CONSULTATION REPORT for City of Meriden
Fire Department
561 Broad Street
Meriden, CT 06450
SITE VISITED
Fire Station #5
1075 East Main Street
Meriden, CT 06450
Submitted By: Savita Trivedi, MS, cm Occupational Hygienist
State of Connecticut, Department of Labor
Division of Occupational Safety and Health
38 Wolcott Hill Road
Wethersfield, CT 06109
Phone: (860) 263-6928
Fax: (860) 263-6940
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PURPOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '" ..... CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. RECOMMENDATIONS .. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. NOTICE OF OBLIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Attachments
A - Report of Hazards Found . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B - Employer Report of Action Taken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C - Safety and Health Program Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Safety and Health Program Management, with Employee Involvement . . . . . . . . . . . .. Management Leadership and Employee Involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Worksite Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Hazard Prevention and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , Training ................:........................................ D - Training Provided by Consultant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E - Monitoring Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
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Report to the Employer
SUMMARY
PURPOSE An initial, specific industrial hygiene consultation visit was made in response to a request from Mr. David Bowen. Deputy Chief of the Meriden Fire Department, for an evaluation of employee exposure to the possible presence of airborne fungal contaminants in the fire station.
An opening conference was held on February 3, 2010 with Deputy Chief Bowen to discuss the scope of the survey and to reiterate the employer's rights and responsibilities, especially to correct imminent danger or serious hazards. The opening conference was also attended by Chief James Trainor. Following the opening conference, the consultant conducted a walk-through of the areas included in the consultation. Employees had expressed concerns regarding potential migration of fungal contaminants from the basement level of the facility to the living quarters on the second floor.
CONCLUSIONS Monitoring Data Monitoring of several substances commonly evaluated to assess indoor air quality was conducted. The sampling strategy utilized included carbon dioxide.路 carbon monoxide, temperature and relative humidity. None of the substances evaluated resulted in concentrations exceeding limits found in the State of Connecticut Department of Labor. Division of Occupational Safety and Health (CONN-OSHA) regulations. The results are detailed in Table I in the Monitoring Report section. Environmental sampling for fungi was alsoconduau:id. The results 'Of the sampling did not indicate a problem of fungal amplification in the second floor living. quarters. In the morning sampling. quantities of fungal spores in the first and second floors of the facility were found to be mostly of the same order of magnitude as the background level found in the ambient outdoor air and were lower than quantities found in the basement. In the afternoon sampling, quantities of fungal spores in the indoor locations sampled were lower than the background level found in the ambient outdoor air. The predominant fungi found outdoors. Penicillium and Cladosporium, were amongst the fungi found indoors. Certain genera were found in the first and second floors of the facility, which were not detected in the outdoor samples. However, the concentrations of these genera were low. The results are detailed in Tables II, m, and IV in the Monitoring Report section. In addition, swab samples were taken from four surfaces suspected to have fungal growth. Fungal growth was not detected in the sample collected from the wall of the second floor mechanical room. Active fungal growth was found on samples collected from walls in the utility area, supply room 2, and fire room located in the basement. It should be noted that the predominant species found on two of the swab samples was Stachybotrys chanarum. The growth of Stachybotrys chartarum generally occurs on wet building materials that contain high cellulose content and low nitrogen content. This fungi is usually recovered from chronically wetted cellulose materials. Stachybottys chanarum is known to produce a mycotoxin under certain conditions. In recent years, exposure to Stachybotrys chartarum has been linked to acute idiopathic pUlmonary hemorrhage among infants. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC), however, has published a clarification stating that;. at present, there is no test that proves an association between Stachybottys chanarum and particular health symptoms. The results of the swab samples are detailed in Table V in the Monitoring Report section.
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Summary
Hazards Identified During Consultation During this consultation, two hazards related to CONN-OSHA regulations were identified. The hazards identified were classified as Serious. These hazards were discussed wit,h Deputy Chief Bowen and are detailed in the Report of Hazards Found section. Please return a response (B - Employer Report of Action Taken) by June 21, 2010 indicating corrective actions that have been taken to protect employees and correct the hazardous conditions.
RECOMMENDATIONS
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Management needs to address the condition causing water incursion in the basement. Water was found on flooring in several areas of the basement including, but not limited to, the west side stairwell landing, emergency generator room, boiler room, utility area, activity room, and west side corridor. Signs of water damage and visible fungal growth were observed on walls in several areas of the basement as well. It is recommended that the source(s) of water incursion be identified and repaired immediately. Once the problem(s) of water incursion are corrected, thoroughly inspect water-affected areas for water damage and/or fungal growth. This includes readily observable structures as well as hidden surfaces behind walls and areas underneath furnishings. Porous organic materials that are or may be contaminated should be removed and discarded. They are potential reservoirs for microorganisms. Disinfection is rarely effective for porous materials that have been subject to water damage. Non-porous surfaces may be vacuumed using a vacuum cleaner equipped with a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter and/or damp wiped with water and a mild detergent and allowed to dry.
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Source sampling indicated the presence of active fungal growth on walls in the utility area, supply room 2, and fire room, all located in the basement. Sheetrock in these noted areas as well as other areas affected by fungal growth should be removed and discarded. The surrounding areas should be evaluated for water damage and/or visible fungal growth. Based on the amount of material affected, it is recommended that microbial remediation be conducted by properly trained personnel using appropriate personal protective equipment and proper containment to prevent the release of fungi into surrounding areas. Steps should be taken to carefully contain and remove moldy building materials in a manner that will prevent further contamination. For information on remediation procedures, refer to the remediation guidelines outlined in the OSHA publication entitled, "A Brief Guide to Mold in the Workplace, "the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guideline entitled, "Mold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildings. " and/or the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Disease Epidemiology publication entitled, "Guidelines on Assessment and Remediation of Fungi in Indoor Environments. "
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Preventive maintenance is vital to controlling bioaerosols in the facility. The build-up of dirt and moisture should be prevented by routine cleaning, inspection, and maintenance activities. Immediate attention should be given to problems of moisture incursion in the building including any roof or pipe leaks, spills, or flood. The relative humidity in the building should be maintained below 60 % to prevent conditions conducive for microbial growth. Good ventilation practices can also help in preventing the build-up of biological particles.
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Some stained ceiling tiles were found on the second floor of the facility. Remove and discard any water damaged ceiling tiles. They are potential reservoirs for microorganisms. Ensure that the underlying cause of water incursion in these areas have been corrected. An effective preventive maintenance program should be maintained for the facility's ventilation system. Operations typically included in a preventive maintenance plan are as follows: ..
Visit Number 505263848
changing air fllters on air handling units at regular intervals; 20f4
Summary
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conducting routine inspection & cleaning of air distribution ducts as necessary; replacing damaged insulation; vacuuming & dusting of ventilation registers regularly to remove surface dust; checking the proper functioning & conditioning of fans, dampers, belts, baffles, ductwork, and system balances. Also, ensure that outdoor air dampers are open and set to provide an adequate amount of outdoor air to the facility.
DISCUSSION - Facility Walk-through An initial, specific industrial hygiene consultation visit was made in response to a request from the deputy chief for an evaluation of employee exposure to the possible presence of airborne fungal contaminants in the fire station. The fire station consisted of a two-story brick building The facility was reportedly built in 1968.
This consultant was informed that there has been an on-going problem of water incursion in the basement level of the facility due to a drainage problem. Water reportedly backs into the basement through a drain in the west side stairwell. It was believed that the underground drainage pipes may have collapsed causing a water back-up when the water table rises. Several areas of the basement have been affected by water incursion resulting in damage to building materials and fungal growth on sheetrock, cardboard boxes. etc. Employees had expressed concerns regarding potential migration of fungal contaminants from the basement level of the facility to the living quarters on the second floor. Upon arrival, a walkthrough of the facility was conducted. The firehouse consisted of a basement, first or ground floor, and a second floor. Access to the basement was from outside of the firehouse. The basement was originally designed to serve as an emergency operating center with a conference room, several offices, supply rooms, a storage room, kitchen, cafeteria, shower facilities, an emergency generator room, furnace room, and a utility area. Flooring in the basement consisted of concrete and vinyl-type floor tiles. The walls were constructed of concrete and sheetrock. It was reported that the basement was no longer used for meetings or other activities and that it was primarily used as a storage area. Entry into the basement was also required to access the boiler room and emergency generator room, both located near the west side stairwell. The first or ground floor of the facility consisted of an apparatus bay and a bathroom. The second floor consisted of an office, a dormitory, a kitchen, two sitting rooms - "Cinema 1" and "Cinema 2". and bathrooms. Flooring in the living quarters on the second floor consisted of vinyl-type floor tiles with some area carpets. The walls were constructed of concrete block and the ceilings were composed of ceiling tiles. Two mechanical rooms were located on the second floor; one in the dormitory and one in路 the northwest corridor. The air handling units for the second floor were located in the mechanical rooms along with an exhaust duct which ran from the basement to the rooftop.
On the day of the visit, water was found on flooring in several areas of the basement including, but not limited to,
the west side stairwell landing, emergency generator room, boiler room, utility area, west side corridor and activity
room.
Signs of water damage and visible fungal growth were observed on walls in several areas of the basement as well
as on some cardboard boxes. Also, some stained ceiling tiles were found on the second floor of the firehouse. The
stains were reportedly a result of a problem of condensation on pipes which has since been corrected.
At the closing conference, the Hazard Descriptions and Recommendations and Monitoring Data sections of this report were discussed with the deputy chief. The abatement date for the alleged violations was discussed with management.
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Summary
NOTICE OF OBLIGATION
As you know, we are required to notify the State of Connecticut, Department of Labor, Division of Occupational Safety and Health (enforcement branch of CONN-OSHA) if serious hazards are not corrected within the agreed-upon time. Extensions may be granted if you encounter difficulties completing correction within these time frames, but we must receive your request for an extension in writing before the correction due date.
The following information is required when an extension is requested: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
The item number(s) for which an extension is desired. Identify all steps taken to achieve compliance during the agreed upon abatement period, including the date(s) of these steps. The additional abatement time necessary in order to achieve compliance. The reasons why an extension is necessary (unavailability of material, equipment,
help, etc.).
Identify all available interim or temporary measures being taken to safeguard employees from the hazards. Any additional infonnation you believe may be-helpful to this office in considering your request for an extension.
(A Request for Extension fonn has been enclosed for your convenience.) Although we are not required to notify CONN-OSHA enforcement branch if other-than-serious hazards are not corrected, these hazards could result in injury to your employees. Moreover, your company would be subject to citations for them in the event of a CONN-OSHA enforcement inspection. Please infonn this office of the corrective steps you have taken and of their dates, together with adequate supporting documentation, e.g., drawings or photographs of corrected conditions, purchase/work orders related to abatement actions, air sampling results, etc. It is imperative that the appropriate corrective actions are taken to eliminate employee exposure to safety
and/or health hazards and that this office receive the above required information. Please mail or FAX attachment B - Employer Report of Action Taken, completed to show corrective actions taken, along with the requested documentation. Our FAX. number is: (860) 263-6940. In the event of a CONN-OSHA enforcement inspection, it is important to remember that the Compliance Officer is not legally bound by the consultant's advice or by theiconsultant's failure to point out a specific hazard. You may, but are not required to, furnish a copy of this report to the Compliance Officer, who may use it to determine your good faith efforts toward safety and health and reduce;any proposed penalties. You are, however, required to furnish any employee exposure data from this report as required by 31~372-101- 1910.1020.
Savita Trivedi, MS, crn Occupational Hygienist
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A - Report of Hazards Found SAFETY AND HEALTH HAZARDS FOUND Each hazard identified during this consultation is categorized and described, and recommendations are given for its correction. Hazards are in order of standard number within categories, not necessarily in order of importance. Hazards could be in any of the following categories: IMMINENT DANGERS are hazards that can reasonably be expected to cause death or serious physical harm immediately or before this written report is received. Any such hazards would have been corrected immediately, and no correction dates or space for correction method would appear in A Report of Hazards Found. SERIOUS HAZARDS can cause an accident or health hazard exposure resulting in death or serious physical harm. Each such hazard has been assigned a mutually agreed-upon date by which correction is to be completed. OTHER-TI-IAN-SERIOUS HAZARDS lack the potential for causing serious physical harm, but could have a direct impact on employee safety and health. We encourage you to correct these hazards and notify us of the action taken. REGULATORY HAZARDS reflect violations of CONN-OSHA posting requirements, recordkeeping requirements, and reporting requirements as found in 29 CFR 1903 and 1904 and adopted by the State of Connecticut. No abatement dates have been set, but we request notification of their correction.
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Report of Hazards Found
Jjelnl~m~b~ :,. 1 . 1910.22(a)(2) SJand~(路
H~i:d8J'~ ;.
Illl$limce, IA
:. Serious
Correctioullu.,e:路Date June 21, 2010
Condition: The floor of a workroom was not maintained, so far as possible, in a dry condition. Water was fOWld on flooring in several areas of the basement including, but not limited to, the west side stairwell landing, emergency generator room, boiler room, utility area, activity room, and west side corridor. Location: Basement Potential Effects: Sprains, strains, contusions and fractures from falls; illness from bacteria or fungi; electrical shock from electrical tools or equipment. Standard: 1910.22(a)(2) Recommended Action: The flooring must be maintained in a clean and, so far as possible, a dry condition. Establish procedures to maintain adequate drainage.
Condition: The facility was not kept clean to the extent that the nature of the work allowed. Visible fungal growth was found on walls in several areas of the basement. Swab samples confirmed the presence of active fungal growth on walls in the utility area, supply room, and fire room. Location: Basement Potential Effects: Degradation of building materials from fungi has the potential to create adverse health effects, including but not limited to, respiratory irritation and allergic-type reactions. Standard: 1910.141(a)(3)(i) Reconunended Action: Sheetrock with fungal growth should be removed and discarded. Any other porous organic material that may be contaminated (Le. cardboard boxes, papers, etc.) should also be removed and discarded. Non颅 porous surfaces that have or may have been affected by microbial growth should be cleaned using a vacuum cleaner equipped with a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) fIlter and scrubbing with water and a surfactant. Based on the amount of material affected by fungal growth, it is recommended that microbial remediation be conducted by properly trained personnel using appropriate personal protective equipment and proper containment to prevent the release of fungi into surrounding areas. The condition(s) causing water incursion and fungal growth in the basement must be corrected or the problem m'!y recur.
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Report of Hazards Found
B - Employer Report of Action Taken From: City of Meriden Fire Department 1075 East Main Street Meriden, CT 06450
Consultant: Savita Trivedi
Date of Survey: February 3, 2010
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Actio~ Taken tD Prevent R.t;cuttence .
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Employer Report of Action Taken
C - Safety and Health Program Management The following are the basic elements of an effective employee safety and health program. •
MANAGEMENT LEADERSHIP AND EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT assigns safety and health responsibility and authority to supervisors and employees and hold them accountable. It includes policy formulation; program review; and encouragement of employee involvement.
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WORKSITE ANALYSIS identifies current and potential hazards. It includes a thorough baseline survey, to review work processes and individual potential hazards; management of change (to deal with facilities; equipment; and the physical. economic and regulatory environment); job hazard analysis (written safe operating procedures for major tasks); a self-inspection program, using checklists to detennine whether facilities and equipment are hazardous, and pairing inspectors to facilitate employee training and participation and to increase the possibility that new observers will fmd overlooked conditions; a system for reporting hazards; accident and incident investigation; and analysis of injuries and illnesses.
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HAZARD PREVENTION AND CONTROL. Prevention consists of regular maintenance and housekeeping; emergency planning and preparation; first aid; ready access to emergency care; when required, medical surveillance; and, at the employer's option preventive healthcare (e.g., group health insurance, smoking cessation, and wellness programs). Control includes guards, enclosures, locks, protective equipment, safe work procedures (the result of job hazard analysis), and administrative placement of personnel so as to minimize hazards.
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TRAINING of all personnel, from managers through supervisors to employees, about the hazards they may be exposed to, and their identification, prevention, and control. Managers and supervisors also need training in program management (e.g., enforcing rules, conducting drills). Training can demonstrate management leadership and facilitate employee involvement.
In assessing program effectiveness, a consultant looks first at written materials (e.g., statement of purpose, goals and objectives, emergency plan) for clarity. completeness, and currency, then for evidence that the written materials have been effectively implemented. Safety and Health Program Management, with Employee Involvement A safe and healthful workplace depends on effective management, to involve line workers, supervisors and managers in ensuring that hazards are identified and that effective physical and administrative protections are established and maintained. The following observations page may help you avoid the recurrence of the hazards and other fmdings noted during the survey, and prevent the occurrence of other hazards.
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Safety and Healtb Program Management
Management Leadersbip and Employee Involvement
Employer and employee interviews suggested that management is committed to employee safety and health. Lines of communication for safety and health concerns have been established and authority and responsibility for such concerns are defined. Management does appear to set an example for safe and healthful behavior.
Worksite Analysis
Problems with hazard identification could be alleviated by training employees, conducting routine inspections and periodic surveys of the work area. Sources of further assistance include insurance companies, employer associations and the State of Connecticut Department of Labor-Occupational Safety and Health Division Consultation Program.
Hazard Prevention and Control
Work remains to be completed in this category. The employer must address the items as referenced in the Report of Hazards Found Section of this report. Procedures for correcting newly identified hazards and a system for health and safety rule enforcement and discipline should be established.
Training
Employee training should be conducted routinely to insure employees remain aware of health and safety priorities and consistently utilize the best practices for specific tasks. The Meriden Fire Department is encouraged to use training materials that are tailored to the needs of its employees.
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Safety and Health Program Management
D - Training Provided by Consultant The consultant provided infonnal training for management regarding indoor air quality. The CONN-OSHA Air Contaminants Standard, 1910.1000; the guideline developed by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, Air足 Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE) entitled "Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality"; the guideline produced by the National In.<;titute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) entitled "Guidance for Indoor Air Quality Investigations" and the OSHA publication entitled, "Preventing Mold-Related Problems in the Indoor Workplace" were discussed. The guidelines discuss methods used to evaluate general ventilation in the workplace, detail the recommended quantity of fresh air which should be supplied to various facilities, identify potential air contaminants which could be found in indoor environments, and discuss the assessment of fungal problems in a non足 industrial indoor environment.
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Training by Consultant
E - Monitoring Report On February 3, 2010, carbon dioxide readings were taken throughout the facility to evaluate whether adequate quantities of fresh outdoor air were being introduced into the building. A "TSI Q-Trak IAQ Monitor, Model 8551" was used to evaluate temperature, relative humidity, carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (COJ levels in the facility. The "COiCO Analyzer" was calibrated before and after use with 1000 parts per million (ppm) CO2 and 50 ppm CO span gases respectively. The results of the sampling are tabulated in Table I.
Table LCarbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Temperature, & Relative Humidity Air Sampling Results Approximately 3 Feet Above Floor Level
Location of Reading
Time
Carbon Dioxide (ppm!)
Outdoor Ambient
2:50 pm
462
0
34.7
61.3
Apparatus Bay Watch Desk First Floor
10:55 am
516
0.1
63.0
30.7
1:20 pm
500
0
63.7
29.4
Dormitory Second Floor
11:05 am
553
0.2
69.3
25.2
1:50 pm
路472
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69.8
23.8
Sitting Room - Cinema 1 Second Floor
11:25 am
564
0.2
70.9
23.5
2:00pm
547
0
70.7
23.4
Kitchen Second Floor
11:30 am
865
0.3
71.2
24.8
2:05 pm
640
0.2
70.7
23.9
11:40 am
683
0.3
71.2
24.8
2:10pm
576
0.1
70.9
23.2
11:45 am
548
0.3
70.5
24.0
2:20pm
480
0.1
70.2
23.5
Basement - Northeast Corner
11:55 am
456
0
51.4
34.9
Basement - Southwest Corridor
12:00 pm
444
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54.5
44.9
Sitting Room - Cinema 2 Second Floor Office Second Floor
(1)
Carbon MonOltide (ppm)
Temperature (<>F)
Relative Humidity (%)
= Parts Per Million Pans of Air
The carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide results indicated in Table I are below the respective permissible exposure limits of 35 ppm and 10,000 ppm as 8-hour time weighted averages established in CONN-OSHA Standard 1910.1000, Table Z-1. The following rationale explains why carbon dioxide gas concentrations were monitored to help evaluate indoor air quality. It is excerpted from Guidelines for Indoor Air Ouality, published by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH): Carbon dioxide (CO;' is a normal constituent of exhaled breath and, if monitored, can be used as a screening technique to evaluate whether adequate quantities of fresh outdoor air are being introduced Visit Number 505263848
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Monitoring Repon
into a building or work area. The outdoor, ambient concentration of CO2 is nonnally 250-350 ppm. Usually the CO2 level is higher inside than outside, even in buildings with few complaints about indoor air quality. However, if indoor CO2 concentrations are more than 1,000 ppm (3 to 4 times the outside level), there is probably a problem of inadequate ventilation and complaints such as headaches, fatigue, and eye and throat irritation are frequently found to be prevalent. The CO 2 concentration itself is not responsible for the complaints. However, a high concentration of CO2 may indicate that other contaminants in the building may also be increased and could be responsible for occupant complaints. On the day of the consultation visit, carbon dioxide levels in the facility were found to be below 1000 ppm, the level below which the comfort criteria is likely to be satisfied. CONN-OSHA does not have standards that regulate temperature or humidity in a work area; however, the OSHA Technical Manual provides engineering and administrative guidance to prevent or alleviate indoor air quality problems. Recommendations for air treatment include humidity control in the range of 20%-60% and temperature control in the range of 68-76 degrees Fahrenheit. Another source of guidance is the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). The ASHRAE Standard, entitled "Thennal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy," recommends that indoor temperature ranges be based on a number of factors including, but not limited to, clothing insulation and activity levels. In workplaces where activity levels and clothing worn are similar to most office environments, and the outdoor environment is cool, ASHRAE recommends a temperature range of approximately 68 to 78 degrees Fahrenheit. Under similar conditions when the outdoor environment is warm, ASHRAE recommends a temperature range of approximately 75 to 82 degrees Fahrenheit. These temperature ranges are based on relative humidity levels within recommended ranges. Temperature measurements taken in the living quarters on the second floor of the facility were found to be within the general recommended ranges noted above. The relative humidity was below 30%, the level below which employees may feel discomfort from dryness. However, due to the associated risks of microbiological growth, humidification was not recommended. On the day of the visit, temperatures measurements on the second floor of the firehouse ranged from 69.3 - 71.2 degrees Fahrenheit and the relative humidity ranged from 23.2 - 25.2%.
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Monitoring Report
Air sampling was perfonned on February 3, 2010, to evaluate the levels of fungi present in the facility. Samples were collected on standard petri dishes using a "Graseby-Andersen Model 10-709 N-6-1 AFCM" single stage viable impactor sampler, factory calibrated to an approximate flow rate of 28.3 liters of air per minute. Samples were collected for three-minute time periods on Malt Extract Agar. Air samples were collected from inside and outside of the facility. Two sets of samples were collected from the first and second floors of the facility; one in the morning and one in the afternoon. In addition, three samples were collected mid-day from the basement. The samples were sent to the Wisconsin Occupational Health Laboratory for analysis. Analysis was performed by enumeration and classification of incubated colonies. Biological materials which are unable to produce spores are counted and included as non-sporulating fungi. The results of analyses are expressed in tenns of colony forming units per cubic meter of air (CFU/M3). The results of the morning, mid-day, and afternoon samples are listed in Tables II, III, and IV, respectively. Additionally, four swab samples were taken from surfaces suspected to have fungal growth. The samples were submitted to the Wisconsin Occupational Health Laboratory for fungal analysis. The samples were analyzed by standard mycology procedures. Wipes are washed with sterile water, dilutions are made with sterile water, and aliquots are cultured on an agar. Fungi are identified by microscopic and macroscopic examination. The results of the swab samples are listed in Table V.
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MOnitoring Report
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Tahle,n,F:wgalSpeciitiOD:andQrui,ntitation .
.
.'. Momingo$amples . Total Colony
S~ljngJ;;Qc:latiQn
Outdoor Ambient
Watch Desk Area Apparatus Bay
,
MediUi:rllI$~
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Formiilg Units per
FUngal ID & Concentration mColtmy FomJ.fug Uiuts perCl,lbic
Cubic M.etei<o;tAk
Mererof路Air
... (OFQr.&.13)
Malt Extract Agar
Malt Extract Agar
(CF.PI~3)
12
12 Basidiomycete
72
24 Cladosporium species 12 Penicillium species 12 Oidiodendron species 12 Stachybotrys chartarum 12 Non-sporulatiru! fungi 47 Rhodotorula species 24 Penicillium species 12 Non-sporulating fungi 12 Cladosporium species 12 Yeast
12 Epicoccum nigrum
12 ASDendllus versicolor
Malt Extract Agar
131
Dormitory - Outside
Mechanical Room
Second Floor
Malt Extract Agar
47
47 Non-sporulating fungi
Northwest Corridor Outside Mechanical Room Second Floor
Malt Extract Agar
36
12 Cladosporium species 12 Oidiodenrlron species 12 Miscellaneous unidentified
84
24 Non-sporulating fungi
24 Rhodotorula species
12 Cladosporium species 12 aerobic actinomycetes 12 Yeast
Area Between Rear Door and Gear Rack Apparatus Bay
Sitting Room (Cinema 2)
Second Floor
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Malt Extract Agar
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Monitoring Report
Ta17le!U[Fung;l.l,SpeciatiOJland Quanutation Late M'dmIng.. - Mid,Day Samples ,,'
,,~
.'
"
,"
, , .SQll1pling Lo¢aJiQ~
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Room in Northeast Corner Basement
Corridor Outside Generator &
Boiler Rooms
Basement
Southwest Corridor - Near
Women's Dormitory
Basement
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M~cijti.tl:l: J;1.s,ed
Total Colony
FungalID &C(jnc~ntrati()n
FormingUnits.per: ' in Colqriy Forming UnitsperClibic '
Meter of Air
•CUbk;,Meter·of.Alr, '. ' '(CVUlMl) (CFU/M 3)".
554
Malt Extract Agar
Malt Extract Agar
291
Malt Extract Agar
421
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400 Cladosporium species
35 Aspergillus sydowii
35 Non-sporulating fungi
24 Penicillium species
12 Puciola spinosa
12 Yeast
12 Aspergillus versicolor
12 Aureobasidium puUularu;
12 Oidiodendron species
160 Cladosporium species
47 Non-sporulating fungi
24 Penicillium species
24 Basidiomycete
12 Oidiodendron species
12 Yeast
12 Aspersdllus versicolor
220 Malbranchea species 130 Non-sporulating fungi 71 Cladosporium species
Monitoring Report
",',
. ra~le IV. FungalSpeciatiQn<!llld, QuiUltitation , . A(ternoonSamples
..;San1J~lipg LQcatiQXl; ,
M,ediUrnJi!:l~d
Total Colony FdrmingUnits'per. Cubic Meter of Air (CfU/M1)
Outdoor Ambient
MaIt Extract Agar
964
Watch Desk Area Apparatus Bay
MaIt Extract Agar
24
Area Between Rear Door and Gear Rack Apparams Bay
MaIt Extract Agar
60
Dormitory Outside MechanicaI Room Second Floor
MaIt Extract Agar
Northwest Corridor Outside Mechanical Room Second Floor
MaIt Extract Agar
Sitting Room (Cinema 2) Second Floor
Visit Number 505263848
MaIt Extract Agar
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Fungal II) &. Concentration in Colony For:nrlng iJnits per Oubm Meter of Air (ICFUJ.rvt;), ~.
580 Penicillium species 200 Cladosporium species 160 Aspergillus sydowii 12 Basidiomycete 12 Botrytis species 12 Penicillium species 12 Stachybotrys chartarum 24 Penicillium species 12 Cladosporium species 12 Alternaria species 12 Aerobic actinomvcetes
36
24 Cladosporium species 12 Non-sporulating fungi
< 12
No fungi detected
47
35 Non-sporulating fungi 12 Yeast
Monitoring Report
,.
. '..
<.
'路'1:
..
Table V~Wipe..sample AtuUysis .for .Fungi
Sanlpl.iDgLQc.atiQ.{l
Fungali~P'& Concentl:庐on', in CplQITY Fo.imi;J.l.gJlnit&;per'SQW!l:eInC)L(CF.llTlirt~5, ..... 90,000 Cladosporium species 22,000 Miscellaneous unidentified 2,000 Aspergillus sydowii 100 Acremonium species
Black dust-like material on wall Utility Area across from Generator Room Basement
Total: 114,100* 630.000 Stachybotrys chartarum 40,000 Penicillium species 2,000 Uloc1adium species
Black dust-like material on wall Supply Room 2 Basement
Total: 672,000 540,000 Stachybotrys chartarum 200,000 Aspergillus versicolor 1,200 Cladosporium species
Black dust-like material on wall Fire Room Basement
Total: 741.200 Black material on concrete wall
Mechanical Room off of Dormitory
Second Floor
No Fungi Detected, < 100
Blank Wipe
No Fungi Detected, <100
*Stachybouys species seen on direct microscopic examination; not isolated in culture.
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Monitoring Report
There are no established pennissible exposure limits (PELs) for microbial levels in bulk or air samples under the State of Connecticut, Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Division (CONN-OSHA) regulations. There are also no established threshold limit values for microbials established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists as recommended guidelines. Some quantitative values have been proposed. However, there are many variables which affect microbial concentrations in indoor air. Spores of fungi are almost always present; however, the types and quantities of fungi vary with the time of day, weather, season, and geographical location. Typically, the quantities of fungal spores will be greater outdoors than indoors. Also, similar types of fungi are found indoors as are found outdoors. It should be kept in mind that air sampling for fungi in itself may not be used to predict potential adverse health responses in an indoor environment. It is usually much easier to carry out remedial actions than to prove that a microbial agent may be responsible for a building-related illness. Current reference sources indicate that indoor sample fungal genera and levels should be equal to or less than outdoor air fungal levels. Different genera or increased levels of fungi present indoors as compared to outdoors may indicate fungal growth indoors. It should be noted that fungi are ubiquitous in the environment. Low quantities of fungi may not be significant especially in bulk and wipe samples. On the day of the visit, in the morning sampling, quantities of fungal spores in the first and second floors of the facility were mostly of the same order of magnitude as the background level found in the ambient outdoor air and were lower than quantities found in the basement. In the afternoon sampling, quantities of fungal spores in the indoor locations sampled were lower than the background level found in the ambient outdoor air. The predominant fungi found outdoors, Penicillium and Cladosporium, were amongst the fungi found indoors. Certain genera were found on the first and second floors of the facility, which were not detected in the outdoor samples. However, the concentrations of these genera were low. These included Oidiodentiron, Stachybotrys chartarum, Rhodotorula, Epicoccum nigrum, Aspergillus versicolor, Alternaria, Yeast, and aerobic actinomycetes, In addition, swab samples were taken from four surfaces suspected to have fungal growth. Fungal growth was not detected in the sample collected from the wall of the second floor mechanical room. Active fungal growth was found on samples collected from walls in the utility area, supply room 2, and fire room located in the basement. It should be noted that the predominant species found on two of the swab samples was Stachybotrys chartarum. The growth of Stachybotrys chartarum generally occurs on wet building materials that contain high cellulose content and low nitrogen content. This fungi is usually recovered from chronically wetted cellUlose materials. Stachyborrys chartarum is known to produce a mycotoxin under certain conditions. In recent years, exposure to Stachybotrys chartarum has been linked to acute idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage among infants. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC), however, has published a clarification stating that, at present, there is no test that proves an association between Stachybotrys chartarum and particular health symptoms. Management should periodically inspect the building for signs ofmoisrure, leaks, or spills. Respond promptly to any problems noted by correcting causes of any moisture incursion, removing and replacing any water damaged porous materials, and by cleaning non-porous surfaces with detergent and water. Refer to the Fungal Glossary on pages 9 - 15 of this section for further infonnation regarding the fungi listed in Tables II V.
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Monitoring Report
Fungal Glossary NOTE: Molds have the potential to be irritants and allergens. In high concentrations, or for s~eptible populations, they can produce symptoms of watery eyes, runny noses, scratchy throats, headaches and malaise. Absidia- This genera is cosmopolitan and ubiquitous in nature as common environmental contaminants. They are found in plant debris and soil, as well as being isolated from foods and indoor air environments. They often cause food spoilage. This genera currently has 21 species. Acremonium - It is a :fungus that is ubiquitous in nature and is associated with decaying plant materials and foods as well as soils. It is commonly associated with cellulose-based building materials suffering from chronic wet conditions. Acrodontium sahrumeum - This is a hyphomycete common in soil and air, considered a mitosporic fungi with ascomycetous or basidiomycetous sexual stages. It is considered as an environmental contaminant. Actinomycetes - Aerobic actinomycetes are ubiquitous bacteria found in soil, plant surfaces and decaying vegetation. This bacteria may be associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. AHernaria - This is a very common allergen. It is often found in outdoor samples. It can be isolated from many kinds of plants, foodstuffs, soils, textiles, decaying wood, compost and weed pulp. It can often be found in carpets, window frames, and on horizontal surfaces in building interiors. Alternaria is found to release spores in dry air and certain species have been identified as causes of allergenic rhinitis and asthma. Aphauocladimp Species of this fungi are common, but comprise a small proportion of the fungal biota. The species of this mold AJ>hanocladiurn al.lnw1, has been isolated from soil and plant matter.
Arthrinium - This is a cosmopolitan fIlamentous fungi isolated from plant debris and soil. Currently, there have not been any reported infections from this genus. Ascomyoota- This is a taxonomic division containing yeasts and sac fungi, representing the largest division of fungi, containing 50,000 species, which accounts for about 75 % of all known fungi. All species within this division produce ascospores. Aspergillus - There are more than one hundred species of this mold, including candidus, il.aY:us., fumizatus, ~laucus, nidulans, ~ and Q~hraceus, sydowii, terreus, JJSlUS., and versicQlor. It may act as an opportunistic pathogen, capable of infecting lungs, ears, and eyes. Certain species have been associated with alveolitis. Many types of these molds commonly grow in indoor environments. Asper~illus
candidus - is found in warm soils, grain, and in the secondary decay of vegetation.
Asper2i1lus ~ - produces aflatoxin, a potent mycotoxin and human carcinogen. It may cause
aspergillosis in susceptible individuals.
Aspergillus funrigatus - found on water-damaged materials and organic rich substrates in buildings.
Asper~illus glaucus found in decaying food products, fruit juices, grains, nuts, milled rice and
various foodstuffs.
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Monitoring Repon
Asper"ilJus nidulans - commonly found in spices and other foods. It occurs on deteriorated cellulose
materials. Can cause aspergillosis. It may produce toxins including the potent carcinogen and
mutagen, sterimatocystin, a precursor to aflatoxin.
Asperg-illus ~ - isolated from house dust, soil, plant litter, dried fruits, seeds and different kinds
of untreated textiles (jute, hemp).
Asperg-ilJus oÂŁbraceus - sometimes encountered in building enviromnents. It produces Ochratoxin
A which is primarily a nephrotoxic compound.
Asperg-illus restrktus - are distributed widely and found in soil and plant material.
Asper"illus sydowji - is reported to be only occasionally pathogenic.
Asper~illus terreus - is found in warm soil an din grains, straw, cotton, and decomposing
vegetation. It produces mivinolin, a metabolite, which is an inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis.
It has been used in the treatment of a large number of patients with hypertension.
Asperi!il1us l!SIDS. - is normally present in low numbers in the soil in tropical to subtropical areas.
It is relatively uncommon in other habitats.
Aspergillus versicolor- is an indicator organism of moisture problems in houses, with a
characteristic musty odor. It is frequently isolated from water damaged building materials or
materials subjected to long-term humidification. It is also associated with mucosal irritation such
as eye, nose and throat irritation.
Aureobasidium - The species of this mold, Aureobasidium pullulans, is a worldwide common soil isolate. It colonizes on the surfaces of leaves in the fall. It requires elevated humidity or moisture. Basidiomycetes - This term is used taxonomically to represent a division of fungi more commonly known as "club fungi," jelly fungi, rusts, smuts, bracket fungi, mushrooms and puffballs, accounting for about 25,000 species. Research has demonstrated that many basidiomycetes are potential allergens. Beauveria - It occurs naturally in some soils and on some plants and its growth is favored by warm, moist weather conditions. Insects are commonly the host of this fungus. Bipolaris - It is widespread, found in grasses, soil and plant materiaL Botrytis - This mold is found on plant materials.
Chaetornium- Is an ascomycete which is adept at digesting cellulose, paper, cotton and cellulose-made materials. Under moist conditions, this genera can rapidly decompose these materials. It is a common fungus found in soils, dung, decaying organic matter, seeds, and other cellulose containing material. It is common on many indoor surfaces and is prevalent within carpets, cardboard, paper and sheetrock. It is not a common human pathogen. Cln:ysonilia - This genus is a mold which lacks a known sexual state and has been organized into the Fungi Imperfecti. Neurospora sitQphila is a teleomorph of this species. Clu:ysosporium - This is a keratinophilic fllamentous fungus commonly isolated. from soil, plant material, dung, and birds. It lives on remains of hairs and feathers in soil. A common contaminant, it is occasionally isolated from human infections.
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Monitoring Report
Cladosporium - This is the most commonly encountered mold in both indoor and outdoor air. This common allergen is ubiquitous and is most frequently encountered in close proximity to beech trees, soil, paints, window frames, and low drainage environments. Certain species of Cladosporium have been identified as causes of allergic rhinitis and asthma. Coelomycetes - A group of fungi found outdoors as a plant pathogen and in the soil. CllIlIIinJ:bamella - This genus currently contains seven species, only one is known as a human or animal pathogen. This is a filamentous fungi found in plant and soil materials. It is known as a common contaminant, and is also known as an opportunistic fungus which may cause infections in immunocompromised hosts.
Cl1rvularia - It is a mold which is reported to be allergenic. Cylindrocarpon - It occurs in soil as a saprophyte or weak pathogen associated with roots of many herbaceous and woody plants. Drecbslera - This is an older taxonomic classification for fungi belonging to the Fungi Imperfecti, and is compared to Bipolaris and Exserohilum genera. Pyreno.phora is a teleomorph of this genus. EWO'odontium - This is a corrunon fungi. There are approximately 6 species in this genus. It is commonly isolated from paper, textiles, and painted walls.
Epicoccum â&#x20AC;˘ The species of this mold known as ni~ is a common allergen found in plant materials, soil, moldy paper and pulp. It occasionally grows on water-damaged drywall or wood products. No mycotoxin production bas been reported willi this species. Exophiala - It can be found on painted walls, particularly in humid places such as showers. Some substances that seem to be entirely wliikely to support fungal growth may be found to be well colonized by these organisms. ExqphiaJa spedes are found jn syrupy solutions ofpoJyvinyl alcohol. Fusarium - A common soil fungus, this genus is fOWld on a wide range of plants. Some species may produce toxins. It is a potential pathogen. Geomyces - This is a mold which lacks a sexual state and is organized into the Fungi Imperfecti. Chrysosporium and Sporotrichum are obsolete synonyms used for this mold. Geotricbium ~andidum â&#x20AC;˘ This is a cosmopolitan fungi found in soil, water, cereal, fruit, bread, milk products, paper and textiles. It is the causative agent in geotrichosis of the pulmonary, bronchial, oral, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous tissues. Gliocladium - It is commonly found organism and is considered a mold allergen. Helminthosporium - This fungus is known as a mold of grasses. It is compared structurally with Bipolaris and Drechslera. It is not known as a human pathogen. HonnographieDa - This organism can be found in soil, leaves, compost and air. It is common in the environment. Visit Number 505263848
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Monitoring Report
Hyalodendron - Mostly fmUld on wood. This genus is similar to Cladosporium species, except for a lack of pigmentation. Hyphae - This is a long threadlike or filamentous structure of fungi, which can either be coenocytic (tubular) or septate, having filaments divided by cellular cross walls. Malbranchea - There is widespread distribution of this mold in soil and decaying vegetation. This species has not been found to be associated with any illnesses. Memnoniella - Closely related to Stachybotrys. Worldwide distribution in plant and soil. Reported to produce several mycotoxins. It can be recovered from chronically wet cellulose containing materials. Mucor - This genus contains several species. It is a filamentous fungi found in soil, plants, decaying fruits and vegetables. It is also one ofthe most frequent molds found in house dust. They are ubiquitous in nature and are a common laboratory contaminant. Mucor is also known as one of the causative agents in zygomycosis Of muconnycosls. Mycotypha - Species of this fungus comprise a very small proportion of the fungal biota. Natural habitat is soil. Myxomycetes- This taxonomic division contains the slime molds. Recently. this group was taken out of the Kingdom of Fungi and reorganized into the Kingdom of Protista. Slime molds can be unicellular, colonial, and multicellular. Neurospora - This organism is known as an ascomycetous mold. Ni&rospora - It is reported to be allergenic. It is widely distributed in soil, decaying plants, and seeds. Non-sporulating fungi - This tenn refers to fungi which do not produce spores nor exhibit a sexual stage during culture on agar plates. Oidiodendron - Widespread, occurring in humus layers of forest soils, decaying wood and bark. The species, cerealis was recovered from a patient diagnosed with neurodennatitis nuchae. Paecilomyces - This is a toxigenic fungus and a very common thennotolerant fungus from soil, air, polluted water, pulp. paper and various plant materials. It is commonly found in the soil and dust, but less frequently in air. Penicillium - There are over two hundred species of this organism. It is found on concrete wall surfaces. It has been recovered from carpets and from drywall surfaces that have been subject to flooding. Some species may be toxigenic. Periconia - This mold is widely distributed in soils, and can be found on grasses and grains. Pestalotiopsis- This is a mold without a known sexual stage and is classified in the Fungi Imperfecti.
Visit Number 505263848
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Monitoring Report
Pbaeoannellomyces - Resides mainly in the soil in tropical and subtropical environments. Agent oftinea nigra palmaris, producing dark lesions on the palm of one hand or both and sometimes the so les of the feet, which clinically resemble those of malignant melanoma, and from which it must be differentiated. Occasionally isolated from saltwater fish. Pboma - A common indoor allergen. Found on various plant parts and in soil. It can grow extensively on painted walls, particularly in humid places. Pitbomyces - This mold is found in plant materials and soil. It has also been associated with decaying wood. Polythrincium - Are found as conidiospores in dense clusters on host leaves, and is considered parasitic on leaves. Pseudogymnoascus - This is the teleomorph (sexual stage) of Geomyces. Geomyces used to be called Chrysosporium species. Puciola spinosa - This is an environmental mold which is not commonly found. Rbinocladiella - This genus name has been replaced by Sporothrix:. These fungi are found worldwide and have been isolated from soil, living and decomposing plants, woods, and peat moss. One species SporQthrix: schenckii. is an occasional cause of human infections. Rhizopus ~ This mold commonly occurs in soil and plant material. Rhodotorgla - Species of this mold are reddish yeasts which are typically found in moist environments such as carpeting, cooling coils and drain pans. This yeast has been reported to be allergenic. Scedosporium - This is a filamentous fungus which occasionally causes infections in humans. Immunocompromised individuals, or healthy individuals may post traumatically become infected. Scopulariopsis - Commonly recovered from building dust and drywall surfaces suffering from chronic wetness. It is also recovered from various food products. It is a potential pathogenic fungus and may cause infection of the skin, and even more common, infection of the nails. Spegazzinia - This species belongs to the Fungi Imperfecti, as it has no observable sexual stage. Currently, there is no information about health effects or toxicity. Sporobolomyces - These species are yeasts which are mainly associated with wet and damp conditions. They are reported to be allergenic. Sporotricbum - It is reported to be allergenic. It is commonly found on decaying plant matter, wet and rotting wood, and in landscaping mulch. Stacbybotrys - There are several strains of this fungus. In particular, StachybQtrys chartarum (also known as atra or altemans) growth requires wet building materials that contain high cellulose content and low nitrogen content. The chartarum species is a toxigenic mold that is usually, but not always recovered from chronically wetted cellulose materials. Visit Number 505263848
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Monitoring Repon
In recent years, Stachybottys chartarwn has been linked to health problems in occupants of contaminated buildings. The New York City Department of Health was a sponsor of the article entitled "Guidelines On Assessment and Remediation of Stachybotrys at!J! in Indoor Environments" which was published in 1994. The article describes recommended abatement guidelines for the removal of Stachybotrys aim from indoor environments. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC), however, released information about this mold on March 9, 2000 in a document entitled "Questions and Answers on Stachybotrys chartarum and other molds. n The CDC indicated that liTo date, a possible association between acute idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage among infants and StachybotIys chartarum (Stachybotrys m) has not been proved. Further studies are needed to determine what causes acute idiopathic hemorrhage." ..... and "At present there is no test that proves an association between Stachybotrys chartarum (Stachybotrys.mm) and particular health symptoms." Stemphylium - This fungus is ubiquitous in nature. It is found in soil, wood, and decaying vegetation. Streptomyces - This genus has been associated with odorous microbial volatile organic compounds. Syncephalastrum - This is a mold which is commonly isolated in soil. It can cause respiratory infections. Tetraploa - This is a mold which lacks a sexual state and is classified among the Fungi Imperfecti. Torula - This is a mold which lacks a known sexual state, and is classified among the Fungi Imperfecti. It has a dark walled structure (demitiaceous). Torulomyces la2ena - This species is a common soil fungus. It grows under wet conditions and may produce pungent, moldy odors. Trichoderma - This is a common soil fungi. These species grow under wet conditions and may produce pungent, moldy odors. Tritirachium- This is fungi which is widespread and found in decaying vegetation and in the soil. It is a known insect pathogen and reported to be allergenic. UlocJadium - This fungus is a high water activity organism. It is recovered from smfaces of plants and papers. It is not known to be toxigenic. UstilagQ -It is a yeast that inhabits the soil and plant materials. Its association with human disease is unclear. Yirticillium It is commonly found in soil and decaying plant matter and is known to cause plant diseases. M
Wallemia - This fungus prefers conditions of low moisture and is found in house dust, soil, and dry foodstuffs. Yeast - These are high water activity microorganisms which can be found in rooms damaged by water. Yeasts occur in indoor air from damp indoor sources, such as carpets and HVAC units. In settled dusts, yeasts are exceedingly common. The yeast C;mdida is very common in outdoor air, especially after rainfall.
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Monitoring Report
Note: This Fungal Glossary was developed with the assistance from the Wisconsin Occupational Health Laboratory .
Visit Number 505263848
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Monitoring Report