cities and car racing : What is happening at an urban scale today is similar to what happened two decades ago in Formula One auto racing. Up to that point, success on the circuit was primarily credited to a car’s mechanics and the driver’s capabilities. But then telemetry technology blossomed. The car was transformed into a computer that was monitored in real time by thousands of sensors, becoming ‘intelligent’ and better able to respond to the conditions of the race. [...] In a similar way, over the past decade digital technologies have begun to blanket our cities, forming the backbone of a large, intelligent infrastructure. Broadband fiber-optic and wireless telecommunications grids are supporting mobile phones, smartphones and tablets that are increasingly affordable. At the same time, open databases – especially from the government – that people can read and add to are revealing all kinds of information, and public kiosks and displays are helping literate and illiterate people access it.27 In the same article, Ratti and Townsend propose that rather 24

than focusing on the installation and control of network hardware, city governments, technology companies, and their urban-planning advisers should exploit a more top-down approach to creating even smarter cities in which people are designated as actuating agents. With proper technical-support structures, citizens can solve problems such as energy use, traffic congestion, healthcare, and education more effectively than top-down decision-makers by promoting new community activities and a new kind of activism. By integrating advanced technological resources at the top-down level with the innovation of grassroots initiatives, a truly smart urban model can emerge. The challenge here, on one hand, is to help city leaders understand the importance of actively engaging citizens in the development, growth, and evolution of cities. On the other hand, the challenge is to facilitate the public’s embrace of new technologies as effective instruments for changing both local and global dynamics of urban life.

INNOVATION THROUGH DESIGN THINKING Innovation is always suspended between the investigation of a domain of problems and the expansion of the domain of potential solutions. Patrick Schumacher

In today’s debates about avant-garde design, “innovation” is one of the most commonly used words. Innovative ideas, innovative processes, or innovative projects have become ubiquitous terms in both the academic and professional realms of design. However, in order for an idea, process, or project to be actually called innovative, it should be evaluated according to certain scientific, social, and cultural frameworks. In fact, when looking at the usual way of assigning the adjective “innovative” – namely whenever a new project, device, product is created or a system, process, technology is improved – one may notice the occasional lack of thorough reflection on the context of this “innovation”, the changes brought to that context or environment, and its possible influences on that same or other contexts and environments. The concept of innovation is therefore analyzed here under the lens of both technology and society, evaluating how the two realms influence each other. The objective is to devise strategic

research threads that would turn the initial conceptual intuitions of this research into articulated projects, eventually creating innovation in the fields of strategic planning, augmented architecture, and product design. In this context, particular emphasis is given to understanding the meaning of innovation and its relation to Design Thinking, so as to properly tune the research work and teaching methodologies for effective results.

Innovation as Vitality One way to expand the conceptual field on the question of innovation is by looking at it, “As an activity that generates vitality,” as proposed by Mark Burry and his colleagues.28 They start off their argument with a clear question: even though “Everything ‘designed’ is somehow new and different, [...] there are gestures that clearly make bigger and more significant differences than others – but where do you draw the line between one difference and another, between what is innovative and what is not?” For them, vitality could be the answer. In fact, vitality is “The state of being vigorous and active, invokes notions of the seed that, with supporting humus, nutrients, sunlight and irrigation grow into a plant yielding the future seeds.”29 This concept highlights the role of the environment in affecting an idea, supporting its development, and eventually its implementation and dissemination. In this context, an observation about the difference between invention and innovation is worth considering. An innovation could be seen as an evolution of an invention, and many factors contribute to this eventual transition: Conceptual and technological inventions only become innovations when the conditions are right for lateral shifts and take-up in unanticipated contexts – windborne seeds blown to new gardens. Given the right conditions, inventions connect apparently separate ideas, materials or components and bring them into fresh concert – where they resonate with each other and things beyond themselves, forging the pathway to innovation: a vital difference to linear and predictable progression. [...] In these ways, vitality is always about collective or field conditions, pertaining to ecologies of material, social, economic and often imaginary interrelations – the sustaining ingredients for innovation. Innovation in this light involves a sense of connection to a creative collective 26

force beyond ‘oneself’ as creative individual.30

Design Problems, Solutions and Processes The six phases of a design project: 1. Enthusiasm 2. Disillusionment 3. Panic 4. Search for the guilty 5. Punishment of the innocent 6. Praise for the non-participants Notice on the wall of the Greater London Council Architects Department

“Design” is a very broad term that involves a variety a disciplines and expertise. Some definitions have tried to capture its meaning: The optimum solution to the sum of the true needs of a particular set of circumstances.31 The process of design is the same whether it deals with the design of a new oil refinery, the construction of a cathedral or the writings of Dante’s Divine Comedy.32 To initiate the change in man-made things.33 Generally speaking, design involves some skills that are so generic that they could apply to all forms of design practice, but it also seems likely that some skills are specific to certain types of design. A single satisfactory definition of design will likely never be found – yet the searching is probably more important than the finding.34 Back in 1966, Chris Jones had already recognized the difficulties of this quest in his description of design: “The performing of a very complicated act of faith.”35 However, no matter how it is defined, what it is really important here is that design relies on a specific quality: creativity, as a problem-solving attitude that does not necessarily refer to the realm of design. Design problems are often both multi-dimensional and highly interactive; it is frequently necessary to devise an integrated solution to a whole cluster of requirements.36 “A piece of good design is rather like a hologram; the whole picture is in each fragment. It is often not possible to say which bit of the problem is solved by which of the solution. They simply do not map on to each other that way.”37 An interesting approach to design was offered by John Zeisel

in 1984 in his discussion of the nature of research into the link between environment and behavior.38 He proposed that design consists of three elementary activities â&#x20AC;&#x201C; imaging, presenting and testing â&#x20AC;&#x201C; and that it works with two types of information â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a heuristic catalyst for imaging and a body of knowledge for testing. Essentially, designers rely on information to design how things might be, but they also use information to explain how well things might work. Design Problems39 1. Design problems can not be comprehensively stated When developing a map of the design process, it is never possible to be sure when all the aspects of the problem have emerged. 2. Design problems require subjective interpretation Our understanding of design problems and the information needed to solve them depends to a certain extent upon our ideas for solving them. 3. Design problems tend to be organized hierarchically Design problems can often be viewed as symptoms of other higher-level problems. Design Solutions40 1. There are inexhaustible number of different solutions Since a design problem can not be comprehensively stated, it follows that there can never be an exhaustive list of all possible solutions. 2. There are no optimal solutions to design problems Design almost inevitably involves compromise. There are thus no optimal solutions to design problems, but rather a whole range of acceptable solutions, each likely to prove more or less satisfactory to different clients or users. 3. Design solutions are often holistic responses Design almost inevitably involves compromise. There are thus no optimal solutions to design problems, but rather a whole range of acceptable solutions, each likely to prove more or less satisfactory to different clients or users. Design Process41 1. The process is endless

Since design problems defy comprehensive description and offer an inexhaustible number of solutions, the design process cannot have an identifiable end. Time, money, and information are often major limiting factors. 2. There is no infallibly correct process In design, the solution is not the logical outcome of the problem, and therefore there is no sequence of operations that will guarantee a particular result. 3. The process involves finding as well as solving problems Problems and solutions need to be seen as emerging together. The process is thus never a linear one, but rather a feedback loop. 4. Design involves subjective value judgement When dealing with design, objectivity becomes a difficult matter. Although specific parameters can be identified, subjectivity always plays an important role in judging design works. 5. Design is a prescriptive activity In contrast to the scientific method, design is essentially prescriptive, whereas science is predominantly descriptive. While scientists may help us understand the present and predict the future, designers may be seen as prescribing and creating the future. 6. Designers work in the context of a need for action Design is not an end in itself. The whole point of the design process is that it will result in some action to change the environment in some way. Decisions cannot be avoided or even delayed without the likelihood of unfortunate consequences.

Design Technologies Designers must not only decide what effects they wish to achieve, they must also know how to achieve them.42 However, it is interesting to discover that some of the most famous inventions of modern times were made by people who were specifically trained in the field in which they made their contribution:43 Invention Inventor Safety razor Traveller Kodachrome films Musician 29

Ball-point pen Sculptor Automatic telephone Undertaker Parking meter Journalist Pneumatic tyre Veterinary surgeon Long-playing record Television engineer Most of the time, design is classified by its end products. However, the solution can be something that is formed by the design process and which did not previously exist. The real reason for classifying design in this way has less to do with the process, but is instead a reflection of our increasingly specialized technological world. If we are not careful, then design education might restrict rather then enhance the ability of the students to think creatively.44 Design situations vary not just because the problems are dissimilar, but also because designers can use different strategies, methods, technologies and tools – combining them in creative ways.

Design Thinking Design Thinking, as a concept, has been slowly evolving and coalescing over the past decade. One popular definition is that it means thinking as a designer would, which is about as circular as a definition can be.45 More concretely, Tim Brown – of the industrial design firm IDEO – has written that Design Thinking is: “A discipline that uses the designer’s sensibility and methods to match people’s need with what is technologically feasible and what a viable business strategy can convert into customer value and market opportunity.”46 Design Thinking can be seen as mental way of acquiring, processing, and reformulating knowledge and information. In his book The Opposable Mind, Roger Martin introduced the concept of personal knowledge system as a way of thinking about how we acquire knowledge and expertise.47 He argues that we all have a personal knowledge system, whether or not we recognize it, and that a personal knowledge system has three mutually reinforcing components.48 The first one is stance: it is the knowledge domain in which we define how we see the world around us and how we see ourselves in that world. The second component of our personal knowledge system consists of the tools we use to organize our thinking and to understand our world. Tools are efficiency vehicles: without a conceptual tool kit, we would have to tackle every problem anew. The final 30

component of the personal knowledge system is experiences. Our experiences form our most practical and tangible knowledge. As we accumulate experiences over time, they enable us to hone our sensitivities and skills. “Sensitivity is the capacity to make distinctions between conditions that are similar but not exactly the same. [...] Skill is the capacity to carry out an activity so as to consistently produce the desire result.”49 Skills and sensitivities tend to grow and deepen in concert. In turn, personal knowledge develops as a system because its three elements influence one another. Stance guides tool acquisition, which in turn guides the accumulation of experience. The flow, however, is not one-way. Experiences inform the acquisition of more tools. As experience leads us to acquire new tools, we add depth and clarity to our stance. “You might not be able to change your DNA, but as long as you change your stance, you can change the tools and experiences you use to develop your design-thinking capacity.”50 The Design Thinker’s personal knowledge system generates a self-reinforcing spiral that values validity and exploration; it develops the stance, tools, and experiences that make one capable of designing new ways of solving problems, doing business, and generating innovation. Rather than perpetuating the past, the Design Thinker creates the future. “Which project is my favourite?” asks Sohrab Vossoughi, founder of Ziba Design. “The answer is always the same – the next one.”51 Stance52 Design Thinkers always seek to balance validity and reliability. Additionally, the Design Thinker constantly strives to advance knowledge to the next stage of the funnel. Advancing knowledge is a core drive. Although validity is trickier and more uncertain than reliability, there is no doubt that one without the other does not make a reasonably advantaged innovation. Again, IDEO’s Tim Brown explains the difference between the reliability mindset and the validity mindset: “Most managers are trying to design variance out of the system, and cannot handle a process which starts off not knowing where it will eventually get. Poor design briefs are not normally the ones with too many constraints (although that can be an issue), but the ones that take all the opportunity for discovery and surprise away.”53 Microsoft’s Bill Buxton adds to that: “Design is not art; it is about pragmatic compromise rather than perfection. Behind the apparent chaos is discipline. It just appears chaos because the

The designer thinker has a stance that seeks the unknown, embraces the possibility of surprise, and is comfortable with wadding into complexity not knowing what is on the other side. Roger Martin 31

observation imagination configuration 32

calculus is different than that of other disciplines.”54 Tools55 The key tools of Design Thinkers are observation, imagination, and configuration. 1. Observation Deep, careful, open-minded observation is a crucial skill for Design Thinkers. Since they are looking for new insights that will enable them to push forward, they must be able to see things that others don’t. For that, a user-centered understanding is an essential tool of the design thinker. 2. Imagination Design Thinkers programmatically hone imagination into a powerful tool, one comprised of an interference and testing loop. To move from one stage of the knowledge funnel to the next, one has to experience, through observation, data that is neither consistent with nor explained by the current models. When faced with that data, one must make an inference to an explanation. And this is where imagination plays a key role. That inference-making process is what Charles Sanders Peirce calls abductive reasoning. 3. Configuration The tool of configuration consists of translating the idea into an activity system that will produce the desired outcome. That is essentially the design of a process that will bring the abductively-created insight to fruition. Experiences56 To be better Design Thinkers, we have to consciously use our own experiences to deepen our mastery and nurture our originality. Because masters in their domains have seen particular phenomena before and know what they mean, they don’t have to interpret every sensation or input from scratch as a novice would. However, mastery without originality becomes rote. The master who never tries to think in novel ways keeps seeing the same thing the same way. By the same token, originality without mastery is flaky, if not entirely random. The power is in the combination.

Team and Cross-disiplinary Work The Design Thinking activity of solving problems with design

solutions is often a group activity that involves working with different people – usually from different fields and with various types of expertise. According to Roger Martin, there are five things that a Design Thinker needs to do to be more effective with colleagues at the extremes of the reliability and validity spectrum:57 1. Reframe extreme views as a creative challenge. 2. Emphasize with your colleagues on the extremes. 3. Learn to speak the language of both reliability and validity. 4. Put unfamiliar concepts in familiar terms. 5. When it comes to proof, use size to your advantage.

IDEO ‘s Design Thinking Framework58 Design Thinking is a mindset. Design Thinking is about believing we can make a difference, and having an intentional process in order to get to new, relevant solutions that create positive impact. It’s Human-Centered Design Thinking begins from deep empathy, and understanding the needs and motivations of people involved in the problem, system, or service. It’s Collaborative Several great minds are always stronger than one when solving a challenge. Design Thinking benefits greatly from the views of multiple perspectives, and others’ creativity bolstering your own. It’s Optimistic Design Thinking is the fundamental belief that we all can create change – no matter how big a problem, how little time, or how small a budget. No matter what constraints exist around you, designing can be an enjoyable process. It’s Experimental Design Thinking gives you permission to fail and to learn from your mistakes because you come up with new ideas, get feedback on them, then iterate. Given the range of needs your clients or users have, your work will never be finished or “solved.” It is always in progress. Yet, there is an underlying expectation that limits the possibilities to create more radical change. But design thinkers need to experiment, too, and Design Thinking is all 33

If you only remember a few things… You are a designer.

Embrace your beginner’s mind.

Become more intentional about your design process.

Approach problems as a novice even if you already know a lot about them.

Be conﬁdent in your creative abilities.

Let yourself learn.

Be strategic about what needs attention ﬁrst.

Be willing to experiment.

Listen to your stakeholders and be inspired to design for them.

Be ok with not having the “right” answer. Trust that you’ll ﬁnd one.

It’s your opportunity, and your responsibility, to have an impact on the lives of people and be part of changing and growing the system.

Stepping out of your zone of comfort = learning.

Problems are just opportunities for design in disguise.

Get unstuck.

Have an abundance mentality.

Break your routine.

Be optimistic.

Use the world outside your ﬁeld to invigorate your work.

Believe the future will be better. Start with, “What if?” instead of “What’s wrong?”

Analagous inspiration is your best friend. Leave your working environment. Collaborate with others.

about learning by doing.

Generate Ideas

Design Process

Refine Ideas

The design process is what puts Design Thinking into action. It’s a structured approach to generating and evolving ideas. Its has five phases that help navigate the development from identifying a design challenge to finding and building a solution. It’s a deeply human approach that relies on our ability to be intuitive, to interpret what we observe, and to develop ideas that are emotionally meaningful to those we are designing for. 1. Discovery Discovery builds a solid foundation for ideas, and creating meaningful solutions for people with a deep understanding of their needs. Discovery means opening up to new opportunities, and getting inspired to create new ideas. With the right preparation, this can be eye-opening and will give us a good understanding of our design challenge. Understand the Challenge Prepare Research Gather Inspiration

4. Experimentation Experimentation brings ideas to life. Building prototypes means making ideas tangible, learning while building them, and sharing them with other people. Even with early and rough prototypes, we can receive a direct response and learn how to further improve and refine an idea. Make Prototypes Get Feedback 5. Evolution Evolution is the development of a concept over time. It involves planning the next steps, communicating the idea to people who can help us realize it, and documenting the process. Change often happens over time, and reminders of even subtle signs of progress are important. Track Learnings Move Forward

2. Interpretation Interpretation transforms stories into meaningful insights. Observations, field visits, or just a simple conversation can be great inspiration – but finding meaning in that and turning it into actionable opportunities for design is not an easy task. It involves storytelling, as well as sorting and condensing thoughts until we have found a compelling point of view and clear direction for ideation. Tell Stories Search for Meaning Frame Opportunities 3. Ideation Ideation means generating lots of ideas. Brainstorming encourages us to think expansively and without constraints. It’s often the wild ideas that spark visionary thoughts. With careful preparation and a clear set of rules, a brainstorming session can yield hundreds of fresh ideas. 36

FROM A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK TO APPLIED RESEARCH Tell me, and I will forget. Show me, and I may remember. Involve me, and I will understand.

Confucius, 450B.C.

Drawing on the described Design Thinking strategies, the Smart[er] Citizens Research Program aims to produce applied research based on a thorough theoretical framework on Smart Cities through a systematic methodology. This process can be divided into the following phases.

A Theoretical Framework on Smart Cities The first phase of the adopted research and design methodology consists of building a theoretical framework for the concept of Smart Cities. This framework allows for strategically situating

1. theoretical framework on smart cities 2. landscape mapping 3. problems setting 4. design brainstorming 5. design conception: modes of operation 6. project development: mockups 7. project testing and evaluation: prototypes 8. project refinement: urban demo 9. project implementation: technology transfer 37

the areas of research tackled by the Program in a global context of intervention. The objective is to collect, analyze, and evaluate some of the current theories around the concept of Smart Cities, so as to build a consistent body of knowledge that would serve as both basic reference and territory of confrontation.

is scanned through a variety of methods and tools. This investigation involves a critical representation and evaluation of urban environments, a collection and processing of global and local data, and an analysis of social dynamics and behaviors of Bergamo’s citizens.

This theoretical framework particularly emphasizes the key role of cities in contemporary societies, trying to understand some the complex dynamics that drive their modes of operation worldwide. Crucial factors such as population growth, energy consumption, transportation logistics, and digital and physical infrastructures served as evaluation metrics for understanding the current status of cities, as well as their future trajectories.

Urban Mapping

This investigation touches upon the concept of Smart Cities, evaluating some of its current definitions and, more importantly, some of its theoretical models. The analysis then moves to the understanding of how these models enter into the discourses of city leaders, and eventually find actual implementation. Emphasis is also given to the value chain of the implementation of Smart City solutions, that is, the benefits that the bring to the city and its citizens. In this context, the relationship between Smart City and innovation plays a crucial role. The assumption is that in order to become a “smart,” a city it needs to develop an ecosystem of innovation that would foster the implementation of “smart” urban strategies and simultaneously allow it to be competitive. Innovation is not treated as the mere implementation of advanced technologies for solving problems, but rather as a strategic approach to driving key urban dynamics and helping city leaders make “smart” decisions. The final part of this theoretical framework introduces the Smart[er] Citizens research team’s conceptual approach to the development of theoretical and applied models of strategiesdriven, technologically-enhanced Smart[er] Cities. In this sense, the City of Bergamo will be treated as an urban prototype for the development, evaluation, and ultimately implementation of “smart” solutions – aiming to become a reference model for other cities worldwide.

Landscape Mapping In order to strategically find and analyze critical problems for the city of Bergamo, the physical, social, and digital territory 38

Through traditional urban-analysis practices, the city of Bergamo is mapped with the objectives of highlighting key aspects pertaining to the different domains of research addressed by the program. Experiential Mapping By using an empirical methodology, this investigation allows us to quantify some key parameters for evaluating the quality of urban environments. Social Mapping Through interviews, questionnaires, and informal conversations, some of the critical issues, needs, and problems of citizens are identified. Data Mapping Demographic, statistical, and other types of data are collected, processed, and represented in order to analytically support the problems and better inform the design process.

Problems Setting The collection, processing, and visualization of data helps to identify pressing problems for the city of Bergamo that would be tackled through Smart Cities solutions. This process is also facilitated by a critical engagement with stakeholders, city representatives, and citizens through presentations, roundtable discussions, interviews, questionnaires, and informal conversations. The aim is to first identify a broad spectrum of intervention and then converge towards specific issues to be addressed.

Design Brainstorming Brainstorming follows observation and understanding as the first step in generating potential avenues for exploration. Design brainstorming is here thought of not only as a valuable creative

tool, but also as an important cultural engine. More than skills, what is important in brainstorming sessions is the intensity, playfulness, and pervasiveness with which the creative activities are carried out. These sessions take place around the problems and topics that emerged form the conversations with stakeholders, strategically and visually mapping these subjects in order to find relationships, connections, and implications. Through the implementation of Design Thinking strategies, conceptual ideas and solutions to those problems are developed first. These are then envisioned in the actual context of intervention and their implementation is simulated. Through feedback loop processes, some ideas are refined, others discharged, and new ones are proposed.

Design Conception: Modes of Operation The design concepts that emerge during the brainstorming sessions are then further developed into refined proposals. Through feedback loop processes, these ideas will eventually turn into projects to be finalized by the end of the Smart[er] Cities course. These projects will consist of “smart” interventions in the city of Bergamo and will be characterized by different strategies, modalities, scales, and range of intervention. Strategies of Intervention 1. Centralized / Distributed Projects can be characterized by either a centralized nature – tackling particular areas of the city or targeting specific users or citizens – or a distributed nature – involving connected urban environments or societal mechanisms at different levels. 2. Top-down / Bottom-up Projects can be the result of a top-down approach, addressing research problems from a larger perspective and from the regional and city scale. Alternately, the intervention can follow a bottom-up approach, trying to understand the issues of the city from the standpoint of its users – the citizens – in their everyday life. 3. Individual / Public The objective of the intervention can be either the individual or the public. In the first case, the project will be developed 40

through a user-centered approach, evaluating the relationship of the individual with the external environment. In the second case, the project will involve social dynamics, addressing different aspects of the public domain. Modalities of Intervention Projects can fall under one or more of the following categories, or rather be the hybrid result of their creative combination. 1. Physical Smart Objects; High-Tech Architectural Interventions; Sensors and Actuators Networks; Active/Reactive/Interactive Artifacts, Architectures, or Infrastructures; Urban Spectacles; Interactive Facades; Projected Spaces or Augmented Spaces. 2. Virtual Online Platforms, Smart Phone Apps, Data-Driven Dynamic Systems, Interfaces of Information Delivery, the Internet of Things, Crowdsourcing Systems. 3. Social Situated Social Networks or Virtual Social Networks, Integrated Societal Strategies. Scales of intervention 1. Urban Projects can be developed at the scale of the city. 2. Architectural Projects can be developed at the scale of the building. 3. Artifactural Projects can be developed at the scale of the object. Types of Intervention 1. Deployment from Scratch Projects can be developed as completely new interventions, combining different strategies, processes, and techniques. 2. Retrofitting Projects can be developed as completely new interventions, combining different strategies, processes, and techniques. 3. Re-appropriation Projects can turn an existing system or architecture used for

certain programs into something else, changing its features and modes of operation. 4. Enhancement Projects can substantially improve an existing architecture, system, object, or mechanism by reformulating its functioning principles and implementing advanced technologies.

Project Development: Mockups Mock-ups serve for traversing a design space, leading to the creation of meaningful knowledge about the final design as envisioned in the process. They are purposeful manifestations of design ideas. Mock-ups are models or replicas of design systems that anticipate its logics and simulate its functioning. When a mock-up is enriched with technical specifications, it gets embedded with detailed information about its modes of operation, its functioning mechanisms, its interaction processes, and its materials.

Project Testing and Evaluation: Working Prototypes Prototyping, and digital and physical creation, plays an important role in the Smart[er] Citizens program. Prototyping is “both a step in the innovation process and a philosophy about moving continuously forward, even when some variables are still undefined.”59 In this respect, a prototype gives a sort of visual and tactile guidance to the mode of action based on discontinuity and open-endeness. Prototyping can be seen as an encouragement to reflect in action and “listening to the situation back-talk.”60 When creating a prototype that aims to manifests certain qualities and modes of operations of a design idea, three aspects are of particular relevance: 1. Scope: level of inclusiveness (which aspects of the design idea are covered). 2. Resolution: level of detail. 3. Materials: what the prototype is made of.

Project Refinement: Urban Demo The objective of an urban demo is to simulate the implementation of a working prototype into a larger system to get information about the validity of the project. The outcomes of the urban 42

demo eventually close the feedback loop of the design process, informing the project finalization for actual implementation.

Project Implementation: Technology Transfer After the combination of working prototypes and urban demos is successfully tested, a strategic market analysis needs to be run before the actual project implementation. As stated in a recent Economist report on Tech Startups, “The old model of launching a startup or a new product, encapsulated by the phrase ‘build it and they will come,’ no longer works. Instead, firms have to find out what customers want. That involves building something, measuring how users react, learning from the results, then starting all over again until they reach what is known as ‘product-market fit.’”61 In his Startup Owner’s Manual, Steve Blank introduces the concept of “customer development” (as opposed to product development), exhorting designers, developers, and entrepreneurs to “get out of the building and find out what people really need.”62 By the same token, Eric Ries suggests that startups should start with a “minimum viable product,” or MVP, a sort of trial balloon to gauge the audience’s interest. They should always test their assumptions, aiming for “validated learning.” And if their strategy does not work, they should “pivot:” in essence, throw in the towel and start again with a different product. Ries even prescribes a new form of accounting for innovation: startups should keep meticulous track of their experiments and how these influence “meaningful metrics” (not just a rise in the number of users, but what they do with the product).63 After the market and feasibility studies are successful, and meaningful metrics are positive, the project can finally enter the stage of actual implementation in its context of intervention. The ultimate objective here is to develop a strategy for transferring knowledge, technologies, and methods of manufacturing to other institutions, services, and companies, and make them accessible to a wider range of users who can then further develop these technologies into new products, processes, applications, materials, or services.

BERGAMO AS A SMART URBAN PROTOTYPE In the overall process that ranges from research analysis to project development, Bergamo is used as main context of investigation. The objective is to turn the city into a smart urban prototype that would serve as a reference model for other cities not only in Europe, but also worldwide. With its urban morphologies, societal characteristics, and city dynamics, Bergamo offers in fact an ideal framework of intervention that would allow the development of both conceptual strategies and practical solutions that address pressing problems of contemporary cities. The ultimate goal is to help Bergamo becoming a Smart[er] City.

NOTES 1. “Cities in Transition,” in Information Marketplaces: The New Economics of Cities, The Climate Group, ARUP. (2011): 11-20. 2. “Urban Population Dynamics,” http://www.unfpa.org/swp/1996/ch3.htm (accessed 1.20.2013) 3. Homi Kharas and Geoffrey Gertz, “The New Global Middle Class: A CrossOver from West to East,” in China’s Emerging Middle Class: Beyond Economic Transformation, ed. Cheng Li. (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2010): http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/papers/2010/03_china_ middle_class_kharas/03_china_middle_class_kharas.pdf (accessed 01.20.2013) 4. “Cities in Transition.” 5. “Cities in Transition.” 6. New York City’s Digital Leadership: 2013 Roadmap, nyc.gov. 7. “Cities in Transition.” 8. Nashid Nabian, “Smart Cities, Smart USA: International Models.” 9. “Identification and measurement parameters of the Smart City,” arcVision 28, Italcementi Group (2013).

10. Robert G. Hollands, “Will the real smart city please stand up?”, City 12 (2008). 11. Manu Fernandez, “Smart Cities of the Future?”, in Smart Citizens, eds. Drew Hemment and Anthony Townsend (Manchester: FutureEverything, 2013): 43-46. 12. “Smart Cities,” Pike Research Report (2013): www.navigantresearch.com/ research/smart-cities (accessed 12.08.2013). 13. Drew Hemment and Anthony Townsend, “Here Come The Smart Citizens,” in Smart Citizens: 1-4. 14. Fernandez, “Smart Cities of the Future?” 15. Hemment, Anthony Townsend, “Here Come The Smart Citizens.” 16. Hemment, Anthony Townsend, “Here Come The Smart Citizens.” 17. Mark Shepard and Antonina Simeti, “What’s so smart about the Smart Citizen?” in Smart Citizens: 13-18. 18. Shepard, Simeti, “What’s so smart about the Smart Citizen?” 19. Dan Hill, “On the smart city: Or, a ‘manifesto’ for smart citizens instead,” City of Sound (2013): http://www.cityofsound.com/blog/2013/02/on-the-smart-city-acall-for-smart-citizens-instead.html (accessed 01.20.2013). 20. Bruce Sterling, “Dan Hill, ‘Essay: On the smart city; Or, a ‘manifesto’ for smart citizens instead,’” Wired (2013): http://www.wired.com/beyond_the_ beyond/2013/02/dan-hill-essay-on-the-smart-city-or-a-manifesto-for-smartcitizens-instead/ (accessed 01.20.2013). 21. Lea Rekow, “Including Informality in the Smart Citizen Conversation,” in Smart Citizens: 35-38. 22. Catherine Mulligan, “Citizen Engagement in Smart Cities”, in Smart Citizens: 8386. 23. Frank Kresin, “A Manifesto for Smart Citizens”, in Smart Citizens: 91-94. 24. Carlo Ratti, “Sensible Cities and Citizens,” Bergamo Scienza (2013): http://www. bergamoscienza.it/ENG/Default.aspx?SEZ=6&PAG=71&NOT=445 (accessed 44

1.24.2014). 25. Gordon Pask, “The Architectural Relevance of Cybernetics,” Architectural Design 39 (1969): 494-496. 26. Nashid Nabian, “Smart Cities as Digitally Augmented Spaces,” Topos 84 (2013): 80-85. 27. Carlo Ratti and Anthony Townsend, “The social Nexus,” Scientific American (2011): 41-48. 28. Mark Burry, “The Innovation Imperative: Architectures of Vitality,” AD The Innovation Imperative: Architectures of Vitality 221 (2013): 8-17. 29. Burry, “The Innovation Imperative.” 30. Burry, “The Innovation Imperative.” 31. Edward Matchett, “Control of thought in creative work,” Chartered Mechanical Engineer 14 (1968). 32. Sydney A. Gregory, The Design Method (London: Butterworths, 1966). 33. John Chris Jones, “The Design Method Reviewed,” in The Design Method. 34. Bryan Lawson, How Designers Think: The Design Process Demystified (Routledge, 2005): 32. 35. John Chris Jones, “The Design Method Reviewed.” 36. Lawson, How Designers Think, 58. 37. Lawson, How Designers Think, 62. 38. John Zeisel, Inquiry by Design (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984). 39. Lawson, How Designers Think, 120. 40. Lawson, How Designers Think, 121. 41. Lawson, How Designers Think, 123. 42. Lawson, How Designers Think, 38. 43. Gordon L. Clegg, The Design of Design (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1969). 44. Lawson, How Designers Think, 11. 45. Roger L. Martin, The Design of Business: why design thinking is the next competitive advantage (Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press, 2009): 62. 46. Tim Brown, “Design Thinking,” Harvard Business Review (2008): 86. 47. Roger Martin, The Opposite Mind (Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 2007): 91-106. 48. Martin, The Design of Business, 152-155. 49. Martin, The Design of Business, 155-156. 50. Martin, The Design of Business, 158. 51. Martin, The Design of Business, 158. 52. Martin, The Design of Business, 158-160. 53. Martin, The Design of Business, 159. 54. Martin, The Design of Business, 159. 55. Martin, The Design of Business, 161-163. 56. Martin, The Design of Business, 165-167. 57. Martin, The Design of Business, 168-176.

58. Design Thinking for Educators Toolkit, IDEO (2012): http:// designthinkingforeducators.com/ (accessed 1.31.2014). 59. Tom Kelley, The Art of Innovation (New York: Random Books, 2001). 60. Donald Schon, The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action (New York: Basic Book, 1983). 61. “Tech Startups,” The Economist (January 18th 2014). 62. “Tech Startups,” The Economist. 63. “Tech Startups,” The Economist. 64. “Technology Transfer,” Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_ transfer (accessed 1.31.2014).

SMART[ER] CITIES A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

1.1. CITY DYNAMICS Urbanization is inevitable… (it is) a positive force to be harnessed in support of social equality, cultural vitality, economic prosperity and ecological security... urbanization poses tremendous and complex opportunities for a shared, sustainable future. Manifesto for Cities, UN Habitat 2012

Throughout our history, cities have always been a magnet and focal point for the development of human civilization. People continue to come together in cities, drawn by the promises of security, social and economic interaction, employment, modern conveniences, education, culture, and more.1 Cities have always had to evolve and adapt to accommodate a growing population, to meet the needs and expectations of citizens, to lend structure to community life, and to ensure their own growth and appeal. This is an ongoing process of adaptation, a process that is increasing in scope and speed. The simultaneity of major changes and new departures – driven by population growth and urban expansion, different lifestyles, resource scarcity, economic and social tensions, and environmental dangers – has an immediate impact, making the need for urban renewal more vital and pressing than ever. Collective awareness of the impact, influence, and role of cities has put them in the spotlight, raising clear questions as to how our urban models should evolve.2 Today, urban spaces represent 2% of the surface of the planet, but account for 50% of the population, 75% of energy consumption and 80% of CO2 emissions. By 2050, 75% of the world population is expected to live in cities.3 The challenges of climate change, population growth, demographic change, urbanization, and resource depletion mean that the world’s great cities need to adapt to survive and thrive over the coming decades. The acute crisis of economic recession exacerbates the problems plaguing all cities, including the quality of public education, gaps in healthcare, crime rates, transportation, and preparation for a globally competitive digital future. Historical trends have made it increasingly difficult to address these issues and enhance community life without a serious rethinking of the urban system as a whole.4 Solving urban problems means confronting significant challenges: 50

geographic sprawl, residential mobility, the location of jobs, the organization of government departments and the contracting process, non-profit fragmentation, lack of overarching strategic impact goals, weakened civic leadership, and social isolation.5 Cities Key figures6 Population • 95% of urban growth is absorbed by cities in developing countries. • 87% of people between the ages of 15 and 24 live in developing countries. • There are 1 million more urban dwellers in the world every week. • Small-and medium-sized cities are home to 60% of the world’s urban population. • Nearly 10% of the world’s urban population is concentrated in 20 cities. Environment • In developing countries, 230 million people live in coastal areas considered “at-risk.” • 80% of the world’s largest cities are vulnerable to earthquakes. • In developing countries, 90% of wastewater is released into the natural environment untreated. • On average, cities are 2°C to 6°C hotter than the rural areas around them. • Cities produce 66% of carbon monoxide emissions. Lifestyles • In New York, people use 400 liters of water per person per day, compared with just 40-50 liters in developing countries. • People in developed countries produce an average of 500 kg of waste per year, compared with 150 kg in developing countries. • One in three city-dwellers lives in a slum. The figure is 72% in Sub-Saharan Africa. • Cities will account for 80% of the increase in energy demand by 2030. • In Africa, only 25% of people have electricity. • In the United States, private cars account for 88% of transportation in cities.

By 2050, 75% of the world population is expected to live in cities.

1.2. SMART CITIES: THINKING, MODELS AND VALUE CHAIN There are many competing definitions of Smart Cities, but all tend to converge on information and communication technologies coupled with local computation embedded in the physical artifacts of urban infrastructures. Microprocessors, originally developed as components of computers, cameras, cars, and phones are starting to be deployed in urban environments. In combination with advances in sensors and data transmission, they are now driving the evolution of urban information systems. As a result, Smart Cities are typically conceptualized as the collection of intelligent buildings, shared car and cycle mobility schemes, and various interactive information systems for municipal and privately supplied services and governance, often linked to development systems for the “innovation economy.”7 A Smart City is thus described as one that leverages its intensity and extent of connection, in that almost all aspects of infrastructure – from transit networks to energy, waste, and water; from housing to street trees – can wirelessly broadcast their state and activity in real time through the use of robust, cheap, and discreet sensors. This concept is known as “the internet of things,” in which almost every inanimate object can become aware to some degree. As with contemporary engine control systems, a smart urban infrastructure can tirelessly watch its own operation, predicting faults before they occur, optimizing the delivery of resources or services to match demand.8 The technologically-enabled city is an untapped source of sustainable growth and represents a powerful approach for tackling unprecedented environmental and economic challenges. By unlocking technology, infrastructure, and public data, cities can open up new value chains that spawn innovative applications and information products that make possible sustainable modes of urban living and working.9 However, Smart City thinking goes beyond the mere implementation of advanced technologies. While smart initiatives are underway in urban centers around the world, most cities have yet to realise the enormous potential value of fully-integrated, strategicallydesigned, Smart City development programs. In order for cities to step up, civic leaders and executives need to have long-term

visions and clear implementation strategies. In this respect, information flows can be the source of valueadded applications and services for cities and their citizens. Through a strategic use of big data, the Smart City model provides the open market, the creation, and use of cities’ digital assets.10 Therefore, it seems that: The promise of smart sustainable cities is predicated on the dynamics of social media alloyed to the Big Data generated by an urban infrastructure strewn with sensors. Feedback loops are supposed to engage citizens and enable behaviour change, just as real-time control systems tune infrastructure to become more energy efficient. Social media dynamics enable both selforganisation and efficient ecosystems, and reduce the need for traditional governance, and its associated costs. Yet is there a tension between the emergent urbanism of social media and the centralising tendencies of urban control systems? Between the individualist biases inherent within social media and the need for a broader civic empathy to address urban sustainability? Between the primary drivers of urban life and the secondary drivers of infrastructural efficiency?11 As a response to these questions, a Smart City can be seen as: One in which the seams and structures of the various urban systems are made clear, simple, responsive and even malleable via contemporary technology and design. Citizens are not only engaged and informed in the relationship between their activities, their neighbourhoods, and the wider urban ecosystems, but are actively encouraged to see the city itself as something they can collectively tune, such that it is efficient, interactive, engaging, adaptive and flexible, as opposed to the inflexible, monofunctional and monolithic structures of many 20th century cities.12 Despite the fact that the Smart City vision tends to focus on infrastructure, buildings, and vehicles all being connected in the digital world, according to Dan Hill, “the city is something else. The city is its people. We don’t make cities in order to make buildings and infrastructure. We make cities in order to come together, to create wealth, culture, more people. As social 53

animals, we create the city to be with other people, to work, live, play. Buildings, vehicles and infrastructure are mere enablers, not drivers.”13 In this dichotomy of infrastructures/citizens, a city’s attitude towards “innovating” itself and its mechanisms plays a key role. Innovation is here conceived as one of the main drivers for a city to become “smart,” thanks to its dynamic capacity for generating vitality.

1.3. INNOVATION: THE VITALITY OF CITIES The nation that goes all- in on innovation today will own the global economy tomorrow. President Barack Obama, 2014

Innovation – the successful exploitation of new ideas – is critical to the future prosperity of cities. To be able to rise to the challenge of global competition, cities need to harness innovation-led growth: “The effects of innovation-related investments are longer lasting than those in physical infrastructure.”14 Cities don’t innovate, but they provide the support environment for firms, entrepreneurs, and institutions within them to do so. They are vital for innovation, fostering the creation of knowledge by bringing businesses, people, and institutions together – the innovation ecosystem. They help the flow of ideas, facilitate localized knowledge spillovers, and enable innovation.15 Increasingly, the city is seen as a place of systemic innovation, where the four P’s – People, Place, Public, and Private – join together as an interconnected whole, with each player interdependent on the other. Being a system means that changes in one part affect other parts, too. Innovation as system links citizens (People) with the built environment (Place) and public organizations and policy-makers (Public) through business (Private) – creating an interactive innovation ecosystem.16 “Systems innovation will become the most important focus for companies and governments, cities and entire societies. In the last decade there has been a growing focus on innovation in products and services as a source of competitive advantage. In the next decades the focus will shift towards the innovation of new kinds of systems.”17 The role of the Smart Cities of the future is to enable, inspire, and 54

nurture innovation by encouraging, engaging, and empowering talented innovators from different social spheres: professionals, policy-makers, and ordinary people. According to The European Commission, in order for a city to develop a manifold, wellfunctioning innovation eco-system, it must be :18 1. Innovative

their processes and policies. A Smart City should also act as a platform for educational opportunity, improving the content and the context of education systems by inspiring creativity and innovation at all levels – directly in schools, science centers, and through project-based and problem-solving learning (exploiting both formal and informal learning strategies). 4. Interactive

A Smart City will very much involve a translation of research and technologies to innovative products and services that can bring competitive advantages to companies within the city or metropolitan area, and ensure a high level of collaboration between the stakeholders. This means fostering responsible partnerships amongst universities, research teams, and institutes as well as startups, services, and industry to encourage effective knowledge transfer.

A Smart City will continually promote interactions and interconnections amongst the four P’s: People, Public, Private, and Place, and specifically amongst the key actors in the innovation process. In the future, knowledge flows will become more important and knowledge usage will be more coupled with finding talent and participating in knowledge creation than with knowledge transfer.

2. Inclusive

5. Integrated

A Smart City will also involve citizens. The value of innovation is that it is a strong determinant of economic wellbeing, and it also contributes to the quality of life of citizens who should be actively engaged in the research and innovation process. Innovation thus takes on a social and cultural dimension that encourages the development of entrepreneurial and innovative mindsets. Therefore, there is a strong communication dimension to a city of innovation. Cities should use facilities such as science and research centers, institutions of higher education, technology parks, incubators, living labs, creative hubs, chambers of commerce, and cluster organizations as a way of encouraging citizens to foster a sustainable culture of creativity and innovation in their social, political, and business environments.

A Smart City will need to link its own innovation policies to a wider global agenda. Integration also means a willingness to engage with and teach other cities while continuing to learn from them in order to cultivate a widespread culture of innovation.

Furthermore, since cities cannot be disconnected from the regions in which they are located, a Smart City should make an effort to engage both national and regional authorities in its development, and explore the fields of competitive advantage and (potential) excellence in conjunction with surrounding territories or metropolitan areas. This would help to identify opportunities for building critical mass and a more coordinated development of innovation ecosystems. 3. Inspiring A Smart City should have the power to inspire both its own citizens and those of other cities to observe and learn from 56

1.4. STRATEGY-DRIVEN, TECHNOLOGICALLY ENHANCED, CITIZEN-ORIENTED SMART[ER] CITIES Cities that are “smart” are hybrid spaces that consist of physical materials and digital information. They are inhabited and occupied by contemporary tech-savvy subjects; they rely heavily on the technological constructs of monitoring, actuation, computing, geo-localization, and networking; and they are closely connected to the temporalization of space and democratization of knowledge about spatial dynamics.19 The premise of Smart Cities as an intellectual project is that the new technological thinking about spatial design goes beyond human-machine interaction into the slightly expanded realm of sentient, responsive, and interactive inhabitable spaces and shared urban places. A Smart City is populated with technologically enhanced artifacts that provide an interface between the parallel systems constituting the contemporary subject’s reality: the physical world of material constructs and

the virtual world of digital information. In designing for digitally enhanced Smart Cities, the central focus has shifted from the spatial allocation of substance to the temporal allocation of non-substance, or information. This allows for a cross-format mediation that can go both ways: if the space or artifact is designed to provide a platform for translating a series of 0’s and 1’s to durational phenomena perceived by a sensory faculty, what is at hand is a machine that orchestrates an affective, corporeal experience based on digitized information. If the space or artifact is designed to provide a platform for translating patterns of the presence and absence of material entities to a series of 0’s and 1’s, any sensory, affective experience can be translated to a digital file that can be stored, retrieved, and shared via a network.20 Parallel to the concept of the Smart City, the idea of Smart Citizens seems to be emerging as a crucial factor in the technologicallyenhanced city. This speaks to a genuine interest in, desire for, and facility with platforms amongst urban residents. What we are envisioning here are active, engaged citizens – “smart” is a too loaded term, too easily co-opted and unhelpfully vague.21 It is not enough to simply “make the invisible, visible,” to use a wellknown phrase in urban informatics. But change might happen through creating convenient, accessible ways to try something different, and then multiplying that through social proof and network effects, reinforced through feedback-loop processes.22 Active learning also enables social proof. Others take part in it, and this in turn encourages further activity. This drive towards enabling activity – physical activity in streets embedded within digital activity is a good example – is also the future of communications concerned with meaningful change: “It is no longer enough to convey the image; you have to convey the tools , too.”23 The interaction between the technologically-enhanced city and an active and engaged citizen may allow for the creation of what Michael Weinstock calls “intelligent metasystems.”24 By integrating the concept and components of artificial intelligence, the specifics of the intelligence required for a city, and the relationships between separate urban infrastructures and integrated systems, Weinstock proposes the introduction of the biological concept of sentience in the city for the emergence of collective intelligence.

“Sentience” is a term for identifying the ability to sense the world external to the organism; no organism can respond to its environment or become better adapted to it over time without sentience. Cognitive complexity emerges from the interaction of sensory processing and behavioral response to the world. “Intelligence may be considered as the collection of behaviors that enable an organism to survive and thrive in its environment, and it therefore follows that sentience and intelligence are inseparable.”25 Collective intelligence is an emergent phenomenon that arises from the interaction of individuals within a group. This field of study originates more than a century ago from William Morton Wheeler’s seminal studies of the ant colony, in which he described the collective as being indistinguishable from a single organism. So intelligence is not just the property of a singular brain, but it is situated and socially constructed, emerging from the interaction of large numbers of relatively simpler individuals within fluctuating dynamic contexts. Weinstock thus suggests that collective intelligence might be the appropriate model for the integration of the systems in a Smart City.26 The question that Weinstock raises is then: “Is consciousness necessary for a city to be intelligent?” He answers by saying: Machine consciousness is rapidly developing within very large infrastructural systems, and that it has some features in common with collective intelligence. Furthermore, if the city holds an internal model of itself, is aware of the processes and fluxes of its systems, and the sensory data of the flows and morphology of those systems is registered in that model, and if that selfrepresentation has relations to models of the external environment in which it is situated, then some degree of conscious experience is enabled. A city with a higherlevel intelligence would be able to use the meta-model, the selfrepresentation situated within the model of the environment, to improve the control and regulation of its flows and to run simulations in order to predict the consequences of changes to those controls to both the city and its environment.27 In this context, Weinstock delineates a conceptual schema with a hierarchical scale of cognition that correlates to the historic and future evolution of cities – here described in ascending 57

order of complexity.28 The Situated City Cities that have evolved over time are a manifestation of collective human intelligence applied episodically over thousands of years. Those that have survived evolved within regional-scale climatic and ecological systems, and are usually exceptionally wellsuited to climate. As regional-scale cultures co-evolved with the development of cities, their spatial values and urban behaviors became encoded in the patterns of their streets, public spaces, and buildings. Cities are also inextricably entwined with their climatic and ecological contexts, and their size distribution

pattern also reflects the fundamental properties of flow-through networks. The complexity of citiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; relationships to climatic and ecological contexts is accordingly accelerated, and the sensitivity of each to changes in the other is increased. The Reactive/Responsive City The reactive and responsive city is situated and has sentience, the ability to sense critical changes in external environmental flows and within itself, and to respond by modifying or changing some aspects of its own systemsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; behavior appropriately.

The Adaptive/Attentional City The adaptive and attentional city is situated and responsive, and has the ability to selectively change some aspects of both the behavior and configuration of any of its infrastructural systems. It requires the capacity for selective attention to moderate changes that are beneficial at a local scale, but potentially conflict with global systemic parameters. Although the adaptive/attentional city does not yet exist in totality, many of its contingent sensing instruments and technologies do, and are beginning to be deployed within separate systems. The Self-Aware City The adaptive and attentional city is situated and responsive, and has the ability to selectively change some aspects of both the behavior and configuration of any of its infrastructural systems. It requires the capacity for selective attention to moderate changes that are beneficial at a local scale, but potentially conflict with global systemic parameters. Although the adaptive/attentional city does not yet exist in totality, many of its contingent sensing instruments and technologies do, and are beginning to be deployed within separate systems.

NOTES 1. 2. 3. 4.

Creative solutions for our cities, Veolia Environnement (2013). Creative solutions for our cities. State of the World’s Cities 2012/2013, UN Habitat (2012). Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Stanley S. Litow, “Informed and Interconnected: A Manifesto for Smarter Cities,” (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School, 2009). 5. Kanter, Litow, “A Manifesto for Smarter Cities.” 6. Creative solutions for our cities, 9. 7. Michael Weinstock with Mehran Gharleghi, “Intelligent Cities and the Taxonomy of Cognitive Scales,” AD 83 System City: Infrastructure and the Space of Flows (2013): 56–65. 8. Smart Cities: Transforming the 21st century city via the creative use of technology, ARUP (2010): 7. 9. Smart Cities, 7. 10. “The Smart City Value Chain,” in Information Marketplaces: The New Economics of Cities, The Climate Group, ARUP. (2011): 31-36. 11. Dan Hill, “On the smart city: Or, a ‘manifesto’ for smart citizens instead,” City of Sound (2013): http://www.cityofsound.com/blog/2013/02/on-the-smart-city-acall-for-smart-citizens-instead.html (accessed 1.20.2013). 12. Smart Cities, 4. 13. Dan Hill, “On the smart city.” 14. http://www.oecd.org/gov/regional-policy/49956063.pdf (accessed 1.20.2013). 15. Lizzie Crowley , Streets Ahead: what makes a city innovative? (London: The Work Foundation, 2011): http://www.theworkfoundation.com/DownloadPublication/ Report/306_Streets%20Ahead%20FINAL.pdf. 16. iCity - the European Capital of Innovation Award, Final Report, European Commission (2013). 17. “Systems Innovation” (Nesta, 2013): http://www.nesta.org.uk/library/ documents/Systemsinnovationv8.pdf. 18. iCity. 19. Nashid Nabian, “Smart cities as digitally augmented spaces,” Topos 84 (2013): 80-85. 20. Nabian, “Smart cities as digitally augmented spaces.” 21. Hill, “On the smart city.” 22. Hill, “On the smart city.” 23. Hill, “On the smart city.”. 24. Weinstock, “Intelligent Cities.” 25. Weinstock, “Intelligent Cities.” 26. Weinstock, “Intelligent Cities.” 27. Weinstock, “Intelligent Cities.” 28. Weinstock, “Intelligent Cities.”

SMART[ER] CITIZENS KICK-OFF WORKSHOP

2.1. THE EVENT In October 2013, a 4-day Kick-off Workshop officially launched the “Smart[er] Citizens” research activities. In the Kilometro Rosso lab space of the Bergamo University, the selected UniBg students closely worked with GSD faculty and researchers to analyze the territory of Bergamo and to find critical issues to be tackled during the overall research program. The workshop contributed to refine the theoretical framework of the research as well as to start articulating the state-of-theart of the subject matters addressed by the Program, mapping and documenting key contemporary approaches and practices and identifying the more specific issues pertinent to Bergamo’s economic, social, spatial and technological situation as applicable to the notion of Smart[er] Citizens.

offered their Bergamo’s perspective and explained their modes of operation through presentations and discussions – divided into two different sessions: 1. Smart[er] Health Irene Bonicelli | Associazione Pediatri Bergamo Massimo Chizzolini, Nadia Raimondi | Comune di Bergamo Marco Cremaschini | ASL Bergamo Luigi Greco | Società Italiana Pediatria Arianna Piana | Humanitas Gavazzeni Andrea Remuzzi | Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri Mario Salerno | Fondazione Filarete Simone Saragoni | Technogym Bruno Sgherzi | Centro Don Orione

2.2. PROBLEMS SETTING: STAKEHOLDERS DEBATE

ST Microeletronics

In order to support the identification of pressing problems for the city of Bergamo, students engaged and collaborated with a number of stakeholders of the two Smart[er] Knowledge and Smart[er] Health research areas. In particular, stakeholders

Cristiano Arrigoni, Stefania Rovetta | Svilupppo Bergamo

2. Smart[er] Learning Vincenzo Balzano | ABB Giovanna Brambilla | GAMeC

2.3. INTERPRETATION: DESIGN THINKING PROCESS One of the objectives of the workshop was to start processing the problems emerged during the debate with the stakeholders in order narrow down the areas of investigation and eventually to develop some preliminary strategies and proposals. During intense brainstorming sessions, initial concepts emerged thanks to the implementation of a variety of design

thinking strategies. In these sessions, researchers, students and stakeholders collaboratively approached challenges, framed opportunities, generated ideas and evolved preliminary proposals through feedback-loop processes.

2.4. FRAMING: CONCEPTUAL MAPS The main outcomes of the workshop were conceptual frameworks that clearly defined the subject matters to be addressed in each of the two areas of investigation â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Smart[er] Knowledge and Smart[er] Health: Smart[er] Knowledge 1. University as an Innovation Hub/Broker of Knowledge 2. University without Borders: [Inter]nationalization 3. Edgeless University: Trans-disciplinary Collaboration and Distributiveness Smart[er] Health 1. iHealth: Quantified Me/We 2. Aging with Grace: Social Inclusion and Agency 3. Wellbeing Hubs: Incentivizing Healthier Lifestyles Choices

SMART[ER] KNOWLEDGE BERGAMO AS UNIVERSITY CITY

3.1. RESEARCH FRAMEWORK Education will be the critical determinant of success for communities of the 21st century. Smart[er] Knowledge involves a community that aims to adapt and innovate within a specific urban context that is also part of a global network. These territories need to have a high capacity for learning and innovation built into the creativity of their population, their institutions of knowledge In this regard, the academy could play an ever more important role as facilitator for the urban community to find its “anchors” of community life and foster broader, more creative interactions among citizens. All societies have specific learning platforms. What is new in the contemporary world is the intentionality of seeking them out as vital to current societal needs, in promoting a participatory governance and the empowerment of citizens, as well as in democratizing access to information and the facilities required for innovation. The Smart[er] Knowledge research and applied knowledge project aims to rethink and redesign the role of universities in a more participative, democratic, dynamic, and yet functional way, developing an effective integration of academia, institutions, industries, and ultimately citizens under new models of a “University City.” Knowledge production and delivery – perhaps more than any other human activity – is dependent upon the modes of operation and the learner’s elaboration of information. Designing an innovative knowledge system no longer involves a comprehensive top-down approach, but rather allows grassroots, participatory practices to emerge through the deployment of appropriate technologies. Knowledge production, dissemination, and absorption happen in real places, and in dedicated built environments whose functionality is enhanced by cyber functions and digital technologies. Through a multi/cross/trans-disciplinary approach, the project will eventually move from a research- to an applied-knowledge base, fostering the emergence of innovative physical and digital platforms at the intersection of knowledge networks. In this sense, high-tech solutions will be integrated with low- or notech strategies for highlighting the social relevance of academia, developing a coherent articulation of knowledge environments’ spatial and virtual arrangement at an increasing scale: artifacts, spaces, environments, and ultimately the city. 78

3.2. UNIVERSITY AS AN INNOVATION HUB BROKER OF KNOWLEDGE The production, dissemination, and absorption of knowledge occur in different environments and through various modes of operation within the city. Facilities such as science and research centers, higher education, technology parks, incubators, living labs, creative hubs, chambers of commerce, and cluster organizations all contribute to a distributed system of knowledge and innovation. The University can therefore act as a central knowledge broker, facilitating the promotion of knowledge and fostering meaningful collaborations and interconnections between different entities. Leveraging its strong communication dimension to promote a city of research and innovation, the University can then unlock the engines of collective knowledge, differentiated expertise, and rapid learning. The ultimate goal is to foster the culture of knowledge, creativity, and innovation in the social, political, and business environments of the city.

3.3. UNIVERSITY WITHOUT BORDERS: [INTER]NATIONALIZATION The development process of smarter-knowledge strategies needs to act at both national and international levels. Strongly connected with the region in which it is located, the University should have a systemic vision that highlights its role within an integrated global network. With the objective of knowledge democratization, the University can act as a global platform of educational opportunities, sharing knowledge, inspiring creativity, and promoting innovation at all levels. For that to happen, though, the University needs to leverage its image and potential attractiveness through challenging academic and research programs, as well as effective branding strategies. By enhancing the content and context of knowledge production and diffusion both locally and globally, the University can eventually improve the image of the city itself, becoming a

reference model for other institutions worldwide.

3.4. EDGELESS UNIVERSITY: TRANS-DISCIPLINARY COLLABORATION AND DISTRIBUTIVENESS Contemporary social dynamics of complex and multilayered challenges call for a common ground, a uniform language, and shared modes of operation amongst various entities and disciplines. Opening up both its cultural mindset and its knowledge to the city, a traditionally-enclosed University can turn into an edgeless University, fostering meaningful interactions and enhancing collective knowledge-production activities. By effectively integrating spatial, social, physical and virtual entities, the University becomes an agent of change for the translation of research and technologies into innovative systems, products, and services, promoting responsible partnerships between research teams and institutes as well as startups, services, and industries to encourage effective knowledge transfer. The objective is to develop effective social/economical/technical connections and related interfaces among academic members, citizens, industries, and city officials, so as to create an integrated network of knowledge hubs facilitated by a University that is an integral part of the city.

In the Smart[er] Knowledge research area three main topics for case studies are the objective of the analysis, according to three different scales of intervention: 1. City Scale Knowledge and Innovation Models Case studies refer to relevant strategies and modes of operation implemented by municipalities, organizations, institutions or associations to foster the culture of knowledge, creativity and innovation production and democratization in social, political, and business environments of the city. 2. Physical Spaces Bottom-up, Grassroots and DIY Movements Case studies investigate how organizations, companies, and institutions use their physical spaces in the city to collaboratively create innovation, fostering meaningful interactions and enhancing collective knowledge-production activities. 3. Virtual Platforms Democratization of Production and Access to Knowledge Case studies refer to virtual spaces (websites, social networks, online organizations,...) that act as global platforms of educational opportunities and services, sharing knowledge, inspiring creativity and promoting innovation at different levels.

3.5. CASE STUDIES In the Smart[er] Citizens program, emphasis is given to the critical analysis of case studies that are of particular relevance for the research objectives. Collection of these case studies is an exercise to evaluate and analyse the state-of-the-art of specific subject matters. The goal of such investigations is to extrapolate conceptual frameworks or systems that can be eventually reinterpreted and adapted as a formula for the ideation and development of projects. The case studies here collected embrace different categories â&#x20AC;&#x201C; integrated systems, cultural interventions or artistic projects â&#x20AC;&#x201C; that use specific terminology and adopt relevant strategies and tools to problematize the areas of investigation. Each case study is investigated following specific methods of analysis and evaluation criteria. 79

SMART[ER] KNOWLEDGE CASE STUDIES

1 | CITY SCALE KNOWLEDGE AND INNOVATION MODELS

[1] One Laptop per Child Student Name Georgia Williams Project Credits and Location Nicholas Negroponte Project Description A real world laptop for real world change. The XO laptop was designed collaboratively by experts from academia and industry to combine innovations in technology and learning.

We considered the need to weather extreme environmental conditions such as high heat and humidity, and to support easy field repair by children and local language support. As a result, the XO laptop is durable, functional, energy-efficient, responsive, and fun. The latest model is the XO-4 Touch, which entered mass production in 2013. Key differences from the original XO-1: the new model comes with 1GB or 2 GB of RAM and up to 8GB of internal solid-state storage standard (larger sizes negotiable upon request). It has a more responsive keyboard and touchpad, and offers the option of membrane or traditional keyboards. And like many tablet computers, the XO-4 Touch uses an ARM processor to significantly reduce power consumption. Unique to the XO-4 Touch is an easy-to-repair touchscreen that does

not compromise the readability of the XO’s sunlight-readable display. 5 GHz Wifi support as well as Bluetooth also have been added. Relevant Web Addresses http://one.laptop.org/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? One Laptop per Child has an ambitious goal: to provide children in developing countries an low power, low cost laptop designed to endure tough conditions. The laptop is meant to connect children to each other and the rest of the world. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? One of their requirements is that children are given the laptop and are free to take it home. Children must be connected to the internet and have access to open source software.The primary target group is children above 6 years old. Whole schools and classrooms get the computers so that no child is left out. Furthermore, the program is implemented in concert with the national government, promoting an attitude of democratization. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? In the case of Peru, where the largest amount of laptops has been sent, the goals were implemented by integrating the XO in pedagogical practice to achieve national curriculum abilities and to train teachers in pedagogical use How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? With access to this low cost and low power tool, children are engaged in their own education, and learn, share, and create together. They become connected to each other and to the rest of the world. What are benefits for the all community - if any? Education is the foundation of other solutions (such as food access, running water and electricity), thus the XO is designed to empower the child to further their education to reach these

solutions to other problems in their country. It is designed to survive rugged conditions and be powered in areas with no electricity. It can run on solar power. The laptop allows collaboration on projects and education focused software is designed to engage and inspire kids.

[2] ReLIT NY Student Name Georgia Williams Project Credits and Location Buku Sarkar, Lisa Helfrich, Natalia Krasnova, Sarah Davis, David Boudreau, New York Project Description ReLIT NY is a non-profit donation and recycling program that gives out free books to New Yorkers using public transportation. The organization has pop-up sites at major commuting hubs that are announced on social networks. Books come from public donations of gently used books. ReLIT NY collects thems through its public drop-boxes and distributes them at major commuter hubs such as Bryant Park and Union Square. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.relitny.org/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? ReLIT NY aims to encourage and promote an interest in reading by making books accessible and cost free and to also spark conversations and bring together the community that surrounds literature.. At the same time ReLIT NY offers a simple solution to a problem faced by many New Yorkers –– a lack of space for all their books, many of which are thrown out and not recycled properly. ReLIT NY offers the first ever attempt at an organized and mass-scale book-sharing program, providing not only a hassle-free but also an environmentally friendly reading option. 83

In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? In an age where libraries are becoming obsolete and underutilized and distractions without informational bases is dominating our free time, ReLIT NY offers something that use to be ubiquitous and commonplace. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? The organization relies on volunteer work and donations, as well as social media tools to announce their book sharing locations and sites which do not have a permanent home. What is really innovative? The organization benefits the very people on which it relies. Instead of a donation service the sends their donations to another location and to another population, the service caters to the very people who donate. Once users are done with a book, they can donate it right back to the service and pick up another book. How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional?

What is unique about this project is that the user does not have to go out of their way to take advantage of the program. The sites are strategically situated at commonly used commuter hubs.

[3] Parasite Book Share Student Name Ryan Bouma Project Credits and Location Department of Urban Betterment, New York City Project Description Old Phone Booths are re-purposed as â&#x20AC;&#x153;parasite librariesâ&#x20AC;? for lending free books. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.relitny.org/

Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? D.U.B. is seeking to both re-purpose obsolete, but ubiquitous, urban infrastructure in a manner that both encourages people to interact with their streetscapes and has an informative effect. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? People are welcome to donaet books they believe would be beneficial to others and take interesting books in return. It is a knowledge exchange of sorts and an analog version of posting an opinion or informative idea. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? plywood, donated books and an old phone booth. What is really innovative? The repurposing of underutilized infrastructure without completely chnaging its use. The booths can still be used to make calls if needed. How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional? The library fosters a renewed engagement with the street and city. These types of intervention can help encourage neighborhood identity and pride.

[4] Bogotá - My ideal city Student Name Roberta Allevi Project Credits and Location The project is a virtual platform of the city of Bogota (Colombia) created by Winka Dubbeldam (principal of Archi-Tectonics and chair at PennDesign), Rodrigo Niño (Prodigy Network) and communications consultant PSFK. Project Description “Bogotá - My ideal city” is a virtual platform, in which Bogota’s citizens are asked to provide innovative and useful ideas in order to achieve a bottom-up planning of the urban architecture and services that the city of Bogota could offer to the citizens. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.miciudadideal.com/en/ http://architizer.com/blog/bogotas-new-spirit-bottom-upurban-planning-and-a-citys-rebirth/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? My Ideal City allows Bogotá residents to give inputs on how to fix certain issues in the downtown area, becoming a forum for debate that builds to a series of possible solutions that could be implemented in the city. This projects was born because the Colombian capital is a city in transition with a rapidly growing population, so these urbanization pressures, coupled with instability at high levels of municipal government, mean that traditional top-down approaches to urban planning in this city are not only somewhat non-democratic but also ineffective. To try an innovative bottom-up approach seemed the best solution in order to deeply understand citizens’ needs and opinion and to re-build a city that fits them. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge?

It acts as a hub for the democratization of knowledge because people are completely free to express their personal vision of the city, their problems in living the city and their ideas about how to improve city infrastructures, services, spaces etc. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? The project is based on a virtual website, in which there are five main areas of interest: - Maximized Spaces: creative design solutions for making urban lifestyles feel limitless within a finite amount of space. (E.g. What would be the perfect place to do concerts in Bogotá?) - Sensible City: bringing intelligence to the city and its citizens through the free flow of information and data, helps improve both immediate and long term decision making. (E.g. What local services do you want to connect to on your phone?) - Citizen Sourced: harnessing the power of citizens to raise the collective resources and benefits available across communities, neighborhoods and entire cities. (E.g. How would you like to travel around Bogotá?) - Urban Canvas: artistic endeavors and considered redevelopment that make the city landscape feel more vibrant and alluring, while engaging citizens around shared experiences and conversations. (E.g. What abandoned spaces in your city or neighborhood would you revitalize and turn into recreational or sport areas?) - Green Scaping: designs for urban environments that promote natural landscapes and the sustainable use of resources. (E.g. What would you do to recycle water in Bogotá?) How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? Citizens are active agents because their are free to express their ideas and suggestions regarding given themes to improve their city. What are benefits for the all community - if any? The benefits for the whole community are that the ideas that will be implemented in the city are based on real problems figured out by citizens and perfectly fit their needs.

[5] The Uni Project Student Name Cristina Bassi Project Credits and Location The Uni Project is a project of Street Lab, a nonprofit organization founded by Leslie and Sam Davol to create programs for public space. This organization is located in 6 Varick St Apt 10b, New York, NY 10013-2476 and in Boston,360 Harvard St 1,Cambridge MA 02138. Project Description The Uni is a mobile, modular outdoor library designed to reinforce the potential for learning in the public sphere. This library has lightweight modular structures that are composed of open-faced stacking cubes, which can each hold 10 to 15 books, and can be adapted to almost any public space. The project partners with community-based organizations and prioritizes underserved neighborhoods. The first was assembled in a street market in Lower Manhattan, and Unis have since been installed all over New York City, Boston, and recently, in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.theuniproject.org/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? The project mission is: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Books and learning should be prominent, accessible and all around usâ&#x20AC;? In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? It acts as a hub for democratization of knowledge because it make accessible to everyone books (as a common library) but in a completely unexpected space: the street.

What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? The Uni is the principal tool to implement the vision.Its structure is based on a system of 144 open-faced cubes. The cubes stack, lock together, and can be installed in different configurations or heights to create an inviting space for people to gather in public. Another important element of this business is the Uni collection that consists of new and gently-used books and materials donated to the Uni. They are managed with the help of a team of volunteer librarians. The collection is organized into modules that help librarians adapt the Uni to different locations and communities, and even change content over the course of a day. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? The citizens can have free access to the library. Around this structure projections and seminars are programmed and citizens could participate. This new library thanks to the location could become also a new hub of interaction. What are benefits for the all community - if any? This system provides residents with a place to gather and contribute to their own well-being and advancement, as well as that of their neighborhood.

[6] Holon Student Name Egle Carobbio Project Credits and Location Institute for democratic education. Merav Bareket and Itay Alter, Holon. Project Description The Uni is a mobile, modular outdoor library designed to reinforce the potential for learning in the public sphere. This library has lightweight modular structures that are composed of open-faced stacking cubes, which can each hold 10 to 15 books, and can be adapted to almost any public space. The project partners with community-based organizations and prioritizes underserved neighborhoods. The first was assembled in a street market in Lower Manhattan, and Unis have since been installed all over New York City, Boston, and recently, in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Relevant Web Addresses http://c2city.org/en/resources/holon-city/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? Innovative educational activity is the goal of the project which leads to another level: innovative democratization of knowledge in a urban landscape. The case study is settled in Holon. They want to create a real momentum of change in educational system, it is not enough to be satisfied with supporting processes of change within existing schools. They reached the conclusion that simultaneously with the support for the process of change, a move is needed that would include the establishment of new and innovative schools. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? Backing the program by providing supporting resources and regularities. It is a research process that calls for use of the 90

Internet cannot exist without available computer classrooms. A process that demands accessibility to knowledge existing in a museum cannot exist without organizing the ties between the school and the museum. The existence of a long-term program creates a sense of security for the participants because there is commitment to its continuation, and because it permits a process of learning and deepening with support. In addition, the existence of a multi-year plan enables the participants to see and understand its continuity and in particular, to identify the process of transition from dependence on outside support to a position of independence. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? By the High Tech High (HTH) model. Three steps were taken to this end: the first was to talk with the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the High Tech School to convert the model to one suitable for that particular city. The second was to find a donor to help finance the process of establishing a new school. The third was to find a spot in the center of the country where the school could be established. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? The participation of citizens represents the key element in this project. Principals had to be internal driving forces if the process was to succeed. People such as these, in key positions, are essential to moving and preserving the process due to their ability to influence the allocation of resources for the benefit of the program, their ability to see the big picture of the city’s needs and resources, and their ability to influence the city’s priorities. People in key position in municipal - supporting bodies such as the Ministry of Education can help the process very much. What are benefits for the all community - if any? The plan is related to what was being done in the principals’ forum and in the schools. It was clear that this plan needed to preserve the three-level working format: field work in the schools; collection, learning and development in the principals’ forum; and guidance by the steering committee. All the community is involved in this project: at any single level.

[7] Providence Knowledge District Student Name Moreno Gambirasi Project Credits and Location Providence, Rhode Island, US. Project was developed by local leaders, organization (including Greater Providence Chamber) and Brown Universityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Warren Alpert Medical School. Project Description The project aim to create new development zone through a combination of urban design strategies, innovation, entrepreneurship initiatives and business incubator. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.theatlanticcities.com/jobs-and-economy/2012/02/ how-colleges-can-foster-development-zones/1209/

The Greater Providence Chamber provides small grants to companies, higher education, hospitals, industry trade associations and non-profit organization to support technologybased innovation and entrepreneurship. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? The citizens are not the main feature of this project. Surely living in a city with this innovative district can be useful. The advantages are that: this project is an on-going process of luring partners, improving R&D and creating jobs. The second one is that the city could be a place where prototype innovations and citizens can get some benefits. What are benefits for the all community - if any? The advantages are sharing of knowledge, creation of useful hub and networks, creation of jobs, innovation growth. It is not easy to quantify the benefits of innovations, creativity and knowledge sharing but for the next future these features will became essential.

Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? The vision is to create a fusion of industry cluster, proentrepreneurship and university in order to build an urban innovation economy. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? It acts as a hub because it is a hub. Innovation is strictly related to creativity but especially to multidisciplinary connection. This hub, one firm and one block at a time, is developing a knowledge area and a sharing network, by working with potentials partners. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? Local leaders and organizations began to converge around an effort to create a strategy to improve the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economic future. This strategy is implemented by revamping a flagging industrial quarter with a lot of underutilized factory and office space.

[8] Ball Student Name Angela Garbelli Project Credits and Location City Mine(d) - an international network of individuals and collectives involved with city and local action - citizens, Brussels (Belgium) Project Description Since 2000 in Brussel three-meter diameter red and green balls are placed in the city to highlight the role of public space. The presence of these huge mobile objects raise the attention to the place and to the people around such as children and youngs who use the urban space. Cars and regulations as much as parental concern make it increasingly difficult for children to play outside or in the street. The ball is a tool to make it impossible to overlook the young people who use urban space: in this case cars have to be careful for children instead of the other way round. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.citymined.org/projects/ball.php http://collaction.polimi-cooperation.org/ball/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? The objective of this grassroot campaign/art project is to raise political awareness about the need of space for young people in the city and about the lack of safe place where people can just meet and have a chat. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? These huge balls canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be ignored. They are a visible presence in the city; people can interact with themplacing them where they want to highlight a problem of the city and writing their ideas about the city on them. 92

What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? The message of this initiative is conveyed through the balls themselves that gain citizens attention thanks to their size. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? The citizen is an active part of this campaign because he is called to use balls (moving them or writing on them) to explain his/ her personal vision of the city, underlining what are the main problems to solve according to him/her. What are benefits for the all community - if any? The main benefits are awareness about the need to have place where to live the city and participation: people can use these tools (the ball represents one of the oldest game used by children to play along the streets) to show how they would improve the city where they live.

[9] Cycling in Nürnberg

people in a healthier way. This will also have positive economic effects for the city centre. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision?

Student Name Davide Garlini Project Credits and Location Gehl Architects - Urban Quality Consultants. Frank Juelich - Dienstellenleiter Nuernberg, Germany.

Verkehrsplanungsamt

Project Description The project “Nuernberg steigt auf!” aims to increase and improve cycling services in the city of Nuernberg, Germany. In terms of statistics, the goal is to go from the current 12% of cycling traffic in the city to 20% by 2020. Nuernberg administration has chosen the city of Copenhagen, Denmark as a perfect place from which to learn how reach this goal and, as the video shows, the Danish really have a lot to teach about this topic. Relevant Web Addresses http://gehlcitiesforpeople.dk/2013/11/08/cycling-in-nurnberg/ Project Analysis

The Danish are very straight forward in their explenation on how to improve cycling contitions in a given city: if riding a bike becomes the easiest and fastest way to go from point A to point B then people will use bikes. It is not really a question of keeping fit and healthy (this has to remain a private concirn), the point is that in our society “time is money” and if cycling makes you save more time than cars or buses or subways do, then you will gladly choose to cycle. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? The citizens are 100% the main character of this entire project. If they’re not convinced about the positive effects that cycling would have on their life, their money and their city as a whole then no change will take place. They will take advantage of this project simply by putting it into practise. Of course this can only be done if the city is able to provide its citizens with a proper cycling network to make this activity effective, pleasant and also safe. What are benefits for the all community - if any?

Frank Juelich and his colleagues in Nuernberg want to make their city a better place for cyclists. This will have several positive consequences on many different fields such as health, economy, architecture etc...

We can identify a chain of benefits for the comunity if such a project were put into practise: cities would spend much less for cycling routes than they would for regoular roads of subways. This savings could then be spent for other improvements and projects within the city. Thanks to the network put at their disposal, citizens could cycle on daily basis and also save money and be healthier.

The “dream” is to turn bikes into the first and most common mean of transportation in the city.

The explenation provided by Copenhagen experts could be put into practise in basically every city in the world.

In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge?

[10]

Most of the European cities have their own historical city centre. They’re often facinating areas but also limited in space and therefore quickly get overcrowded. The solution could be to decrease the number of cars and parking places in these special neighbourhoods in order to make them more accessible to more

Student Name

What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform?

Guerrilla bike lanes Paola Riccardi

Project Credits and Location Giovanna Borasi, Curator | Canadian Centre for Architecture, Montreal. Project Description The project aims to encourage bicycling as an antidote to the poison that is car culture, construct a future of what urban transportation could be by installing it now, encourage citizens to reclaim ownership and stewardship of their urban space and not waiting for the bureaucrats to fix problems but doing it by themselves. Relevant Web Addresses http://collaction.polimi-cooperation.org/guerrilla-bike-lanes-2/ http://urbanrepairs.blogspot.it/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? They want to make their city a better place for cyclists. They encourage citizens to reclaim their urban spaces. The purpose is to construct a better place where live, promote the use of bikes and the interaction to solve problems (eg. The street is broken or missing signs). What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? They move during the night to install road signs or repair the road, thanks to these actions they want to improve cycling conditions in cities and develop “cycling lifestyle” as better and healthier style of life. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? Citizens are the core of the whole project. They report problems to the platform and during the night a group of volunteers into action to solve them. Citizens will take advantage of this project simply by interact and use it. What are benefits for the all community - if any? We can have a lot of benefits for the community: there will be less 94

problem concerning the road, cycling routes will be improve and also the use of bicycles increase with the reduction of pollution. Citizens could cycle safely. This project could be put in practice in everywhere with benefits in term of reduction of public costs.

[11] Park Fiction Student Name Susanna Rossi Project Credits and Location Park Fiction was a collective planning project, the most important figures that led the process, who negotiated with the local officials and organised the campaign, were the artist Christoph Schäfer, the film-maker Margit Czenki, and Ellen Schmeisser. Project Description Park Fiction is a project that began in 1994, evolving out of a campaign by a resident’s association against the development of a site in the harbour area of Hamburg, Germany. The work of the Hafenrandverein (Harbour Edge Association), prevented the execution of a housing and office development for this site. Instead, in a parallel planning and design process, the association drew up plans for a public park, that was finally realized in 2005. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.spatialagency.net/database/park.fiction Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? The main objective was to prevent the construction of a housing and office site, by allowing citizens decide what was best for their city. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? The ‘art in public space’ programme of the city’s culture department, which financed some phases of the project, developed the idea of a ‘collective production of desires’, in order to let citizens express their own points of view.

Moreover the organization planned a series of public events in the site, including talks, exhibitions, open-air screenings and concerts. This use of the park by residents and visitors made it a ‘social reality’. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? Park Fiction developed special tools and techniques to make the planning process more accessible. This included the temporary events organised in the park, as well as the installation of a ‘planning container’ on site which could be moved around the neighbourhood to collect residents’ wishes. Other strategies included presenting the project at international art and music events, including Documenta 11 to which took the ‘planning container’ was taken, and an event in St Pauli where groups involved in similar initiatives were invited to present their experiences.

How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? Citizens directly interacted with the project, indeed they could express their preferences and their ideas on what the park had to become. A lot of citizens actively oarticipated to the public initiatives organized in the park. What are benefits for the all community - if any? I think that this project succeeded in the identification of citizens needs and in the development of the best solutions for a public city space. These tools and methodologies could be exploited and used in many context, in order to let citizens’ ideas come out and find solutions that are collective desirable.

[12] C2City Student Name Elisa Saccenti Project Credits and Location The C2City team consists of an international set of approximately 50 education practitioners, researchers, and managers who believe in the transformative power of education and learning within cities. Project Description The C2City concept revolves around collaboration with cities and localities who believe in taking responsibility for the education of all their members throughout their entire lives. Using the C2City model, program, and methods, they guide cities in their journey towards realizing the transformative ideas of Education City. Relevant Web Addresses http://c2city.org/en/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? The vision of C2City is to promote personal, communal, and urban development around the world through city-wide collaboration around education, such that all members of a community have the right to express and develop their uniqueness while respecting the right of others to do the same.

needs of the city and its members as well as clear goals. It begins with strategic mapping and continues with the co-creation of a vision, a desired image of the future, a strategy to promote this Future Image, and a practical plan of action. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? The C2City Knowledge Center is led by experts engaged in developing a diverse set of tools and materials, culminating in a knowledge portfolio that supports the set-up of a fullblown Education City. These materials explore the theoretical, pedagogical, economic, organizational, and ethical facets of the Education City concept. What are benefits for the all community - if any? An Education city where everybody learn from the community.

[13] Shibuya University Network - City is the Campus Student Name Milva Sadek Project Credits and Location Tokyo, Nobel Education Network, The Institute for Democratic Education, Shibuya University, c2city.org Project Description

In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge?

The Shibuya University network is a lifelong learning project in a large, bustling district in Tokyo, which offers its residents free lessons and workshops all around the city. The conceivers of the project see the urban space as a collection of learning spaces and opportunities for enriching each person’s life.

Backing the program by providing supporting resources and regularities. An Education City promotes lifelong learning, drives innovation, and generates human capital by giving all residents, of all ages, the opportunity to discover and develop their uniqueness and contribute to the wider community.

Through intelligent cooperation between businesses and nonprofit organisations, the project facilitators have succeeded in getting tens of thousands of people to take part in monthly lessons in unique “classrooms” such as stores, temples, building sites, coffee shops, etc.

What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision?

Relevant Web Addresses

BC2City is a transformation process guided by the concrete 96

http://www.shibuya-univ.net/english/

http://c2city.org/en/resources/shibuya-university-netwrok-citycampus// Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? The aim of the project is to transform the city into a learning space for all its residents, promote civilian involvement among the residents and turn the city into a pleasant place for them to live in; the city becomes thus the campus; according to this vision, through community empowerment they want to raise the awareness that each individual can be both a teacher and a student. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? Shibuya University has opened its doors and the learning process is literally spread in the city: the urban spaces are used to make lectures and workshops open to all the residents; the most successful point comes from the combination of learning and teaching: the organizational and educational model enables the residents to benefit from other residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; connections and know how, as well as cooperate and get to know new people. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? The vision is implemented by: - the creative collaboration between local authotity and citizenbased initiatives - elimination of the separation between teachers and student + direct meetings with experts at their workplaces (all the residents are welcome to offer workshops in their field of expertise) -the university does not offer diplomas or degrees and is free: it is a lifelong learning project. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? The citizen can offer his/her knowledge or expertise teaching in workshops as well as benefit from free and open lectures/ workshops What are benefits for the all community - if any? 98

The community can enjoy a campus life and is encouraged to participate in civilian life: it benefits local economy, participate governance and the urban development.

[14] Apple store as Learning Space Student Name Stefano Terranova Project Credits and Location New york City Project Description Visitors of the Apple store in New York are not just shopping.

The shop also serves as a learning environment with spaces for games, shopping, and learning. Consumers are invited to join one-on-one or small group meetings, where they learn about the company’s products and applications. With salespeople and technicians acting as teachers, the customers become students, but are also encouraged to teach and help one other. Everyone can create an individual learning plan that suits them best, and many of the learning opportunities are free of charge. Relevant Web Addresses http://c2city.org/en/map/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? The vision is to promote personal, communal, and urban development around the world through city-wide collaboration around education. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? This could be an hub where salespeople and technicians acting as teachers, the customers become students, but are also encouraged to teach and help one other. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? The vision is implemented by: Every customers can use apple device as iPod, iPhone, iPad and MacBook in order to improve their knowledge concerning this new technologies. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? The citizen can offer his/her knowledge or expertise teaching in Every customers can use apple device as iPod, iPhone, iPad and MacBook in order to improve their knowledge concerning this new technologies. What are benefits for the all community - if any? Everyone can create an individual learning plan that suits them

best, and many of the learning opportunities are free of charge.

[15] New Urban Mechanics Student Name Elena Vari Project Credits and Location Nigel Jacob and Chris Osgood are the co-founders of Mayor’s Office of New Urban Mechanics situated in Boston (MONUM). In 2012 another Office is born in the city of Philadelphia. For their projects they win the Mayor Challenge competition. Project Description New Urban Mechanics attempts to collaborate with constituents, focusing on the basics of goverment, and pushing for bolder ideas to deliver tranformative City services to residents. The Mayor’s Offices in Boston and in Philadelphia act as innovation incubator and try to build partnership between city agencies, institutions and entrepreneurial company to pilot projects that answers to resident and business needs. Among them there are simply better designed trash cans but also high tech apps for smart phones. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.newurbanmechanics.org Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? The main objective of the organization is to deliver transformative City services to residents.The Offices serve as city’s innovation incubators that build partnership between city agencies, outside institutions and entrepreneurs to pilot projects that address resident and business needs. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? First of all, each citizen can propose his/her idea to improve the city by contacting the offices simply via e-mail. 99

Second, the founders put at the center of every project the citizen engagement and his participation. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? The main effective strategy that the Mayorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Office pursues is that of building partnership and synergies. In fact, to design, conduct and evaluate the pilot projects, MONUM builds partnerships between constituents, academics, entrepreneurs, non-profits and City staff. The office organizes pilot projects that leverage on new technologies, from smart phones to GPS, and civic spirit to deliver services that are more personal and citizen-driven. Regarding the infrastructure area the focus is on smart sensor networks and sustainable design. In collaboration with schools, community centers and libraries MONUM is also exploring the use of new tools and technology to facilitate communication between educators, students and parents and to deploy new programs that could improve offerings both inside and outside schools. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? The citizen can simply follow the projects development through the blog of New Urban Mechanics. They can suggest ideas to improve their city and actively participate to the city â&#x20AC;&#x153;lifeâ&#x20AC;? also by using interactive website and apps developed by MONUM. Example of a platform: http://bostoncompletestreets.org/ What are benefits for the all community - if any? Obviously all the projects are done in order to improve the life of the citizen enhancing the services and re-shaping the city.

[16] Re-Morion Student Name Matteo Zanini Project Credits and Location Place: Venice (Italy) 100

Private actors: ReBiennale, Exyzt Collectif, Commons Beyond Buildings. Project Description Buildings and urban spaces can have, in their cycles of use, moments of transitions and neglect, during which the initial uses are missing due to the de-industrialization or economic crises. These times of uncertain can be filled by the phenomena of reuse, with new uses that often fail to trigger the process of urban regeneration around the building subject of these experiments. Relevant Web Addresses http://collaction.polimi-cooperation.org/morion/ http://www.rebiennale.org/workshop/static. php?page=static091019-112732 Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? The idea of the project is to not waste an opportunity like that of the Venice Biennale and to continue maintaining the beauty of the city even after the end of the event itself. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? This project would support the democratization of knowledge because it allows individuals to make their own contribution in making re-use of materials that would otherwise be wasted. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? It is a true re-use project: they dismantled and collected materials from different installations of the Biennale Architettura 2008, making a catalogue of what is possible to reuse and what is not enough sustainable even to be disposed of. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? The creative reuse set up the urban regeneration of the center and its interior spaces.

101

SMART[ER] KNOWLEDGE CASE STUDIES

102

2 | PHYSICAL SPACES BOTTOM-UP, GRASSROOTS AND DIY MOVEMENTS

103

[1] Denmark Building Block of Education Student Name Malika Singh Project Credits and Location The International School of Billund, Denmark Project Description The International School of Billund will combine the international baccalaureate (IB) with the Danish school system and Lego’s emphasis on creativity and play. Centred around “inquiry-based learning”, the idea is that children are more motivated when they generate their own questions. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AZ2HTuyK34 http://www.legofoundation.com/en-us/the-power-of-play/ourview-of-play/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform?

The mission of the International School of Billund is encapsulated in the following sentence: “We guide and stimulate children to become ambitious lifelong learners who achieve personal fulfilment and who will make positive contribution to our everchanging world. We believe this is consistent with the IB mission statement, which focuses on the idea of creating a better world through education.” What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? This school uses the creative approach of the LEGO Group. Critical thinking, collaboration, dialogue and play are embedded in our learning philosophy and are used as tools to help students learn. What is really innovative? Use of LEGO’s to help students learn is a very fresh and innovative mode of teaching. How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional? The students engage more.

[2] Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow—Today (ACOT2) Student Name Saurabh Mhatre Project Credits and Location Apple ( Framework/ Guiding Principles) Project Description Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow—Today (ACOT2) is a collaborative effort with the education community to identify the essential design principles for the 21st century high school by focusing on the relationships that matter most: those between students, teachers, and curriculum. The goal of ACOT2 is more targeted: to help high schools get closer to creating the kind of learning environment this generation of students needs, wants, and expects so they will stay in school. Challenge Based Learning is an engaging multidisciplinary approach to teaching and learning that encourages students

104

to leverage the technology they use in their daily lives to solve real-world problems. Challenge Based Learning is collaborative and handson, asking students to work with peers, teachers, and experts in their communities and around the world to ask good questions, develop deeper subject area knowledge, accept and solve challenges, take action, and share their experience. Challenge Based Learning provides: • A multiple entry point strategy and varied and multiple possible solutions • A focus on universal challenges with local solutions • An authentic connection with multiple disciplines • An opportunity to develop 21st century skills • The purposeful use of Web 2.0 tools for organizing, collaborating, and publishing • The opportunity for students to do something rather than just learn about something • 24/7 access to up-to-date technology tools and resources so students can do their work These attributes enable Challenge Based Learning to engage learners, provide them with valuable skills, span the divide between formal and informal learning, and embrace a student’s digital life. Relevant Web Addresses http://ali.apple.com/cbl/index.shtml Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow—Today (ACOT2) is a collaborative effort with the education community to identify the essential design principles for the 21st century high school by focusing on the relationships that matter most: those between students, teachers, and curriculum. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? Challenge Based Learning is collaborative and hands-on, asking students to work with other students, their teachers, and experts in their communities and around the world to develop deeper 105

knowledge of the subjects students are studying, accept and solve challenges, take action, share their experience, and enter into a global discussion about important issues.

[3] Intel Computer Clubhouse Center

What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision?

Student Name

Challenge Based Learning is an engaging multidisciplinary approach to teaching and learning that encourages students to leverage the technology they use in their daily lives to solve real-world problems. The Challenge Based Learning process begins with a big idea and cascades to the following: an essential question, a challenge, guiding questions, activities, resources, determining and articulating the solution, taking action by implementing the solution, reflection, assessment, and publishing. What is really innovative? Today’s challenges call for bold action. No longer can school be a time where the curriculum is devoid of reality and opportunities for immediate application. Students are looking to be challenged in an authentic manner. They need to learn how to confidently ask questions and identify, research, analyze, and solve problems. Challenge Based Learning is designed to equip a new generation of students to solve real problems, develop 21st century skills, and make a difference in their community and the world. When provided with guidance, students can approach today’s critical challenges and make a difference. How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional? The Challenge Based Learning Community will provide a space for teachers, students, and experts to address local challenges that are impacting neighbourhoods, communities, and the world. It will encourage participation at many different levels, allowing for the organic development of a rich and engaging body of knowledge and community freely available to all educators. Learning communities can share different perspectives on issues and consider the variety of challenges faced around the globe and the solutions to these challenges designed by students. Powerful ideas combined with youthful creativity and cutting edge technology will address the myriad challenges facing our world, country, and communities.

106

Saurabh Mhatre Project Credits and Location The Intel Computer Clubhouse Network is headquartered at the Museum of Science, Boston, with support from the MIT Media Lab Project Description The Computer Clubhouse mission is to provide a creative and safe out-of-school learning environment where young people from underserved communities work with adult mentors to explore their own ideas, develop new skills, and build confidence in themselves through the use of technology. Using the “original” Clubhouse as a model, the Computer Clubhouse Network supports community-based Clubhouses around the world, providing over 25,000 youth per year with access to resources, skills, and experiences to help them succeed in their careers, contribute to their communities, and lead outstanding lives. Our Vision The ongoing vision of the Intel Computer Clubhouse Network is to expand the highly successful Clubhouse learning approach and establish it as a replicable model for technology learning in community-based organizations around the world. Our Core Values • Equal Opportunity-Empowering youth by granting full access to resources. • Relationships-Sustaining healthy, respectful, and consistent communications. • Creative Process-Nurturing a community of lifelong learners and producers. • Diversity-Encouraging an inclusive environment embraces the rich diversity of our communities.

that

• Hard Fun-Engaging in digital media, art, and technology tools to express, invent, and collaborate.

The Clubhouse learning approach is designed to empower youth from all backgrounds to become more capable, creative, and confident learners. This approach is grounded in research from the fields of education, developmental and social psychology, cognitive science, and youth development. It builds on research on the role of affect and motivation in the learning process, the importance of social context, and the interplay between individual and community development. It leverages new technologies to support new types of learning experiences and engage young people who have been alienated by traditional educational approaches. Relevant Web Addresses ttp://www.computerclubhouse.org/mission Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? The ongoing vision of the Intel Computer Clubhouse Network is to expand the highly successful Clubhouse learning approach and establish it as a replicable model for technology learning in community-based organisations around the world. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? The Computer Clubhouse mission is to provide a creative and safe out-of-school learning environment where young people from underserved communities work with adult mentors to explore their own ideas, develop new skills, and build confidence in themselves through the use of technology. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? The main strategy here is to make ‘work’ fun. Using the “original” Clubhouse as a model, the Computer Clubhouse Network supports community-based Clubhouses around the world, providing over 25,000 youth per year with access to resources, skills, and experiences to help them succeed in their careers, contribute to their communities, and lead outstanding lives. What is really innovative? The Clubhouse learning approach is designed to empower youth from all backgrounds to become more capable, creative, and 107

confident learners. This approach is grounded in research from the fields of education, developmental and social psychology, cognitive science, and youth development. It builds on research on the role of affect and motivation in the learning process, the importance of social context, and the interplay between individual and community development. It leverages new technologies to support new types of learning experiences and engage young people who have been alienated by traditional educational approaches.

up of industry, academia and the big world beyond campus is a key to our continuing evolution.

How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional?

We welcome our students with a methodology for innovation that combines creative and analytical approaches, and requires collaboration across disciplines. This process—which has been called design thinking—draws on methods from engineering and design, and combines them with ideas from the arts, tools from the social sciences, and insights from the business world. Our students learn this process together, and then personalize it, internalize it, and apply it to their own challenges. At the d.school, we learn by doing. We don’t just ask our students to solve a problem, we ask them to define what the problem is. Students start in the field, where they develop empathy for people they design for, uncovering real human needs they want to address. They then iterate to develop an unexpected range of possible solutions, and create rough prototypes to take back out into the field and test with real people. Our bias is toward action, followed by reflection on personal discoveries about process. Experience is measured by iteration: students run through as many cycles as they possibly can on any project. Each cycle brings stronger insights and more unexpected solutions.

People learn best when they are actively engaged in designing, creating, and inventing, not just passively receiving information. Projects like the clubhouse provides the user with all the technology and tools they need to reach their potential.

[4] The d.school Student Name Zachery LeMel Project Credits and Location Stanford University School of Engineering, 2004 California, United States Project Description The d.school is a hub for innovators at Stanford. Students and faculty in engineering, medicine, business, law, the humanities, sciences, and education find their way here to take on the world’s messy problems together. Human values are at the heart of our collaborative approach. We focus on creating spectacularly transformative learning experiences. Along the way, our students develop a process for producing creative solutions to even the most complex challenges they tackle. This is the core of what we do. In a time when there is hunger for innovation everywhere, we think our primary responsibility is to help prepare a generation of students to rise with the challenges of our times. We define what it means to be a d.school student broadly, and we support “students” of design thinking who range from kindergarteners to senior executives. Our deliberate mash108

Relevant Web Addresses http://dschool.stanford.edu/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform?

In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? Students come to the d.school with an intense curiosity, a deep affinity for other people, and the desire to gain an understanding beyond their own experience. They come from every school on campus, and beyond. Instead of working on different pieces of the same project, they navigate each step in the innovation process together, leveraging their differences as a kind of creative engine. The design thinking process becomes a glue that holds teams together, allowing students to unleash intuitive leaps, lateral thinking, and new ways of looking at old problems. Our teaching teams, too, combine contrasting view points and problem-solving approaches. All of our classes are team taught by a robust mix of faculty and industry leaders, combining

disciplines like computer science with political science, and CEOs with elementary school policy-makers. We believe these dynamic and sometimes contrasting points of view encourage students to see the open-ended nature of innovation and to trust themselves to find their own way forward. Everyone at the d.school loops through cycles of learning, teaching and doing. Our culture of collaboration means we move quickly beyond obvious ideas. We help each other even if it’s inconvenient. We ask for inspiration when stuck. We play. And we defer judgment long enough to build on each other’s ideas. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? Students want to put their efforts into problems that matter. Real-world problems, constraints and commitments accelerate learning more than hypothetical classroom exercises. At any one moment, there are hundreds of projects underway at the d.school involving partners, stakeholders, users, and experts. Some are quick introductions that last just an hour or two, others are 10-week class projects, and some span years as student teams stick with a project after their class is over. We partner with corporate, non-profit and government-sector organizations to develop these projects. It’s a learning loop: our students get a better understanding of what it means to use design thinking outside the classroom, and our partners deepen their own innovation methodology. What is really innovative? The school intentionally uses the design and configuration of spaces to support learning and research activities, design thinking by prototyping and iterating in rapid cycles to each new space, all with the intention of learning how environments can drive a culture of innovation. The school believes that space can be used as a tool to fuel the creative process by encouraging and discouraging specific behaviors/actions and by creating venues for emotional expression and physical negotiation. Furniture elements such as mobile screens, foam blocks and quickly reconfigurable T-walls are used to create a dynamic teaching and research environment.

[5] Mezzanine Student Name Chang Xiang Project Credits and Location MIT Media Lab 1996 Project Description Mezzanine is a collaborative conference room solution that introduces multi-user, multi-screen, multi-device collaboration. This is next-generation communication: share any content from any device with anyone, anywhere. Mezzanine transforms creative teamwork, executive meetings, and sales presentations into real-time, collaborative work sessions. Mezzanine expands on existing telepresence technology by providing what we call Infopresence—the incorporation of multiple users, multiple devices, and multiple streams of information in the collaboration environment. The future of conference room collaboration is here. A Mezzanine workspace lets any person on a network bring their own device and share content and applications with any colleague, anywhere in the world, interactively. Mezzanine is a collaborative conference room solution combining presentation design and delivery, application sharing, whiteboard capture, and video conferencing, all within a framework of multi-participant control. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.oblong.com/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? Providing work flow more efficiently and collaboratively In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? Platforms as interfaces. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to 109

implement its vision? The incorporation of multiple users, multiple devices, and multiple streams of information in the collaboration environment. The future of conference room collaboration is here. What is really innovative? Innovative interface for meetings and presentations.

SMALLab motion capture system, and mounted floor projection. This exploration space is ideal for mobile learning, embodied learning, and game-based learning. In these collaborative environments, the educator is not situated at the front of the class as the lecturer, but roams throughout as a guide and advisor, listening in and offering advice and instruction as needed.

[6] Playmaker

Relevant Web Addresses

Student Name

Project Analysis

Yatian Li Project Credits and Location Playmaker School Project Description The school now offers a large “Adventure Room collaborative space, an ideation-based DreamLab space and DIY “Maker Space.” The Adventure Room is packed with high tech 21st century learning systems, featuring four plasma flat screens, a

110

http://www.playmaker.org/our-world/playmaker-space/ What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? The school now offers a large “Adventure Room collaborative space, an ideation-based DreamLab space and DIY “Maker Space.” In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? There is a growing awareness that students learn in a variety of ways, and the differences should be supported. The students

often learn better by doing it themselves, so teachers are there to facilitate, not just to instruct. Technology is there as a tool and resource, not as a visual aid or talking head.

[7] Harvard Innovation lab

What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision?

Student Name

Through architecture design, to create an innovative space for learning

Zhenhuan Xu Project Credits and Location

What is really innovative?

Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.

Apply the learning ways into architecture design

Project Description

How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional?

Launched in November 2011, the Harvard Innovation Lab (i-lab) serves as a resource for students from across Harvard interested in entrepreneurship and innovation. The programming offered by the i-lab is designed to help students grow their ventures at any stage of development and covers a wide range of disciplines.

The spaces enable students to move elegantly between individual and group work and to engage in project-based and applied work. Beyond student support, the ideation space will provide support for educators to collaborate, share best practices, and offer a parallel research space.

The i-lab operates as a startup within the larger university environment. With student and community interest and

111

activity in its first two years exceeding all expectations, the i-lab is experiencing rapid growth. The opportunities for crossdisciplinary collaboration embodied in the i-lab represent the potential to catalyze innovative solutions to many of society’s most important challenges. Relevant Web Addresses http://i-lab.harvard.edu Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? A knowledge hub that allows interdisciplinary corporation happens.

Student Name Zhenhuan Xu Project Credits and Location Microsoft Project Description The project shows how technology might effect a classroom of the future. Students will be collaborating on a massive scale, and as teachers are job will be to facilitate that. Considering how much technology has changed in even the last 5 years, it’s an mind blowing thought. Relevant Web Addresses

In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge?

http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/showcase/details. aspx?uuid=e7728af1-3fe4-4e25-a907-3dbf689fe11a

• Foundational learning (courses and online video)

Project Analysis

• Expert resources (workshops and one-on-one appointments with lawyers and entrepreneurs)

What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform?

• Experiential learning experiences (challenges, winter break trips, and startup weekends)

Future young generation benefit from the technology that transform realtime data with fellow classmates regardless of nationalities.

• Venture Incubation Program (incubation, mentoring, private workshops, community building events) What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? The i-lab combines foundational learning provided by Harvard faculty who teach innovation and entrepreneurship with resources for students to apply to their ideas and help them grow. What is really innovative? New possibilities by collaboration. How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional? A flexible working and communication space.

[8] Microsoft Future Classroom 112

In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? People from various backgrounds exchange information without obstacles and discriminations. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? Real time information technology. What is really innovative? Interaction real-time. How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional? It is an exciting information exchange project. It can be used in the process of exchanging knowledge in future classrooms. If this technology is applied to the public space area in the city. The efficiency of exchanging information and knowledge will contribute to the development of a smarter city.

[9] Shidhulai

The school offers students unique and continuous way during the flood period, helping solving the education problems in the less developed area.

Student Name

In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge?

Nida Mian Project Credits and Location Bangladesh Project Description Shidhulai is Solar-Powered floating schools in Bangladesh, where floods are very common. Shidhulai came up with a creative solution ‘floating school’ to address this issue and brought the school to the students during the flooding. Also the organization runs a fleet of boats acting as libraries, adult education centers and solar workshops. Also the organization runs a fleet of boats acting as libraries, adult education centers and solar workshops. Boats themselves are outfitted with solar panels that power computers, lights and other equipment. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.shidhulai.org/ Project Analysis One third of Bangladesh floods annually during the monsoon season, but extreme floods cover up to two thirds. Every year, during the rainy season, monsoon winds brings plenty of rainfall that causes its’ hundreds of rivers to swell and overflow onto the land. Due to floods, thousands of schools are forced to close and many children miss school days. Shidhulai Swanirvar Sangstha came up with a creative solution ‘floating school’ to address this issue and brought the school to the students during the flooding. Also the organization runs a fleet of boats acting as libraries, adult education centers and solar workshops. Boats themselves are outfitted with solar panels that power computers, lights and other equipment. But the boats bring more than services to these cut-off areas - they bring electricity. Shidhulai also runs floating clinics that have doctors and paramedics. The United Nations Environment Program awarded UN Prize for Inspiring Environmental action 2020 to Shidhulai Swanirvar Sangstha.

Shidhulai operates a 54-vessel fleet of floating schools, libraries, health clinics and floating training centres with wireless internet access, serving close to 97,000 people in flood-prone areas. Now people are benefiting from better understanding on climate change and human rights, improved education, sustainable farming, increased income, solar lights and outside communications. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? Floating schools with libraries, health clinics and floating training centres with wireless internet access. What is really innovative? Solar-Powered floating school is quite innovative idea for schools How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional? Students do not need to worry about the bad influence of floods, during this periods, they can still go to school and get educated.

What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? 113

[10] IDeALL - Integrating Design for All in Living Labs Roberta Allevi

The main objective of IDeALL is to provide anyone equal access to environments, goods and services without having to make any adaptations. Indeed, this social need receives hardly any attention from the private sector or it is perceived as a marginal corporate social responsibility topic, rather than a core business concern.

Project Credits and Location

IDeALL sub-objectives are:

IDeALL is one of six projects launched under the European Commission Directorate General Enterprise and Industryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s European Design Innovation Initiative. It has not a unique location, but it consists on many workshops, conferences and living labs located in different European cities. The hub represents:

- To bring together on the long term two innovative and usercentred communities that, do not currently interact.

Student Name

- public bodies (municipalities, innovation and development agencies, universities and research institutes) - companies (especially SMEs often organized in industrial clusters) - professionals from various disciplines (design, social, engineering ...) - end users organized in user communities. Project Description IDeALL is a project aimed to connect two user-centred communities (Living Labs approaches and Design Communities) and to support these communities in building their public policy, increasing the competitiveness of companies. I have chosen this project because it has not a fixed head office, but it is an example of an itinerant physical lab, which can serve Europeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s innovation aspirations, fostering interactions between academics, designers and the business sectors across Europe, creating a common language and building a joint vision on usercentered innovation. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.ami-communities.eu/wiki/IDeALL http://www.openlivinglabs.eu/news/ideall-project-starts

- To foster interactions between academics (research centers and universities), designers and business sectors across Europe in order to increase Europeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s competitiveness. - To integrate design disciplines into Living Lab approaches, creating a common language and building a joint vision of usercentred innovation. - To develop new methodologies thanks to interdisciplinary approaches (design, technology, sociology etc.) to be tested and improved via experimentation with companies and users. - To demonstrate the added value of design and human-centred approaches in innovation processes through experimentation with Living Labs and clusters, evaluating the achieved outcomes through objective criteria. - To disseminate best practices and raise awareness among politicians and design decision makers. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? IDeALL is a hub for the democratization of knowledge because it organizes physical events (conferences, workshops, living labs, meetings, summer schools etc.), in which people can interact, express ideas and opinions and doing many kinds of activities in order to achieve the main objectives of the organization. In my opinion, the interesting aspects of this project is the fact that it has not a fixed headquarter, but it organizes events all around Europe, trying to create a common language and to collect ideas and knowledge from every European city.

Project Analysis

What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision?

What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform?

In order to implement its vision, the organization organizes some physical events and initiatives in different European cities. Some

114

examples are: People Olympics for Healthy Living and Social Innovation at 4th Enoll Summer School, ceremonies, meetings, conferences, workshops, Summer Schools, participation in Living Labs events. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? The European citizen is an active agent for the production of knowledge because the organized events are created in order to stimulate peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s participation, debates and learning, as in a living lab. What are benefits for the all community - if any? The all European community takes advantage from the project because it is created with the aim of increasing Europeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s competitiveness in the world, creating a common language and building a joint vision of user-centred innovation.

[11] FabLab Waag Society Student Name Cristina Bassi Project Credits and Location De Waag, Nieuwmarkt 4, 1012 CR Amsterdam Project Description This Fablab is a fully equiped fabrication workshop that gives everyone, from small children to entrepreneurs and businesses, the capability to turn their ideas and concepts into reality. Relevant Web Addresses http://fablab.waag.org Project Analysis

knowledge? The lab enables inventions by providing access for individuals to tools to digital fabrication. It shares digital designs and fabricated solutions forming a network of intellectual property for ideas exchange. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? The Fablab Amsterdam contains tools (from laser cutter to moulding & casting, milling equipment and digital embroidery) to produce accurate 3D models and prototypes of various materials and sizes. Also empty spaces are available for meeting and sharing of knowledge. Experts are always available to guide new inventors. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? Citizens take advantages of this fablab in different ways: -if they are interested in business they can develop their ideas and create prototypes for new products, with the help of staff that assists them by bringing in expertise from cad drawings to 3D modelling and fabrication principles to product -if a community needs space to meet and develop new ideas it can organize meetings here -schools can make use of design labs and workshops -an entrepreneur or an inventor can create products and solve problems quickly, cheaply and easily. What are benefits for the all community - if any? The benefit for all community is the possibility to create for everyone in a very stimulating environment.

[12] Outside Melting Office

What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform?

Student Name

The process of creation is affordable also for inexpert people. The concepts of use and creation are merged.

Project Credits and Location

In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of

Egle Carobbio Mar del Plata by IADB as part of their Emerging & Sustainable 115

Cities Initiative, Gehl Architects. Project Description The pilot project started in 2013 at Mar del Plata, a coastal city in the Buenos Aires province of Argentina. The intervention is dedicated to urban planning and urban spaces. It is elaborated by the first ever cross-departmental team of that city. It is focused on three important but very different commercial and civic centres of the city. The goal is to change the street layout and at the same time to improve activities that are already settled in those places. Relevant Web Addresses http://gehlcitiesforpeople.dk/2013/10/22/urban-interventionsin-mar-del-plata/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? The pilot project consists of; improved pedestrian crossings in the intersections with enhanced corner spaces also holding bicycle parking, seating and shade; better space for pedestrian movement along the street. Space that has been located by allocating the outdoor serving along the street to a series of small parklets along the sidewalk, freeing the sidewalk space from chairs and tables; parklets that are located along the sidewalk and holds both spaces for outdoor serving as well as public seating areas with chairs and tables, benches and urban lounges, umbrellas that provide shade and planters to green the street and to create a safe zone between the parklets and the vehicular lanes. Bicycle and motorcycle parking has been integrated in the parklet zone that also holds spots for car parking. The pilot study has been implemented: the project will cover eight different blocks inside the city. Recognizable and accessible environments spread around the town. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? These physical places could act as a knowledge network. They are settled outside building where people work, live or eat. Citizens do not have to go far for having a meeting point, they just can sit down in the town centre between the most important roads. Since these hubs are open and free, everybody could go there 116

and use them in different way: they are a meeting point between employees during the lunch break, they represent cultural clubs or simply place for groups of mothers before they will agree to go to the grocery store together What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? First of all the team had studied how people behaved in the streets, parks and squares, counting people flows and registering the state of the physical environment, using the Gehl methodology but with great local input. The analysis was used to develop general recommendations for improving the public realm, as well as specific strategies for short-, medium and long term changes. The short term strategies for the different survey areas included a series of pilot projects focused on the low-cost, high-impact model used in other cities such as New York to create awareness of the importance of good public space and the power of showing this change in reality instead of plans and renderings After the implementation of the pilot projects we will evaluate the effect, measuring changes to how the spaces are used as well as the economic effect for local merchants to give the data needed for adjusting the pilot projects or for doing more permanent changes. As part of the test period of one month, follow up surveys and interviews are being carried out in the street. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? The pilot projects have come to life in a close working relationship between Gehl Architects, the Municipality, the citizens and local business owners as well as through numerous surveys and registrations on site in the city. Citizen have been involved into this project since the beginning. It is a space for them, it is public and does not need to be booked. Everybody could reach them and it is useful for chatting between friends, comparing prices whether it is outside supermarket, talking about books or about new edition of someting. Noumerous and different physical platform spread in the city. The should be covered by a WIFI free network for making them really ergonomic and practical. What are benefits for the all community - if any?

These spaces could be used as temporary office, workspace looking the whole city, to discuss progress and exchange experiences.

[13] Talent Garden

They lead benefits for the all communities because they are in a close cooperation with the local team, building capacity. They create strong personal ties between physical entities and people.

Student Name Moreno Gambirasi Project Credits and Location Location: Bergamo, Brescia, Cosenza, Milano, Padova, Genova, Pisa, Torino and New York. Founders of Italian Talent Garden: Davide Dattoli, Alberto Trussardi, and others. Project Description Talent Garden is a co-working space and a community where people, with Web and Communication interests,creativity and innovation oriented collaborate and compete in order to develop new ideas. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.talentgarden.it/it/#!/home http://newyork.talentgarden.it/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? The vision is to create an entrepreneurial environment where people can contaminate each other stimulating the collaboration. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? Talent Garden is wrongly defined as coWorking space, its model aim not only on spaces sharing but to pick up and develop all growing ideas. Its act as a hub by sharing knowledge thanks to the collaborative environment provided. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? The strategy is that every member must have Digital, Innovation and Communication skill, Teamwork abilities and “sense of community”, must be invited and admitted. The value of this space is related to people’s capabilities and knowledge. 117

How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided?

[14]

With a contribution of 250â&#x201A;Ź/monthly Talent Garden provides its benefits such as space, services and knowledge sharing. The users work in a collaborative environment where people share competences in order to growth start-ups and develop new ideas. This space is also useful for creative people.

Student Name

What are benefits for the all community - if any? Talent Garden gives benefits to the mebers and citizens. Talent Garden organizes events to collect emergent ideas from its territory and to share their contents. During others events update people on new digital, technological and entrepreneurial trends.

118

Knowledge Kilometer Angela Garbelli Project Credits and Location Chamber of Commerce of Como, in collaboration with the Municipality of Como, Villa del Grumello Association, Antonio Ratti Foundation. Project Description Chilometro della conoscenza (Knowledge Kilometre) is a green area along the bank of the lake of Como. The project aims to

create a network of places, people and events with a cultural import. It values and increases the current realities, offering spaces and services to realize initiatives with an important meaning for the cultural developement of the entire community. All the project is conceived in the respect of the landscape and historical environment. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.villadelgrumello.it/?q=it/kmconoscenza http://www.villadelgrumello.it/download/grumello_km_ conoscenza.pdf Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? The main objective of this initiative is to provide a beautiful and green space where people can ‘produce’ culture and benefit from it, making some spaces available to give voice to culture under different forms, in an interactive place. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge?

Traditional arts and modern technologies are distributed along this ‘kilometre of knowlede’. Any kind of cultural initiative can be hosted by this place, and some of them create interactive moments in which people themselves become part of the cultural event, sharing knowledge. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? Local enterprises and stakeholder of the culture are called to use the spaces provided by the Knowledge Kilometre, in change of visibility and the possibility to share knowledge and experiences. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? People are the main actors of this initiative, because they are they act as beneficiaries and also as the necessary interactive counterpart of the different proposals set in the Kilometre of the Knowledge. What are benefits for the all community - if any? The availability of useful services and of a beautiful and historical space where to talk about culture and really give place to it.

Three historical villas (Villa Olmo, Villa del Grumelo, Villa Sucota) with their huge and fascinating park (with also two greenhouses and other typical spaces) are connected together creating a unique big area where people can breath culture at any corner.

119

[15] Fab Foundation Student Name Davide Garlini Project Credits and Location MIT’s Center for Bits & Atoms Fab Lab Program. Project Description The Fab Foundation was formed February 9, 2009 to facilitate and support the growth of the international fab lab network through the development of regional Fab Foundations and organizations. The Fab Foundation is a US non-profit 501(c) 3 organization that emerged from MIT’s Center for Bits & Atoms Fab Lab Program. The mission is to provide access to the tools, the knowledge and the financial means to educate, innovate and invent using technology and digital fabrication to allow anyone to make (almost) anything, and thereby creating opportunities to improve lives and livelihoods around the world. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.fabfoundation.org/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? The objective of this project is to provide access to the tools, the knowledge and the financial means to educate, innovate and invent using technology and digital fabrication to allow anyone to make (almost) anything, and thereby creating opportunities to improve lives and livelihoods around the world. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? A Fab Lab (Fabrication Laboratory, Fabulous Laboratory) is an open workshop offering digital fabrication (and analog tools as well), with the aim to make “almost” anything, through personal, social, local manufacturing. The FabLab Conference takes place once a year in a different city around the world, it is a forum which gathers fab lab managers, core members, FAB researchers and reflective practitioners from the global Fab Lab 120

network and beyond, for a week of dialogue sessions, hands-on workshops and a one-day symposium offered by global fablab network. Everybody is welcome to share his opinion, knowledge, experiences and background. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? People work and operate face to face in the same environment. They share their ideas in a very open and direct way through workshops, brainstormings and deep discussions. The Foundation has three different programs: - education: bringing digital fabrication tools and processes to people of all ages, teaching the skills and knowledge of digital fabrication, developing curriculum for formal and informal educational settings, as well as designing and offering professional development training programs for teachers, fab lab managers and other professionals; - organizational capacity building and services: the promotion of digital fabrication, facilitating the development of communitybased and educational fab labs, the dissemination of best practices in digital fabrication throughout the fab lab network, facilitation and dissemination of research and communitybeneficial projects, the funding and facilitation of fab lab and digital fabrication projects that benefit people and communities in exemplary ways, such as mobile fab labs for emergency aid, or fab labs for developing world contexts; - business opportunity: to enable new forms of economic exchange and opportunities created by this globally distributed network, facilitating an ecosystem of fab lab-generated businesses and products with access to global markets. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? The services mentioned above are there for everyone to take benefit from. Afterwards people can put into practice the new skills they have learned and/or share them with others in order to reach all together a given goal. What are benefits for the all community - if any? The availability of useful services and of a beautiful and historical space where to talk about culture and really give place to it.

[16] Living Labs ICT - Apulia Innovation in Progress Student Name

The Apulian Living Labs strategy is characterized by several phases: -identification of citizens needs -selection of interest areas

Susanna Rossi

-mapping of relationships between stakeholders involved

Project Credits and Location

-development of ICT solutions

This is a project developed by the Regione Puglia, involving ICT companies, public enterprises and research laboratories.

-economic analysis of the innovation

Project Description Living Labs ICT is a project that aims to create an open ecosystem, where the citizens is directly involved in the development of innovative solutions, thanks to the use of Information and Communication Technologies. Relevant Web Addresses http://livinglabs.regione.puglia.it/home Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? The main goal is to create innovative solution for the society, involvong citizens, SMEs of the territory who needs to introduce new technologies, ICT companies and a lot of public authorities, and to create a network for the empowerment of the region.

How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? Citizens are directly involved in the production of knowledge and innovation, indeed they can: -point out the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most important needs and innovation requirements -contribute to the development of ICT innovation What are benefits for the all community - if any? The main benefit is that this set of Living Labs can create a network, in which all the stakeholders are involved (companies, citizens, public authorities), and where everyone can benefit from innovation and technologies or contribute to their development.

In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? This project involves a lot of stakeholders in the society and it has several intervention areas: -environment, security -tourism -health, wellness -Energy -Education -Economy What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? 121

[17] Fab Lab Barcelona

[18] Toolbox Office

Student Name

Elisa Saccenti

Milva Sadek

Project Credits and Location

Barcelona- Spain.

Toolbox srl

Project Description

Fab Lab Torino

Fab Lab Barcelona is a centre of production, investigation and education, that uses the latest computer-assisted design software for the creation of prototypes and scale models for Architecture, Construction and Industrial Design.

Project Description

Relevant Web Addresses http://www.fablabbcn.org/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? Share spaces and device for the creation of models for Architecture, Construction and Industrial Design. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? Everyone can use the spaces and machines of the Lab, they just have to pay a fee. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? They offer the possibility of using the spaces, machinary, advice services. They also offer training curses How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? Using the fab lab services the users made innovation. What are benefits for the all community - if any? Cost reduction for research and development.

A community-driven shared working environment. At Toolbox independent work becomes social, dynamic, shared. Spaces for businesses, professionals and a new generation of freelancers, merging independence with cross-fertilization in a dynamic and sustainable environment in the true spirit of coworking. Because working together is more fun and more productive than working alone. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.toolboxoffice.it/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? Toolbox offers a new pattern of working, meeting the demands of organization and flexibility, and combining the benefits of independence and sharing, to form an active community of freelancers, entrepreneurs, businesses and innovators. The aim is to share not only physical spaces, but also ideas and collaborations. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? It permits to share ideas and expertise and also gives the opportunity to rent a space and start a new activity, facilitating for young people to give form to their professional desires and ideas. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? Toolbox offers spaces, services and solutions for independent

122

work, in the middle of a strategic hub for the development of new professions and expertise in Turin. From individual workstations in an open-plan environment to team rooms for businesses.

[19] IBM Watson

In keeping with this spirit of coworking, Toolbox organizes and hosts discussions and networking events on creativity, independent working and business innovation.

Student Name

Moreover, Toolbox is located in the same building of the Turin Fab Lab, another coworking space, which is a personal fabrication laboratory equipped with the latest technology, from 3D printers to laser cutters How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? The user works in a collaborative environment, in which he/she share his/her expertise and ideas and benefit as well from the other membersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; skills and knowledge; in this environment is easy to give birth to new collaborations and to new projects. What are benefits for the all community - if any? The community can benefit on two different sides: in a general sense this working model generate innovation, which is useful to the whole communities; in the particular, it offers to many young people the opportunity to invent their work, in a way that is useful to fight against unemployment.

Stefano Terranova Project Credits and Location 51 Astor Place New York, NY, Silicon Alley The IBM Watson Group will be housed in a new 12-story, glazedglass building by famed architect Fumihiko Maki. Sitting on a full city block between Fourth Avenue and Broadway, this hub of innovation will be the new heart of Silicon Alley. Project Description IBM Watson is moving to New York as part of IBMâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s $1 billion investment in the development and commercialization of Watson technology. A large part of this initiative will be devoted to helping developers and entrepreneurs build a new class of applications, powered by Watson. Watson is the most powerful hardware in the world and IBM want to share this power with other researchers and common people who has a great idea to be developed. Is it the main topdpwn project in the world at this moment. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/ibmwatson/ https://twitter.com/ibmwatson https://www.facebook.com/ibmwatson Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? The vision of IBM Watson project is to promote the share of power and knowledge in order to improve the quality of cultural and scientific research. Watson is a design lab but also an incubator and absolution center. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? 123

This is an hub because you can apply to become a business partner to develop your own Powered by watson apps. It is a physical space where you can work and meet other researchers in order to share skills and knowledge. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? Watson is a cognitive technology that processes information more like a human than a computer—by understanding natural language, generating hypotheses based on evidence, and learning as it goes. And learn it does. Watson “gets smarter” in three ways: by being taught by its users, by learning from prior interactions, and by being presented with new information. This means organizations can more fully understand and use

124

the data that surrounds them, and use that data to make better decisions. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? Citizens could try to apply this project and can use all of the Watson’s power. They can also meet several different people that can share their own skills. What are benefits for the all community - if any? The main benefit is the sharing of knowledge and the first example of an international big company as IBM that want to share for free with other people its own technologies.

125

[20] FabLab Bergamo Student Name Elena Vari Project Credits and Location The founders of the FabLab are Barbara Ventura, Vittorio Paris and Giovanni Assi. The lab is located in the city of Bergamo. Temporary Lab Address: via San Michele (Piazza Dante). Project Description FabLab Bergamo is born at the end of 2013. Its main purpose is to spread the knowledge about digital fabrication. FabLab team makes available their competences, machines and tools for prototyping your solutions. It also offer consultancy and support to schools and universities.

implement its vision? The main activities organized in the FabLab are: • Organization of workshops, seminars, courses and contests. The themes are wide and range from Architecture to electronic prototyping, from the realization of interactive products to story telling through images and sounds; • Offering advisory for third party; • Look after the creation of objects or systems for the solution of existing problems; • Collaboration universities.

with

research

institutes,

schools

and

How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided?

http://new.fablabbergamo.it

Thanks to the contribution of 10 euros every citizen can obtain a membership card that gives the chance to benefit from the services offered by the FabLab. They can sign in for workshops and participate to the events organized.

Project Analysis

What are benefits for the all community - if any?

Relevant Web Addresses

What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? “We have tried to imagine a way to create something else” The objective of FabLab Bergamo are: • promoting and valuing the different activities of the members • spreading the use of digital prototyping means and open design • sharing the local project at a global level through the web • offering a physical space for creation and exchange • promoting scientific research on every level In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? The Lab is a physical place, an oper laboratory whose aim is to reach the sharing of knowledge as the new foundation of work and thinking models. With a small contribution everyone can join the lab and benefit from its services. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to 126

The Lab gives to the city of Bergamo something totally new: a place to share knowledge, working together and new possibilities to learn about new and useful technologies through workshops and seminars. It helps in spreading the digital fabrications.

[21] Valldaura - Self Sufficient Lab Student Name Matteo Zanini Project Credits and Location Barcelona - Spain Project Description Valldaura Labs is a project promoted by IaaC (Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia) for the creation of a selfsufficient habitat research centre. Located in the Collserola Natural Park, in the heart of the metropolitan area of Barcelona, it has laboratories for the production of energy, food and things, and develops projects and academic programmes in association with leading research centres around the world. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.valldaura.net/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? THE 8 CARDINAL PRINCIPLES OF VALLDAURA 1. We want to learn from nature what we should never have forgotten. We like cities. We like Barcelona. But we want to imagine a new future for our cities that embraces the challenges and opportunities of the times we live in. 2. We want a self-sufficient life. We want to create a place in which to make and do all that is necessary for human life in the most efficient way; to be able to produce food, energy and artifacts locally, connected to the world with which we share knowledge and interest. We want to learn from nature in order to act in the world naturally. 3. We want to learn by doing, transforming our everyday environment, sharing experiences with others, accumulating knowledge from a wide range of disciplines, with people of all ages, reinventing what it means to live. 4. At the centre of the project are human beings who need to

learn to know themselves, and learn from everything around them. 5. We want to achieve a holistic vision of the environment with which we interact and learn to transform ourselves together with it. 6. In so doing we want to create an open, independent and global community, a self-sufficient connected community in which to invent the future of our cities on the basis of a new humanism. 7. We want to make a meaningful contribution to the conservation of the Collserola Natural Park, where we have established our centre, and promote biodiversity and connection with the immediate network of natural systems. 8. The project is the way, the process of transforming Valldaura into a new reality. We are a link in the long chain of Valldauraâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? People capable of producing energy, food and things in their immediate environment, connected to global social, economic and knowledge networks. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? A typical Valldaura working day begins with the care of the individual through the preparation of body, mind and spirit as the basis for a productive morning spent working the land to obtain food and obtaining energy from forest management and other renewable sources. The afternoon is devoted to researching the machines for fabricating objects, and the end of the day is spent connecting to the global community to expand the sum of creativity, knowledge and experience acquired and developed during the day. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? There are different types of Labs, each dedicated to a specific area: Food, Energy, Green. What are benefits for the all community - if any? The benefits of Valldaura are about connecting age-old ancestral knowledge with the most advanced technologies. 127

SMART[ER] KNOWLEDGE CASE STUDIES

128

3 | VIRTUAL PLATFORMS DEMOCRATIZATION OF PRODUCTION AND ACCESS TO KNOWLEDGE

129

[1] Project Gutenberg Student Name Georgia Williams Project Credits and Location Michael S. Hart Project Description Project Gutenberg (PG) is a volunteer effort to digitize and archive cultural works, to “encourage the creation and distribution of eBooks.” It was founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart and is the oldest digital library. Most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain books. The project tries to make these as free as possible, in long-lasting, open formats that can be used on almost any computer. As of March 2013, Project Gutenberg claimed over 42,000 items in its collection. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.gutenberg.org/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform?

130

Project Gutenberg aims to encourage the distribution of literary works. Their mission is simple: “To encourage the creation and distribution of ebooks.” Other goals and missions are to “break down the bars of ignorance and illiteracy” and “to provide as many e-books in as many formats as possible for the entire world to read in as many languages as possible.” In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? Project Gutenberg is intentionally decentralized. For example, there is no selection policy dictating what texts to add. Instead, individual volunteers work on what they are interested in, or have available. The Project Gutenberg collection is intended to preserve items for the long term, so they cannot be lost by any one localized accident. In an effort to ensure this, the entire collection is backed-up regularly and mirrored on servers in many different locations. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? Volunteers (members) produce books, and submit them when completed. The Production Directors help with general volunteer issues. The Posting Team check submitted texts and shepherd them onto the servers. What is really innovative? Project Gutenberg is the oldest digital library and has become

one of the most important sources of free ebooks on the web. This longest-established ebook project releases books that entered public domain, and can be freely used in electronic format. It does not choose books to publish and there is no central list of works that volunteers are asked to work on. Individual volunteers choose and produce books according to their own tastes and values, and the availability (or price!) of the book. Furthermore, all languages are welcome. How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional? Users have utilized Gutenberg fora variety uses: some Project Gutenberg titles have been prepared for print-on-demand sites, The Angel of the Odd from Edgar Allen Poe was edited and adapted for audio by Dave Johnson, Also The Legend of Sleepy Hollow by Washington Irving was adapted by Dave Johnson and Starring Alan Zain at DaveFilms. A Self-Study Group has been set up, using Virgil’s Aeneid for translating practice. A Princess of Mars was converted into Morse Code.

https://www.khanacademy.org/ http://khanacademy.desk.com/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? Khan Academy is an organization on a mission. It is a not-forprofit with the goal of changing education for the better by providing a free world-class education for anyone anywhere. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? The Khan Academy’s ability to freely distribute lessons has demonstrated technology’s ability to eliminate economic barriers that prevent effective education, as long as an individual has regular access to an internet enabled computer. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision?

Salman Khan, Mountain View, CA

Via YouTube videos khan academy is teaching mathematics, history, healthcare, medicine, finance, physics, general chemistry, biology, astronomy, economics, cosmology, organic chemistry, American civics, art history, macroeconomics, microeconomics, and computer science completely free of charge. All of the site’s resources are available to anyone. It doesn’t matter if you are a student, teacher, home-schooler, principal, adult returning to the classroom after 20 years, Khan Academy’s materials and resources are available to you completely free of charge.

Project Description

What is really innovative?

Khan Academy is a not-for-profit educational organization started by Salman Khan in 2008. Khan Academy is an organization on a mission of changing education for the better by providing a free world-class education for anyone anywhere. This website features thousands of educational resources, a personalized learning dashboard, over 100,000 exercise problems, and over 4000 micro lectures via video tutorials stored on YouTube. All resources are available for free to anyone around the world. Khan Academy reaches about 10,000,000 students per month and has delivered over 300,000,000 lessons.

How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional?

[2] The khan Academy Student Name Malika Singh Project Credits and Location

Relevant Web Addresses

The idea of creating a open source learning platform with interactive whiteboard learning through sketch’s and its availability everywhere anytime under one setup has further pushed the available learning resources for students.

Anyone can take advantages of the lessons and lectures on this website by just visiting it online, additionally they can also create an account and follow up on their viewed lessons, take exercises provided and share their process with their school teacher, parents or guardians.

131

[3]

4: Life Long Learning

IMB-Optimized Education

Relevant Web Addresses

Student Name

http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/presskit/25091.wss

Malika Singh

Project Analysis

Project Credits and Location

What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform?

IBM, New York Project Description Many advances in education technology can be applied to our schools to refresh outdated infrastructures with new functionality. To help achieve these goals, IBM is collaborating with thousands of schools around the world to utilize new technology and to help faculty and students develop the business, technology, math and science skills and infrastructure needed for the jobs of the future.

IBM aims at enhancing classroom teaching and learning and drive accountability as well as improved performance of students by enabling data integration and more advanced analytic capabilities Smarter cities use the system of systems to their advantage when supporting the needs of each citizen through social programs, healthcare and education. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge?

IMB explores four topics under the idea of â&#x20AC;&#x153;Smart city smart educationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

By trying to re-vision future Classroom/Education and providing experienced consultancy services.

1: The business of education

What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision?

2: The smarter classroom 3: Optimized education

IBM provides experienced consulting services in education to help build data systems that are designed to measure student growth and inform instructional leaders about how they can improve instruction. What is really innovative? By collaborating with various institutions around to world to address various global academic problems and to in-vision the future of education and educational institutes with use of advanced technologies.

[4] Coursera Student Name Zachery LeMel Project Credits and Location Founders: Daphne Koller & Andrew Ng 132

Location: Online Platform, Worldwide Project Description Coursera believes in connecting people to a great education so that anyone around the world can learn without limits. Coursera is an education company that partners with the top universities and organizations in the world to offer courses online for anyone to take, for free. Our technology enables our partners to teach millions of students rather than hundreds. Courses in a wide range of topics, spanning the Humanities, Medicine, Biology, Social Sciences, Mathematics, Business, Computer Science, and many others are offered. Relevant Web Addresses https://www.coursera.org/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? Coursera envisions a future where everyone has access to a world-class education that has so far been available to a select few. Coursera aims to empower people with education that will improve their lives, the lives of their families, and the communities they live in. Classes offered on Coursera are designed to help you master the material. When you take one of our classes, you will watch lectures taught by world-class professors, learn at your own pace, test your knowledge, and reinforce concepts through interactive exercises. When you join one of Courseraâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s classes, youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll also join a global community of thousands of students learning alongside you. Life is busy, and you have many commitments on your time. Thus, courses are designed based on sound pedagogical foundations, to help you master new concepts quickly and effectively. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? Coursera acts as a hub for the democratization of knowledge because it breaks down the barriers between education and the individual, including financial and language. By partnering with established education institutions Coursera offers high quality education to anyone, anywhere in the world.

133

[5] Lumosity Student Name Zachery LeMel Project Credits and Location Michael Scanlon, Co-Founder and Chief Scientific Officer San Francisco, CA Project Description A games website that makes you smarter -- no, really, that’s the whole point of it. Lumosity consists of ‘brain training’ exercises, which are basically games based on neurological science formed through affiliations with Harvard, Stanford and UC Berkeley. Aimed at improving everything from memory to thinking speed, once you sign up for the site and choose a course, it sets you up with a training regimen -- not unlike that piece of paper the personal trainer handed you at the gym after your free evaluation (huffingtonpost.com). Relevant Web Addresses www.lumosity.com Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? Lumos Labs believe in improving brains and lives. So they created Lumosity, a simple online tool that allows anyone to achieve their full potential. They want to place the importance of working out your brain on the same level as working out your body. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? By allowing each user to personalize the experience it puts them in control. Unlike traditional learning programs which have a rigid structure. Lumosity also promotes lifelong learning. It can be used as an introduction to a subject to elderly populations who previously had no access to education or be used as continued education by the elderly population to help fend off cognitive 134

degeneration. However, the service does charge a user fee. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? The Human Cognition Project (HCP) is a collaboration between Lumosity’s in-house science team and various academic scientists, clinicians, and educators interested in understanding and exploring human cognitive abilities. HCP researchers receive free access to Lumosity’s tools and, in certain cases, limited access to select portions of Lumosity’s database of cognitive game performance. Currently, there are 43 ongoing HCP studies exploring topics such as age-related cognitive decline, interventions for PTSD, and the relationship between physical exercise and Lumosity training. What is really innovative? The gamification of continued education paired with ongoing neuroscience research to prove and test new possibilities. How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional? Lumosity allows each user to customize his/her experience with personalized training programs.

[6] CreativeLIVE Student Name Chang Xiang Project Credits and Location Chase Jarvis, Craig Swanson, Seatle

What is really innovative? It focuses on creative area such as business, software, design, film and lifestyle, narrowing the audience. How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional? People who interested in startups as well as art, photography and film, it’s a great place to go.

Project Description CreativeLive is an online space where people could connect the world’s top creatives LIVE with a global audience of aspiring creative professionals. Their aim is to provide entrepreneurship training courses for startups, covering photography, business, software, design, film and lifestyle. creativeLIVE empowers you to unleash your potential by bringing the world’s greatest experts directly to you, live. Featuring workshops in photography, video, design, business, audio, music, and software training, creativeLIVE unlocks previously closed doors by making dynamic education accessible to everyone. Anyone can watch our live online workshops — for free — and interact with instructors in real time. The future of education is interactive, free, and live now. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.creativelive.com/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? Every artist is an entrepreneur. Every entrepreneur is an artist. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? Numerous sources of videos for learners and opportunities to exchange ideas. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? It provides training courses for startups, covering photography, business, software, design, film and lifestyle. 135

[7] Google for Education

What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision?

Student Name

Through latest technology to create innovative system for learning.

Chang Xiang

What is really innovative?

Project Credits and Location

Combining software and hardware to create learning system.

Chase Jarvis, Craig Swanson, Seatle Project Description Google for education is Google’s ambition to combine its products, hardware and software, with education all over the world. It includes google products, training and programs. Affordable devices, innovative tools and educational content built for the classroom. Technology that helps inspire curiosity and boost productivity. Training: Browse professional development resources including how-to videos, case studies and lesson plans to help you make the most of Google technology for teaching and learning. Programs: Find opportunities to connect with peers, learn new skills and ways to use technology to help keep learning engaging and exciting. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.google.com/edu/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? There are a lot of online learning website, but google it such a great firm that it could combine it outstanding production, hardware and software together to form a systematic learning environment for students. It will help changing the devices in classrooms as well as ways of learning. Such improvement maybe one day will change the system of education In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? It provides numerous recourses of training and programs courses.

136

How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional? The apps and platforms are all designed by the same firm, they act better performance than other approaches. And members in this system have better opportunity to connect with peers.

[8] Hour of Code Student Name Frederick Kim Project Credits and Location Code.org Project Description Coding became an essential field in our generations. However, only 90% of schools do not teach computer science. The Hour of Code is the first step on a journey to learn more about how technology works and how to create software applications. Relevant Web Addresses http://code.org/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? Code.org’s vision is that every student in every school should have the opportunity to learn computer programming. They believe that computer science should be part of the core curriculum in education, alongside other science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) courses, such as biology, physics, chemistry and algebra. Through Hour of Code program Code.org® is dedicated to expanding participation in computer

science education by making it available in more schools, and increasing participation by women and underrepresented students of color. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? Having successful online curriculum, Hour of Code program doesn’t stop at educating the people in the world, it also brings a platform where it can be implemented in computer science classes to K-12 school in the United States, especially in urban and rural neighborhoods. There are many lessons are available that ranges from start learning about an idea of coding to expert level.

What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? Through its Web site, Hour of Code offers lessons in computer coding that are aimed at every age group and accessible on a range of devices, from tablets to desktops. Entire schools have been holding Hour of Code sessions. Students also have been logging on at home. Both Apple and Microsoft have been hosting free Hour of Code sessions at their retail stores across the country. What is really innovative? It’s innovative because there was no such a thing to learn coding and programming so easily before. Friendly interface that one can easily access and learning coding through physical activities allow anyone to engage into the coding easily. How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional? Coding can be really hard, however using popular game “Angry Bird” more friendly graphics it makes youth even adults to learn easily and also it’s not just a one single item. This program branches out to the community as a physical class and online lessons. Also providing instructions on how to easily teach codes helps adults and teachers to participate.

[9] DIY Student Name Frederick Kim Project Credits and Location DIY.org Project Description Through the application or website, students can not only chose the making skill they want to master, but they have their choice of multiple activities to practice. Skills range from everything from linguistics to bike mechanic to graphic designer and more. Relevant Web Addresses https://diy.org/featured 137

Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? The big idea the organization sees is that anyone can become anything just by trying. Combining ideas of existing platforms such as facebook, twitters, and etc, DIY.org made a platform for that are suitable for kids to share what kids can do, and meet others that have same interests. DIY is a platform for students to discover Skills and share what they make and do with a global community. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? DIY is the best way for kids to get skills, meet others who share the same passions. Every member has their own portfolio where they share what they make and do, and earn embroidered skill patches for completing sets of challenges. Kids learn from other kids and teach other kids. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? Kids can join the website or download the DIY app for iOS to use the platform. Also rewarding with physical emblems for rewards, it engages the kids in learning and improving new skills. What is really innovative? Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s innovative in away that It engages the kids to be excited through learning by sharing with other kids skills and activities. How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional? Beyond learning skills, this app allow to make friends and connect with other youth out in the world and be self-motivated in learning. Also, adults can participate by starting a DIY Club or DIY Classroom.

138

[10] Front Row Student Name Frederick Kim Project Credits and Location Front Row Education, Inc. Web-based Project Description Front Row is an adaptive math practice app for K-8 classrooms that helps bridge the gap to implementing Common Core State Standards while giving teachers more ability to personalize learning for students in even bigger class sizes. Relevant Web Addresses https://www.frontrowed.com Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? Front Row brings together the technology and teaching to create unique, modern didactic experiences. The goals of this application is to delight and educate the inspiring generations of digital students. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? User-friendly platform that is adaptive with individual students with different levels. Easy to learn mathematics with the user interface. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? It uses user friendly app and website that both students and teachers have. All the data, work, and quizzes are centralized in teacher’s application. What is really innovative? Front Row provides over 15 thousand common core aligned questions that are graded automatically and given to students based on their level. This means no writing worksheets, no

grading, and differentiated teaching made easy. How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional? Application is individualized with student’s levels and it is so structured, to point them to assistance, independent of the teacher. Student can interact with other students using peer body talk, turn and talk, sharing, and all those things.

[11] Padlet Student Name Ryan Bouma Project Credits and Location Padlet.com Project Description Padlet.com allows users to quickly collaborate to “build a wall”, which acts like a digital presentation board. The wall can be used for planning or brainstorming sessions as well as finished presentations. Multiple people can work together on the wall. It can then be shared with select individuals or the general public depending on the users needs. Relevant Web Addresses www.padlet.com Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? Foster simple virtual collaboration that also allows flexibility for the user team. provide a platform for collecting, composing and then sharing content. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? The site can be used to gather input from numerous collaborators and then present the finished or working product to any number of others. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to 139

implement its vision?

Relevant Web Addresses

Website that can be accessed by any computer and most phones and tablets.

www.bigartmob.com

What is really innovative? The collaborative work space interface is innovative in its simplicity and flexibility. How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional? The product can be collaboratively developed and then shared easily. One can browse the walls simply to engage with unexpected topics.

[12] BigArtMob Student Name Ryan Bouma Project Credits and Location Artpublic.com and Channel4.com Project Description BigArtMob.com is an initiative to develop a crowd sourced interactive map of public art all around the globe. Participants volunteer to upload geocoded photos of public art contributing to an interactive global map.

140

Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? Create the first global comprehensive survey map of public art. The map will represent a virtual museum curated by the public. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? the map is searchable by location, artist, etc. and can be used to record and tell the story of a community. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? The website uses a mapping engine and file storage to compile the mapping tool. What is really innovative? The use of a topical mapping tool populated by crowd sourced imagery. How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional? There is a mobile app available now that allows participants to follow tours of public art in cities they visit.

[13] Field Trip Student Name Yatian Li Project Credits and Location App by Google Project Description

How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional? Discover thousands of interesting places/experiences that fall under the following categories: Architecture, Historic Places & Events, Lifestyle, Offers & Deals, Food Drinks & Fun, Movie Locations, Outdoor Art and Obscure Places of Interest Go on a Field Trip while you drive. Field Trip can detect when you’re driving and automatically “talk” about interesting places and experience around you.

Field Trip is a guide to the cool, hidden, and unique things in the world around. Field Trip runs in the background on the phone. When people get close to something interesting, it pops up a card with details about the location. No click is required. If people have a headset or bluetooth connected, it can even read the info to users. Field Trip can help people learn about everything from local history to the latest and best places to shop, eat, and have fun. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.fieldtripper.com/# http://www.mimoa.eu/ http://www.mimoa.eu/blog/?p=3714 Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? To create a smart experience of a city In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? It’s convenient, and this app is linked to other interesting and useful apps, which makes it function even more effectively. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? Smart phone What is really innovative? The app cooperates to some other apps, and forms a group of information. 141

142

[14] Learning Gaming Student Name Yatian Li

In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? As in the video, people face problems that there is too much time spent on gaming. However, GLS tries to solve this problem in a different perspective.

GLS (Games Learning Society)

[15] Knewton

Project Description

Student Name

GLS has produced over a dozen games designed around a range of content models. Those games promote engaging ways of learning about biological systems, civic activism, pro-social behavior, programming, and many other STEM domains.

My Tam Nguyen

Relevant Web Addresses

Project Description

http://www.gameslearningsociety.org/index.php

Crunches data on the way students learn. Creating partnership with major textbook companies to have an adaptive-learning layer to their content. Has more than a million student users from kindergarten through college. When students uses Knewton, it collects data on their progress and uses those analytics be responsive to the questions and talents of the students to find better questions.

Project Credits and Location

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auP-eq17U1g Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? GLS designs games for learning and studies game-centered learning systems.

Project Credits and Location Knewton Inc. New York, NY.

143

Relevant Web Addresses http://www.knewton.com/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? Comprehensive and responsive learning environments for all students. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? Unifies existing text books into responsive and customized learning experiences for students. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? Mobilizes current education infrastructures: textbooks, teachers, and the way students learn to adapt to ensure the optimal learning experience for students. What is really innovative? Partnering with text book companies, makes the user interface like a social media page that is responsive and adaptable to individual students. It also does an incredible marketing campaign with its regular infographics on e-learning. How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional? Connects with friends, gamified interface.

144

[16] Beyond12 Student Name My Tam Nguyen Project Credits and Location San Francisco, CA Project Description Beyond 12 is a nonprofit organization whose mission is to increase the number of low-income, first-generation and historically underrepresented students with a tracking platform and a personalized student coaching service. Tracking, connecting, and coaching students. Relevant Web Addresses http://beyond12.org/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? To support, connect, and coach students to ensure success beyond highschool and through college. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? Utilizes in-person contact and interfaces with technology and software with quantifiable data. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? Mentorship, relationships, community support, and early detection. What is really innovative? It provides human relationships in connection to technological tools with a focus on underrepresented communities and the most underserved. How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional? Connect with others whoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve succeeded beyond the program. 145

[17] KnowRe Student Name My Tam Nguyen Project Credits and Location Born from a popular after school math program in Korea. Project Description Data centric adaptive-learning tools with a mathematics app that uses a fun, achievement-based, gamified interface. Winner of Googleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Global K-Startup competition, more than 11,000 beta users--including students and teachers from 34 pilot schools across the United States. Relevant Web Addresses https://www.knowre.com/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? Making math learning fun and responsive for students and teachers. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? Allows data-heavy technology to be used in a friendly interface easy enough for a middle schooler to use. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? Big data as something that is practical and approachable, and gamified. What is really innovative? Uses adaptive tech and data based analysis to respond to individual studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s experiences. How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional? Tackles a tough to teach topic, math, and makes it fun and quantifiable. 146

[18] IBM Smarter Education Student Name Zhenhuan Xu Project Credits and Location IBM Project Description Advances in education management and technology— analytics, early warning systems to identify at-risk students, cloud computing—can help our systems refresh outdated infrastructures with new functionality..

company or platform? Advances in education management and technology— analytics, early warning systems to identify at-risk students, cloud computing—can help our systems refresh outdated infrastructures with new functionality. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? Life long education system What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? Through internet and data transformation What is really innovative?

Relevant Web Addresses

Open platform opens to all citizens. Everyone can benefit from the smart city educational system.

http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/education_ technology/ideas/index.html?re=sph

How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional?

Project Analysis

Users will change the traditional concept of school eduction and extend their classroom from real classroom to the outside world in the whole process of life time.

What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization,

147

[19] RoboVraille Student Name Nida Mian Project Credits and Location Denmark; Dr. Lars Ballieu Christense Project Description RoboBraille converts textual educational materials into formats such as Braille, mp3 files, structured audio books, e-books and visual Braille for the blind and partially sighted, and others with special needs.

Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform? The objective of the organization is to support and promote selfsufficiency of people with special needs socially, throughout the educational system and on the labour market. As an additional benefit, RoboBraille helps to protect the privacy of of those who need material in alternate formats. For institutional use, the RoboBraille web interface is available in customised versions to academic institutions and other organisations that wish to include it on their websites. The document conversion capabilities of RoboBraille can also be integrated with library systems and learning management systems in order to support users with special needs. Institutional use is subject to a subscription fee.

It is an e-mail and web-based service that is available free of charge to non-commercial users without registration requirements. Alternative format texts are time-consuming and costly to produce, and expensive to obtain. RoboBraille therefore enables students with special needs to be included in mainstream education.

In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge?

Relevant Web Addresses

What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision?

www.robobraille.org

Visually and reading impaired persons can access any and all kinds of information previously not available in an appropriate format. The service is free, and easily accessible - even registration is not required.

4 services are offered: e-book, braille, audio and accessibility. Braille services: Transcription of documents to and from contacted and uncontracted Braille in accordance with the Braille codes for Danish, British English, American English, Italian, French, Greek, German, Icelandic, Norwegian, Portuguese, Slovenian and Spanish. The documents can furthermore be formatted and paginated, and delivered as ready-to-emboss files in a variety of digital Braille formats. Audio services: Conversion into plain mp3 files and well as Daisy Talking Books, including Daisy books with spoken math. E-book services: Documents can be converted into both EPUB and Mobi Pocket (Amazon Kindle) e-book formats. Furthermore, EPUB may be converted into Mobi Pocket and vice versa. Accessibility services: Otherwise inaccessible documents such as image files can be converted to more accessible formats. What is really innovative? Previously only limited and at times costly materials and

148

information was available for those with sight and hearing disabilities, who are otherwise as intelligent and capable. This project provides a platform to aid and develop this previously untapped human capital, as well as integrating disabled persons into mainstream society. The range of languages available is also innovative in terms of furthering the reach of the project globally.

What is the vision/objective of the the institution, organization, company or platform?

How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional?

In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge?

Since the software is able to convert any kind of materials ranging from text to audio, users are able to gain access to information available on the internet both for educational and entertainment purposes.

[20] Aman Community Health Workers (CHW) Student Name Nida Mian Project Credits and Location Karachi, Pakistan; The Aman Foundation Project Description As a response to the marginalization of underprivileged women, the CHW Programme, which is still in its initial stages, consists of a mobile field force of hundreds of women trained to initiate inquiries and follow-up on health issues that are common in their local communities, such as maternal and neo-natal care, malaria, acute infections and addictions. The CHW team will serve as the vital connection between patients and the AMANTELEHEALTH Programme; in doing so, it will allow the Aman Foundation to reach into communities, spread healthcare awareness and improve access to information. As part of our commitment to function as a learning organisation, the CHW team will also engage in data-gathering activities. Relevant Web Addresses www.amanfoundation.org Project Analysis

The purpose of this project is to ensure that studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; education is not interrupted by the annual flooding in Bangladesh. Shidhulai introduces the river-based environmental curriculum that teaches how to protect the environment and conserve water.

By providing accessibility to education, transportation and resources to children who otherwise would not be able to attend school due to environmental barriers. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? Use of boats to overcome the flooding problem, â&#x20AC;&#x153;killing two birds with one stoneâ&#x20AC;? by using the boats to both transport and house the students, using solar panels to power the boat, and the electrical equipment on the boats, creating a library to be accessed by a range of users including women senior citizens. What is really innovative? The innovative aspect of this project is multifold; bringing the school to the students is a creative and innovative concept in itself, in addition to which the boats are solar powered. The solar power enables floating school to provide late evening classes to the working children. Some students get Shidhulai inhouse developed SuryaHurricane solar lanterns as scholarships. It is accessible to children, youth, senior citizens and women, who are able to augment their learning on a variety of topics including agriculture, biodiversity, climate change, government process, human rights etc. How does the user take advantage of the service/space/platform provided - beyond the conventional? The user is able to access safe transportation and education using the same infrastructure and is given access to computers, the internet, printing services etc. as well as having access to an extensive library, which ensures continuation of education The neo-literates who used to relapse in to illiterates are now in touch with education using the educational resources of book library. 149

[21] Edmodo Student Name Roberta Allevi Project Credits and Location Edmodo is a social network created in late 2008 by Nic Borg and Jeff O’Hara. Project Description Edmodo is a free social network representing an easy learning management system. It is used above all by teachers and students with the aim to increase students’ engagement and participation in learning and innovation. I have chosen this tool because I like the fact that students can learn through a tool similar to the social networks they use every day. This fact could stimulate their engagement, fantasy, creativity and discussion. I believe that a correct use of this social network could innovate the learning system and stimulate the innovation creating process in many fields. Relevant Web Addresses https://www.edmodo.com/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the institution, organization, company or platform? The objective of the social network is to provide an easy way to teach, to learn and to share information. Edmodo aims to stimulate students’ engagement in learning and innovating. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? Edmodo is a hub for democratization of knowledge because it allows users to easily get, share and discuss each kind of information. In this way, users can create knowledge and innovation expressing their personal opinions and idea through informal discussion. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? 150

In order to simplify and make the learning funny, Edmodo allows to: - Engage the classroom through a social network similar to the ones the students use every day (e.g. It is very similar to Facebook). Edmodo is designed to get students excited about learning in a familiar environment.- Connect educators with students, administrators, parents, and publishers. This network surfaces the world’s best resources and tools, providing the building blocks of a high quality education. - Share in real time information, news, quizzes, tests, discussion topics. On Edmodo, teachers can continue classroom discussions online, give polls to check for student understanding, and award badges to individual students based on performance or behavior. - Stimulate discussion about important topics. - Provide a better measurement system going deeper insight students’ performance and tracking students’ progress. All grades and badges assigned or awarded through Edmodo are stored and easily accessible. Teachers can get the pulse of their classrooms through students’ reactions to quizzes, assignments, and discussion posts that capture understanding, confusion, or frustration. - Personalize the teaching method for each students through apps that help teachers to amplify their lesson plans and integrate seamlessly with Edmodo, delivering all digital content in one place. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? Users are active agents for the production of knowledge because they are the ones who write, share and comment posts on the social network. In particular, teachers should give information, learning and discussion material to the students and the students should reflect on them, comment, discuss, express ideas and knowledge. What are benefits for the all community - if any? The benefits for the community (the classroom in this case) is the creation of a fun and easy way to learn that stimulates personal reflection, discussion and the idea creation process.

[22] ACE - Accelerate Cross Boarding Engagement Student Name Egle Carobbio Project Credits and Location Seventh Framework Programme of the EU. Project Description Launched in September 2013, ACE is one of seven projects funded by the EU to support accelerating the business growth of ICT companies through internationalization. ACE is a two-year project with 15 partners (leading incubators, clusters, living labs and accelerators) from 12 European countries. The top 100 ICT start-ups and SMEs in Europe will be selected to participate in the ACE acceleration programme on the basis of an open call for candidates, officially launching in January 2014. Successful companies will be assigned an experienced mentor in their own (or nearest ACE partner) country. This ‘local’ mentor will analyse their internationalisation strengths and weaknesses, develop an individual internationalisation action plan with them and put an internationalisation support team and package of support measures in place for them. Relevant Web Addresses http://europeanace.eu/index.php/news-events/news/item/283press-release-for-ace Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the institution, organization, company or platform? “In Europe today, the big problem is not the lack of start-ups but the lack of company growth. ACE addresses this by providing targeted support to help highly innovative start-ups and SMEs in the ICT sector to grow internationally,” In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? The selected companies will be given a mentor. This mentor will analyse their internationalisation strengths and weaknesses, develop an individual internationalisation action plan with them

and put an internationalisation support team and package of support measures in place for them. This may include living lab validation in other countries, hands-on assistance in finding partners and clients, introductions to investors and preparing companies to pitch for transnational investment and office space. The democratization of knowledge is achieved by putting several different people in connection who would never have met otherwise and they are helped to make the best out of their new relationship. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? The program will provide personalized services such as: living lab validations in other countries, hands-on assistance in finding partners and clients, office space, introductions to investors, and financing to accelerate your move into new markets. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? Citizens take advantages of this fablab in different ways. The user acts as an active agent because he learns how to expand his business and therefore his economic growth. Especially if a given user is interested in expanding in foreign markets, ACE partners there will personally introduce him to relevant contacts from customers through suppliers to possible investors and vice versa. The user is provided a whole network of contacts that he would otherwise never have got in touch with and he is tough how to deal with this new contacts in the most effective way. What are benefits for the all community - if any? The benefits for the community are indirect but still very powerful. If the economy of a given area (even an entire continent) improves this will have positive effects on everyone. ACE provides data about this: the distribution of the world’s 500 largest listed companies shows that Europe’s corporate giants include only 12 companies born in the second half of the twentieth century, against 51 in the US and 46 in emerging countries; of these, only three were created after 1975 in Europe, compared with 26 in the US and 21 in emerging markets. We need to reverse this trend and the only way to do so is both to help new companies to be created as well as to show to the already existing ones how to broaden faster.

151

[23] TED Student Name Cristina Bassi Project Credits and Location New York City, New York and Vancouver, British Columbia, United States and Canada Owner: Sapling foundation Project Description TED (Technology, Entertainment, Design) is a global set of conferences owned by the private non-profit Sapling Foundation under the slogan “ideas worth spreading.” Relevant Web Addresses www.ted.com Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the institution, organization, company or platform? The mission of TED is “ideas worth spreading”. The organization believes passionately in the power of ideas to change attitudes, lives and, ultimately, the world. So it is building a clearinghouse of free knowledge from the world’s most inspired thinkers, and also a community of curious souls to engage with ideas and each other. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? The conferences creates phisical hubs of knowledge transmission from experts to participants. Videos of these conferences are shared on TED website and are available for everyone. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? TED has many modes of operation: • TED Conference is held annually on the North American West Coast. The breadth of content includes science, business, the arts, technology and the global issues facing our world. Over 152

four days, 50+ speakers each take an 18-minute slot. • TEDActive brings together a curated community of curious and energetic leaders to share an immersive week of watching the TED Conference in a creative and casual setting (it leads to ideas sharing) • TEDGlobal is similar to TED Conference but it travels the world and is slightly more international in nature • The TED Prize is awarded annually to an exceptional individual, and is designed to leverage the TED community’s wide array of talents and resources • TED Talks began as a simple attempt to share what happens at the TED Conference with the world. Under the moniker “ideas worth spreading,” talks were released online and rapidly attracted a global audience in the millions. • The TEDx program gives communities, organizations and individuals the opportunity to stimulate dialogue through TED-like experiences at the local level How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? Individuals that have something very important to say share their knowledge with the world in an effective way. People can watch the video of speeches on Internet or participate at conferences. What are benefits for the all community - if any? The general benefit is the improving of knowledge, at global or local level.

[24] WikiHouse Student Name Moreno Gambirasi Project Credits and Location WikiHouse is being developed collaboratively by a small – but growing – community of people all around the world. There is no fixed design ‘team’ or ‘studio’, but a steadily growing community of designers from all disciplines. Project Description WikiHouse is an open source construction set. The aim is to allow to everyone to design, download, and “print” CNC-milled houses and components, wich can be assembled with minimal formal skills and training. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.wikihouse.cc/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the institution, organization, company

or platform? The vision isn’t easily recognizable. WikiHouse is a non-profit project that share hardware and software to the community in order to achieve their evolving goals. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? It acts as an hub because this is a open source model where people develop projects by co-funding the WikiHouse next goals. Such as described previously the project aims to share the possibility to design and printCNC-milled houses and components easily What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? WikiHouse is a process which vertically integrates three core aspects: Hardware, design software and a web platform for sharing and collaborate through the commons. They use a open source strategy in order to develop their projects. What are benefits for the all community - if any? WikiHouse is a non-profit organizations that provides to citizens and Community open tools that anyone can use for free and , if you are a community member the possibility to achieve some of their goals.

153

[25] ALM - Adaptation Learning Mechanism Student Name Angela Garbelli Project Credits and Location The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) The Global Environment Facility (GEF) United Nations Developement Programme (UNDP) The World Bank The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Project Description The ALM supports learning through experience by promoting knowledge exchange and collaboration between practitioners to share knowledge and build partnerships, in recognition of the catalytic power of knowledge, communication, and technologies, for developing capacity to adapt to climate change. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.adaptationlearning.net/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the institution, organization, company or platform? To provide good practice and operational guidance for climate change adaptation, while working to accelerate learning. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? ALM invites the participants of the platform to help develop a comprehensive knowledge platform on climate adaptation. - Sharing information, good practice and multi-media on what they are doing for climate change adaptation, where and how - Networking with the ALM community to broaden their reach and strengthen their work 154

- Joining expert group discussions to comment with others on key adaptation issues and approaches - Partnering with the ALM to develop innovative initiatives on adaptation-related learning - Financing adaptation knowledge sharing activities by contributing to the ALM initiative What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? The system allows users to add text, upload documents, include links and add multi-media. The online ALM knowledge sharing platform features good practice and practical guidance contributed by users based on experience from the ground, including: Case Studies that offer good practices and lessons learned from developing and implementing adaptation projects and initiatives; Country Profiles that help capture current adaptation projects and initiatives in a particular country; Guidance and Tools that address topics such as mainstreaming climate change, sectoral policies, and monitoring and evaluation; Teaching and Training Materials. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? Users can directly contribute in different ways: adding contents and information, participating to forum discussions, suggesting useful resources or simply accessing documents and information shared on this platform. What are benefits for the all community - if any? The ALM has allowed for a broader dissemination of good climate change adaptation practices, promoting resilience.

[26] Apps4eu Student Name Egle Carobbio Project Credits and Location Dr. Erik Mannens, iMinds-Flemish Government

Project Description The ‘Apps for Europe: turning Data into Business’ project looks to create a thematic network for a series of local, national and EU requirements on using open data, to be organized. The objective is not only to maximize the socio-economic impact and overall benefits of open data; but also Open Data project aims to use Semantic Web technology to maximize the reuse of government data by linking it, in a very short time, to the open data cloud. It rapresents an open source product called R&Wbase and it is being developed by this time. A feedback mechanism via provenance information will make this a complete, readwrite Web. It will be completely distributed in the cloud and will adhere to the REST principles (Representational State Transfer) and W3C’s (Worldwide Web Consortium) Linked Data Platform paradigm. The goal is to link one concept to another and, in any case, if there is data out there is the possibility to link it. The good thing is that you do not have to interpret the information yourself if you use a semantic format, as the computer can do this for you” This is the power of Semantic Web technology that the project wants to enlarge. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.iminds.be/en/research/overview-projects/p/detail/ apps4euProject Analysis What is the vision/objective of the institution, organization, company or platform? The objective of this project is to maximize the socio-economic impact and overall benefits of open data. The project will facilitating open data. A World Wide Web in which data can be cross-referenced and linked so that readers can access a wealth of related information is a utopic vision. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? What the team wants to do is connecting to the Linking Open Data cloud all the dataset. The thing that makes it a hub for the democratization of knowledge is its easy access. As a matter of fact everybody has a Facebook account, everybody likes something and everybody is curious how they are connected to anything in the world. “Everything is Connected” is a fun way to pass the

time and it proves that the concept of interconnectedness can be taken out of the researcher’s lab and into the real world; in addition, it also supports the huge potential for Semantic Web technology. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? Using linked data (data that has been published with links to other datasets) Semantic Web technology accesses and uses information. The opportunity for making connections is ripe and a group of iMinds researchers based at Ghent University have produced a demo entitled “Everything is Connected” that showcases how Semantic Web technology can be used to prove interconnectedness. They connect to the Linking Open Data cloud via a locally indexed DBpedia, which is the semantic version of Internet encyclopaedia Wikipedia. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? Users simply need to head to a website (www. everythingisconnected.be), login with their Facebook account, and type in a concept, a place, idea or person. Using own Facebook ‘likes’ as a starting point, the programme will establish the links between the user and his/her chosen concept and deliver the narrative back to them in the form of a multi-media presentation. It is an impressive process and what makes it particularly astonishing is that there’s no frustrating weating and loading, it is all done in real time. What are benefits for the all community - if any? The idea that everything and everyone is connected is leaded. This idea underpins the philosophy of the World Wide Web. Through this project everybody who wants to open up data can install their own R&Wbase. Afterwards, if a third party wants to aggregate the different kinds of data they only have to install a R&Wbase instance from scratch and link to other R&Wbases. It is a hierarchical and distributed environment. The aggregation can be done in a very short time (five minutes are enough). The societal and commercial beneﬁts of aggregated data are evident. From analysing trends in policy, to promoting scientiﬁc research to developing apps, there are a myriad of possibilities.

155

[27] iMinds ICON

They connected stakeholders and researchers needs and through these platform. They select projects that meet these needs and give them the funding.

Student Name

How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided?

Paola Riccardi Project Credits and Location iMinds is an independent research institute founded by the Flemish government. Project Description The project is an interdisciplinary, collaborative research project that combines the expertise of iMinds researchers with the know-how of a number of partners to answer a need detected by companies, governments or other organizations. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.iminds.be Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the institution, organization, company or platform? The vision is putting the needs of researchers and stakeholders together. In particular they want to create a positive impact on society through innovation in ITC and as they said “We strive for excellence in science and business and support young entrepreneurs in achieving their dream as it is our ambition to create a lasting & positive impact on society through information technology.” In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? “The iMinds team offers companies and organizations active support in research and development. It joins various forces on research projects. Both technical and non-technical issues are addressed within each of these projects. In an ICON project, people with different backgrounds and expertise (from academia and industry) join forces to conduct collaborative research – with a focus on valorization for the industry.” What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? 156

Users send their project to the platform, which select them and then connect the users to investors. After these phases they start to work with investors and i-mind support. users play an active role creating and developing idea. What are benefits for the all community - if any? The benefits are related to health, media, and culture innovations within two years of research. The direct effects are related to young entrepreneurs who find sponsors, a hub where help is given and can develop their project.

[28] Citadel on the Move Student Name Susanna Rossi Project Credits and Location Citadel on the Move consists of Partners from five European Countries -Belgium, France, Greece, Portugal and the United Kingdom. In addition to combining the requisite technological, business and academic skills, the Consortium has been intentionally designed to facilitate knowledge sharing and information transfer across Europe. As such, in addition to harnessing the collective power of ENoLL’s 200+ Living Labs, Citadel on the Move likewise unities a geographically balanced team of partners from Southern, Central and Western Project Description Citadel on the Move is a European Commission funded (CIP PSP) project which aims to make it easier for citizens and application developers from across Europe to use Open Data to create the type of innovative mobile applications they want and need. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.citadelonthemove.eu/

Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the institution, organization, company or platform? “Unleashing the power of mobile technology and open access data to tap into the innovation potential of citizens to deliver smarter city services”. The aim is to develop citizen-generated ‘smart city’ mobile applications that can be potentially used and shared in any European city – large or small. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? This platform facilitates the development of smart mobile applications that can be used anywhere and on any handset. It can become a hub for democratization of knowledge because mobile apps and access to open data will be available: on the Citadel project website, through Living Lab infrastructures, and on any existing innovation platform chosen by the pilot City. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? Technologies used in order to develop these apps are: 1. A mobile web approach that allows handsets applications

[29] OpenMind Student Name Elisa Saccenti Project Credits and Location It is an initiative undertaken by BBVA with the aim of generating and spreading knowledge. Project Description The OpenMind community was launched in 2011 with the intention of giving more visibility to the articles included in the series of books published by BBVA: Frontiers of Knowledge,The Multiple Faces of Globalization, Innovation: Perspectives for the 21st Century, Values and Ethics for the 21st Century and There’s a Future: Visions for a Better World, and these are annually added to with new publications. Relevant Web Addresses https://www.bbvaopenmind.com/en/

2. Geo-location developments that provide advanced, valueadded data sharing mechanisms There will be also templates and Living Lab, which will simplify route to smart service development for non-developers (for all citizens) who have great service ideas. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? Citizens can act as active agents, because they can create their own applications using easy Developing template. Therefore they are empowered to create the type of ‘smart city’ services they want and need. What are benefits for the all community - if any? Citadel on the Move can change the way cities collaborate with stakeholders to develop public services and innovations. With this platform innovation is no more related only to cities R&D departments: citizens, as external resources, can add value and exploit their own technologies, and the city can achieve greater return on the investments in innovation. 157

Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the institution, organization, company or platform? Share knowledge. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? They share articles and books for free. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? They use a website to share informations. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided?

[30] School of Data Student Name Milva Sadek Project Credits and Location Open knowledge foundation and P2PU Shuttleworth Open Society Foundations Hawlett Foundation Project Description

You can choose to be a collaborator and write articles about the main topics or you can read the articles published, comment and share them.

School of Data works to empower civil society organizations, journalists and citizens with the skills they need to use data effectively in their efforts to create more equitable and effective societies.

What are benefits for the all community - if any?

Relevant Web Addresses

Citadel on the Move can change the way cities collaborate with stakeholders to develop public services and innovations. Common people can easily understand the topics debated on the website.

http://schoolofdata.org Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the institution, organization, company or platform? School of Data’s mission is to teach people how to gain powerful insights and create compelling stories using data, because many of the groups who are closest to the problems – NGOs, journalists, and citizens – currently lack the skills to use data effectively — and even an awareness of the potential of data for their work; this vision starts from the assumption that evidence is power. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? It offers to everyone the possibility to have easy access to online courses: you can take a course, you can teach, and you can have assistance. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? They use online courses and a blog, on which discussions can be

158

developed and where people can put their work with data. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? The user benefit from the courses and from the assistance given and can share his works on the blog. The users can also teach. What are benefits for the all community - if any? If everyone is able to use and manage data, the lives of citizens around the world can be improved, for example increasing the transparency and accountability of government and institutions and thus encouraging people to participate in the decision that regard them. Moreover, the ability to access to data, enables the people to know reliable and objective data, defending them from the risk to have piloted and arranged information by higher powerful interests.

[31] MIT Open Courseware Student Name Stefano Terranova Project Credits and Location

has touched more than 125 million people in every country on Earth—all thanks to the dedication and generosity of our faculty, who voluntarily contribute their teaching materials for publication on OCW. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? Everyone could log in his own profile and everyone can use a lot of computer in order to improve personal knowledge and skills. What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? MIT’s mission statement charges us to advance knowledge and educate students, and to bring knowledge to bear on the world’s great challenges for the betterment of humankind. Open sharing of knowledge is the purest manifestation of this mission. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? They can shared this open courseware with any other student. What are benefits for the all community - if any? OCW is here for you. We hope you will use it to pursue your interests, improve your life and make the world a better place for us all.

Dick K.P. Yue, Professor, MIT School of Engineering Project Description “The idea is simple: to publish all of our course materials online and make them widely available to everyone.” OCW makes the materials used in the teaching of MIT’s subjects available on the Web. Relevant Web Addresses http://ocw.mit.edu Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the institution, organization, company or platform? OCW is a flourishing MIT institution and a global model for open sharing in higher education. This Institute-wide undertaking 159

[32] ESCI Student Name Elena Vari Project Credits and Location ESCI was launched in November 2010 bu the U.S President Barack Obama and Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan. The Knowledge Sharing Platform (KSP) has been produced by the University of Pennsylvania Institute for Urban Research and the Taiwan Institute of Economic Research with support from the Council for Economic Planning and Development. Project Description The Energy Smart Communities Initiative covers four main pillars: Smart Transport, Smart Buildings, Smart Grids and Smart Jobs and Consumers. One of the components of ESCI is the Knowledge Sharing Platform (KSP) designed to aid in cataloging and sharing information and best practices that are developed for the previous areas of focus. It presents and opportunity to learn, share and engages in the latest news. Relevant Web Addresses http://esci-ksp.org/ Project Analysis What is the vision/objective of the institution, organization, company or platform? The vision of the organization is to presents an opportunity for researchers, scientists, academics and the general public to learn, engage and share the latest in sustainability and energy efficiency. In which way does it act as a hub for the democratization of knowledge? The platform is accessible to everyone. The user just needs to fill in the registration format. After that all the material is available and free, you can find articles, projects, case studies, papers.... Moreover the user can comment the materials and publish something himself. 160

What are the strategies, modes of operation or tools used to implement its vision? Here the tool is basically the entire platform. It is divided in 4 main sections: Smart Transport, Smart Buildings, Smart Grids and Smart Jobs. Each of these main areas contains projects regarding the analysed themes, featured interviews, recent events and recent publications. The project page contains: a description of the project including images and videos, a comment section at the bottom and project details. The interview page contains video and description of the contents.. The event page includes a narrative description of the event (+ event agenda) with links to presentation downloads. The publication page contains a narrative description together with the publication download and the related publications. How does the citizen/user act as an active agent for the production of knowledge and innovation, or take advantage of the service/ space/platform provided? After the registration each user can read the available materials and he is able to submit new projects through the online form as well as commenting on existing projects. What are benefits for the all community - if any? I think that the main benefit here is that it is easy to find interesting case studies, interviews and materials regarding what you are interested in. Moreover those who have the competences or the knowledge about the themes discussed can publish his project.

161

SMART[ER] KNOWLEDGE RESEARCH FINDINGS

162

1 | SPONTANEOUS MAPPING

163

3.6. RESEARCH FINDINGS AND IDEAS Spontaneous Mapping Instructions Map the city of Bergamo through your personal – or someone else’s –experience. Use your own point of view to investigate a particular aspect, location, or activity of your city that shows unique characteristics - either positive or negative.

established or potential knowledge and cultural spaces. If of relevance, report their evolution over time, highlighting how they have changed through the years till reaching the current situation. Emphasize the key elements that make these spaces work as cultural attractors, or else underline their absence. 4 | Distributed Campus: pros&cons Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the unique characteristics of Bergamo University as a distributed campus.

You are encouraged to adopt the standpoint of a different agent as well – e.g., an Erasmus student, a professor, a citizen of Bergamo, a tourist, etc.

Highlight the positive aspects of the physical distance between the campus buildings at Citta’ Alta - e.g., knowledge spots along the pathway in between,...

Focus your study on formal/informal, typical/atypical, established/potential knowledge hubs in the city of Bergamo e.g., campus spots, cultural environments, characteristic events, potentially-active spaces, etc.

Report the negative aspects of the physical distance between the campus buildings spread over the city - e.g., transportation problems, time losing,...

Structure your investigation according to a specific research theme. You can addresses one or multiple themes, and add further topics to the following list.

Study the methods, problems and timeframes related to the different ways and means of transportation for reaching the campus schools.

Research Themes

Explore how these schools can be reached from different starting points and compare the transportation alternatives - e.g., car, public transportation, bike,...

1 | Campus Squares Analyze the public places inside the campus - or at its borders that function as spontaneous attractors for gathering students together. Highlight unused, abandoned or under-exploited public areas that have the potential to become gathering spaces as well. Emphasize this juxtaposition. 2 | Campus Green Areas Analyze the green areas inside the campus - or at its borders emphasizing whether they work as they should or not. Highlight the unique characteristics of these places that make them work or not. Investigate how students use these spaces, or which spaces they choose as alternative outdoor areas. 3 | City Squares Investigate squares and plazas in the city that function as 164

5 | Mobility

Format the video in a way that clearly shows this comparison analysis. 6 | Bookshops Analyze the role of bookshops in Bergamo downtown as knowledge hubs. Study how many people enter these stores, how they interact with these spaces (e.g., fast reading, just buying, conversations around books,...), and what is the frequency of people over the week. 7 | Museums Investigate how museums’ users engage with the works of art host by these facilities, under the lens of museums as knowledge hubs. Study the interaction mechanisms, the typical paths of users, and their timeframes.

8 | Student Housing Investigate the characteristics of Bergamo University’s student housings. Study in particular what makes them unique and how students make use of common/shared/pubic spaces for studying - or other forms of interaction - activities. 9 | International Students Explore Bergamo University from the standpoint of an international student. Craft the video in a way that simulated how an Erasmus student gets in Bergamo, reaches the campus facilities and start his/her life as a UniBg student. 10 | iLove Bergamo Analyze the “romantic” side of Bergamo by reporting the most common places where couples meet. Highlight the reasons why these places are chosen in terms of architectural, landscape, cultural,... characteristics of the city. 11 | Public Studying Spaces Investigate the public spaces offered by Bergamo University for studying purposes. Analyze how students use these spaces, interact with each other, what are the typical modalities and timeframes of usage. 12 | Parking Facilities Study what are the typical parking facilities used by students to park their cars. Analyze the problems related to these spaces and how students react to that or find alternative solutions. Tools - Photography - Videos - Sketches/notes - Facebook real-time uploads: Join the “Spontaneous Mapping” event on the Future of Cities page, and post your investigation on the event page (google map location, photos, videos, notes...)

[1/11] Parking at UniBg, Caniana Student Name Roberta Allevi Research Theme Parking at UniBg, Caniana Location Available parking from 2 to 15 minutes walking from Via Caniana, 2 (Bergamo). Investigation Description Every morning students at UniBg meet big difficulties in finding a parking near the university. Indeed, university parking is reserved only to university personnel, bicycles and motorbikes. Two minutes walking from the university there are payment parking or parking reserved to residents. From five to fifteen minutes walking it is possible to find a parking place with some difficulties in some hours, due to the traffic. Finally it is shown an old abandoned oil distributor, which place could be improved in different ways. Investigation Analysis Which point of view did you use for your investigation (your own, professor, citizen, erasmus student,...)? I used my point of view (student going to the university by car) What does make this place/experience/event unique for the city of Bergamo? Parking problem for students is spread in all the university structures. The abandoned oil distributor we can see at the end of the video could be very well improved since it is close to the university and it is a very big place. Why is it - or it was and it is not any more- a knowledge hub? The abandoned oil distributors could became a knowledge hub because we could transform it in a new parking place, a student house, a park, a knowledge sharing place etc.

165

What is the timeframe of your investigation?

- a green park in which students can meet and having a picnic

I have investigate parking on a Thursday morning.

- a residential students house

What are its positive/negative characteristics?

- a studying room in house style (with tables, sofa, kitchen etc.), where students can spend their time between lessons feeling at home.

Parking: there are that there are lot of parking place near the university, but in some hours they are full and students lose lot of time in searching for a parking and sometimes they have to park in the near supermarkets places.

[2/11] Which is the Real Square?

Abandoned oil distributor: it is a big unused and dirty place but it could be improved in many different ways.

Student Name

Improvements

Research Theme

Parking at UniBg could increase creating new parking places in unused areas or reserving some parks to students or decreasing the number of payment parking in front of the university. Abandoned oil distributor could became a perfect place in which create a new big parking reserved for students. Otherwise, this place could became:

Cristina Bassi City Squares Location Università Degli Studi di Bergamo, facoltà di Ingegneria, viale Marconi 5 - 24044 Dalmine (BG). Piazza dei Caduti 6 luglio 1944, 24044 Dalmine (BG). Investigation Description This investigation aims to show the differences between a square that is underused and an ordinary area that functions as a square. This happens in Dalmine, where is located the Engineering deparment of Università dgli studi di Bergamo. An area in front of the University is very crowded especially in specific hours, in the meanwhile a square not far from this area is empty. Investigation Analysis Which point of view did you use for your investigation (your own, professor, citizen, erasmus student,...)? I used my own point of view, as an Engineering student in Dalmine. What does make this place/experience/event unique for the city of Bergamo? It’s unique the strange fact that in Dalmine faculty there is an area in front of the University that is crowded by students, especially during lesson breaks. In the meanwhile a very near square (piazza dei Caduti 6 Luglio

166

1944) is nearly always empty, except the restaurants around the square that are frequented during lunch and dinner.

aspect is that now it is not very used by students. I think that it is more frequented during summer.

This square has got services all around (restaurants and bars) and in the middle there is a beautiful fountain with many benches and trees that shadow. This makes me wonder the real meaning of square: is it a given place with beautiful buildings or a meeting-place for people?

Improvements

Why is it - or it was and it is not any more- a knowledge hub?

The enjoyable square could be exploited whith some events for students and special offers for them. This could become also a free-wifi zone to attract students.

I think that both areas that I described cuold become a knowledge hub. The area in front of University is altready a meeting point for students and this could be exploited. The square don’t exploit its high-potential due to its build. The fountain, services and benches are an optimal mix to improve the use of the square. What is the timeframe of your investigation? I filmed the two places more or less at the same time, during the lunch break ( Tuesday, 12th November 2013).

The area in front of the University could be improved and could become a knowledge-oriented hub. During the lesson breaks there could be events or little show for students since it is nearly always crowded.

[3/11] UniBg Caniana Campus Life Student Name Egle Carobbio

What are its positive/negative characteristics?

Research Theme

Area in front of the University:

Public Studying Spaces

For what concerns the look of the place it is similar to an “arena”, with bleaches where students usually seat. At the entry of “building A” there is a shaded part of this area. The positive characteristic is that is already crowded in many moments of the day. An important reason is the presence of vending makers. Piazza dei caduti 6 Luglio 1944: The positive characteristic is its big size, benches, trees, the fountain and the presence of bars and restaurants. The negative

Location University of Bergamo: Caniana Pole. Via Caniana, 2 Investigation Description I have showed in this video how is a normal day for a student inside and nearby the University building. It was my intention to demonstrate how University is livable although external place are not accessible because the rain. In this 2mins-video is possible to get a general idea of what means being a student in this city. Investigation Analysis Which point of view did you use for your investigation (your own, professor, citizen, erasmus student,...)? Students’ point of view. What does make this place/experience/event unique for the city of Bergamo? This place is the Low & Economics department. There is also the secretariat of the Human Department. Thus, it represents a place for interconnecting the different ramifications and lives of 167

the Uni. Why is it - or it was and it is not any more- a knowledge hub? This place is full of resources: human and technological ones. There is Library, a lot of rooms, cafeteria and places to be lived. It is not only opened for students but international conferences have taken place here. What is the timeframe of your investigation?

[4/11] Student Housing Student Name Moreno Gambirasi Research Theme Investigate the characteristics of Bergamo Universityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s student housings. Study in particular what makes them unique and how students make use of common/shared/pubic spaces for studying - or other forms of interaction - activities. Location Via Giuseppe Verdi 72, 24044 Dalmine (BG) Investigation Description The photos show the common spaces in the Student Housing. With the interview I tried to understand what are mainly activities and problems. Investigation Analysis Which point of view did you use for your investigation (your own,

A normal daily life. What are its positive/negative characteristics? There are positive characteristic: every single space inside and outside the University building is lived from the morning until the evening. Which kind of interactions do take place? Here a person could study, follow lecture, relax, meet people, have lunch and spend the day. Improvements In this place there is a great courtyard. It is totally an openair place. Thus during the winter and during rainy days is not so used. It could be improved by covering some spaces and providing some external heaters.

168

professor, citizen, erasmus student,...)? I used a student point of view to better understand the life inside of Dalmine student housing. What does make this place/experience/event unique for the city of Bergamo? The service is real helpful and comfortable, but students prefer to donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t talk about uniqueness. Why is it - or it was and it is not any more- a knowledge hub? Because student housing is the place where people, with different backgrounds and cultures, exchange their thoughts.

Students prefer to study at University Which kind of interactions do take place? The interactions in the common areas normally last very little time. Students use them as a sort of meeting point but then leave for somewhere else or just go back to their rooms. These areas are therefore not as used as they could be. Improvements Increasing the numbers of activities or events we could create an hub to exchange our interests, knowledge and ideas.

What is the timeframe of your investigation? The interview was made during a morning. What are its positive/negative characteristics? Positive characteristic: By walk from University Good mix of common and private Negative characteristic: There are no type of share activities

169

[5/11] Commuting - A journey looking out of a window

The negative characteristic of this investigation is that no problems take place during my shooting so it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t show in a complete way the real situation.

Student Name

Which kind of interactions do take place?

Angela Garbelli

The only shown interactions are those with the authomatic ticket offices.

Research Theme Mobility: this video shows how a commuter coming from Brescia can reach Bergamo university in the upper town using only public transports - subway, train, bus. Location From Nave (Brescia) to Bergamo Investigation Description This video is the description of a common daily journey of a commuter that comes from Brescia using public transports. Time and change of mean of transportation are highlighted. Investigation Analysis Which point of view did you use for your investigation (your own, professor, citizen, erasmus student,...)? To make this investigation, I use my own point of view as a commuter student that reaches Bergamo university every day using public transportation. What does make this place/experience/event unique for the city of Bergamo? Commuter students are an important part of the entire number of students attending Bergamo university, so I think it could be interesting for the project an analysis of what are the problems of commuters in order to make Bergamo university more reachable by students coming from other cities near Bergamo.

Improvements Other ways to reach Bergamo university by commuters could be investigated, for example to evaluate if someone uses car sharing or other services.

[6/11] (Be)Coming Erasmus Student Students Name Davide Garlini, Stefano Terranova Research Theme Explore Bergamo University from the standpoint of an international student. We simulated how an Erasmus student gets in Bergamo, arriving at Orio al Serio airport and how easly he could reach the campus facilities. Location Orio al Serio â&#x20AC;&#x153;Il Caravaggioâ&#x20AC;? International Airport Investigation Description We simulated the arrival of a foreign student at the airport and we tried to find out how he could reach Bergamo and the Caniana Campus.

Why is it - or it was and it is not any more- a knowledge hub?

Investigation Analysis

For a commuter student public transportation is a fundamental aspect to get to their knowledge hub: Bergamo as a university city.

Which point of view did you use for your investigation (your own, professor, citizen, erasmus student,...)?

What is the timeframe of your investigation? A daily journey of almost two hours. What are its positive/negative characteristics? 170

We used the point of view of a foreign student who, after landing in Bergamo for the first time, has to find his way to the city centre. What does make this place/experience/event unique for the city of Bergamo?

The presence of foreign students gives Bergamo a special intercultural vibe and it is very important to provide them a good service since the very beginning of their stay. Why is it - or it was and it is not any more- a knowledge hub? The airport itself is a hub. Its proximity to the city centre (about 20 minutes by bus) makes it a unique airport in Europe and this fact might be used to increase the number of international students who decide to spend time in our university. What is the timeframe of your investigation? We shot our video in a couple of hours. What are its positive/negative characteristics? The negative one is that security stopped our registration and would not allow us to shoot more videos. The positive one is that we succeeded in understanding how a student (or, in this case, any foreigner) can reach the city. Which kind of interactions do take place? We interacted with one of the two info-point offices inside the airport. As said, we were stopped by security before filming the second one. Improvements The situation is atually quite good. The information we received was satisfying, complete and provided with an acceptable level of the English language (something not to take for granted in Italy).

[7/11] Potential Hub Student Name Susanna Rossi Research Theme Campus Green Areas Location Unibg Dalmine Campus, viale Marconi 5 Dalmine Bergamo. Investigation Description 171

Next to the buildings of the Engineering Campus in Dalmine, there is a little park with benches, tables, trees and a fountain. During spring and summer some students go there to eat, study or simply relax, but they are very few, with respect to the number of students studying in the campus. The park could become a knowledge hub, if its potential will be exploited.

place in the middle of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;grayâ&#x20AC;? campus buildings. It is big and it can be improved with more tables, benches and other attractive tools for students and professors. What is the timeframe of your investigation? The investigation has been made during different moment of an ordinary university day.

Investigation Analysis

What are its positive/negative characteristics?

Which point of view did you use for your investigation (your own, professor, citizen, erasmus student,...)?

This is an unused zone, that could be exploited and become a meeting hub for students.

For the investigation I used my point of view, that is the point of view of a student attending courses in the Engineering Faculty of Dalmine.

There are few benches and only 1/2 broken tables, so students can not study or have lunch in a comfortable way.

What does make this place/experience/event unique for the city of Bergamo? This park represents a green point in the Dalmine Campus, it is not very big but it has a lot of trees, benches and tables where students can meet, study or relax. The strange fact is that this park is quite always empty, students prefer to study inside the campus or in the library, instead of taking advantage of this nice place. Why is it - or it was and it is not any more- a knowledge hub? It could become a knowledge hub because it is a nice green

172

The park has no attractiveness for people studying in the campus, they prefer to meet in libraries, classrooms and in the campus bar. Improvements The park has a lot of potential: it can become a knowledge hub where students meet, study, take a break and relax, instead of staying inside the campus rooms. This place can be improved building more benches and tables, which would allow students to do the same activities they did inside the campus, and then providing other additional and attractive services (food/drink service, bar, free wifi, protection

from bad weather...).

Which kind of interactions do take place?

People of the campus would have the possibility to use the park whenever they want and, why not, the possibility to attend some courses in the open air.

Peoble who arrives by train to Bergamo just cross it to go to the city center. More security controls.

[8/11] Piazza Marconi - a crossing point

A better use of the space for example with temporary open-air exhibitions.

Improvements

Elisa Saccenti

[9/11] Distributed Unibg - Città Alta

Research Theme

Student Name

City Squares

Milva Sadek

Location

Research Theme

Piazza Marconi, Bergamo

Distributed Campus: pros&cons

Investigation Description

Location

With this video I want to show how the square in front of the railway station is used.

Piazza Vecchia, Piazza Rosate, Via Salvecchio, Via Tassis, Via San Lorenzo, Piazza Sant’Agostino, Via Pignolo

Investigation Analysis

Investigation Description

Which point of view did you use for your investigation (your own, professor, citizen, erasmus student,...)?

The video shows how the Città Alta Campus is distributed among the old upper town city, with the aim to evidence how it is immersed and integrated in the whole; the localization of the university buildings affects the daily life of the students and workers of the institution, who need to move to one point to another of the upper town, having the opportunity to feel immersed in a place representative of culture and history.

Student Name

My own. What does make this place/experience/event unique for the city of Bergamo? I think that the fact that it is the square in front of the railway station make it a “different” square. It is not used like squares are created for (meeting people, place of exhibits,..) but it looks like a crossing point. People just pass through it.

Investigation Analysis

Why is it - or it was and it is not any more- a knowledge hub? It is not a knowledge hub but has some potentials because of its position. It is the first approach of tourists to the city. What is the timeframe of your investigation? 2 hours (from 7:30 to 9:30) in a friday morning What are its positive/negative characteristics? It is quite big with a beautiful view on the upper town. 173

Which point of view did you use for your investigation (your own, professor, citizen, erasmus student,...)? I used my own point of view, moving from one branch to another in the upper town university section. What does make this place/experience/event unique for the city of Bergamo? The distribution of the upper town campus is peculiar because is embedded in the town and each student/professor/employee often needs to move from one place to another, giving the opportunity to breath the unique atmosphere offered by the old town, which is an amazing evidence of history and culture and which is served with shops, restaurants and bars. Why is it - or it was, or it could become - a knowledge hub? Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a knowledge hub thanks to the integration of university places with historic/cultural sites (libraries, museums, historic architecture...) What is the timeframe of your investigation? The video has been recorded during an ordinary weekly day in a time frame of half an hour. What are its positive/negative characteristics? The positive characteristics are given by the peculiar atmosphere of the old town, which benefits the university attendees. Improvements A possible improvement can be given reinforcing the role of

university as knowledge hub inside the upper town, by signalling more the physical presence of the university buildings, as well as signalling in the university building the other cultural/knowledge institution of the upper town, so that to create an in-and-out connection.

[10/11] Bookshops Student Name Elena Vari Research Theme Bookshops analysis: people flow, interactions, purchase modalities. Location XX Settembre Street together with Pontida Square. Investigation Description I have investigated the flow of people in front of the most important bookshops of Bergamo Downtown and I have interviewed three of them trying to understand how people interact with the store, what is their frequency during the week and how frequency changed in the last years. Investigation Analysis Which point of view did you use for your investigation (your own, professor, citizen, erasmus student,...)? For the first shoots I took the point of view of a citizen that walk in the street in front of the bookshops present in Bergamo downtown. Then I interviewed some people that work there. What does make this place/experience/event unique for the city of Bergamo? One of the interviewer said to me that before Bergamo had 2025 libraries but now probably they are just 5-6 in the city. This makes them a sort of â&#x20AC;&#x153;survivorsâ&#x20AC;?. Why is it - or it was and it is not any more- a knowledge hub? As i said before the bookshops are diminishing but the ones that remain are still knowledge hub for all those people that

174

love reading a good book during spare time. You can enter in those stores and find people that share your same interests and assistants willing to help you in the choice of the best book for you.

Location

What is the timeframe of your investigation?

The idea of this project was born with the desire to observe and show how people live spaces of culture, of art. The videos were captured in three days (Friday, Saturday and Sunday) to show the difference in attendance at the show. Observing how people move in the hall of the museum you can also grasp the motivations and the real interests that brought them to look at the pictures.

The time frame is one week. What are its positive/negative characteristics? Some bookshops are evolving during the years. Articolo 21 for example has changed and now it offers not only books but many accessories for personal and home use and also services like a bar and a hairstylist. Which kind of interactions do take place? As we can see from the video there are different types of interactions: • some customers just enter the stores to buy the book they want • others want to talk to shop assistants to hear some suggestions • others like to walk through the books exhibition to read plots, see covers etc... Improvements For stores that have some space, probably an approach like Articolo 21 bookshop would be appreciated. The bookshops would become not only a “shop” where buying something but also a meeting place for a coffee discussing the latest reading.

[11/11] Living the Museum Student Name Matteo Zanini Research Theme Investigate how museums’ users engage with the works of art host by these facilities, under the lens of museums as knowledge hubs. Study the interaction mechanisms, the typical paths of users, and their timeframes.

Spazio Viterbi, via Tasso (BG) Investigation Description

Investigation Analysis Which point of view did you use for your investigation (your own, professor, citizen, erasmus student,...)? I used the point of view of the security-cameras. What does make this place/experience/event unique for the city of Bergamo? A museum is a place full of culture, where artists of Bergamo (rookies or deceased) can show the people their works of art, then everybody can see them. Why is it - or it was and it is not any more- a knowledge hub? The museum is the place par excellence of knowledge (the name says it himself: the “Museion” was the home of the Muses). What is the timeframe of your investigation? Three days: friday, saturday and sunday. What are its positive/negative characteristics? The place is really attractive for a small city like Bergamo, but it isn’t really used. It would be necessary toincrease the number of exhibitions. Improvements By increasing the number and quality of exhibitions, extending the opening hours and stimulating tours, Space Viterbi might become a showroom really interesting, even at the level of tourism.

175

SMART[ER] KNOWLEDGE RESEARCH FINDINGS

176

2 | URBAN MAPPING

177

Urban Mapping In this work, the City of Bergamo is analyzed from an urban design standpoint. The various entities are highlighted and color-coded according to a defined legend. The investigation is divided into four main areas: Buildings • Residential/Commercial/Office • Cultural (museums, theaters,...) • Campus (classrooms, offices, libraries,...) • Healthcare (hospitals, rehabs,...) • Industrial • Sport • Abandoned/Unused • Monuments Infrastructures • Roadways • Railways • Cycleways • Walkways Green Areas • Parks and public green • Trees • Rural • Contour Lines Typical Routes • Car • Public transportation • Bike/Pedestrian

178

Bergamo Urban Mapping Buildings Residential/Commercial/Oﬃce Cultural (museums, theaters,...) Campus (unibg classrooms, oﬃces, admins,...) Healthcare (hospitals, rehabs,...) Industrial Sport (soccer elds, tennis courts, gyms,...) Abandoned/Unused Monuments

Infrastructures Roadways Railways Cycleways Walkways

Green Areas Parks and public green Trees Rural Contour Lines

Typical Routes Car Public transportation Bike/Pedestrian

179

180

181

SMART[ER] KNOWLEDGE RESEARCH FINDINGS

182

3 | EXPERIENTIAL MAPPING

183

Experiential Mapping Measuring Urban Design Qualities The design of a city determines how its residents use it. Urban designers and architects can foster physical activity by designing spaces and streets that encourage walking, bicycling, and other forms of active transportation and recreation. This investigation draws on the research on urban design qualities related to walkability pursued by the Active Living Research Program of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, whose aim is to link the built environment to active living. Urban design qualities depend on physical features but are distinct from them. They reflect the general way in which people perceive and interact with the environment.

Transparency refers to the degree to which people can see or perceive objects and activity—especially human activity—beyond the edge of a street. Complexity refers to the visual richness of a place. The complexity of a place depends on the variety of the physical environment. Instructions Map the Bergamo University Campus through the five urban key metrics provided - Imageability, Enclosure, Human, Transparency and Complexity - and by highlighting key urban spots. Bergamo University can be divided into three main Campus - Citta’ Alta, Caniana and Dalmine.

Factors such as physical features, urban design qualities,and individual reactions influence how an individual feels about the environment as a place to walk. By measuring these intervening variables, we can better understand the way physical features of the built environment affect walking behavior.

Each of the students groups would need to investigate one of these campuses, according to the format provided in the campus dedicated page:

The Active Living Research Program developed several urban design metrics that eventually may be used to help explain differential rates of walking and physical activity. The study found five design qualities to be critical to a good walking environment. These characteristics were defined qualitatively and then related to physical features of the street environment:

2 | Caniana Campus

1 | Citta’ Alta Campus

3 | Dalmine Campus Covering the area surrounding the campus for a radius of approximately 500m, two types of analysis are required:

Imageability

1 | Evaluate urban qualities through the five key metrics - Imageability, Enclosure, Human, Transparency and Complexity.

is the quality of a place that makes it distinct, recognizable, and memorable. A place has high imageability when specific physical elements and their arrangement capture attention, evoke feelings, and create a lasting impression.

EVALUATION CRITERIA Low level = 0 Medium level = 1 High level = 2

Enclosure refers to the degree to which streets and other public spaces are visually defined by buildings, walls, trees, and other vertical elements.

2 | Map the following urban spots, services and spaces through the Google Map embedded in the campus dedicated page: TRANSPORTATION

Human Scale

- Parking spots

scale refers to a size, texture, and articulation of physical elements that match the size and proportions of humans and, equally important, correspond to the speed at which humans walk.

- Bus stops

184

- UniBg Shuttle - Funicular Railway

- Bikes routes - BiGi spots

SERVICES - Bar, Restaurants, FastFood, StreetFood, Dining Halls, Grocery Markets, Farmers markets, Temporary markets - Student services (printing,...) - Wifi spots - Banks, ATMs - Postal Services - Police Stations - Healthcare facilities CULTURE - Libraries - Book stores - Museums, Galleries - Theaters - Cultural Associations - Churches - Event spaces SPORT - CUS - Gyms - Swimming pools - Soccer, tennis,... fields URBAN SETTING - Public Art - Fountains - Hot spots as publicly-enjoyed spaces - Meeting spaces (formal/informal) - Abandoned Buildings

185

UniBg Citta’ Alta Campus

university building.

Students Names

SANT’AGOSTINO= 2; Sant’Agostino is a remarkable building itself, being it a deconsacrated church built in Roman times.

Egle Miriam Carobbio Angela Garbelli Davide Garlini Milva Sadek Stefano Terranova

PIGNOLO= 0; This campus does not have any distinctive features nor is it surrounded by other interesting buildings. VIA TASSIS= 1; This is the hardest university building to find. It is located in a narrow street and it is a small building itself, probably too small for academic purposes.

Matteo Zanini Urban Qualities Key Metrics Imageability PIAZZA ROSATE= 2; The campus of Piazza Rosate is surrounded by at least two distinctive buildings that give it relevant imageability (the Cathedral and the Paolo Sarpi high school). Enclosure PIAZZA ROSATE= 1; There are higher buildings than the campus in this area but not too close to it. The enclosure is therefore not too extreme. Moreover the other side of the square is quite open and provides good visibility. SALVECCHIO= 2; This campus is completely surrounded by higher buildings and narrow streets. SANT’AGOSTINO= 0; As you can see from the pictures, the

SALVECCHIO= 1; This campus is in a pretty central street of the upper town and the inner part of the building is quite nice. From the outside though it is quite hard to identify as a

186

Sant’Agostino area is completely open-space and offers a nice view over the lower town. PIGNOLO= 1;= There are buildings on both sides of the campus but two quite big streets are in front of it. VIA TASSIS= 2; Just like Salvecchio, this campus is in a very narrow streets and it’s surrounded by higher buildings. Human Scale

Transparency PIAZZA ROSATE= 1; transparency is not very high because there aren’t big openings to the buildings or big fences, however the access is easily visible from the square because there aren’t walls which hidden them SALVECCHIO= 1; the glass door of the university building facilitates the visibility of the inside activities, opening the place to the external environment.

PIAZZA ROSATE= 1; Near Rosate there are street forniture and protection from traffic, but there aren’t activities or stores.

SALVECCHIO= 2; Salvecchio is certainly the closest building to the area where there are shops, bars, pharmacies, restaurants and so on... SANT’AGOSTINO= 1; This design has sufficient protection from traffic and the ability to attract people through the football field and

SANT’AGOSTINO= 2; In the Sant’Agostino area, the transparency of the spaces is full. All the elements are visible. PIGNOLO= 1; In the Pignolo area, only a few are visible and transparent elements of the landscape, while others are hidden. VIA TASSIS= 0; In the Tassis area, the buildings and walls create a closed structure: transparency is lacking. Complexity PIAZZA ROSATE= 2; The square presents different blocks of building with very different architectural styles: the church, the Sarpi school, the university building and the houses are very different from each other; moreover the square is used as car parking, which adds more complexity to the place. SALVECCHIO= 2; On both sides of the street there are blocks composed of different buildings and there are shops as well as houses

the park. Are not present, however, stores. PIGNOLO= 2; In the street there are countless small bars, some libraries and an art gallery. It is not, however, developed the protection from traffic. VIA TASSIS= 1; The only interesting element of this area is the university canteen.

SANT’AGOSTINO= 2; the place is rich in street signs and trees; there are also a green area and parking area in front of the university building and near to the city gate; there is also a crossing with traffic lights. PIGNOLO= 1; there is a work in progress at the university building and two bus stops at each side of the street; there are traffic lights and the city gate to enter the upper town, furthermore the walls add visual richness to the place. 187

EVALUATION CRITERIA

TOTAL SCORE= 5

Low level = 0

VIA TASSIS

Medium level = 1 High level = 2

Imageability= 1 Enclosure= 2

PIAZZA ROSATE

Human Scale= 1

Imageability= 2

Trasparency= 0

Enclosure= 1

Complexity= 1

Human Scale= 1

TOTAL SCORE= 5

Trasparency= 1

AVERAGE CITTA’ ALTA CAMPUS

Complexity= 2 TOTAL SCORE= 7

Imageability= 1.2 Enclosure= 1.2

SALVECCHIO

Human Scale= 1.4

Imageability= 1

Transparency= 1

Enclosure= 2

Complexity= 1.6

Human Scale= 2

TOTAL SCORE= 6.4

Trasparency= 1

CITTA’ ALTA CAMPUS

Complexity= 2 TOTAL SCORE= 8

Imageability = 1 Enclosure = 0

SANT’AGOSTINO

Human Scale = 2

Imageability= 2

Transparency = 1

Enclosure= 0

Complexity = 2

Human Scale= 1

TOTAL SCORE = 6

Trasparency= 2 Complexity= 2 TOTAL SCORE= 7 PIGNOLO Imageability= 0 Enclosure= 1 Human Scale= 2 Trasparency= 1 Complexity= 1 188

189

UniBg Caniana Campus Students Names Roberta Allevi Paola Riccardi Elisa Saccenti Urban Qualities Key Metrics We analyzed the spaces located 5 minutes walking around Caniana campus. In particular, we divided the places into four areas: - Caniana. It is the area around the main entrance of the university (Department of Management, Economics and Quantitative Methods and Department of Law). This area represents an informal meeting place for students and professors because it is full of bars offering breakfast, launch and aperitivo. - “Upper” San Bernardino. It is an area near Via dei Caniana full of commercial activities and services for everyone (students, families, old people, children etc.) like pharmacy, grocery markets, bus stops, parking, little parks, firms, offices, banks etc. - “Lower” San Bernardino. It is an area near Via dei Caniana mainly attended by students and workers because it offers bars for breakfast and lunch. In this area there is also the place where students go to study (Tiraboschi library), where students meet to study. - Moroni. It is the street around the secondary entrance of the university (Department of Law) corresponding to the entrance of the high school Leonardo Da Vinci. This area offers some bars, restaurants and some commercial activities. Respect to the other areas, it is less attended by students. Imageability Caniana = 2 “Lower” San Bernardino = 1 “Upper” San Bernardino = 1 Moroni = 0 Enclosure Caniana = 0 190

“Lower” San Bernardino = 0 “Upper” San Bernardino = 2 Moroni = 1

Human Scale Caniana = 2 “Lower” San Bernardino = 1 “Upper” San Bernardino = 1 Moroni = 0 Transparency Caniana = 2 “Lower” San Bernardino = 2 “Upper” San Bernardino = 0 Moroni = 1 Complexity Caniana = 1 “Lower” San Bernardino = 1 “Upper” San Bernardino = 2 Moroni = 0 EVALUATION CRITERIA Low level = 0 Medium level = 1 High level = 2 CANIANA Imageability = 2 Enclosure = 0 Human Scale = 2 Transparency = 2 Complexity = 1 TOTAL SCORE = 7 “DOWN” SAN BERNARDINO Imageability = 1 Enclosure = 0 Human Scale = 1 191

Transparency = 2 Complexity = 1 TOTAL SCORE = 5 “HIGH” SAN BERNARDINO Imageability = 1 Enclosure = 2 Human Scale = 1 Transparency = 0 Complexity = 2 TOTAL SCORE = 6 MORONI Imageability = 0 Enclosure = 1 Human Scale = 0 Transparency = 1 Complexity = 0 TOTAL SCORE = 2 AVERAGE - CANIANA CAMPUS Imageability = 1 Enclosure = 0.75 Human Scale = 1 Transparency = 1.25 Complexity = 1 TOTAL SCORE = 5

192

193

UniBg Dalmnie Campus

Blue Area = 0

Students Names Cristina Bassi Moreno Gambirasi Susanna Rossi Elena Vari Urban Qualities Key Metrics RED AREA This area includes the four main buildings of the engineering department of unibg. Inside there are classes and offices, a library, a bar and some small studying zones. In this area there are also two car parks and a small green area with few benches. GREEN AREA

Enclosure

This area is on the east side of University. It includes two symbols of Dalmine: a big antenna and an important square ( “Piazza Caduti 6 Luglio 1944”) with a big fountain in the middle, where there are many restaurants and cafès. Near the University there is also the municipal library where many students spend their time and in the furthest part of the area there is a church.

Red Area = 0

BLUE AREA This area is the furthest from the University buildings and it is also the less used by students. Here there are a police station, the city hall, a bank and some cafès. The most popular part of this area,which is usually crowd, is Viale Mario Buttaro (between the blue and the yellow zone), a big tree-lined road. YELLOW AREA This area is mainly a residential neighborhood but it also includes few bars and fast-food facilities. In the upper zone there is the University Sport Center (shown in the map as a basket ball). We find the post office in the corner shared from the four areas. Imageability Red Area = 1 Yellow Area = 0 Green Area = 2

194

Yellow Area = 1 Green Area = 0 Blue Area = 1 Human Scale Red Area = 2

Yellow Area = 1

Yellow Area = 1 Green Area = 0 Blue Area = 0 EVALUATION CRITERIA Low level = 0 Medium level = 1 High level = 2

Green Area = 2 Blue Area = 1

CYELLOW AREA Imageability = 0 Enclosure = 1

Transparency

Human Scale = 1

Red Area = 1

Transparency = 1 Complexity = 1 TOTAL SCORE = 4 RED AREA Imageability = 1 Enclosure = 0 Human Scale = 2 Transparency = 1

Yellow Area = 1

Complexity = 1

Green Area = 1

TOTAL SCORE = 5

Blue Area = 1

GREEN AREA

Complexity

Imageability = 2

Red Area = 1

Enclosure = 0 Human Scale = 2 Transparency = 1 Complexity = 0 TOTAL SCORE = 5 BLUE AREA Imageability = 0 195

Enclosure = 1 Human Scale = 1 Transparency = 1 Complexity = 0 TOTAL SCORE = 3

196

197

SMART[ER] KNOWLEDGE RESEARCH FINDINGS

198

4 | SOCIAL MAPPING

199

Social Mapping - What does it mean to be a ... student? The objective of this work is to better understand what it means to be university student in Bergamo, from different and multicultural perspectives. UNIBG students are interviewed through questions that highlight what identities the students enact and how these identities help or hinder them in their university life. These interviews should in fact lead to speculations on possible enhancement of university services in order to cope with the necessities raised from the idiosyncratic needs of the students . Videos support and emphasize the main features that emerged from the interviews. [1/6]

Interview to Micaela Students Names Roberta Allevi, Davide Garlini Subject Main Characteristics

- Were/are you alone in this choice or did/do you receive some support? - Did/do you receive some help from the university, the city of Bergamo or the professors? - Which is your relationship with UniBG and your opinion about it from the point of view of both an ordinary (before pregnancy) and extraordinary student (during and after pregnancy)? - How would you improve the university and what kind of help would you like to receive? Finding Description Micaela is a 24-years-old law student at UniBG, living alone in Bergamo with her 3-years-old baby. She is working as responsible and assistant of a handmade clothes shop in order to earn her family life. She has temporarily stopped her studies because she has very little spare time and up to now her priority is to be a mother. Nevertheless, she is willing to finish her scholastic career in the following years. In the last years she knew lot of challenges from social, scholastic and familiar point of view, but she was able to face them with a smile and some tears, winning them and being happy of her choices. During her fights, she received help from her professors but she complains a lack of information about facilities from the university, even though she admits she did not spend a lot of time on searching them. She generally likes Bergamo university but she complains that the lessons are too much academic instead of interactive and she feels not to be completely free as student.

List of Representative Questions

The recommendations she gives are to improve the information of special facilities, to increase the opening hours of the offices and to give more help and support to students who need it.

- Introduction: little presentation of her life, her family and her work

Interview Analysis

- How do you conciliate family, work and study?

The video has the aim to discover:

- Which are the main social/familiar/economical/scholastic barriers did/do you know and how did you face them? - Have you ever thought to leave your scholastic career? 200

What information do you want to convey with the video? - how a 24-years-old girl can conciliate family, work and study - which are the main social/familiar/economical/scholastic barriers she had and have to face

- which is her relationship with UniBG and her opinion about it from the point of view of both an ordinary (before pregnancy) and extraordinary student (during and after pregnancy) - how she would improve the university and what kind of help she would like to receive What actions of the subject you want to record on camera? I would like to record on camera Micaelaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s typical day because I think that it really can communicate her story. The scenes I would like to record are: - the awakening - breakfast with her baby - the walking to the play-school - the moment to say goodbye - the walking to the shop - the work - the run to the play-school - the moment of play with the baby - the moment to go to the bed What do you think can be an interesting feature of the studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life that we could further investigate? I think that the most important aspects have already been investigated. What is a positive aspect inherent to the student that could be promoted? A positive aspect of Micaela is that she is perfectly conscious about her possibilities, capabilities and priorities and she decided to live in coherence with them and also to fight for them. Moreover, despite of her difficult situation, she is determinate in finishing her university career and she does not give up because she has not lost her ambition and she really believe in herself. She is a very good example of a person, who never stops to follow her dreams, even though it means hard work and sacrifices. Finally, thanks to the hard years and to the difficult situations she had lived, she has created a very positive way to face the daily challenges, stimulated by inner force and by love for her baby. What is a negative aspect inherent to the student that could be meliorated?

As Micaela said, a negative aspect of her story is that she did not search for information regarding the fact of stopping the studies for some time, the possibility to have a reduction on taxes and the possibility to become a part-time student. Maybe, with a deeper research she could have had some facilities that could have helped her to have more spare time, less stress and to study a little more in these years instead of temporarily stopping the study. How would your findings help us in developing solutions for the students of Bergamo University? My findings would suggest to better promote and to intensify the information about the existent facilities for students in particular situations and with particular needs. Indeed, until now this kind of information is hidden somewhere in the website and students have to search it on their own without any help from university personnel. Another advice we would give is to increase the opening hours of the secretary office because now it is open for few hours per day, so it is very crowded and it is very difficult for working students to go there without losing half of their working day. [2/6]

Interview to Hossein Students Names Cristina Bassi, Moreno Gambirasi e Elena Vari Subject Main Characteristics

List of Representative Questions What do you think about international courses?

201

Why did you decide to come to Bergamo and choose Unibg? Where do you live and how do you reach the university? How is to be a Muslim in Bergamo? Do you feel at ease with your Italian mates? What are the major differences between Italy and Iran? What would you like to change in Bergamo/in the university system? Are you satisfied about your choice of coming here? Finding Description First of all it could be interesting to say that Hossein chose Unibg for a mistake. He actually wanted to attend university in Milan but then he find himself attending the engineering courses in Dalmine. Anyway he really liked Bergamo after, he is really satisfied how things ended up. The student highlight two main problems in our city: The bad public transportation: everyday he needs to take the bus from Bergamo to reach Dalmine and he usually has to wait a lot. The lack of evening enjoyments: closed shops, no people on the streets and in bars etc... So he prefers to stay at home with his mates. Apart from these aspects he really liked his international courses even if he needs to work hard studying for exams and projects. He integrate himself positively and fast and he has a lot of Italian friends here. Sometimes, though, he really feels homesick. He hasn’t seen his family for 18 months now but he is working on going back to Iran for a short visit. Interview Analysis What information do you want to convey with the video? The aim of the video is to show the typical day of a foreign student that attends the engineering courses in Dalmine. The focus is on how is he integrated in our community and the problems he faced in everyday life. What actions of the subject you want to record on camera? One of the biggest problem for Hossein is to reach Dalmine in a comfortable and fast way. This is not possible for him because 202

he has to take the bus everyday. For this reason we would like to record his difficulties with public transportation in reaching the campus. Another aspect we would like to highlight is the easiness in which he made friends and integrate himself in the university life. This can be done with a recording in which he talks and smile with friends at unibg. Moreover Hossein states that during university terms he has a lot of work and study to do so it would be a good idea to record him doing their projects in “aula studio”. What do you think can be an interesting feature of the student’s life that we could further investigate? It could be interesting to further investigate aspects from the country of origin. What is a positive aspect inherent to the student that could be promoted? A positive aspect is the ease with which Hossein makes friends with italian students.He is well-integrated in his new environment composed both by italian people (classmates and friends) and foreign people (erasmus students, flatmates...). Furthermore, the student appreciates a lot the international

courses (taught in English), they facilitated his initial difficulty with Italian language and let him know many international students.

List of Representative Questions

What is a negative aspect inherent to the student that could be meliorated?

-Jessika’s presentation -Why did you choose Bergamo University? -Have you any regret about your chioce? -Pros and Cons about UniBG, what do you think should be improved? -How do you reach University? -Since you have a physical disability, in which way UniBG helps you? -Did you find difficulties in doing daylife actions within University? If yes, which kind of difficulties? How do you face them? -Do you think University should provide better services for students with disabilities? -Jessika’s regular day

Surely, public transportation could be meliorated for the sake of students like Hossein (international students that don’t live in “student home” obtained through university). They often live in houses located far from Dalmine and they move without a car. Hossein noticed that public transportation is not flexible and doesn’t suit with university timetable. The student complained about the lack of nightlife in Bergamo: the city or the university could organize more events out of universitary spaces for students. How would your findings help us in developing solutions for the students of Bergamo University? Our findings help in identifying the problem of not flexible public transportation for students that have to reach every day Dalmine. Another problem is represented by the lack of alternatives during the evening: students often prefer to stay at home because there aren’t interesting activities in the city. Our investigation underlines that international courses are positive for international students: they could be improved and enhanced.

-What does it mean to be a student with physical disability in Bergamo?

Finding Description

Egle Carobbio, Susanna Rossi

In this interview we have investigated Jessika’s university vision. She is attending the educational module of Human&Social Science. She is carrying out her career student with a physical disability. Through the flow of her words we get her positive prospective. She is satisfied by her choices. That is due to her stong behave and the feedback from University. Broadly speaking she is finding herself comfortable in this environment: she is not complainig about many things. She just highlights that the path that connects the different buildings is a reason of difficulty for her. But at the same time it is the environment by itself that makes her to choose UNIBG.

Subject Main Characteristics

Interview Analysis

[3/6]

Interview to Jessika Students Names

What information do you want to convey with the video? Our aim is to investigate whether the university of Bergamo is affordable for disabled people. We record daily life actions of this student inside and outside the university buildings. What actions of the subject you want to record on camera? The distance between university buildings is the most negative aspect for Jessika: she often has to walk from one building to another in few minutes, in order to attend her courses. This is 203

not possible for her. As a matter of fact she needs more time and the support of someone else. Thus, she always takes half an hour more than the other students and she is helped by tutor service. We want to record that path and show her difficulties in doing it.

that its spaces are easier to manage because they are small. Thus, it is not needed to improve the connection between every single building but only between locals that belong to a single department. We want to enhance our “pocket UNIBG”: a university that fits any students.

What do you think can be an interesting feature of the student’s life that we could further investigate?

[4/6]

Through this video appears to be of interest how the distribuited campus and the presence of a physical disability could affect lifestyle’s choices. We have noticed that Jessika prefers to spend the whole day at the university when she has lectures there. She can’t move between home and university freely, it would mean a waste of time.For example she studies and eats inside university building instead of going to the canteen or pubs nearby. When she hasn’t lectures, she stays at home without going neither to the library.

Interview to Simone Students Names Paola Riccardi, Elisa Saccenti Subject Main Characteristics

What is a positive aspect inherent to the student that could be promoted? The positive aspect that comes out this interview is the well organized support service. This is related to the reduced dimension of each department. What is a negative aspect inherent to the student that could be meliorated? The negative aspect that emerges from the interview is the distance between locals of the same department and the territory shape (stairs, climbs and off line paving). How would your findings help us in developing solutions for the students of Bergamo University? Our findings could be helpful in realizing which are the difficulties for students with physical disability. We want to make this university as open as possible; everybody should have the possibility to access knowledge. Whether topographical limitation and architectural barriers represent a reason for not choosing UNIBG, we want to understand how this problem could be outmoded. It is not possible to change dislocation of University buildings: they are spread all around Bergamo territory and this makes our an open campus. But it is possible to rethink about smart solution from disabled people’s point of view. The problematic aspect is the physical distance between services but the positive and distinctive aspect of UNIBG is 204

List of Representative Questions 1. What’s your name and where do you come from? 2. How often do you go home? 3. What are you studying at Unibg? Are you working too? 4. Where are you living now? How is it? How far is it from Uni? 5. Why do you choose the University of Bergamo? How do you found out about it? 6. What do you think about Bergamo as a city? 7. Pros and cons of the University of Bergamo and of Bergamo like a city. 8. Do you usually take car to go out in the night? Or do you spend some nights in the city? 9. Do you recommend Unibg to your friends? Pro and cons of Unibg. 10. How is your day? How do you spend your free time? Did Unibg help you someway? 11. Do you have problems with public transports? Give us some

example. 12. How is being a working student? 13. Have you got some suggestions about Unibg structure? 14. When do you find time to study? Where do you usually study and why there?

that we could further investigate?

Finding Description

i’d like to promote his ability to coordinate different commitments.

Simone is a young man, he’s italian and he lives in a small town 40 km from Bergamo. He’s studying “Management Finance and International Business”. He goes home every weekend because he works as pizza maker in his hometown. During the week he lives in the University residence, he uses public transports to reach uni (10 min.), but last year he was a commuter. When he was a commuter he spent a lot of time finding free park near the campus.He likes stay in the University residence even if there are a lot of cons as the quality of the food that’s not good and there isn’t the possibility to cook on your own. About Bergamo he doesn’t know how it’s night life because he usually study in the evening in its room because during the day caniana’ studyrooms are always full and there aren’t spaces for teamwork. There aren’t places where person can interact with other faculty students due to different campus locations and this is a negative point of Unibg (When he studied at Milano he found this aspect more important). The positives points are the interaction with Professors and the possibility to have teamwork.

What is a negative aspect inherent to the student that could be meliorated?

i think we can focus mainly on the relationship between university and work. What is a positive aspect inherent to the student that could be promoted?

I’d like to improve some aspects of the dormitory life. How would your findings help us in developing solutions for the students of Bergamo University? he has a clear vision about pro and cons of Bergamo University and dormitory, thanks to his suggestions we can improve positives aspects and reduce negatives aspects. [5/6]

Interview to Milva Students Names Angela Garbelli, Milva Sadek Subject Main Characteristics

Interview Analysis What information do you want to convey with the video? I’d like to show the complexity of being a working student who lives far from Bergamo. The main point will be his time management, the difficulties he had when he looks for a place and time to study. What actions of the subject you want to record on camera? I want to record: -his breakfast at the dormitory or bar -dormitory-university-home ride -lessons and the short lunch break that lessons allowed him -problems to find a place where study -he works What do you think can be an interesting feature of the student’s life

List of Representative Questions - What’s your name? - How old are you? - What do you study? - Where are you from? - What is your nationality? - How long have you been living in Italy? 205

- Do you live with your family? - How do you reach the university and how long does it take you? - According to your own experience or in relation to other people experiences, what does it mean to be a second generation immigrant in Bergamo and in its university? - What are the problems or the advantages to be a commuter? - Why don’t you use public transportation? - What do you think about the city of Bergamo? Would you define it a college town? - What do you think about Bergamo university? - What about your typical day at Bergamo university? - Do you go to Bergamo only to attend classes or also for other reasons? What about your free time? - Have you got a job? - What are the main problems you have had to face since you started to come to Bergamo university? - Would you suggest to choose Bergamo university? - Which place of the university do you prefer? Which do you completely dislike? Finding Description Milva is a second generation immigrant and she lives in Italy since she was 8 months, so she is either Egyptian and Italian. She hasn’t had particular problems related to her nationality, but Milva said that her particular condition makes her feel always on the edge between two cultures. In any case, she seems to be perfectly integrated in the dynamics of the Italian culture. She is at the second year of her Master’s Degree in Planning and Management of Tourism Systems at Bergamo University. Living with her family at about 30 kilometres far from the city of Bergamo, she is a commuter and reaches the university by car. Being a commuter means to live the university and the city mainly to attend lessons and only rarely for other reasons. Milva doesn’t use public transportation because of problems related to train time tables and to the different changes of means she should do. Interview Analysis What information do you want to convey with the video? 206

With this video we want to underline the particular meaning of being a commuter, in term of time, distance and practical problems. Moreover we would convey the idea expressed by Milva about her situation of double cultural identity: Italian and Egyptian but without feeling completely part of both of them. What actions of the subject you want to record on camera? We should record Milva coming to Bergamo from her house in Torbiato by car, looking for a car park in the Upper Town (undelining how much it costs and how difficult is to find a free car park, or at least near the university). It would be useful to show her talking with the other members of her family to illustrate how languages are spoken in her family. Moreover, we would record Milva studying in Sant’Agostino library and going to some cultural events in Bergamo to show how she lives the city. In particular we will record: - Milva at Sant’Agostino library looking for a book, studying in the courtyard and going to the PCs room; - Milva walking to GAMEC museum; - Milva driving and making a ticket for the car park; - Milva talking with her mother. What do you think can be an interesting feature of the student’s life that we could further investigate? We think that it would be interesting to ask for more information about the course attended by Milva. In fact, it is the only international course of the departement of Foreign Languages, Litertures and Communication Studies and for this reason it is attended by students coming from different countries. Secondly we could investigate the different valaible possibilities to reach Bergamo for a commuter. What is a positive aspect inherent to the student that could be promoted? Maybe her attention to what cultural offers the city proposes, not necessary linked to the university. What is a negative aspect inherent to the student that could be meliorated? Her double cultural background could create different problems and must be taken into consideration, being the presence of a significant part of second generation immigrants one of the big

topic of the Italian society. How would your findings help us in developing solutions for the students of Bergamo University? The main problem presented by this interview is the way of living the university by students who are commuters (and many of Bergamo university students come from the province and from other cities) in terms of time: when they come to Bergamo and to do what. [6/6]

Interview to Marta Students Names Stefano Terranova, Matteo Zanini Subject Main Characteristics

Your work affects your studies? UniBg helped you to have faith in your studies? Do you follow some cultural activities in Bergamo? Do you think there are any discrimination based on gender, religion or work, in Bergamo? Finding Description The interview with Marta is the example of the life of an atheist student.What emerges, is that the religious aspect has no effect on Martaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s studies or work, or on the other aspects of her life. She is a girl full of interests and hobbies, and her atheism does not prevent any freedom. Also, in the interview, Marta present the activities that engage her in her days: she is a student, she is interested in cinema and literature, she worked as a baby-sitter (thanks to her past experience in a kindergarden). Marta is not only an atheist: first of all, Martha is a young girl full of interest. Interview Analysis What information do you want to convey with the video? We want to show how atheism is not a discriminatory element in the lives of young people from Bergamo. We want, also, present the opportunity for the cultural growth of a young student, in a city like Bergamo. What actions of the subject you want to record on camera?

List of Representative Questions Are you a worker-student? Why did you choose UniBg? What do you think of Bergamo? What are the strengths and weaknesses of your University? Would you recommend UniBg to your friends? Where do you live? What is your day like? What do you do in your spare time? UniBg helps you? What does it mean to be a girl in Bergamo? What is your religion? What does it mean to be an atheist in Bergamo?

The camera will show fragments of the activities carried out by Marta, in her study time, work (catering) or spare time. What is a positive aspect inherent to the student that could be promoted? A positive aspect of Martaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s definitely her organizational ability, her versatility with food, her positivity and the variety of her interests (which emerges from the interview). What is a negative aspect inherent to the student that could be meliorated? Marta - sometimes - is a latecomer. How would your findings help us in developing solutions for the students of Bergamo University? Marta told us about the University buildings and the fact that they should be modernized. This could be an aspect to take into consideration. 207

SMART[ER] KNOWLEDGE RESEARCH FINDINGS

208

5 | STUDENT QUESTIONNAIRE

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

SMART[ER] KNOWLEDGE RESEARCH PROJECTS

216

KNOWLEDGE CITY MAP

217

3.7. KNOWLEDGE CITY MAP Objectives The University of Bergamo has established a series of relationships both internally - within the different departments - and externally - with other institutions, organizations, companies, associations and industries. These relationships usually find their formal expression through research or professional projects that are pursued collaboratively. However, such collaborations rarely get proper exposure both internally and to the public, missing opportunities for the potential creation of networked systems of knowledge sharing and innovation production. In this context, the Knowledge City Map is an online interactive platform that aims to give evidence of such relationships by clearly visualizing established collaborations through active or recent research and professional projects. The objective is to develop an integrated network linking Bergamo University and Stakeholders, highlighting the key role played by the University itself in fostering such ecosystem of knowledge production and dissemination, as well as innovation creation and implementation. The Knowledge Map visualizes existing relationships within the UniBG departments as well as with external entities, institutions or companies. This tool will allow those stakeholders to join the network by easily uploading projects and eventually create further relationships. This tool will eventually offer a detailed framework of the knowledge and innovation promotion initiatives that are active in the territory of Bergamo, highlighting both strong and weak areas.

218

Data Collection An online interactive and intuitive platform will allow stakeholders to upload projects on the system. For that, first the stakeholder would register by inserting the details of the institution she represents. By filling out a dedicated form, the stakeholder would the upload

all the information needed for the project to be inserted in the Knowledge Map. Network Visualization The Knowledge Map is represented through a â&#x20AC;&#x153;chord diagramâ&#x20AC;? visualization technique, showing the various relationships between entities with coloured chords. The dimension of these visual connections is proportioned to the number of projects that exist between entities. The overall Knowledge Map is actually composed of two network diagrams: 1. University Network, showing the relationships among the different departments of the University and Bergamo. 2. City Network, visualizing the connections between the University and the stakeholders, as well as between the stakeholders themselves. Interaction Process The user can act at different levels to visualize relationship details: 1. The initial configuration shows the complexity of connections between all the entities. 2. A mouseover on a specific entity highlights only the relationships between this entity with others it shares projects with. 3. By clicking on the entity a projects list that involves that entity is visualized. 4. By clicking on a project title, all the information of that project are shown.

219

220

221

222

223

SMART[ER] HEALTH BERGAMO AS HEALTHY CITY

4.1. RESEARCH FRAMEWORK Globally, health challenges have seen a sharp increase in diversity, scale, and complexity in recent decades. Aging populations, widespread obesity, self-destructive lifestyle choices and ailing urban environments are all taking their toll on outdated healthcare systems. While discouraging and grave, these challenges also present ample opportunities for research and innovation. An unprecedented availability of data both to physicians and patients, for example, could lead to more agile healthcare delivery systems and better-informed patient lifestyle choices. Advances in sensing technology could allow a deeper understanding of human behavior, and consequently aid in creating actively healthy environments and artifacts. New approaches to the design and production of prosthetics could enhance accessibility and involvement of disabled individuals in domains previously unapproachable. Clearly, the implications of such developments go well beyond the clinic walls and into the built environment. It is therefore the role of designers to synthesize this vast range of emerging fields of inquiry into user-centered systems, spaces, and objects that are designed to make wellbeing present and dynamic through experience and feedback. In this sense, effective strategies will be articulated to better integrate urban healthcare facilities, creating hybrid environments that will eventually promote health-challenged citizens as active players in city life. The Smart[er] Health project ultimately aims to identify the role of the city as key driver in developing practices and spaces for healthier behaviors and lifestyles. To accomplish this, new communication technologies and organizational models will be exploited. The research will also investigate the role of actors/ stakeholders for their re-definition as effective agents of change.

4.2. IHEALTH: QUANTIFIED ME/WE With the aim of enhancing personal health awareness, promoting healthier lifestyles, and stimulating wellbeing choices, selftracking can be seen as an emerging field of inquiry that makes use of technology to help people measure and get meaning out of their personal data. 226

Self-tracking and measuring usually happens through the use of smart devices, and is often coupled with showing data on the Web and sharing it with others. Tracking can focus on health to measure clinical data, can record mental states to quantify psychological conditions, or can target fitness activities understanding personal strengths and weaknesses. The objective here is not only to investigate and speculate on “quantified-self” devices to improve health conditions and choices, but also to discover previously unknown parameters that go beyond traditional clinical data. By leveraging the enormous potential of interactive technologies, the ultimate goal is to create engaging systems and devices that would naturally stimulate people developing better health behaviors.

4.3. AGING WITH GRACE: SOCIAL INCLUSION AND AGENCY Aging populations are a key phenomenon of the contemporary world. The United Nations predicts that the over-60 population will be as high as 30% in developed regions by 2030. This changing demographic presents challenges that involve moving from a medical model to focus more on health promotion and the prevention of disease to ensure that the majority of older people are able to enjoy healthy and fulfilling lives. The elderly and people with disabilities deserve a dynamic wellbeing that allows them to make a positive contribution to society. For that to happen, accessibility and involvement in previously unapproachable domains must be enhanced through integrated approaches to design and the production of smart devices in the technological areas of prosthetics, robotics, and interaction design. Technological innovation cannot be detached from societal involvement, however. In this sense, the models of living labs offer promising opportunities in terms of real-life experimentation environments where users and producers co-create innovations to be tested in real time. In a living lab environment, elderly or patients are not just the “end of pipeline” recipients of innovation, but actively participate in the research process for positive feedback loops. The ultimate goal is to develop novel environments, systems, and devices where and through which citizens and users become actors and not just passive receivers,

naturally engaging with technologically-enhanced spaces and artifacts.

4.4. WELLBEING HUBS: INCENTIVIZING HEALTHIER LIFESTYLES CHOICES Increasingly problematic factors in areas such as nutrition, mobility, and ailing urban environments are responsible for widespread obesity and self-destructive lifestyle choices of the urban population. Therefore, a deeper understanding of human behavior gained through new organizational models and advances in sensing technology can lead to the creation of active healthy environments and spaces. Active urban design strategies can be combined with the promotion of healthy lifestyle choices. For instance, the relationship between urban development and active modes of travel – that is, walking, running, bicycling, and other forms of physical activity – can be exploited to promote healthy behaviors and reduce urban-transportation pollution The objective is to foster healthy lifestyles and physical activities in the city through effective strategies that involve organization and access to green areas, the promotion of healthy food systems, alternative mobility, and active streetscapes.

Four main topics for case studies are the objective of the analysis: 1. Social Enablement Case studies in this topic address strategies, models and technologies for the social enablement and inclusion of particular sectors of the society that face difficulties in effective integration in the dynamics of the city life. Some categories of the society targeted by these investigations are: elderly, immigrants, disabled, veterans, homeless, and people out of prison. 2. Health Data Visualization Case studies refer to data visualization – projects or applications that represent data in effective, clear and stylish way. This analysis aims to lead to speculations on possible implementations of the methodology used on health and lifestyle choices data. The investigation emphasizes how such data delivery can create a behavioral change, highlighting the role implicitly played by data to foster healthy lifestyle choices or improve health conditions.

4.5. CASE STUDIES

3. Living Health Labs Within the context of Living Labs – i.e., real-life test and experimentation environments where users and producers co-create innovations – case studies specifically address Health Labs. The analysis highlights how Health Labs aim to contribute to new models of “innovation systems” where users and citizens become active actors and not only passive receivers.

In the Smart[er] Citizens program, emphasis is given to the critical analysis of case studies that are of particular relevance for the research objectives. Collection of these case studies is an exercise to evaluate and analyse the state-of-the-art of specific subject matters. The goal of such investigations is to extrapolate conceptual frameworks or systems that can be eventually reinterpreted and adapted as a formula for the ideation and development of projects.

4. Assisted Living and Social Robotics Case studies on how technological solutions are deployed for assisting elderly in their daily life. Solutions range from standard, established technologies (e.g., mechanical chairs) to innovative applications (e.g., robotic arms). These technological devices are investigated in their context of implementation – i.e., in their actual use and relationship with the user/patient in her/his daily environment.

The case studies here collected embrace different categories – integrated systems, cultural interventions or artistic projects – that use specific terminology and adopt relevant strategies and tools to problematize the areas of investigation. Each case study is investigated following specific methods of analysis and evaluation criteria.

5. Quantified Self Case studies analyze how technological solutions are deployed to quantify daily-life activities and self-monitoring parameters. The investigation evaluates whether or not these technological devices can offer a meaningful contribution to better lifestyle choices. 227

SMART[ER] HEALTH CASE STUDIES

228

1 | SOCIAL ENABLEMENT EMPOWERING PEOPLE

229

[1] Project UPLIFT Student Name Ryan Bouma Project Credits The Awesome Foundation NYC Project Description Project UPLIFT addresses the stigma associated with mental health for college students by spreading awareness and excitement through a concept they call “mindfulness carnivals”. Relevant Web Addresses

How does the project promote social integration in the city life? The project encourages stress reduction which can support more robust social integration. The project also uses “Mindfulness Carnival” events to gather students and raise awareness. What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)? This is a top-down approach in that the demonstrations involved are developed by a few and disseminated to many. List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? The idea of urban demonstration projects that reveal social health processes and effects.

www.upliftproj.org

[2] Volunteer Match

Project Analysis

Student Name

What are the goals of the project? Spread awareness of stress related mental illness and encourage stress reduction in college students through “gamified” techniques. Spread awareness of stress related mental health issues and encourage stress reduction in college students. Which social categories is the project addressing? These techniques can be used by people of all ages but the current program is focused on college age students.

Ryan Bouma Project Credits Volunteermatch.org Project Description The organization connects people interested in volunteering in the community with those in need of volunteer help. The website is searchable by location and type of services needed. The phone application makes the connection easier. Relevant Web Addresses www.volunteermatch.org/volunteers/services/iphoneapp.jsp Project Analysis What are the goals of the project? Foster stronger community connections and involvement through cultivating a culture of volunteer service. Which social categories is the project addressing? The project specifically identifies opportunities to volunteer in service of seniors, teens and children. Broader community service opportunities are listed as well.

230

How does the project promote social integration in the city life? Volunteering has been shown to benefit seniors health outcomes as well as build a healthier community overall. Increased volunteering will result in increased community interaction and support for multiple groups. What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)? The IT infrastructure is developed in a top-down manner but the content is populated in a bottom-up manner. List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? Developing infrastructure that matches service providers (supply) with those in need (demand) can enhance health outcomes.

[3] Mobilyze Student Name Ryan Bouma Project Credits

suffering from depression. The data provided allows patients to get real-time responses by medical professionals and educational materials that can help reduce depression. Which social categories is the project addressing? This tool can be used by people of all ages and experiences. How does the project promote social integration in the city life? Depression can cause some people to withdraw from social life. This application can help people remain engaged in the community more often or become engaged. What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)? While the technology is developed from the top down, the feedback loop created relies on bottom-up participation and interaction. List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? Creating a continuous IT link between health-care professionals and those in need could be a way of addressing mental health issues, keeping people involved in the community more frequently. The interface is easy to use which can help encourage its use.

Center for Behavioral Intervention Technologies Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Project Description Mobilyze is a mobile mental health application designed to teach people to manage depressive symptoms using traditional methods, such as providing information and tools to implement evidence-based techniques to improve mood. When people are depressed, they fall into a vicious cycle in which they withdraw socially, and no longer engage in pleasurable or rewarding activities Relevant Web Addresses http://cbits.northwestern.edu/#!/mobilyze Project Analysis What are the goals of the project? Facilitate a data feedback loop between care givers and patients 231

[4] The Homeless Guy Student Name Malika Singh Project Credits Video: CNNMoney Project Description This is a story of Patrick a computer programmer living in New York and Leo 37 year old homeless man. Patrick met Leo on his way to work and after a few encounters decide to teach him how to code. Today Leo is designing environmental app’s. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJ2INl29sfc Project Analysis

This story encourages people to act responsibly and become forward-thinking member of our society. With underlying motivation of helping each other, this story promotes the idea of a community, What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)? Bottom-Up List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? Smart City is a city with smart people, who not only work hard for their well being, but also for others.

[5] Rooftop Gardens Student Name Malika Singh

What are the goals of the project?

Project Credits

To educate a homeless man, so as to allow him to have basic necessities like food, shelter and healthy Living environment.

VOA News Vedio Credit: The Dow Chemical Company

Which social categories is the project addressing?

Project Description

This example addresses the problem of homelessness and how we as responsible members of society can help. How does the project promote social integration in the city life?

This project is about how you look at roof-top garden as a insert in the city for not only its environmental impacts but also its effect on the peoples city and their desire to connect with nature. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.greenroofs.org/index.php/about/greenroofbenefits Project Analysis What story is told? Hospitals creating roof-top gardens to create a healthy experience for their patience. Which social categories is the project addressing? These projects are promoting green and healthy psychological health of city people, who get stressed due to many factors living cities known as ‘CONCRETE JUNGLE’. How does the project promote social integration in the city life?

232

Idea roof-top gardens have created groups and communities who come together to work together or to help each other create these green rooftops.

Relevant Web Addresses http://www.hapi.com/products-hapifork.asp

What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)? Bottom-up List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? Most successful smart products and projects are the once dealing with more than one element in the idea of smart cities. HEATH+ENVIRONMENT+LOCAL PRODUCE

[6] HAPIfork Student Name Malika Singh Project Credits HAPI.com Project Description HAPIfork is a bluetooth-enabled SMART fork that can record your diet and at the same time help you achieve healthy eating habits. HAPIfork launched by hapi.com vibrates and lights up when you’re eating too fast. HAPIfork has a default setting of one bite per 10 seconds, if you exceed that it will prompt you to slow down to cut calories and improve digestion. It also logs data like the length of your meal and number of bites . Every time you bring food from your plate to your mouth with your fork, this action is called: a “fork serving”. The HAPIfork also measures: • How long it took to eat your meal. • The amount of “fork servings” taken per minute. • Intervals between “fork servings”. This information is then uploaded via USB or Bluetooth to your Online Dashboard on HAPI.com to track your progress.

233

[7] Senior Design Factory Student Name Frederick Kim Project Credits Non-Profit Organization Project Description Senior Design Factory, set up by two Swiss design graduates, is a workshop, a design studio, a shop and a restaurant, where young designers work with senior craftsmen. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.senior-design.ch https://www.facebook.com/SeniorDesignFactory Project Analysis What are the goals of the project? Goals is the bring young generation and elderly group together in the society, fighting ageism by making senior and younger partners equal. Not just one group benefiting, both group gets benefited by elders providing their experience and the knowledge to the younger generations and in return younger generation provide digital world. Which social categories is the project addressing? This project addresses both senior and young citizens in the city. How does the project promote social integration in the city life? Through the social interaction through design and common activities, it ensures the people to live happy and healthy in old age, and creates equal partnerships with old and young generations. What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)? Through series of workshops, young designers work with senior citizens, combining venerable craftsmanship and knowledge with fresh ideas and modern forms of implementation. The products created are sold in the Shop, while in the Kitchen old 234

recipes are reinterpreted and crafted into new classics before being served to customers tired of fast food. List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? Design, acting as a bridge the gap between the different age group, it fosters a cultural exchanges and bring happiness through physical engagement.

[8] The Last Mile

sector.

Student Name

http://thelastmile.org/

Frederick Kim

Project Analysis

Project Credits

What are the goals of the project?

The Last Mile

The goal is to provide a sense of hope that they can succeed as free men and potential for employment in a paid internship program. Bridging the contained world with outside world for the future it promotes social connectivity through providing services to prisoners to be come entrepreneurs.

Project Description The Last Mile program teaches business and entrepreneurial skills to qualified inmates.They go through intense training six months prior to being free leading to eventual employment in a paid internship program within the Silicon Valley technology

Relevant Web Addresses

Which social categories is the project addressing? This project addresses prisoners.

235

How does the project promote social integration in the city life? This project promotes social integration through providing rehabilitation that helps prisoners with successful transition from inside the prison walls to functioning successfully in the free world. What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)?

[9] The Aid Student Name Frederick Kim Project Credits

With cooperation of the government, his project provides professional training and strategies to the prisoners

Egle Ugintaite

List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects?

This project, currently in design concept, is a cane that provides mobile navigation and health management services, users who have difficulty in mobility and access with smart devices to be active members of society. This project is designed to be a real â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;helping handâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;: to guide and prevent one from being lost, providing a feeling of security, allowing one to receive immediate help if they need it, and, of course physical support, as a walking cane. an integrated navigator, which works as a service + health device (pulse, blood pressure temperature) features measuring sensors along with an SOS button, which, by pressing it when help is needed, contacts the help center and sends the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s current health data and location to provide immediate and qualified help.

This project focuses on the stage of before the prisoners to come out from the prisons rather than the after. Also, not just training building up a relationship with actual companies for guaranteed internship to the inmates makes this different project then the regular training that inmates go through supported by the government. Providing preparation is important key factor to achieve social integration.

Project Description

Relevant Web Addresses http://www.designboom.com/technology/the-aid-by-egleugintaite-fujitsu-design-award-2011-grand-prize/ Project Analysis What are the goals of the project? With its integration with day-to-day device, it provides health services and navigation systems that could help elders to well integrated with the city. Which social categories is the project addressing? Mainly addresses to help elderly people, or people with help. How does the project promote social integration in the city life? Through its easy integration with ICT devices for elders in the city, it would be easier for elders with who are not used to smart devices. This project can be useful in daily lives and deploys health and mapping services that are integrated with social 236

infrastructure. What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)? This is technology based on mobility and information and communication technology. List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? This dual functions in invention can foster many different aspects in the social engagement. One function being as a device to help the mobility but also keeping the elders connected with the health services. This easy integration of two functionality helps the city to be easy for senior citizens to live in.

237

[10] Proloquo2Go

Empowerment model, teaching, specific demographic targeting, marketing and video materials working with app providers.

Student Name

[11]

My Tam H. Nguyen

Undoculife

Project Credits

Student Name

AssistiveWare

My Tam H. Nguyen

Project Description

Project Credits

A symbol-supported communication app providing a voice to over 75,000 individuals around the world who are unable to speak.

Erick Garcia

Relevant Web Addresses http://www.assistiveware.com/product/proloquo2go Project Analysis What are the goals of the project? Allows those with speech disability to communicate and acclimate to speaking. Which social categories is the project addressing? Speech impairment, speech disability. How does the project promote social integration in the city life? Increased ability to speak and communicate. What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)? Enabling bottom-up. List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects?

238

Project Description A gaming app that uses hypothetical scenarios to educate the undocumented immigrant community about their rights. Relevant Web Addresses http://undoculife.org/ Project Analysis What are the goals of the project? To visually inform immigrants of their rights through an interactive fun platform. Which social categories is the project addressing? Immigration. How does the project promote social integration in the city life? Increases citizenship and inform of options and resources. What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)? Collaborative

List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? Gamification of a serious policy issue.

[12] ADOPT Toolkit Student Name My Tam H. Nguyen Project Credits Center for Aging and Technology Project Description A toolkit to assist the coordination of care givers and increase independence of older adults in four areas: patient monitoring, mediation optimization, care transitions and mobile health. Relevant Web Addresses http://toolkit.techandaging.org/ Project Analysis What are the goals of the project? To increase use of health technology to improve chronic disease management in the elderly. Which social categories is the project addressing? Elderly How does the project promote social integration in the city life? Allows for increased independence of user. What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)? Collaborative model enabling organizations to better provide services and technologies for independence of patients. List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? Variety in technology and options, continuity of service from hospitals to home.

239

[13] Cities of Migration Student Name Chang Xiang Project Credits Cities of Migration Project Description Cities of Migration seeks to improve local integration practice in major immigrant receiving cities worldwide through information sharing and learning exchange. The Cities of Migration website is anchored by a collection of “Good Ideas in Integration.” These profiles showcase good city-level integration practices that provide innovative and practical solutions to common problems and challenges. Under the themes of Work, Live, Learn, Connect and Plan, users will discover Good Ideas in the integration of urban migrants that can be adapted locally or inspire new thinking in this important dimension of city prosperity and growth. Relevant Web Addresses http://citiesofmigration.ca/ Project Analysis The twin forces of urbanisation and global migration have created a rich field of action and experimentation in cities around the world on integration strategies for migrants. The success of many of these cities is to a large extent tied to their success in actualising the hopes and dreams of the thousands of migrants who choose to settle there. When they succeed, the result can be a strong economy and a vibrant “cosmopolia”,

240

when they fail, the result can be poverty, segregation and social tension. While migration policy is often discussed nationally, the lived reality of settlement and integration is uniquely local and urban. International integration projects and networks are mostly research focused, located in Europe, and rarely include the U.S., Canada, Australia, or New Zealand. They often work in isolation from each other, and few are global in scope. Cities of Migration recognizes that despite significant successes in the face of common challenges, there is still no organised way for Toronto to learn from Lisbon, or for Auckland to learn from Stuttgart. Cities of Migration brings an urban lens to its view of good integration practice, and seeks to promote city-to-city learning exchange and create links between the many actors who are involved in the practical day-to-day work of making integration a key component of urban success, internationally. What are the goals of the project? • Showcase good city-level integration practices that can provide innovative and practical solutions to common problems and challenge. • Strengthen the connections and facilitate the sharing of information between key actors in the integration of urban migrants through a virtual hub and learning exchange featuring targeted resources and social networking tools. • Provide an essential resource for foundations, government, community sector organizations and businesses working to strengthen cities through migration. • Assist foundations, cities and other key actors in urban integration to understand common needs and advocate effectively for appropriate state, national, and international policies. Which social categories is the project addressing? International migrants and their families - both immigrants and

refugees- and the children of migrants, even if they were born in the new host country. How does the project promote social integration in the city life? • Good Ideas in integration • Conversations on integration • E-Library • Learning exchange

[14] Lava Mae

who struggle to find access to either. The buses will be gutted and retrofitted with two showers — each with its own private changing area — and two toilets. The bus will be driven by volunteer bus drivers and will traverse the city making stops at partner organizations serving the homeless. Our goal is to provide 100 - 125 showers per bus per day. In our third year, we’ll have a total of 4 buses providing 400 – 500 showers every day. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.good.is/posts/how-we-re-bringing-showers-to-thehomeless

Student Name

http://www.indiegogo.com/project/share/466716

Chang Xiang

Project Analysis

Project Credits

What are the goals of the project?

Doniece Sandoval

Provide showers for the homeless.

Project Description Inspired by the mobile food movement, Lava Mae is putting showers and toilets on wheels. Thanks to the city’s generous donation, we’ll be transforming decommissioned MUNI buses into fully functioning shower and sanitation services that will allow us to reach the thousands of men, women and children

Which social categories is the project addressing? The homeless. How does the project promote social integration in the city life? Helping the homeless taking showers to improve the condition of the homeless.

241

[16] Milk not Jails Student Name Chang Xiang

Which social categories is the project addressing? People in and out of prisons. How does the project promote social integration in the city life? Provide an economic alternative way to the prison industry.

Project Credits

What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)?

New York

Bottom-up.

Project Description

[17] Pocket DACA

During the prison construction boom of the 1980s and 1990s, many economically depressed, rural towns hoped that prisons would jump start their local economies. New York’s prison population has tripled since 1980 and a disproportionate number of those incarcerated are black and Latino folks from just a few New York City neighborhoods.

Student Name Zachery LeMel Project Credits

Over 90% of New York’s prisons are located in rural areas, but prison towns have not seen the promised jobs or prison-related improvements. State legislators and Governors have favored the Department of Correctional Services while neglecting farmers. Today, dairy farmers in rural areas are selling their herds, forgoing needed farm improvements, or even shutting down.

Mobisoft Infotech:

Milk Not Jails is an economic alternative to the prison industry. They are a dairy marketing and distribution co-operative and they are a political campaign building an alliance for a sustainable and just regional economy. They are building a regional economy that depends on bringing city residents local, healthy food, not locking them up.

Project Analysis

Relevant Web Addresses http://milknotjails.wordpress.com/ Project Analysis What are the goals of the project? First, we seek to end upstate, rural New York’s dependency on the prison economy, which has created a dysfunctional relationship between urban and rural peoples and also has prevented improvements to the State’s criminal justice system from being made. Second, we seek to revitalize and invest in New York’s agricultural economy as a model alternative to the prison economy. 242

Houston, San Francisco, India Relevant Web Addresses https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.daca&hl=en What are the goals of the project? Pocket DACA provides information, resources and tools to help individuals understand and apply for Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). DACA is an immigration benefit for certain people who arrived in the U.S. as children and lived in the U.S. for five years before June 15, 2012. A person who qualifies for DACA can apply for a work permit and get a social security number. Pocket DACA can help you to: - Learn about Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA); - Find out if you might qualify for DACA through an interactive screening tool; - Find legal help in your area; - Stay informed about recent DACA news and updates; and - Take polls to share your experience with DACA Which social categories is the project addressing?

This projects looks to address the children immigrant population in the United States. How does the project promote social integration in the city life? By making the process more transparent and easy for children to become citizens it promotes social integration first and foremost legalizing these marginalized members of the population. Once this is accomplished it opens up the doors for these children to attend college because as citizens they will have resources previously unavailable to them and similarly when it comes to employment and benefits. List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? Pocket DACA takes a complex public policy and makes it accesible to a population that otherwise may not understand what the policy is and how they can benefit from it. That said, the takeaway is using technology to make existing programs more transparent so they can benefit the group of people they are supposed to.

[18] H2H: Hero 2 Hired Student Name Zachery LeMel Project Credits

The primary goal is to link jobs, that require the skills attained during military service, to military personal and family members. It does this by providing a platform, similar to LinkedIn, for military members to post resumes and for employers to post jobs. In addition, H2H have created a mobile app and provided online and in-person career events. Which social categories is the project addressing? This project is addressing the veteran/military community. How does the project promote social integration in the city life? By creating a single platform that links potential employees (specifically military) with employers, H2H creates the opportunity for veterans that they might not have had access too otherwise. In addition, H2H has specific skills in taking what military personnel learn during their service and translating that for employers looking for specific workers. What strategies/approaches are used ? H2Hâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strategy is to create a fast-tracked pipeline between military veteran employees and employers. It does this by creating an open platform similar o LinkedIn. List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? The key factor to take away from H2H is that it is multidimensional. It helps veterans find jobs from resume help, to interview advice, placement, and beyond.

Futures, Inc. United States Project Description Searching for a new job is a big undertaking. Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s why Hero2Hired (H2H) was created: to make it easy for Reserve Component service members to connect to and find jobs with military-friendly companies. H2H also offers career exploration tools, military-to-civilian skills translations, education and training resources, as well as a mobile app. Relevant Web Addresses https://h2h.jobs/ Project Analysis What are the goals of the project? 243

[19] OpenHMIS Student Name Zachery LeMel Project Credits OpenHMIS Project Description The Homeless Helper app provides near real-time information to the people who need it. Information such as shelters near your location, bed availability at those shelters, nearby places to eat a meal and much more. You can download Homeless Helper on your iOS device or use the full featured web app in a desktop or mobile browser. Relevant Web Addresses www.homelesshelper.us/ Project Analysis What are the goals of the project? The Hero/Homeless Helper App is meant to provide real time information about access to key services (shelter, food, medical, social, legal, hotlines, employment, caregiver, and outreach) to both homeless and returning veterans. For non-smartphone users a built voice/SMS offers users the ability to discover nearby

resources with a regular cell phone or touch tone phone. Which social categories is the project addressing? Originally geared specifically towards the homeless, the platform has expanded to helping returning veterans as well. What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)? Today, Homeless Helper serves data for the entire United States. With over 3,000 shelters nationwide, 10,000 medical clinics and thousands of other resources; people in every part of the country are able to find resources nearby. Every object is geocoded and searchable by location. Homeless Helper receives data input from several sources: OpenHMIS, Self-registration, Homeless Helper API and other internet resources. List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? 1. Open Source Technology 2. Cloud Infrastructure 3. Partnerships with larger companies with resources (i.e. Google Maps API, Amazon Web Services, etc.)

[20] Pop Up Housing in Garages Student Name Georgia Williams Project Credits Levitt Bernstein Project Description Levitt Bernstein suggests inserting prefabricated structures into redundant garages on housing estates in the London borough of Hackney. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The proposal targets under-used spaces in high density areas where land value is high and rising,â&#x20AC;? said architect Georgie Revell. The structures would use parts that are both quick to assemble and easy to dismantle, so the architects are also recommending an accompanying apprenticeship initiative to teach the construction techniques to homeless people.

244

Relevant Web Addresses http://www.dezeen.com/2012/10/25/pop-up-housing-ingarages-by-levitt-bernstein/ Project Analysis What are the goals of the project? The intention is for the project to be delivered through an apprenticeship scheme with components manufactured off-site as a kit-of parts. The structures are quick to assemble and can be inhabited immediately with the components being demountable and reusable. The proposals not only offer a home but education opportunities in construction techniques, a way of regenerating street frontage and a practical interim solution between other development possibilities. Which social categories is the project addressing? The project addresses homeless and other disenfranchised individuals in need of job skills training. How does the project promote social integration in the city life? The project promotes social integration by supporting job skills training as well as the comfortable living conditions, all the while transforming previously abandoned or unused space. The core of the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s goal is a creation that benefits all parties involved: the city, the builder and the eventual home-owner. What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)? The project both creates the housing for the participants, as well as training and providing job skills to those involved, allowing them to employ their new skills on future projects. List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? A key strategy employed in this project, which supports both public housing and skills training, is that it is designed to mutually benefit many social categories: urban aesthetics (in transforming derelict, vacant areas), the homeless, and those in need of public housing.

245

[21] Ekso Bionics Student Name Georgia Williams Project Credits Ekso Bionics, Richmond, CA Project Description Ekso Bionics, founded in Berkeley, CA, has developed a wearable bionic suit that essentially acts like an exo-skeleton for paraplegic individuals Relevant Web Addresses http://eksobionics.com/ekso Project Analysis What are the goals of the project?

246

The project aims to enable paraplegic patients by providing them greater mobility and control. The project attempts to redefine limits and allow paralyzed individuals stand and walk. It is a gate training device designed to improve function and independence over time. With three levels of independence, the patient can progress with the device as he or she learns a pattern of upper body positioning for movement. At one stage, the device is operated by the physical therapist. At the next stage it is operated by the patient. At the third and final stage, the device detects upper body motion and balance and moves in anticipation of the patients intended movement. Which social categories is the project addressing? The project addresses health, mobility and social integration for the disabled. How does the project promote social integration in the city life? By challenging limits of mobility, the device encourages independence and physical power for the paralyzed patients. Many patients experience 200 steps in the first try of the device.

By improving mobility for these patients confined to a wheel chair, the device opens avenues of access in daily city life built and designed for an entirely mobile individual. What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)? The strategy is technology-based, however, the device is designed to enable the user to control its movements. List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? The project is innovative not only for its technological achievements but also for its enabling the physical capabilities of an otherwise limited population. By reimagining the physical limitations of a disabled group, the project challenges the norm. A key take away from this product is its innovations in enabling and giving physical power back to a disabled population.

[22] Casserole Club Student Name Georgia Williams

date to be delivered to the diner’s home. Which social categories is the project addressing? The social category seems to be predominately the elderly, for whom a home cooked meal may be too much trouble. How does the project promote social integration in the city life? The project promotes social integration by promoting the culture of food as a means of connectivity and social interaction. It also promotes generosity and kindness from strangers. What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)? The approach is bottom-up, with the project merely acting as the platform through which cooks and diner’s can meet one another. List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? The key factor that is important in this case study is the means by which the project enables the members of the larger social sphere to be the actors or “doers” in the project. The project serves merely as the platform, which is a powerful means by which social cohesion and integration can occur.

Project Credits FutureGov, London Project Description Casserole is a modern twist on the meals on wheels service which will connect food enthusiasts in the community to cook an extra plate or two of home-made food for people in their area who would benefit from it. Casserole aims to connect communities one good shared meal at a time.” Relevant Web Addresses https://www.casseroleclub.com/ Project Analysis What are the goals of the project? The project aims to connect people with homemade food with others who may not be able to provide a home cooked meal for themselves. A cook can sign up and arrange a meal on a certain 247

[23] Raval Generator Student Name Yatian Li Project Credits Barcelona (Spain) Project Description Raval is a neighborhood of Barcelona next to the old city center, having the highest percentage of immigrant(45%) in the city. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a 10-day workshop as a start of a long-term development of the area using the strategy of participation with the neighborhood. It consists of two components: the hardware and the software. The hardware is an easy method to set up mobile workstation with tools and templates so at least 8 people can work at the same time preparing parts and assembling. The software is a set of designs, building plans and instructions that are easy to understand even for nonprofessionals. Relevant Web Addresses http://collaction.polimi-cooperation.org/raval-generator/ http://www.eme3.org/?p=1226 Project Analysis What are the goals of the project? By applying architectural tools and empowering the process of common experience the project drives developments in the city space both on a material and a social level. Which social categories is the project addressing? The immigrants How does the project promote social integration in the city life? The key form of this project is collaboration which means people work together, and communicate with each other. Thus, the experimental building workshop becomes a laboratory for instant, participatory building practice, which promotes and stimulates the social integration. At the same time, the output of this project improves the public space.

248

List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? Low-cost, Social work: collaboration, Support of design ideas.

[24] The Eye Tribe Tracker Student Name Yatian Li Project Credits IT University of Copenhagen Project Description The software created by the Eye Tribe enables eye control on mobile devices, allowing hands free navigation of websites and apps, including eye activated login, enhanced gaming experiences and cloud based user engagement analytics. Eye tracking is the process of using sensors to locate features of the eyes and estimate where someone is looking (point of gaze). It can be used in a wide variety of applications typically categorized as active or passive. Active applications involve device control, for example aiming in games, eye activated login or hands-free typing. Passive applications include performance analysis of design, layout and advertising.

Relevant Web Addresses

Project Description

https://theeyetribe.com/

It’s a remote monitoring technology for elder care in Bolzano, Italy by IBM as part of their Smarter Cities initiative. The sensor’s job is to recognize any abnormalities if someone could show signs of illness and eventually send an alarm to social services personnel. In Bolzano, Italy, almost a quarter of the population is over 65. As a result, half of their social programs budget is spent on services for the elderly. Since assisted living facilities cost vast amounts of money that municipalities & families don’t have, IBM partnered with the city to employ social services technology— outfitting a small group of elderly residents’ homes with sensors that report data back to a central database and allow the city to dispatch a care worker to the home. The program stabilizes the city’s costs while allowing it to care for its growing elderly population.

Project Analysis What are the goals of the project? By providing hands free navigation of website and apps, it enables a smarter experience and aids the disabled. Which social categories is the project addressing? Smart Application, the disables How does the project promote social integration in the city life? Eye tracking can be used in a wide variety of applications typically categorized as active or passive. Active applications involve device control, for example aiming in games, eye activated login or hands-free typing. Passive applications include performance analysis of design, layout and advertising. Other examples are vehicle safety, medical diagnostics and academic research. List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? - High technology - Creative ideas

[25] IBM Solutions for an Aging Population

Relevant Web Addresses http://www-949.haw.ibm.com/people4smartercities/video/ solutions-aging-population Project Analysis What are the goals of the project? It’s about how to accommodate both the older person living at home and to ease the hard realities of aging cost impacts on local social services. Which social categories is the project addressing?

Student Name

The elderly

Yatian Li

How does the project promote social integration in the city life?

Project Credits

The project cares for the elderly and stabilizes the city’s cost, which is crucial for a project to be further developed and actually be applied in the real life.

IBM, Bolzano, Italy

List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? - Practical - Economical efficiency.

249

[26] Motoworkr Student Name Christine Min Project Credits Marco Vanella, Italy Project Description Integrated and mobile handset device for medical workers. (Thermometer, stethoscope, blood pressure, and patient records.) Relevant Web Addresses http://www.designboom.com/design/marco-vanellamotoworkr/ http://marcovanella.com/

250

Project Analysis What story is told? This conceptualized devices addresses the issue of providing quick and easy medical attention. What kind of data is analyzed/represented? Medical workers on a daily basis and what tools are required to accomplish their tasks. The analysis of the function of existing medical tools helped drive the concept of the prototype -- to condense the number of tools and make it handheld, easy to use, and instantly update real-time data of patient records. How data is delivered (methodology analysis)? The patient records are primarily stored in a web database, but it can also be accessible by a card-reader. Is data representation dynamic or static, and how does it affect the visualization mechanism? The data is linked to a database that makes the access and

visualization of the data dynamic or more up-to-date. Can user interact with data? If so, whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the interaction process? The accessibility and portability of medical data and procedure by medical workers makes this case study unique. The hybrid device allows for doctors to see their patients with urgency they deserve in a stress-free and condensed procedure. Which kind of graphic device help communicating the information? The storyboard of how a doctor will interact or operate the device in combination with the symbol of its device function helps describe the prototype to anyone, even if theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re not in working in the medical industry. Project Applications: This device can be useful for mobile medical stations in South America, Africa, and disaster reliefs. It can also be helpful in cultures where visiting doctors, such as Italy, are still practicing. Perhaps a household version can be developed that does not grant full access to the database can be useful for the general audience. People can track their own health.

[27] Dove Real Beauty Sketches Student Name Christine Min Project Credits Dove Project Description Social experiment focusing on building positive self-esteem for women. Relevant Web Addresses http://realbeautysketches.dove.us/ Project Analysis What story is told? Women are their own worst beauty critics. Only 4% of women around the world consider themselves beautiful. At Dove, we are committed to creating a world where beauty is a source of

251

What kind of data is analyzed/represented?

Users or experiment subjects interact with the data by seeing the exhibition. Also the documentary and collection of sketches published on the web extend the audience beyond the participants.

Social experiment for how women perceive their own image in contrast to what others see.

Which kind of graphic device help communicating the information? Video, Interviews, Web gallery.

How data is delivered (methodology analysis)?

Project Applications:

The experiment is conducted by sketches done by a FBI trained artist. He sketches peoples portraits just by listening to people’s description. The image on the left is a portrait of Florence drawn from her own description. While the sketch on the right is described by a random stranger. After the sketches are done, Florence can see the contrast between the two sketches.

The methodology of this documentary and social experiment is successful in providing a comparative analysis. It can be about the comparative interpretation of health, healthy foods, diet, aging, etc between culture, between quantitative data and subjective data.

confidence, not anxiety. So, we decided to conduct a compelling social experiment that explores how women view their own beauty in contrast to what others see.

Is data representation dynamic or static, and how does it affect the visualization mechanism?

[28] BEE Clinic

The data is static, but the emotional and psychological impact transforms people’s own understanding of their physical appearance.

Student Name

Can user interact with data? If so, what’s the interaction process?

Project Credits

Christine Min Susana Soares Dutch Design Week, November 2013 Project Description Bees can be trained to detect specific chemical odours, including the biomarkers associated with diseases such as tuberculosis, lung, skin and pancreatic cancer. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.dezeen.com/2013/11/20/honey-bees-can-betrained-to-detect-cancer-in-ten-minutes-says-designer-susanasoares/ Project Analysis What story is told? Researchers and scientists have found that bees, Apis Mellifera, have an extraordinary sense of smell that can detect airborne molecules. What kind of data is analyzed/represented?

252

The data of health precaution and prediction are represented through experiments. By using natural biological systems the research and studies are aimed to increase our perceptive abilities. Secondly, the data collected from the experiments are then used to develop an upcoming technological research that people can use to adjust their lives and mindset.

Project Description Flexible electronic circuit that stick directly to the skin like temporary tattoos and monitor the wearer’s health. Relevant Web Addresses

How data is delivered (methodology analysis)?

http://www.dezeen.com/2013/03/28/biostamp-temporarytattoo-wearable-electronic-circuits-john-rogers-mc10/

The research is operated by structure of facilities -- bee farm, training centre, research lab, and healthcare clinic.

Project Analysis

Is data representation dynamic or static, and how does it affect the visualization mechanism? Analog visualization using biological system and pavlov’s reflex. Project Applications: Health clinics and transforming current procedures of cancer biopsy, prediction and testing.

[29] Biostamp Student Name Christine Min Project Credits MC10, John Rogers, Material Scientist

What story is told? Epidermal electronics that act as a tool for feedback loop between our active body at work and measuring our performance or health risks. What kind of data is analyzed/represented? Biostamp can measure temperature, hydration and strain. It can also detect whether the athlete should apply more sunscreen and when to hydrate for peak performance. How data is delivered (methodology analysis)? The team is developing a wireless power sources and communication systems to relay information to mobile devices or smart applications. Is data representation dynamic or static, and how does it affect the visualization mechanism? Similar to other wearable technologies like Nike+Fuelband, Jawbone UP and Fitbit, the goal of the device is to visualize the person’s current performance on their devices. Can user interact with data? If so, what’s the interaction process? The wearer may be more inclined to be more active or slow down when they view their quantitative performance data while he/she is exercising. It can also assure the wearer if they believe to be sick, but their data states their vitals to be stable. Project Applications: The product is developed for athletes and active wearers, but I think it can be successful for patients in intensive care units. It will reduce the number wires and medical electronics that fill the bedroom.

253

[30] Piano Staircase Student Name

stairs into an entertaining, inexpensive set of Piano Stairs at the Maricopa County Administration Building located in Downtown Phoenix, Arizona in order to encourage employees and visitors to take the stairs as opposed to the elevator.

Saurabh Mhatre

Relevant Web Addresses

Project Credits

http://creativity-online.com/work/volkswagen-fun-theorypiano-staircase/17522

DDB, Stockholm for Volkswagen Project Description

http://thinkblue.volkswagen.com/com/en/blue-projects/ thinkblue-fun-theory.html

In a building where both stairs and escalators (or the elevators) are available... What would be your preference of transportation? Majority of the pedestrians would prefer to use the escalator, but what if each step of the stair was replaced with a giant piano key?

Project Analysis

The original Piano Stairs was introduced by Volkswagen as part of their fun theory. It was executed in Stockholm, Sweden in October 2009 as a fun musical experience that encouraged the crowd to use the stairs in preference to the escalator or the elevator. Installed at a subway stairwell, the Piano Stairs succeeded in attracting 66% more pedestrians to use the stairs instead of using the escalator. The total expense to complete the project was approximately $50,000 and the total installation time was only a day. Since 2009, there has been many Piano Stairs installed all around the world except North America.

Break away from the ‘Habitual Autopilot’

Suggested by Jonce Walker, the Sustainability Manager at Maricopa County, the mission is to redesign a boring set of

254

What are the goals of the project? To promote fitness, art and establish connection and awareness to the surroundings. Which social categories is the project addressing? All the people who use public transport. How does the project promote social integration in the city life? The project makes the user more aware of his surroundings , makes him take the stairs rather than escalators and introduces ‘Fun’ into the mundane activity of climbing a staircase. What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)? Bottom-Up.

List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? Health is directly associated with Fun. People during their transit from point A to B are fully engrossed in their gadgets and lose complete sense of their surroundings. Sometimes they don’t even have visual memory of the paths they take.Their level of interaction is very low.This is what Brian Massumi terms as ‘ Habitual Autopilot’. This project shows us that interactive media is an effective tool in generation and reactivation of spaces

[31] Energy Playground Student Name Saurabh Mhatre Project Credits Global inheritance (Nonprofit Organization)

Project Description The Energy Playground offers you the chance to relive your childhood memories while powering concerts, snow cone machines, movies and other energy- thirsty equipment. The Energy Playground can be created for an individual, a classroom or even a music festival. All the equipment is designed to be user-friendly so you don’t need a Ph.D. to ride any of the devices, just some endurance and desire to create your own energy. The Energy Playground is a first step in getting people to embrace alternative energy and see the impact, big or small, that they can make as one person or a group. Components: • Bikes: The Tour de Energy bikes help power everything from the Sweatshop Mixer to flat-screen TVs! As you pedal, you produce kinetic energy that is converted to electricity through alternator. At Coachella 2007, a fleet of 24 Tour de Energy bikes helped power festival goers’ cell phones. • Swings: Whether you are out for a relaxing swing or you’re trying to get a better view of the main stage, you’ll be

255

•

• •

•

lightening the load with the Energy Swings. Energy Swings capture the motion of participants and convert it into 12-volt energy. This energy is stored in the battery well and used to refresh riders. Merry-Go-Round :Similar to the Energy Seesaw, the Energy Merry-Go-Round will provide festival goers a trip back to their youth with another fun, energy-producing experience. When the Energy Merry-Go-Round spins, energy is harnessed and transformed into the electricity needed to power multiple 12-volt appliances or collected into a battery storage well. Hamster Wheels : At seven feet tall, the Human Hamster Wheels allow festival goers to take big steps in making alternative energy. Festival goers run stay in place while the wheels spin to convert kinetic energy into electricity. Energy Seesaw : The Energy Seesaw gives a jolt to your playground memories. You can enjoy a fun pasttime while also charging your cell phone, iPod or camera. Energy Well : The Energy Well takes battery storage above and beyond the usual. The Energy Well is a 12-volt, fully monitorable, and adaptable battery command center. As electricity flows from production devices into the Energy Well, software can be plugged in to track all aspects of production and share in real time the results of riders’ work. If you want to take your participants to the next level, you can crank up the resistance at the energy well. Handcranks: The handcranks power everything from the Sweatshop Mixer to listening stations, where you can have the opportunity to be the first to listen to newly released albums from popular artists! Past albums we’ve cranked include Pearl Jam’s “Backspacer” at Outside Lands 2009. Energy Dance Floor: The Energy Dance Floor makes each jump more powerful than the last. This floor captures the energy expended every time you step down and turns it into electricity. The energy collected will be used to power a variety of items.

Relevant Web Addresses http://www.globalinheritance.org/energy-playground Project Analysis What are the goals of the project? 256

The project aims to develop creative, cause-based campaigns to educate individuals about issues that affect us globally. The unique programs focus on the power of interactivity to communicate ideas that push for progressive social change by empowering millions of individuals at festivals, events, workplaces and schools throughout the world. Which social categories is the project addressing? The project addresses all the people of the community. How does the project promote social integration in the city life? By employing technology, the arts, and experiential learning, they reinvent activism by inspiring people from every walk of life to act responsibly and become forward-thinking leaders within their community. What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)? Bottom-Up List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? This projects shows the power of a community to make a difference. Using kinetic energy from the various activities associated with fun and play , the energy is stored and used to facilitate other needs of the community i.e in this case Entertainment. with the advancement in technology there is a large potential to use the same energy for our basic needs.

[32] Kernel Of Life

http://tinyurl.com/kh9auq4

Student Name

What are the goals of the project?

Saurabh Mhatre

Facilitate healthcare to developing countries

Project Credits Yves Behar and Fuseproject Project Description â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Kernel of lifeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is a cloud-based test and treatment system for illness in the developing world. It administers both analysis and diagnosis for chronic disease, particularly malaria, the wearable device is embedded with a four quadrant bio-sensing absorbent pad that can test the blood, saliva, urine and breath. the results are transmitted via bluetooth to a mobile application, which allows for the continuous monitoring of patients remotely. reminders, such as medicine intake or doctorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s visits, facilitate easy and uncomplicated consultation when the nearest physician is days away. the diagnostic health care device was proposed by the gates foundation and wired magazine, and is a design response to the complications of attending to sickness in countries with little access to proper medical care.

Project Analysis

Which social categories is the project addressing? Project aims towards developing and third world countries. How does the project promote social integration in the city life? It gives a wireless access to healthcare to areas which dont have a stable infrastructure What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)? Bottom-Up List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? Healthcare need not be viewed as through a formal infrastructural view but using sensors and the internet there is no need for physical adjacency.

Relevant Web Addresses

257

[33] Almere Smart City

Relevant Web Addresses

Student Name

Project Analysis

Zhenhuan Xu

What are the goals of the project?

http://smartcitystudio.com/?tag=almere

Almere, Netherkland

Almere’s Liberation turns Almere into an independent city with a vibrant urban economy. It will create conditions for 100.000 jobs to flourish.

Movie: Zandbelt&vandenBerg

Which social categories is the project addressing?

Project Description

Citizens in Almere.

Project Credits

Almere’s Liberation turns Almere into an independent city with a vibrant urban economy. It will create conditions for 100.000 jobs to flourish. To do this the city adopts a new attitude towards planning. It will liberate itself from a culture of control. Five liberations show how to do it. This movie has been exhibited at the Rotterdam Biënnale 2012.

How does the project promote social integration in the city life? It builds up a healthy life style by constructing urban health facilities/ What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)? Top-down List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? Health care data distribution. Concept of care will extend to a larger degree. Implementing the concept of smart health into the consideration of city planning is a good way to build up the whole health care system.

[34] Fitbit Student Name Nida Mian Project Credits Fitbit Project Description A sleek wristband worn to monitor everyday fitness, almost like a smart watch.

258

www.fitbit.com

[35] SVRS

Project Analysis

Student Name

What are the goals of the project?

Nida Mian

Relevant Web Addresses

Help both young and older age groups monitor their fitness level especially in today’s fast-paced world. Shows real-time stats right on your wrist including track steps taken, distance traveled, calories burned, stairs climbed and active minutes throughout the day. At night, track your sleep and wake up silently with a vibrating alarm. Which social categories is the project addressing? This project is addressed all age groups (teens, young adults, middle aged adults and senior citizens).

Project Credits Sorenson VRS Project Description SVRS empowers the deaf and hard-of-hearing community to communicate with both, deaf and hearing family, friends or business contacts using video relay service. Relevant Web Addresses

How does the project promote social integration in the city life?

http://www.sorensonvrs.com/svrs

By allowing fitness and awareness towards your health a part of an everyday lifestyle, be it walking to work, playing in the park, at the gym, or even sleeping.

Project Analysis

What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)?

This free, 24-hour service empowers you to place and receive calls with a professional American Sign Language (ASL) interpreter via a videophone and a high-speed internet connection. In addition, the services enable hearing callers to contact deaf or hard-ofhearing individuals as well.

Bottom- up approach List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? • The role of technology in your everyday lifestyle • The linkages between fashion, technology and health

What are the goals of the project?

Which social categories is the project addressing? Those with a disability to hear (Deafness) How does the project promote social integration in the city life? Sorenson VRS® (SVRS®) has revolutionized communication for deaf individuals. SVRS has dramatically changed their communication and their lives for the better and allowed them to integrate into society with those without this inability and within the same group. What strategies/approaches are used (e.g., bottom-up or topdown,...)? Bottom- up approach List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? • The role of technology in revolutionizing communication and therefore social integration in previously disenfranchised 259

segments. â&#x20AC;˘ Allowing minority groups to earn a livelihood (market their services)

Project Analysis What are the goals of the project?

[36] Portable Water Generator

This Project effort has enormous visibility in terms of marketing and advertising and highlighting , helping to drive a significant boost in applications for future engineers hoping to change the world.

Student Name

Which social categories is the project addressing?

Nida Mian Project Credits DraftFCB Lima, UTEC Project Description Together, FCBDraft Lima and the University of Engineering and Technology created a truly unique billboard that actually transforms the airâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s humidity into potable drinking water every day, a welcome innovation for the people in this Peruvian desert who have limited access to pure water. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.draftfcb.com/#!work/utec

260

Developing nations, low income groups, desert inhabitants, populations with limited access to water How does the project promote social integration in the city life? Allows low income groups to engage with technological innovations that benefits both the advertisers and the consumers - spreads awareness concerning the lack of clean drinking water in developing nations. What strategies/approaches are used? Top down List some key factors that you would take as reference for the course objectives/projects? The role of technology and science in improving health and providing the basic necessities

261

SMART[ER] HEALTH CASE STUDIES

262

2 | DATA VISUALIZATION COMMUNICATING HEALTH

263

[1] Headache Student Name Roberta Allevi Project Credits Mount Sinai Medical Service Project Description

Which kind of graphic device help communicating the information? The devices that facilitate the communication process are the use of simple and intuitive images, together with the brief descriptions provided. Project Applications The idea of this project could be used to easily increase people medical awareness about common diseases or illness and possible treatments. In this way, people would be able to better understand their body and to prevent possible chronic diseases.

The project is based on the fact that 90% of people has experienced a headache at least one time in the life. The project gives lot of information, including types of headaches, and their treatments.

[2] Census Dotmap

Relevant Web Addresses

Cristina Bassi

http://dailyinfographic.com/headaches-infographic Project Analysis What story is told? The device delivers a graphic and written description regarding everything people need to know about headaches: headache statistics, typologies, treatments, descriptions and curiosities. What kind of data is analyzed/represented? Data represented regards headache typologies, so the analysis is based on the body parts involved in each kind of headache, the world statistics of the diffusion of such kind of headache, a brief description of symptoms and the most common treatments. How data is delivered (methodology analysis)?

Student Name Project Credits The project was developed by computational urban planner: Brandon Martin-Anderson. Project Description The project consists in a spatial mapping of all the people that live in US and Canada. Every person is represented by a single dot on a black and white map of Us and Canada. The data are collected by the 2010 US and 2011 Canadian censuses. Consequently, the map contains about 341,817,095 dots - one for each person. Relevant Web Addresses http://bmander.com/dotmap/index.html#4.00/40.00/-100.00

Data is delivered with simple images, graphics and written descriptions, easily understandable by everyone.

Project Analysis

Is data representation dynamic or static, and how does it affect the visualization mechanism?

The project aims to display the population distribution in US and Canada according to data from censuses.

Data representation is static. Can user interact with data? If so, whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the interaction process? User can interact with the data only in the sense that he can search for the kind of headache he is affected by and to try using the purposed treatments. 264

What story is told?

What kind of data is analyzed/represented? The data analyzed are localizations of people in US and Canada. They were obtained by 2010 US and 2011 Canadian censuses. How data is delivered (methodology analysis)? The data is delivered with a map in which every person counted

in the censuses is represented by a black point. The finest level of geographical granularity available for the census is the block level, so all dots are placed randomly within each blockâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perimeter. Is data representation dynamic or static, and how does it affect the visualization mechanism? The data representation is static. Furthermore, the data represented are not up-to-date because they come from past censuses. The black and white representation is good at showing the concentration of people in particular places. Can user interact with data? If so, whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the interaction process? User cannot interact with data since they are represented in a static image.

Which kind of graphic device help communicating the information? The graphic device helps communicating the information is a map, a very powerful tool for the localization. This map has only 2 colour: white that identify uninhabited places and black that stands for people. Project Applications This way of representing demographic data on a map could be used in any city to show the spatial distribution of particular types of people. In the healt care field, the black dots could stand for 65+ years old or people affected by specific disease. I think that a more effective representation should include also points of interest for elder or ill people (for instance hospitals or homes for elderly), this could be useful to analyze if these buildings are well positioned.

265

[3] Cities pulse via Foursquare check-ins Student Name Egle Carobbio Project Credits Flowing Data Project Description The project shows in a video how the city of Chicago is lived. Each dot represents a specific place in time. Each point represents a stop at a restaurant, store, or place of business. However, look at check-ins from lots of people and movement appears. Because it’s Foursquare, there’s an added dimension of location categories, so color codes show people go to work, grab lunch, shop, and get after-work drinks.

visualization mechanism? Since the data representation is a video, the user can interact. It was a necessity to display this kind of data with a video, because the independent variable is time. So it needs a chronological visualization. Can user interact with data? If so, what’s the interaction process? It is possible to stop&play the presentation, return back, pause or skip any part of the video. It is possible to have a shot imagine or watch the entire video. Which kind of graphic device help communicating the information?

Relevant Web Addresses

The map of Chicago in the background is static and with a black transparency. It makes more evident the movement of people inside the city. Colours on a dark back appear brighter and catch the attention. There is a permanent legend on the upperleft part of the screen: this device helps the user to be always conscious about correspondence between colours and what is going on during the video. the user does not need to stop the video presentation for checking the meaning of the colour.

http://flowingdata.com/2013/09/30/cities-pulse-via-foursquarecheck-ins/

Project Applications

Project Analysis What story is told? The video above displays the city of Chicago during 24 hours. It has been shown how the town is lived by its citizens. It is visualized people movement through working and recidence places, food and entertainment places. Thus we can have an idea on what Chicago offers and what is really used. What kind of data is analyzed/represented? A single dot represents a specific place in time How data is delivered (methodology analysis)? Data are presented as a collection of many dots. Since it is analyzed the movement in the whole city, the aggregation of dots appears as lines. Every colour codes a different activity place (such as orange for shop&service, yellow for professional&other place, light blue for travel&transport, green for food and so on). In this way it is visualized the lifestyle of Chicago (where and when people spend time ). It is a fast forwarded presentation. Is data representation dynamic or static, and how does it affect the 266

This way of representing demographic data on a map could be used in any city to show the spatial distribution of particular types of people. In the healt care field, the black dots could stand for 65+ years old or people affected by specific disease. I think that a more effective representation should include also points of interest for elder or ill people (for instance hospitals or homes for elderly), this could be useful to analyze if these buildings are well positioned.

[4] HealthMap Student Name Moreno Gambirasi Project Credits A team of researchers,epidemiologists and software developers at Boston Children’s Hospital.

267

Project Description It is a global project on online informal sources use for disease outbreak monitoring and real-time surveillance of emerging public health threats. Relevant Web Addresses

[5] The Water We Eat Student Name Angela Garbelli

www.healthmap.org/en/

Project Credits

Project Analysis

Concept, design, article, virtual water ambassador: Angela Morelli

What story is told? Project shows real-time information of emerging infectious. The infographic is aggregated from freely available information from different sources. What kind of data is analyzed/represented? Emerging infectious diseases. How data is delivered (methodology analysis)? Data is provided from freely available information from different sources (World Health Organization, GeoSentinel, ProMed Mail....) Is data representation dynamic or static, and how does it affect the visualization mechanism? Data is static and continuously updated. Can user interact with data? If so, whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the interaction process? No Which kind of graphic device help communicating the information? Geographical map. Project Applications Possible adaptation of this techniques is to monitor and control the lifestyle choices from different neighborhood. The goal is to create a competitive environment on lifestyle choices.

Sources, scientific research, data: Water Footprint Network, Virtual Water by Tony Allan UI/UX design and development, patience medalist: Basilico Interactive Design advisor, Jiminy cricket, mental supporter: Tom HalsĂ¸r Editorial advisor, water guru: David Stonestreet Project Description The Water We Eat by information designer Angela Morelli is an infographic story that unfolds by the act of scrolling down the page. It provides an understanding of our water consumption in order to find a solution to the problem about the future availability of water on the planet. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.angelamorelli.com/water/ http://www.chefuturo.it/2012/09/vi-racconto-virtual-water-ecome-nasce-uninfografica/ Project Analysis What story is told? The project shows the percentages of visible and invisible (virtual water) consumptions of water in domestic affairs or in food and industry production. What kind of data is analyzed/represented? The data represented by the project are quantitative data retrieved from The Water Footprint Network: numbers and percentages embedded in short textual comments. How data is delivered (methodology analysis)?

268

The data is delivered using an infographic story (= a short visual story): â&#x20AC;&#x153;I experienced the power of telling stories and I felt that this power does not lie simply in embedding diagrams or charts in a larger body of text but it lies in using a visual platform as a stageâ&#x20AC;? (Angela Morelli) Is data representation dynamic or static, and how does it affect the visualization mechanism? Data representation is static and it makes data more effective: high numbers and percentages strike the user. Can user interact with data? If so, whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the interaction process? Users can interact with data scrolling the infographic story thus contributing to tell it.

The project features various animated visual elements that move, appear, rotate, zoom or fall, to convey more impressively the meaning behind data. Project Applications The technique used by this project can be useful to provide information to promote health prevention. The narrative form offers the possibility to make data clear and easy to understand also for young people and children; in fact the users feel involved in the construction of the story. Prevention in this way can be promoted proposing a final possible solution at the end of the story. It sounds like a happy ending, and generally people tend to reach it.

Which kind of graphic device help communicating the information? The scrolling-down of the page represents an effective system to convey information in a narrative way.

269

[6] Toronto 311 Visualization Student Name Davide Garlini Project Credits Jeff Clark Project Description The visualization is a set of small multiple calendar heatmaps, one for each data series related to 311 calls in the city of Toronto and the type of service requested. Relevant Web Addresses http://www.angelamorelli.com/water/ http://www.chefuturo.it/2012/09/vi-racconto-virtual-water-ecome-nasce-uninfografica/ Project Analysis What story is told? The calls people make into the 311 service line in Toronto give an interesting glimpse into the pulse of the city. What kind of data is analyzed/represented? The main data analyzed is the services requested by Toronto citizens when calling 311 and the intensity of calls within the week and the year. How data is delivered (methodology analysis)? The data is delivered by illuminating time-based patterns. Is data representation dynamic or static, and how does it affect the visualization mechanism? The data representation is static. Can user interact with data? If so, whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the interaction process? Being the presentation static the user can not interact with data. Which kind of graphic device help communicating the information? The illuminating time-based patterns certainly help to quickly understand what the most requested services are and what is the most critical part of the year concerning each service. 270

Project Applications This is a very simple data visualization and it deals with a very important and (potentially) daily issue: calling for help. It might be very enlightening to find out the main reasons why Bergamo citizens call for help and in what part of the year. This information might help preventing several problems to happen again. A further analysis might be dealt with from a neighborhood point of view: some problems could be more common in certain areas then others and it would be interesting and smart to find the reasons behind this or that issue in this or that part of town.

[7] Wealth & Health of Nations

only the result of them. Which kind of graphic device help communicating the information?

Paola Riccardi

Thanks to the position of bubbles in the chart, this project is useful to share and compare information with people and other countries or cities.

Project Credits

Project Applications

Jeff Clark

This project can be used in health structure to represent the quantitative data of diseases per ages and number of population (number of children underweight-children, and so on).

Student Name

Project Description The project describes the data through a Cartesian plane. This allows us to analyze more aspects simultaneously. People can observe the temporal evolution of the data and their evolution in regions or countries. Thanks to the project we can have a lot of data in one chart.

[8] Carbon Visuals Student Name

Relevant Web Addresses

Susanna Rossi

http://www.gapminder.org

Project Credits

Project Analysis

Produced by: Adam Nieman Data: Johathan Dickinson and Andrea Tenorio Inventory of New York City Green House Gas Emissions

What story is told? They’re describing expectation of life and economic data. What kind of data is analyzed/represented? The project shows how long people live and how much money they earn per regions.

Project Description This Project shows the CO2 emissions of the city of New York

How data is delivered (methodology analysis)? Each activity is represented by bubbles, which size normally represents the population of the country. Positions on the chart depend by life expectation and earn pro capita (Y and X asses). The bubbles are moving through this chart and you can compare different countries at the same time. You have also information about the source of data. Is data representation dynamic or static, and how does it affect the visualization mechanism? It’s a static and dynamic representation. In fact you can see static data per year but you can also see the evolution of your data during period. Can user interact with data? If so, what’s the interaction process? No they can’t, they’re passive subject of data and they can see 271

272

in one hour, one day and one year, as if they all emerge at the same place. Relevant Web Addresses

[9] The 6 smartest things you can do every night and morning

http://carbonvisuals.com/

Student Name

Project Analysis

Elisa Saccenti

What story is told?

Project Credits

The Project illustrates in a creative way how big is the level of CO2 emissions of the New York, compared to the city and its buildings. What kind of data is analyzed/represented? They represented the CO2 emissions of the city of New York in one hour, one day and one month. How data is delivered (methodology analysis)? The CO2 emissions has been represented as a huge mountain of blue balls, each basically representing 1 ton, that overgrow a 3D virtual city model of New York. Is data representation dynamic or static, and how does it affect the visualization mechanism? The data representation is dynamic, because it shows the increase in CO2 emissions during time. This method helps the user understanding the increase in CO2 emissions in an hour, a day and a year. Can user interact with data? If so, what’s the interaction process? The user can’t interact with data. Which kind of graphic device help communicating the information? The graphic visualization of blue balls that block the streets and cover the buildings aim to make the gas emissions feel more real and more graspable, because it compares the physical dimensions of several tons of CO2 emissions to real objects. Project Applications This example of data visualization can be useful to represent the impact of gas emissions in the city and, more in general, the level of air pollution. It can be used, for example, to show the amount of gas emissions caused by cars, in order to make citizens more responsible and persuade them to use sustainable vehicles, like bikes.

J.P. Blackard Project Description The aim of the author is show few tips and tricks to making the new day a better and easier one. Relevant Web Addresses http://dailyinfographic.com/the-six-smartest-things-you-cando-every-night-and-morning-infographic Project Analysis What story is told? Suggestions of things you can do every night and morning that helps you live better. What kind of data is analyzed/represented? Data related to lifestyle. How data is delivered (methodology analysis)? With drawings and writings. Is data representation dynamic or static, and how does it affect the visualization mechanism? It is static. Drawings help memorizing and understanding what it’s written. Can user interact with data? If so, what’s the interaction process? No. Which kind of graphic device help communicating the information? The use of writings and drawings. Project Applications Representations of this kind could be used to give suggestions of better lifestyles in order to improve the health of citizens. 273

[10]

Project Description

The GRAND aging debate

Aging population and fall in birth rate is proving to be a demographic nightmare for Germany. This infographic illustrates the past, present and the future forecast in order to portray a real picture of what would happen if things are not in control, by analyzing the primary data sets given.

Student Name Milva Sadek Project Credits

Relevant Web Addresses

Genau! Team: Siddharth Dasari, Giulia Peretti, Silvia Recalcati

http://visualizing.org/full-screen/37411