The Future Kitchen

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DEFINITION

KITCHEN /ˈkiCHən/

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A room or area where food is prepared and cooked. A set of fixtures, cabinets, and appliances that are sold together and installed in such a room or area.

I realise that the cover of this publication says ‘The Future Kitchen’, however this publication is not going to focus on the inner workings of how to cook and won’t contain any food recipes. It will explore the fields of digital design, Sustainable design practice and interface technology. How design is becoming the very part of our everyday life, and how graphic and visual communication is changing to cope.

I am a graphic designer/ Illustrator (well practicing) and I am fascinated with the fact that there is a team of people, sitting (or standing) customising the way we access information, sculpting our everyday activities. I am merely taking the kitchen as a space; As from research I believe it will and has been through the most technological, aesthetic and innovative change, Without us noticing, but why?

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THE BEST THING ABOUT THE FUTURE IS THAT IT COMES ONE DAY AT A TIME Abraham Lincoln

There is a mix of handmade and man-made wood, slate, plastic and metal which represents an odd “mash-up” of Victorian and contemporary creations. If you haven’t guessed already I spend a lot of time in the kitchen, I am a hideous cook, but a great entertainer.

If we take the word ‘kitchen’ out of the equation, its really a multi- purpose space that has to lend itself to accommodate a spectrum of personalities, activities and circumstances.

‘Living rooms in which we cook is what we should call our kitchens now...Kitchens in name but not in spirit.’ says designer Johnny Grey.

There are drivers that have happened over the last hundred years that have caused trends to emerge, that have and will shape our interaction with any communication space.

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I was born in the 80’s grew up in the 90’s, I look back with fond but tragic memories of everything in the house being coated with a layer of wood, clashing colours and plastic, but hey, it looked mighty fine at the time.

The kitchen back then served its purpose; it gave my mom the space to cook and me to eat (I was happy) and thought no more about it.

However now I am the adult, with my own kitchen, I do not in anyway think I have the same relationship with my kitchen, as my mom did back then.

So these milestones happen in a persons life and make you realise you are getting older and have to be a grown up (the shock and horror); and recently I’ve reached the big money milestone, buying my own house.

The first thing that roped me in on my first viewing was the kitchen. It was ridiculously awkward, long but small and had a farm door that opened out onto the garden with this combination I thought I couldn’t go wrong.

‘What now?’ I hear you say...Here is a little glossary, just in case you have no clue what I am talking about throughout the publication.

DRIVERS

The things that take place and influence our lives that we have little control of. e.g population, economy, Human nature.

TRENDS

The things that emerge from consumer behaviour, that feed into domestic culture, and influence what we do.

GLO-CAL

Combination of global and local. Thinking globally whilst acting and participating locally.

COMMUNITY

Is referring to Greater London, as analysing England as a whole, could get slightly confusing.

URBANISING

To make rural area more urban or to increase the proportion of population in a particular area.

INTERFACE

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The point of interaction or communication between us (as people) and any other product

The kitchen is an odd Space. It houses many an electric appliance, usually a table and chairs, and always almost a heated emotional moment or discussion, with family or friends, followed by a tea or coffee.

“Today’s kitchens are the hub of family life and serve as a meeting room, dining room, study and social room as well as the centre of food preparation.”

DAILY MAIL 2013

If we back up a generation or two, homes were built with a scullery; A small room at the back of a house.

To give you a mental image of what a scullery may have been like; Take your kitchen, reduce it in size by half, and take out every appliance.

To understand how the kitchen has and will evolve we need to know where is started. I went to the oldest person i know, to find this out my Nan, Edna.

Nan, how does a scullery compare with a modern kitchen?

OH BEX! (said with disbelief and horror) there is no comparison, we didn’t have anything like a modern kitchen. We had quarry tiles on the floor, a grate, a mandel, and a mallett to do everything.

You wouldn’t have coped, it would be classed as manual labour these days.

Thanks Nan, so last question, when did it change from manual labour to breezy modern life and why?

I would be about 13.

Working back that would have been the 40’s. My mom and dad bought a house with a fitted washing machine and new oven. That’s when i started calling it a proper kitchen.

Technology got better and better, it just easier.

Nan, you lost me at the word mandel? Explain?

Yes so, a grate is a multifunctional kind of fireplace come range cooker, come dangerous object. This is where all the food prep was done as well as heating the water for washing clothes, dishes, and heating the house. A mandel and mallet were used for washing and drying clothes. They still have a mock up scullery in The Black Country Museum.

Name: Edna Ryder Age: 78 Based: Dudley, West Mids Job: Retired

wood, and coal. It strikes me that to do that now, we need 3 appliances and a heap load of electricity.

Ergonomic

The Black Country Museum, is a living open air museum, celebrating a part of the West Midlands that was known for its innovation and manufacturing skills in the 1900’s.

Nan and I visited to see a mock up of the 1900’s scullery (including the mantel, mandel etc.)

On arrival we where greeted by a woman dressed in a white (but seriously dirty) apron, over a trussed pale blue old fashioned dress and all the and the smell of old soap.

When we eventually arrived at the kitchen/ scullery; What shocked me was the size. In comparison it was about the size of a large bathroom.

The room housed exactly what Nan had said.

Digital technology was a no no back in the day; However what did stand out was the ergonomic design of the grate (range stove). This large piece of kit made from cast iron, showed the promise of undertaking 3 household tasks at once; cooking, cleaning, washing. The grate runs from

/ˈkiCHən/

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All this information was great, and really gave me a personal insight into what is was like to use a kitchen back then.

Although the kitchen cannot have just jumped from dirty, labour heavy (but ergonomically designed) scullery, to being a technological packed super hub over night.

Dr Lucy Wordsley, chief curator of Historical Royal Palaces at Hampton Court, has delved into this very subject, and presents the BBC Four series, ‘If Walls Could Talk’, which explores the history of British homes, at all levels of society from a peasants hut to Henry VIII palace. (It was actually quite entertaining).

From Nan’s perspective, I have ascertained it was hard work in the scullery, but i still don’t know where the whole kitchen idea started.

How in the beginning a kitchen was a lonely fire and have now its the digital hub for the family.

Well according to Dr Wordsley, ‘ Kitchen technology started at very humble beginning...A peasants home was one room, and the whole house was the kitchen.’

The program goes onto explore the reasons behind why the kitchen is so important to us and discusses the theory of how social ‘drivers’ have developed in to ‘trends’ in society that have shaped the way the kitchen has evolved.

I have learnt that prior to 19th Century, kitchens were seen as dirty, and the design and aesthetic was very much based on your class.

As peasants (the bottom of the social triangle) practically lived in their kitchens, the middle classes saw this as dirty, and wanted no association, they used space to their advantage to make their kitchens as far away from bedrooms and living rooms as possible. Kitchens would either be outside, or in urban climates, in the basement.

The driver for this ‘hate of the kitchen’ trend, was Henry VIII, he pioneered ‘It’s all about showing off.’

BBC HISTORY 2011

To go back to the 19th Century (where nan left off), the ‘kitchen hate’ trend was still in force, however, ‘London experienced an exponential level of growth due to the British Empire and the Industrial Revolution.

It was during this period that the city expanded into a giant metropolis and became known as Greater London.’

LONDON ONLINE 2012

The Industrial Revolution took off due to the uncovering the fossil fuel - coal.

‘Coal was a much more potent form of power, providing up to three times more energy than wood.’

BBC HISTORY 2011

More bodies were descending upon the ma jor the cities, this urbanisation was a ‘driver’ for the trend of new ideas and technology.

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Because the working class crew had the ‘driver’ of new disposable income, due to increased amounts of work. More technology was being produced for the kitchen, as they spent most time in there. This set a trend in the Victorian era for the design of labour saving appliances, to make their lives easier and they went mad for it, and invented some ergonomically genius products, that would develop to products we have today. This stroke of design looked to be the first sign of interface technology, where people started to really interact with the space were they spent most time.

it I moved to London four years ago for my first degree. I felt dumped in my tiny student room in Mile End, East London.

My first thought on my first night; i wondered why so many people where walking the streets at 3.30am (and yes I didn’t sleep that night).

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Taking into account, the history i have just mentioned happened over 2 centuries ago; the principle of following trends due to an event is very much still the way we live today (just, well you know apart from the world wars and promiscuous opulent kings).

To analyse what’s going on with our current relationship with the kitchen, it would be wise to look at the potential drivers that are shaping our community today.

The Drivers

A bit of factual knowledge for you; London’s population is now at 8,174,100, thanks to the census of 2011. Not to scare you but this means that since 2001 the population of London has risen by 12%. (that’s about a million and bit bodies, and you wonder why the tube keeps having delays).

London, is England’s Capital. The first sign of ergonomic thinking and interface technology happened in 1939, the quick thinking Victorians invented a bash of labour saving gadgets. The population in those days was 8,615,245, this was more than the current population, London back then was at its peak.

LONDON ONLINE 2012

The London Olympics was held last year (2012), it bought 2 weeks of competitive sport, emotion, and lots of Tourists. The anticipation was, to expect delays, chaos and embarrassment; I don’t know about you but I thought we coped great.

IMDB 2007

Our transport system is one of the best (and I’m not lying) ‘London’s Tube network which carries more than one billion people a year has been judged best in Europe by the transit industry’s Metro Awards’.

BBC TECHNOLOGY 2012

With the serge of bodies into London, a heap load of information was needed to be translated, to avoid panic.

This shows a massive comparison to the industrial Revolution; As more people populate a place the more graphic communication is need to convey and make information accessible.

In this day and age we have the added bonus of digital technology.

‘The Olympics bring 55 million visits to BBC Sport online...Nearly two million people downloaded the BBC’s Olympics smart phone app on both Apple’s iOS and Google’s Android platforms.’

BBC TECHNOLOGY 2012

Design for information communication has now turned interactive. No longer will a billboard or sign do. Communication has developed to interface design to provide the user with organised clear information. There is no turning back.

So what does this have to do with the Kitchen?

With more people populating a city, more basic resources are needed, well to keep them alive.

One of those basics is food; which is what we associate most with the kitchen. Over the last 20 years the giants of the grocery sector have done pretty well, (but it does help of course that it is a obligatory spend).

Although we have had to say goodbye to a few little oldies; (remember) Safeway and Somerfield?

The Drivers

Supermarket graphic communication, has changed the way that we now stock our kitchen.

Due to Urbanisation the supermarkets are a little bit of a nightmare at prime time shopping hour (just after 6pm), also to try and keep cost and waste low do not over order.

‘Supermarkets produced many of retail’s most important ideas and biggest news – from loyalty cards and mobile apps’ Rebecca Thompson 2012

Supermarkets have jumped ship to using interface technology to connect with customers, outside of the shop.

‘The priorities have become technology-related – and perhaps one of the first is the importance of being seen to be digital.’

Rebecca Thompson 2012

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The Olympics bought over half a million tourists to London.

An appropriate quote to describe tourists according to Tommy Lee Jones, Men in Black (2007) ‘A person is smart.

People are dumb, panicky dangerous animals and you know it.’

The Drivers

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This graphic represents two ways of stocking the your kitchen. The little heads represent two of my very good friends.

Number 1. is Sam, a design student.

Number 2. is Harriet, a headhunter that works in the city. I asked both to give me an overview of how they did their weeks shopping.

Just to scare you a little bit more; it may come as a shock to you, but the earths resources will run out one day.

The WWF (World Wildlife Fund) have published research that the earth will run out of resources by 2050. (The report was published in 2002) ‘It warns that either consumption rates are dramatically and rapidly lowered or the planet will no longer be able to sustain its growing population.’

Townsend & Burke 2012

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According to a survey by Future:Poll 49% of Britons are worried about us running out of gas and oil. ‘A further 35% ‘expect that saving water will be a priority in the future particularly in the kitchen.’

The Future Laboratory 2010

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The next driver in our society, is our roundabout future lack of resources.

Another key factor about urbanisation is, where there is more bodies more resources are needed such as gas, electric and oil, to keep us warm, and to fuel our appliances that allow us to access our beautiful information.

Unfortunately, I choose not to trust the WWF. However the International Energy Agency predicts that the consumption of oil and gas, will reach its peak at 2030 (these guys sound more formal).

resource

These simplified steps show, that having a medium of a graphic interface can cut down a lot of time and effort for the user.

‘You will be able to compare your gas and electricity use by the hour, day, week and year and even set your own energy targets. A simple traffic light system will act as a warning for when large amounts of electricity are being used’

This tool is teaching us (without us knowing) to be aware of stability.

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Personally I still get confused with the amount of coloured dustbins gathered outside my house.

This ‘resource driver’ is a ma jor one, because our energy consumption, must be cut, and to do this as a community we will have to change our lifestyles. To change our lifestyles the use of designed information using interface technology as a medium is key.

British gas, EDF Energy, Southern Electric, to name a few resource demons, have implemented a new user interface whereby you can track your own energy, and therefore become accountable for your own crimes against the planet. This is giving a little bit of responsibilty, to control a global cause.

British Gas 2013

The Drivers

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DECADE OF OUR LIFETIME The Future Laboratory 2010

I have talked about the drivers, the things that are happening around us that we have little control of, now I’m going to look at what influence these have had upon our consumer lifestyles and what current trends have emerged, and see how this directly impacts our kitchen.

Interface and digital technology is actually quite a recent thing, its only 20 years old. I now realise as i have been growing up, i have been in the thick of a digital growth. I begged and pleaded and finally r eceived my first phone for my 12th Christmas, it was a Nokia 3210. I remember being fascinated by snake, and flabbergasted that you could send texts and people would receive them instantly.

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This is according to The Future Laboratory. Based in London they are a brand strategy and trend analysis company. They analyse what is happening and predict what will happen in regard to consumer lifestyles (they are all wizards).

The Trends

Ok trends...they feed our domestic culture, its all about being current.

So to get an proper insight I consulted Dazed and Confused Magazine’s digital bit DazedDigital. com to see what trends they thought emerged in 2012, and to see whether they would have an effect on our current kitchen. (I thought I would keep it digital, so this interview was done by email, and they were briefed about the point of the publication) Hey there, did you see any trends emerging in 2012 that got you particularly excited?

Hi, yes. We saw loads, some of the prominent ones were, ‘Digital Downtime’; that stuck out to us. We are now in a world of Digital ubiquity, and consumers are glued to their screens, digital downtime is about slowing down, and basically turning off for a while.

Lots of brands appealed to this by creating product solutions that are inspired by the early age of analogue and physical aspects.

Another is DIY & craft in the home. As consumers are wanting to keep what little money they have; DIY has become chic. With social sharing websites, such as Pintrest and Tumblr, we can now share tips and how to’s.

The end product is something that is customised to particular consumer, and a sense of pride in doing so.

This ties into the last big trend, of aesthetic. There is new aesthetic emerging among consumers, its clean, sustainable and quirky with handmade highlights. We are taking note of Scandinavian design, things are temporary, sustainable, compact and look great.

Well a massive thanks to DazedDigital, (they are so trendy but friendly). I think these trends really feed into the identified drivers, of urbanisation and sustainability.

What also stands out is that digital design is here to stay, but the consensus is everyone needs a break.

In terms of aesthetic, we can already see that developing through Television programs such as Grand Designs and Kirsty’s Home Made Home. (It’s everyone’s guilty pleasure).

I believe there is a bit of a power struggle with these trends in the kitchen, where consumers are wanting to tech up the space, as certain apps, and digital technology make our lives easier, and on the other hand wanting to go back to a more tangible sustainable life. The question is when will they start working together.

I have some theories about other trends emerging which will influence our favourite homely space.

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hea can have a doctor by your side everyday, in your kitchen at your request. This graphic communication has had to change to adapt to being customised in personal situations.

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Obesity does not fit in, with the trend of a clean functional, sustainable lifestyle, and is associated with being a slob, and not caring (which is not on trend). Due to every other poster on the tube or every other program having Doctors Christen’s (smug health conscious) face on it speaking about BMI, I would definitely say staying healthy is a ma jor trend.

This teamed with the digital age, gives us countless health apps about particular ‘green’ diets, cooking and eating behaviour.

By using interface design for graphic communication, it seems that you

The Trends

20 years ago website and mobile phones were basic to what they are today. There was no swooshing or tapping involved, only monotone ring tones and ana aerial.

‘It was commonly understood as the hardware and software through which a human and a

computer could communicate. As it has evolved, the concept has come to include the cognitive and emotional aspects of the user’s experience as well...The noun, interface is taken to be a discrete and tangible thing that we can map, draw, design, implement, and attach to an existing bundle of functionality.’

Laurel & Mountford 2010

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Dmitry Fadeyev 2009

Customise

The trend and I believe the most important, is ‘participatory customising culture’ (my new phrase) Interface technology, lets us shop online, find our way around, and monitor our homes. However each interface, is now designed so it is personal to its user. According to Smashing Magazine, this feature is key to designing a good app.

‘Offer personalization options. Many applications provide custom work-spaces for people and businesses. Personalization can help make your users feel more at home. This can be done by giving users options to customize the look and feel of the application interface.’

We want to feel like individuals and have different to what everyone else has. The ‘participatory customising culture’ is not just happening within the digital world.

One of the biggest (maybe the biggest in popularity at the moment) Nike.

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They have launched Nike ID; Now on their beautifully swish website you can design your own shoe, right down to having your initials tattooed on the sole of your brand new running shoe. Taking it a step further, Nike 1948 (Nike’s concept store) Launched a co-design collective with consumers to develop their new range of woven trainers.

Many products where mass produced, but due to urbanisation, consumers now feel the need to be individual, bespoke is no longer a novelty.

This is will have a massive impact on the future kitchen. It seems we spend most of our time as a collective in the kitchen surely the need for tailored products, that would make our lives easier.

The Trends

Glo-cal; thinking globally but making a consciously effort to support your local area, (kind of treating a borough like a village). This really ties into DazedDigital’s words. As people become more wrapped up in virtual technology, this trend of being ‘glocal’ gives the ideal of sharing and acting as a physical community.

However brands have tapped into this trend, and graphic communication has changed in the form of packaging.

‘INCPEN, the Industry Council for Packaging and the Environment says: ‘Packaging has a key role to play in helping society live more sustainable.’

In terms of the kitchen, being glo-cal, is about sourcing what you have in your surroundings from all different cultures and adapting them to be useful.

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We have seen (especially food) packaging reduce in size, change in material, and have the appearance that is has been made close to home.

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With a few predominant trends coming through, its easy to see how the drivers have changed our consumer lifestyle.

I want to witness it first hand, and find out if its true (with another interview)

Interview

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Vishal Kapoor is 25, based in London. He is a graphic designer, and upcoming chef. I had a little chatting and drawing session with him. I asked him to sketch out a perfect kitchen of the future.

We talked about his aspirations as well as inspirations. He is an all round family guy and loves being in the kitchen.

Name: Vish Kapoor Age: 25 Based: North London Job: Designer/Chef

I still maintain the kitchen is the heart of the house where everyone belongs.

Therefore the kitchen will be square, so everyone can talk to each other.

The next key point is the fact that the kitchen spills onto the garden, I think it’s really important to live a sustainable life and go back to our roots.

The dinner table being in the kitchen is so we can sit and eat straightaway.

The final key point about my kitchen is that everything is out such as pans knives herbs for quick use and to give it the feel of the used kitchen as it would be.

Who inspired your kitchen?

A mixture of Nigel Slater and Jamie Oliver.

They both portray this theme of inside/outside living, which to me is really appealing. I am vegan and hate massive supermarkets because they don’t tell you the truth.

It seems silly not to go back to how our grandparents survived and grow your own.

Would you say all kitchens have a similar layout?

Well I wouldn’t say they all have a similar layout because of the size and shape of the modern house, But we are limited as to where we get our kitchens and it’s due to cost which I think it’s crazy, but it’s life.

What do you think the secrets are, to be held in the future kitchen?

I actually don’t think that there are any secrets.

What I do think is that in the future we will be looking at using sustainable materials, and collecting with the outdoors a lot more.

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What are the key points to your perfect kitchen?

(a) outside (b) storage

(g) table

(f) herb garden

(c) inside (e) fridge & freezer

(d) double sinks

(h) cooker

(i) sink

(b) storage

VISH’S DREAM KITCHEN

The task was to draw a perfect kitchen in 5 minutes. (I have redrawn it for visual purposes) I asked him to label the key parts of the kitchen.

The area that stand out to me, is the inside/ outside concept of the kitchen. I think Vish hit the nail on the head with one of the aesthetic changes that will be become prominent.

Now onto the fun bit, I have explored the drivers that shape the trends of our consumer nation, but what do the trends produce. By having a look at some of the gadgets and prediction for the future kitchen, I can see if the kitchen will keep getting more high tech!

(Heres the top 4)

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Company: TO-GENKYO Based: Japan Description: By using Micro fabricated sensors in paper, the packaging will tell you precisely how long you have left to eat your stored meat.

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Name: Fresh Meat Packaging

Name: Rollertoaster (9)

Company: Jaren Goh Based: Singapore Description: Revolutionise toast making.

Using less electricity, and saving time. Looks slightly dangerous though.

Name: Kitchen Center

Company: NIMble Based: Singapore Description: This microwave features a web-connected touchscreen (running Google’s Android), which enables browsing for recipes and cooking videos, timers, widgets, and even a bar code scanner for processed foods.

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Name: Natural Dishwasher (11)

Company: Antoine Lebrun for Fagor Brandt Based: Europe Description: the natural dish washer uses specialized plants to filter and clean your dirty dishes.

To cook, lift up the plant top and revel in the noiseless air filter the plants provide.

When it’s time to clean up, simply place the dirty dishes in the sink, close the hood, and let the clean cycle begin.

I have an iphone, it is my map, my personal stalking device (facebook), and radio, but all these things rely on me being able to read, and understand the movement of swishing and tapping.

Really what I’m saying is the iphone is portable

we can take it round with us and put it down whenever, we get bored or as DazedDigital put it ‘downtime’.

If this technology of swooping and tapping, makes its way into our kitchens where we like to spend the most time with family and friends, will we be overloaded and what impact will this have on our next generation.

Named Generation Z, ‘The digital age has given rise to a new generation of students, consumers and citizens who see and interact with the world differently. This Generation Z­–roughly, those born between 1990 and 2002–is the most connected and diverse in our history.’

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Ha, love those! All of these products are in the development and prototype stages but, all have that solid trend of sustainability, and labour saving ideas. It seems to me the Victorians shaped the way for the way for how we think about interface technology; Ergonomics is key, making our life as easy as possible.

However a few things stand out to me about the design of the natural dishwasher and Kitchen centre. There are no buttons! Now i realise there is only one push button on our smart phones these days, but to not have any in the kitchen seems fine for grown up because we have become used to it but what about kids of the next generation.

So the final part of this publication is going to focus on the future. The drivers shape our trends, and the trends shape our products, but unless we turn into wizards, can we really predict the future (well?). A wizard is among us the future trends expert and the head of The Future Laboratory Chris Sanderson.

He has worked with channel 4 to produce a series called ‘The Future Home’.

A quarter of a million pounds was spent taking a normal semi-detached house, with a normal family and transforming it into a high tech paradise that we might see in 10 or 20 years. Episode 4 focuses on the kitchen and food.

According to food futurology expert Dr. Morgaine Gaye (yes that is a profession) claims that by 2050, urbanisation will cause the agricultural landscape to not be able to provide enough meat for our population.

The alternative will be bugs, yes edible bugs.

(We thought is was hard to get kids to eat vegetables) The next outrageously high tech product that will be in dispensable to the future kitchen is a the 3D printer, this technology will cut out our interaction with physical supermarkets altogether.

It will work with food distributors and learn from your family and be able to detect when your fridge is lacking in a product, and then 3D print that particular food straight to your fridge.

I am not exactly sure how this will work. (but we shall leave that to the wizards) ‘The family are also kitted out with the latest home-grow gadgets, including an aquaponics system that provides a self-sustaining fish farm in their greenhouse, a vertical veg patch for their garden wall (perfect for people with no growing space), and a soil-free growing machine invented

by NASA

They also discover how farming could become a high-rise urban industry.’

With all the factors taken into account, where is graphic communication going from here? it seems digital design is on the up, the consumer wants information at their fingertips instantly, with as little labour involved as possible.

Before i delved into this subject, i did not realise the extent that design is integrated in everything that we do.

Why i am bringing kitchen space and interface design together is because in the future i believe they will sit hand in hand.

I am a massive believer in sustainability but also in design, and by using the tools that i have as a designer, i can maybe bring form and function together in the future.

Written by Rebecca Anne Louise Watson

I love tangible, I like holding things in my hand and experiencing a new textures, but maybe that niche of print and the physical is becoming a novelty.

Interface creation also works in this digital age because it lends itself to being sustainable. Interfaces are easy to change, and engineer, to what problem is current.

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Interface design’s popularity is due to its experience, and interaction, creating and visualising communication.

Design is not just what it looks like and feels like.

Design is how it works.

Steve Jobs

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G A IM

What is a scullery | Online | 2013 | Accessed 01/01/2013 http://www.wisegeek.com/

Facts and Statistics about London’s Olympic and Paralympic Games| Online | 2012 | Accessed 01/01/2013

what-is-a-scullery.htm

http://www.morethangold.org.uk/ uploads/file/Facts%20and%20Stats%20

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http://www.1900s.org.uk/1900sscullery.html

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cs563/talks/smartin/int_design.html

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Urbanization and its Implications for Food and Farming | 2010 | D. Sutherwaite | Accessed 09/12/2012

http://econsultancy.com/uk/blog/1087160-fascinating-digital-stats-from-thelondon-2012-olympics

http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/foresight/ docs/food-and-farming/drivers/dr13urbanisation-implications-food-andfarming.pdf

http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/

2012 London Olympics Facts and Figures | Online | 2012 | Accessed 17/10/2012

5 Effects of Urbanisation | 2011 | Saiyangoku | Online Accessed 10/12/2012

http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/sports-olympics-2012-london.htm

http://www.slideshare.net/ saiyangoku/5effects-of-urbanization

IMDB: Men in Black (1997) Trivia | 1997 | Accessed 20/11/2012

BBC Bitesize GSCE: Geography - Urbanisation in MEDCs | Online | Accessed 10/12/2012

london_19c.html

London Online: A Historical View of Londons Population | Online| 2012 | Accessed 24/10/2012 http://www.londononline.co.uk/ factfile/historical/

The British Economy Between the Wars | B. Eichengreen, University of California, Berkeley, | Revised, April 2002 | Accessed 20/10/2012 http://emlab.berkeley.edu/~eichengr/ research/floudjohnsonchaptersep16-03. pdf

Why The Industrial Revolution Happened in Britan| BBC History | 2011 Accessed 10/10/2012 http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/0/20979973

The Future of Kitchens IKEA & The Future Laboratory | 2010 | Accessed 10/08/2012 http://www.ikea.com/ms/en_GB/about_ ikea/press/PR_FILES/Future_kitchens_ report_FINAL.pdf

¬¬2010 Round Demographic Projections using the 2009 SHLAA | 2010 | Accessed 14/11/2012 http://data.london.gov.uk/documents/ update_%20jan_2011_2010_round_demographic_projections_using_the_shlaa.pdf

ebsites

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London in the 19th Century | R, W. Brown | Online| 2004 | Accessed 20/10/2012

http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0119654/

Brainy Quotes: Tube Quotes | Online | 2013 | Accessed 03/01/2012 http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/ keywords/tube.html

BBC Technology: Olympics bring 55 million visits to BBC Sport online | 2012 | Online | Accessed 03/01/2012 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19242083

Analysis and the rise of the Supermarkets | 2012 | R. Thompson | Retail Week Online | Accessed 03/01/2012 http://www.retail-week.com/analysisthe-rise-of-the-supermarkets/5041355. article

BBC News: Food price crisis: What crisis? | 2012 | R. Anderson | Online| Accessed 16/10/2012 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/busi-

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/urban_environments/ urbanisation_medcs_rev2.shtml

DOE: Fridges must have smaller carbon footprints | M. Hickman | Accessed 10/12/2012 http://www.mnn.com/your-home/athome/blogs/doe-fridges-must-havesmaller-carbon-footprints

The Guardian: Earth ‘will expire by 2050’ | 2002 | M. Townsend | Online | Accesssed 12/12/2012 http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2002/ jul/07/research.waste

Green Living Tips: What does recycling do? | 2013 | Online | Accessed 14/12/2012 http://greenliving.lifetips.com/ faq/116935/0/what-does-recycling-do/ index.html

12 Crutial Consumer Trends for 2012 | Online | Accessed 20/12/2012 http://www.trendwatching.com/ trends/12trends2012/

ness-19715504

Effective Visual Communication for Graphical User Interfaces | 2012 | S. Martin | Online | Accessed 17/11/2012 http://web.cs.wpi.edu/~matt/courses/

10 Consumer Trends Wreaking Havoc On Brands | 2012 | M. Potts | Accessed 22/12/2012 http://www.forbes.com/sites/ onmarketing/2012/02/27/10-consumertrends-wreaking-havoc-on-brands/

Design Boom: Tiny Houses | 2012 | Online | Accessed 19/12/2012 http://www.designboom.com/contemporary/tiny_houses.html

11 Small Eco Homes That Live Large | 2011 | Online | Accessed at 13/12/2012 http://www.huffingtonpost. com/2011/01/14/11-smallhomes-houses_n_808518. html#s223318&title=Small_is_Beautiful

Department of Health: Facts and figures on obesity | 2012 | Accessed 15/11/2012 http://www.dh.gov.uk/health/2012/04/ obesityfacts/

Berrin Sun’s Blog: TO-GENKYO Label | 2011 | B. Sun | Accessed 01/02/2013 http://berrinsun.wordpress.com/tag/ togenkyo/

MCAD Sustainable Design: Get “Glocal” | 2011 | Online | Accessed 04/12/2012 http://mcadsustainabledesign. com/2011/06/get-glocal/

Smashing Magazine Online | 12 Useful Techniques For Good User Interface Design | 2009 | Accessed 04/12/2012 http://uxdesign.smashingmagazine. com/2009/01/19/12-useful-techniquesfor-good-user-interface-design-in-webapplications/

Design Council: Making packaging sustainable via design | 2011 | Online | Accessed 06/12/2012 http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/aboutdesign/Types-of-design/Packagingdesign/Sustainability/

All politics is becoming glocal | 2011 | Anon. | Online | Accessed 07/12/2012 http://kitchentable.wordpress.com/

United Nations Statistics: Demographic and Social Statistics | 2012 | Accessed 01/02/2013 http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/default.htm

Kitchen 3.0: Culinary Gadgets from Your Future Home | 2012 http://www.brit.co/kitchen-3-0-culinarygadgets-from-your-future-home/

Bristish Gas: Smarter Living | 2013 | Online | Accessed 12/01/2013 http://www.britishgas.co.uk/smarterliving.html?bglink_id=imm10043

User Interface Definition | 2011 | Online | Accessed 20/01/2013 http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/U/ user_interface.html

Quotations by Author: Steve Jobs | Online | Accessed 20/01/2013 http://www.quotationspage.com/ quotes/Steve_Jobs

Graphic Design Through the Decades: The ’90s | 2010 | Ideology | Accessed 04/12/2012 http://inspiredology.com/graphicdesign-through-the-decades-the%E2%80%9990s/

http://www.designyourway.net/blog/ inspiration/more-interesting-food-packaging-38-examples/

page 47

Design Your Way: Food Packagaing | 2011 | Online | Accessed 05/12/2012

If Walls Could Talk: The Kitchen | BBC Four | Online | Accessed 14/01/2013 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XS BHDSIcObQ&list=PLE42FE815C9D0EF 51&index=1

George Clarks Amazing Spaces | 4od | Accessed 13/01/2013 Accessed 20/12/2012 http://www.channel4.com/programmes/ george-clarkes-amazing-spaces

http://www.channel4.com/programmes/home-of-the-future/4od

http://vimeo.com/15558914

Grand Designs Series 5 Episode 7 | 4od | Accessed 13/10/2012 http://www.channel4.com/programmes/ grand-designs/4od#3218745

Face to Face Interview | E. Ryder | About a scullery | 08/01/2013 Face to Face Interview | V. Kapoor | What’s a perfect kitchen | 01/11/2012 Email Interview | S. Kabiri @ DazedDigital.com | Future Trends | 10/01/2013

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Text Interview | H. Willams & S. Barnes | Day in your shopping Life | 10/01/2013

ideosie v

IKEA Future Kitchen debate highlights 2011 | IKEA | Accessed 18/12/2012

v

inter

Home of the Future | Series 1 Episode 4| 2012 | 4od | Accessed 18/12/2012

The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design | B. Laurel, S. J. Mountford | 2010 | AddisonWesley Pub. Co., 1990 The Future od Arthtecture | E. Blake | 2013 | Vice Magazine Strategies for Sustainable Architecture | 2006 | P. Sassi | Taylor & Francis (19 Jun 2006)

http://www.britishgas.co.uk/iphone

(5) Supersize vs Superskinny | Accessed 12/01/2013 http://primetime.unrealitytv.co.uk/simon-tacaks-vs-craig-nellies-in-tonightssupersize-vs-superskinny-which-alsolooks-at-anorexia-during-pregnancy/

(6) 3210 Nokia | Accessed 12/01/2013 http://newsstream.blogs.cnn. com/2011/02/11/when-nokia-ruled-theworld/

books pictures

H.O.U.S.E.: Homes That Are Outrageous, Unbelievable, Spectacular and Extraordinary | 2012 | A. Mizielinska, D.Mizielinski | Harper Design

(4) British Gas App | Accessed 12/01/2013

Grand Designs Handbook: The Blueprint for Building Your Dream Home | 2009 | K. McCloud | Collins Old House Eco Handbook: A Practical Guide to Retrofitting for Energy-Efficiency & Sustainability | 2013 | M. Suhr | Frances Lincoln

Detail in Contemporary Kitchen Design | 2008 | V. McLoed | Lawerence King

(Pictures taken by me unless stated)

(8) TO-GENKYO Fresh Labelling | Accessed 12/01/2013 http://www.to-genkyo.com/works/ index.html

(9) Rollertoaster Product | Accessed 12/01/2013 http://www.engadget.com/2006/11/29/ rollertoaster-the-best-thing-to-happento-toasters-since-sliced/

(10) The Kitchen Centre | Accessed 12/01/2013 http://www.engadget.com/2010/01/09/ touch-revolution-puts-android-in-amicrowave-and-makes-an-update/

(11) The Natural Dishwasher | Accessed 12/01/2013 http://www.brit.co/kitchen-3-0-culinarygadgets-from-your-future-home/

&

How to Live in Small Spaces | 2012 | T. Conran | Conran Octopus Ltd

(7) Vishal Kapoor

(1) Okido Studio

(2) Black Country Museum

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(3) Rahere Court Student Flat

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