Exercise 3 by Rebecca Davis

EXERCISE 3 REBECCA DAVIS

This project dealt with making booklets to help describe type during a specific time period. The booklets were designed to help explain the significance of type historically and culturally. My groupâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s job was to descirbe type during the industrial age and during the nineteenth century. Our main focus in our booklet was inventions, people, advertising, and art. We explored the inventions of machines that helped develope type faster such as the linotype machine, people that created new typefaces and fonts and much more.

SUMMARY

SKETCHES

NOTES

INSPIRATION

TYPE IN THE NINETEENTH

CENTURY BY

REBECCA DAVIS

CHRIS VOVRA

able f ontents

T C

INTRODUCTION

INVENTIONS

People

ADVERTISING

ART

bibliography

ntroduction The Industrial Revolution was a major turning point in the typography field. With the several new inventions that were being made, it became increasingly easier to print faster and allowed for more intricacy and a growing level of details. During this time period there were many different things happening that helped typography. At this time the official measurement system that was used was points. Not only was printing sped up but it also took a lot less time

to create fonts. Which meant that a lot more typefaces were able to be developed and it was also easier to extend the font families. The Industrial Revolution was an important time for the further developement of typography. Without everything that happened during this time, typography may have been completely different than how it is today.

nventions

One of the many different reasons why the nineteenth century had such a big impact on typography was because the Industrial Revolution happened during that time period. During the Industrial Revolution there were many different inventions that helped influence the developement of typography. Most of the machines dealt with making printing faster, which in turn helped people develop more font types. All of these machines were a huge step forward for everything typography related.

their paper, they also decided to have the new machine as the main headline in that dayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s newspaper. Shortly after everyone finding out about the new technology , other newspapers decided to follow The Times and made the steam-powered printing press the primary way to print their papers. Since the printing industry became mechanized there was a dramatic decrease in the price

of newspapers so it made it easier for people to purchase them. Since it was more affordable to buy, their readership increased.

Wood Used for Type

Originally most types were made of metal. Progressively more people wanted bigger and bigger type. The cost to create type with metal would of been an expensive decision. It would of also been hard to use because of how heavy they

Steam-Powered Printing Press

The creation of the steam-powered printing press made a big difference for many newspaper companies. In 1814 Friedrich Konig mechanized the printing industry when he invented the steam-powered printing press. Originally he created the machine for The Times of London. Shortly after it was created, The Times became automated. On November 29, 1814 when they started to use the machine to print

wood type before it is used for printing

Flyer made out of wood type. The wood was lightly inked so you can see some of the grooves in the letters.

would of been. In 1827 Darius Wells, who was an American, created a machine that could cheaply mass produce really decorative typeface designs out of wood. With the creation of this machine novelty typefaces became even more abundant and more outrageous. That resulted in even more esoteric and chaotic designs.

Typesetting Technologies

In 1838 David Bruce created the first ever effective type-casting machine. The machine could set type around ten times faster than any person could do by hand. The only thing about this machine was the fact that it could only cast individual type sorts, which later had to be filed and set. After he had created this machine other people decided to experiment with different ways that could possibly make type casting more efficient than his machine. There were two other significant type casting machines that later on dominated the market. Both of these type casting machines were used until the 1950s. The two machines were the linotype machine and monotype machine.

Typewriter

The typewrite itself was invented by two different people. The inventors namesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; were Christopher Latham Sholes and Carlos Gidden. The typewriter contained the universal keyboard arrangement that we still use today. It made it possible for small businessses and people themselves to make printed materials. The typewriters had equal spacing for each letter in the alphabet so that created a problem for the font itself. If they used most type faces then there would be a lot of

space between the i and the l of the alphabet and not enough room for the w and the m. So they had to make a monospace typeface which meant that the i and the l would be wider and the w and m would become smaller. These type of type faces helped maintain the optical balance of things that were typewriten. The typewriter had a big impact on businesses all around the world. It changed the way that they conducted business and it also made it so that women had a bigger option in the work force.

The first typewriter ever invented

eople

OTTMAR MER GENTHALER Ottmar was a very smart young man. When he was just 18 years old he moved from Germany to the United States. Before he moved, he worked at a clock factory. Working there permitted him to attempt new ideas in a ground-breaking atmosphere. Once he was in the United States he rapidly became noticed after he had acquired a job in Washington D.C. Many people including financial backers and some of his coworkers persuaded him to create a machine that could automatically set the type and it would also a be writing machine. The machine that he created was called the linotype machine. It allowed an operator to make metal slugs, which each would do the work of a line of hand-set type. The linotype machine itself was operated by a keyboard that put together brass matrices into a line of stamped out type bars and then hot molten metal was poured into them. After that it was followed by a line of cooked

type being put into a position for printing. The original matrices that are used can be reused. In 1884 was when Ottmar decided to have his machine, the linotype, patented. After he had made multiple improvemnets to the linotype , it was ready for mass manufacturing. The first time that it was put into use was in 1886 by the New York Tribune. Soon after people started to see

the tribune use it, it became very popular. It was the main method for operating for all the print shops of the time. Ottmar died at the young age of 40. There is no telling what else he could have done for the field of typography if his life wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t cut short.

The original linotype created by Ottmar Mergenthaler

Tolbert LAnston With an ambition to create a more functional typesetting machine driven by punched paper, Tolbert Lanston founded his company, Lanston Type Machine Company, in the winter of 1886. By June of 1887, Lanston had filed both the American and British patents for his Monotype machine and had demonstrated a succesful iteration. The purpose of his machine was to improve upon the linotype machines design. Where the linotype would produce a line of type which would have to be justified post processing, the Monotype would produce a line that was already justified. In an attempt to further develop his invention, Lanston moved to Philidelphia to create the Lanston Monotype Company (later known as the Lanston Monotype Machine Company). Here he developed a new, casting version of his previously cold metal stamping machine. This â&#x20AC;&#x153;Hot Metal Machineâ&#x20AC;? was created in 1891 and pattened in the U.S. in 1896. During this year, Lanston Monotype Machine Company also 10

developed its first Font, called Modern Condensed (Series 1). By 1897, Lanstons monotype machine had been modified by John Bancroft with multiple enhancements, apart from a reduction in characters available. Four of these newly engineered versions were shipped to England in an attempt to raise funds. During this venture, Lord Dunraven paid 220,000 british pounds for the British and Colonial Patent rights for the Monotype Machine.

The Monotype Machine (Left) and Tolbert Lanston (Right)

VINCENT FIGGINS

Vincent was a very important type designer of this time period. There are three different typefaces that he is known for creating. His most famous out of the three is Egyptian which he created in 1817 but his other two typefaces he created were called Gresham and Figgins Shaded. Vincent was born in Peckham, England. He was known to be one of the most influential typefounders in the early 19th century that worked in London. At the age of 16 he had already started to work as an apprentice in the foundry of Joseph Jackson in London. Several years later, in 1792, when Joseph Jackson had died Vincent was planning on taking over his foundry. His lack of money made it virtually impossible for him to take over his business. The foundry was purchased by William Caslon III, who was also an influential type designer of the time. Later on Vincent was able to start his own foundry in Swan Yard, Holborn Bridge, London. One of Vincentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most significant commissions was the creation of

a reproduction of a type that Jackson had intially cut in 1789 for the Macklinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bible. After he had cut the type to match the original type made by Jackson, his notoriety became well established. A continuation of roman types came after, that was for both the English and the Scottish printers. To go along with everything else that Vincent was great at, he was also successful with making newspaper types which were undergoing a lot of major changes

with the debut of the steam press. The main part of his work that he is known for though is his work with display types. Later on it was seen from his specimen book that he would of been able to compete with newer foundries such as the foundry owned by Stephenson Blake by creating a variety of different strong display types, such as the first Egyptians, which went along with the mood of the Industrial Revolution.

Example of the first Egyptian typeface

dvertising

During the nineteenth century with the developement of all the different inventions, the advertising market started to take off. One of the main inventions that helped advertising was the invention of automated papermaking because that made paper a lot more affordable. There was also an increase in the creation of products because of the rise in industrialization.

Display Typefaces

The only way they could make their advertisement stand out was to use large, bold, and decorative typefaces for display. With the creation of display typefaces, more and more elaborate typefaces were made. Among all the novelty typefaces created there was many firsts. There was the first Fat Faces, the first three dimensional, the first Egyptian, and even the first sans serif typefaces. The printers would often use these novelty typefaces in cluttered, centered, eclectic compostions.

Fat Face

The first fat faces were created in 1810. There

was three people that issued a type specimen book which included the first ever fat faces. The three people that made the book were named Bacon, Bower, and Bower of Sheffield. Once other people noticed the new typeface, other foundries decided to quickly start to make fat face types. Fat faces were mainly created for display purposes only. The thing that stood out the most about fat faces were that they were exaggeratedly

heavy typefaces. There is a digital typeface still around today that is called Bodoni Poster which closely resembles the original fat face type designs.

Three Dimensional Typefaces

The first time that the three dimensional typefaces were introduced as a novelty typeface was in 1815. When advertisers first saw these typefaces they were quick to

An example of fat face being used in a flyer.

pick up on them. Soon after many different variations of three dimensional typefaces were beginning to be used in advertisements.

Egyptian Typefaces

When Egyptian typefaces first emerged in 1816 they were used as a novelty typeface for display purposes only. These typefaces are farely easy to recognize because of their very distinctive squared like serifs. They also have low contrast between their thin and thick parts of each letters. The reason that they got the name Egyptian was because during that time period Napoleonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s troops had recently excavated the Rosetta Stone. The Egyptian typefaces made a reference to the Egyptian hieroglyphics that were in the public eye during that time period. Therefore that was the reason for the blocky horizontal look of the typeface. There is still one Egyptian typeface that is popular with a lot of people and still used by them today and the typeface is called Claredon. Claredon was designed in 1845 by Robert Besley. Egyptian typefaces now a days refer to slab serif typefaces. 14

Sans-Serif

The first ever sans-serif typeface was created by William Caslon IV in 1816. His font typeface was called English Egyptian because it was a variation of the Egyptian-style display typeface that was prevelant at that time. Sans-Serif was not very popular in the beginning because of the fact that it did not contain any serifs and people were not use to it. Although it was not popualr there was still a couple of foundries that decided to pick up on the idea of Sans-

Serif. Each foundry that decided to use SansSerif typesface had a different name for them. Some of the examples of what people called them were Grotesque, Sans-surryphs, Dorics, Gothics, and last but not least, Sans-Serifs. It wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t until around the twentieth century that sans-serifs typefaces actually became widely used for other purposes rather than just display.

Victorian

The Victorian style typeface was named after Queen Victoria. The

Example of the first Sans-Serif typeface called English Egyptian

purpose behind the font was to have an overly decorated appearance that would reflect the optimistic sentiment so that anywhere the eye would fall there would be beauty. The Victorian Style itself was very popular from the 1830s all the way into the turn of the twentieth century. During this time period there was highly decoratice and detailed imagery that was placed on materials such as fine menus, to professional trade cards all the way to lowly invoice forms. They would be adorned by things such as happy people enjoying different comforts, flowery vines and also idealized classical scenes of antiquity. The printed material was embelished with wonderful type and flowery borders. To many Victorian people all of the abundant decorations represented the many different comforts that the burgeoning middle class newly had available to them. Since most of the Victorian manufacturers were not trained in the arts or design they decided to base it off of the ornate styles of the past. The styles that they based the leters off

of included Baroque, Gothic, and Rococo. They used exstensive amounts of jumbled and mixtures of type and visuals without having any regard for the relationship between the content and the form. During this time period consumerism was also on the rise, which meant that there was a drastic increase in the array of products being sold and created. All of this was due to industrialization which meant that regular people now had the power to buy.

There was a whloe new industry created. Chromolithographed childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s books and toys were starting to appear. This was based on the new modern notion that childhood was a time for nurturance. The advances that they had made in technology opened up a new door. The advances that had been made in lithographic printing, papermaking techniques, and even wooden type allowed advertisers and manufacturers to fill the market with ornate and bold announcements, illustrations,

Victorian typeface

product packaging, advertisements, and even documents.

The Penny Press

Originally most of American newspapers were either run by commercial interests or political parties. During that time the newspapers were only sold using subscriptions that cost around six cents per issue. They were mainly sold to an elite audience of wealthy business men. In 1833 all of that changed when Ben Day was the first person to decide to make the first ever “penny press”. It was an independent newspaper that was sold on the street to anyone that wanted it for only one penny per issue. The reason that this was possible was because of the new production methods that didn’t cost as much and also because of the revenue from different advertisers. The “penny press” equalized the very nature of news reporting. Since the newspaper was only one penny it made it more affordable for many people, which meant that more people could read the news.

More of the content was now geared towards the new expanding

audience. Since there was a shift in the audience, it created a new journalistic ethic. Instead of having the news based on the biases and interests of the writer, the news reporting would be objective. The evolution of the press made it so that more people could read it which meant that there was a growth in literacy. The evolution of the press also allowed for further developement of different printing technoloqies which all positively impacted the magazine publishers and the private presses.

A copy of one of the issues from the penny press

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During the 19th Century there were many expansive developments in the art world. This is due to the 1800s hosting the end of the romantic period in addition to the begining of the realist movement. Both of these styles produced many great and famous works of art, however both were quite different from one another. Realism was known for depicting true forms, having ugly appearances, and focusing on directing the viewers attention towards the problems that were being addressed (if any). Romanticism was often very imaginative, nationalistic, and like an escape from reality with a tendency to portray strong emotions

that were used to create scenes.

Romanticism

Many prominent artists of the late 18th century and early 19th century found some of their best works in the Romantic period. An example of this would be Goya Maja, who produced La Maja Desnuda (shown below). Note the lack of unique details and seemingly perfect appearance of the woman. These were common stylistic traits

of romanticism. In the detail above of The Course of Empire: The Savage State (1 of 5) by Thomas Cole, we see the somewhat fantastical style of worlds that were typically depicted in romantic landscapes. The depictions of Native Americans with the title containing â&#x20AC;&#x153;Savage Stateâ&#x20AC;? is very expected from this point in history. Just six years prior to this work the Indian Removal Act was passed, and 15 years later Native Americans would be affected by the Indian Appropriations Act.

Realism

Around 1850 artists began to create artworks that more directly portrayed their subject matter. This produced works of great detail with content that was sometimes ugly, with much less of the fantasy world elements of the romantic period. Many of these pieces depicted everyday people performing day to day tasks in an unextravagant manner. In “Bonjour Monsieur Courbet” (Right) we see the painter himself, Gustave Courbet, meeting his patron, servant, and dog on the road to Montpellier. Courbet was one of the key figures of the French realist movement and very well depicted contemporary life in a direct manner. Below this piece we see a detail of Jean-François Millet’s “The Gleaners” from 1857. This time the regular lifestyle is still maintained, but with subject matter of much less importance than that of a self portrait. This painting of three servants, the lowest totem of French society at the time, became famous for its sympathetic depiction but was not received well by aristocratic members of society. 19

Art Nouveau

Following the Romantic Period of art, Art Nouveau swept through European countries from 1890-1905. It was a way for artists to abandon historical and classical styles for a more modernized art. The styles produced varied greatly and had many repercussions beyond art. Graphic Design took on the new styles in addition to the architectural world, before Art Nouveau faded out to give way to the Art Deco movement.

Art

During the Art Nouveau movement, many artists adapted clean curving lines as an important part of their work. With simplified designs and a more modern appearance the art world quickly took to this pre-Deco movement. Below we see a great example of one of the new styles in “La Paresse”, a woodcut on paper by Félix Vallotton. The stylistic differences are immediately evident.

Architecture

Art Nouveau had less of an impact on architeture due to its short lived term. However, in this Budapest Museum of Applied Arts we can see the influences the movement had on Architect Odon Lechner. The Ornate style, highly precise lines, and shear size of the building indicate this.

Graphic Design

Many poster designs of the end of the 19th century portray the new styles of art in a more comercial manner. Two designers, Will Bradley and his British counterpart Aubrey Beardsley,had very simiar interpretations of the Art Nouveau movement. Below we see a work of Bradleys on the left compared to that of Beardsley on the right. While Bradley would go on to produce many works for companies like Chap Book, Beardsley died young at the end of the 19th century.

Will Bradley For the S.Bi.C., note the use of a Fat Face font

IBLIOGRAPHY

Reading Sources Ambrose, Gavin, and Paul Harris. Fundamentals of Typography. Lausanne: AVA Academia, 2006. Print. Carter, Rob, Philip B. Meggs, Ben Day, Sandra Maxa, and Mark Sanders. Typographic Design: Form and Communication. 6th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2015. Print. Macmillan, Neil. An A-Z of Type Designers. New Haven, CT: Yale UP, 2006. Print. Rabinowitz, Tova. Exploring Typography. 2nd ed. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning, 2006. Print. Resnick, Abraham. They Too Influenced a Nation’s History: The Unique Contributions of 105 Lesser Known Americans. Lincoln, NE: IUniverse, 2003. Print. “Monotype Chronicles.” Monotype Chronicles. Monotype, n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2016. &lt;http://www.letterpress.ch/APINET/MONOTYPE.timeline/1896_06. html&gt;. “The Lanston Type-machine : Expert Report of Coleman Sellers ... and Legal Reports of Church &amp; Church and W.W. Gordon : Sellers, Coleman, B. 1827 : Free Download &amp; Streaming : Internet Archive.” Internet Archive. Archive.org, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. “The Lanston Type-machine : Expert Report of Coleman Sellers ... and Legal Reports of Church &amp; Church and W.W. Gordon : Sellers, Coleman, B. 1827 : Free Download &amp; Streaming : Internet Archive.” Internet Archive. Archive.org, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. Norman, Jeremy. “Tolbert Lanston Invents the Monotype Machine (June 7, 1887 – 1899).” : HistoryofInformation.com. Jeremy Norman &amp; Co, 17 Feb. 2015. Web. 15 Feb. 2016. “Romanticism.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2016. “Realism (art Movement).” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2016. “Art Nouveau Movement, Artists and Major Works.” The Art Story. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2016. 22

Reading Sources (Continued) “Romanticism and the Victorian Era.” Khan Academy. Tate.org, 205. Web. 18 Feb. 2016. “Will H. Bradley, Master of American Art Nouveau.” Will H Bradley Will H Bradley Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Feb. 2016.

Photo Sources Collins, James H. “Christopher Sholes Changes Our Office Life ... Invents the Typewriter.” Salt Of America. N.p., 25 Apr. 2014. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. Crisp, Denise Gonzales., and William F. Temple. Typography. Ed. Meredith Davis. New York: Thames & Hudson, 2012. Print. Martin, Jonathan. “Two Lines English Egyptian Digital Revival.” Behance. N.p., 24 Feb. 2014. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. “Penny Press 1830s.” Group G. N.p., 2 Oct. 2014. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. “Vincent Figgins.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. Martin, Jonathan. “Two Lines English Egyptian Digital Revival.” Behance. N.p., 24 Feb. 2014. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. “Penny Press 1830s.” Group G. N.p., 2 Oct. 2014. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. “Vincent Figgins.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. “When Was Linotype Machine Invented?” When Was Linotype Machine Invented? N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2016. “February 3.” The Alexander S Lawson Archive RSS. N.p., 03 Feb. 2010. Web. 15 Feb. 2016. By Francisco Goya - The Nude Maja. On-line gallery. Museo Nacional del Prado., Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=26923 By Thomas Cole - http://www.the-athenaeum.org/art/full.php?ID=8533, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10213088 By Gustave Courbet - Official gallery link, Public Domain, https://commons. wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=149648 “Art Nouveau Movement, Artists and Major Works.” Art Nouveau Movement Art Works. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2016.