Continental Islands: Ceuta and Gibraltar by Dalia Munenzon

CONTINENTAL ISLANDS: CEUTA AND GIBRALTAR A typological research into transactional and partially autonomous territories Thesis spring 2016 SMArchS Urbanism Dalia Munenzon Thesis Advisor: Alexander Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Hooghe, MAUD, PhD Associate Professor of Architecture and Urbanism Thesis Readers: Brent D. Ryan, PhD Associate Professor of Urban Design and Public Policy Hashim Sarkis, PhD Dean, School of Architecture and Planning Professor of Architecture Professor of Urban Planning Els Verbakel, PhD Head of the GraduateProgram in Urban Design at Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design Jerusalem

5KM

This thesis explores the way geopolitics, geographical notions, territory and economic flows synthesize into spatial form. Hypothesis Remote Exclaves: Spaces of cultural and economic cross boundary flows with a component of militarization are an urban typology of Operational Landscapes Continental Islands. The purpose of this thesis is to identify a typo-morphology for Continental Islands Chapters: 1.

Introduction

What are Continental Islands Definition. How is it operational? What makes it a unique spatial typology?

Exemplary study of Ceuta and Gibraltar as CIs Why Ceuta and Gibraltar are Continental Islands? Why are they marginal in relation to their mainland?

The Case of Ceuta Urban analysis of Ceuta Ceuta - Future Typo-Morphology

Future Geopolitical Scenario What is the mainland for the CI?

CI Urban manifesto

Conclusion

Introduction

2_Continantal islands

“CONTINENTAL ISLANDS are accidental, derived islands. They are separated from a continent, born of disarticulation, erosion, fracture;they survive the absorption of what once contained them.” (Deleuze, 2004 – Desert Islands p.9)

Continental Islands (CIs)

2_Continantal islands Territory and Space

THE CI TYPOLOGY

GEOGRAPHY AND GEOPOLITICS:

CULTURAL BORDERLESS HYBRID

DISCONNECTION AND REMOTENESS ECONOMIC TRANSPORTATION AND TRANSITION ECONOMIC REGULATIONS SHORTER PROCESS

MILITARY STRATEGIC INFRASTRUCTURE

2_Continantal islands CI as Operational Landscape

“Just as importantly, the urban age concept fails to illuminate the wide ranging operations and impacts of urbanization processes beyond the large centers of agglomeration, including in zones of resource extraction, agro-industrial enclosure, logistics and communications infrastructure, tourism and waste disposal, which often traverse peripheral, remote and apparently “rural” or “natural” locations. “ (Brenner, 2014 - implosions / explosions p.20)

The planetary urbanization theory frames all existing landscape as urbanized and divided to Clusters of agglomeration without territorial boundaries and The boundaryless infrastructural and operational field that serves the agglomeration’s capitalist growth .

2_Continantal islands Taxonomy of territories according to relations of Mainland - Host Nation - Territory The most appropriate examples of the CI are the Exclave and Operational categories.

EXCLAVE

French Guiana

Kaliningrad District

Overseas region of France South America

Russia Europe

EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY

SEZ

_In the EU _Dependant on France

_Manufacturing hub _Military post _Sea port

ENCLAVE

Andorra

Monaco

Independent principality Europe

Microstate Europe

TOURISM & FINANCES _Tourism 80% GDP _Tax haven 19% of GDP _Duty free _Not an EU member

OPERATIONAL

Mauritius Islands East Africa

Macao

Kish Island

Special Administrative Region China

Iran Asia

EPZ Export Processing Zone

FREE PORT FTZ & RESORT ISLAND & RESORT ISLAND _Tourism _Tourism _Luxury Tourism _Undisclosed activities _Tax exemption _Gambling _Ebene CyberCity _Offshore finances _Easy access and _Personal banking Center for _Tax haven Opportunities for _No income tax Information technology _Free port _Undisclosed activities TOURISM & FINANCES

Gambling - 40% of GDP 8 Million tourists a year

FOREIGN INVESTMENTS

Lekki Lagos

Yachay Ecuador

Nigeria Africa

South America

FREE ZONE & PORT Chinese investments

City of Knowledge S. Korean investment

Deep sea port $1.04 Billion initiative and warehouses Research university 4 Million tons of cargo Labs & industrial parks

STRAIT ECONOMY

Singapore

Panama Canal

Strait of Malacca Asia

Panama Central America

_SEZ since 1960â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s _2nd busiest Port in the world _Intersection of many Underwater cables _Malaysia multimedia Super corridor

Panama (the Colon FTZ 1948) Atlantic entrance to the canal FREE PORT

2_Continantal islands Although, there are overlaps in the attributes of the CI and SEZ, They are different in the most essential characteristics: 1. The way of territorial inception 2. The purpose of the boundary 3. The processing of capital: absorb vs. move

SEZ typoogy bounded phase - attracts foreign investment

SEZ VS. CONTINENTAL ISLANDS |

SEZ typoogy distributes ‘investments’ into the mainland

CONTINENTAL ISLNADS - attracts foreign investment and mainland private capital

SEZ typology - optimal phase border disoves, mainland recieves ‘investments’

CONTINENTAL ISLNADS - attracts undisclosed shadow activities

SEZ typology - realistic final phase border grows, mainland invests more into the zone

CONTINENTAL ISLNADS - Launders and transports people - currency - goods

2_Continantal islands Finding the CI’s form: a constrained space with an limitless field is on the axis of bounded and ephemeral space.

Not an ‘agglomeration’ and not a SEZ An urban artifact with a distinct formal expression what is that typo - morphology?

Ceuta and Gibraltar

3_Ceuta and Gibraltar Background

GIBRALTAR - UK last battalion left 1991 Size 7km2 Population 30,000 Population growth 0.3% GDP Growth 7.8% annual change(2012) GDP sector: Agriculture 0%, Industry 0%, Services 100% (2008 est.) Density 4,328/km2

CEUTA - Spanish since 1669 | Morocco – Protectoral abolished 1956 Size 18.5km2 Population 85,000 Population growth 0.6% | Spain -0.2% GDP Growth -1.2% annual change(Spain 2013)

3_Ceuta and Gibraltar Both are not spaces of agglomeration and consumption Their main economies based on transport of goods, capital and people, they are infrastructures for transactions and serve greater “consumers”. GIBRALTAR - UK last battalion left 1991 Size 7km2 Population 30,000 Population growth 0.3% GDP Growth 7.8% annual change(2012) GDP sector: Agriculture 0%, Industry 0%, Services 100% (2008 est.) Density 4,328/km2

CEUTA - Spanish since 1669 | Morocco – Protectoral abolished 1956 Size 18.5km2 Population 85,000 Population growth 0.6% | Spain -0.2% GDP Growth -1.2% annual change(Spain 2013)

3_Ceuta and Gibraltar Strategic location and extensive military infrastructure

CEUTA view west from Monte Hacho

GIBRALTAR view west from the Moorish castle

Morocco 1,956, French and Spanish Protectorate on Morocco ended

1,830 French protectorate on Morocco 1,884 Spanish protectorate on Morocco

1,549 Sharifian dynasties

1,995 Autonomy status

1,668 Ceded to Spain

1,415 End of Muslim rule

1,100 Berber dynasties

711 Islamic conquest of Iberia

670 Islamic conquest

-100BC Roman empire

-500BC Ceuta first settled

-600BC Morocco by Phoenicians

Ceuta

2,000AD

1,900AD

1,800AD

1,700AD

1,600AD

1,500AD

1,400AD

1,300AD

1,200AD

1,100AD

1,000AD

900AD

800AD

700AD

600AD

500AD

400AD

300AD

200AD

100AD

-100BC

-200BC

-300BC

-400BC

-500BC

-600BC

Gibraltar N

2,006 New constitution

Ceded by British Empire

1,704 War of the Spanish Succession 1,713

1,462 Concurred Duke of Medina Sidonia 1,492 captured the Emirate of Granada

1.160 Moorish Castle

711 Islamic conquest of Iberia

414 Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania

-950BC Gibraltar by Phoenicians

Spain N

Geopolitical TimeLine N

3_Ceuta and Gibraltar

Historical time-line - Strait of Gibraltar

Migrating Axis

The absurd marginality in relation to their mainlands, Is a result of change in the geographic perception of the strait And utilitarian change the Strait of Gibraltar is no longer a contested territory.

Pillars of Hercules

3_Ceuta and Gibraltar

Red knot Staging, moulting nd non-breeding area

Year Cycle

Black Kite Ortolan Bunting

Gibraltar Airport

December January February March Refugees crossing point

Tangier Airport

April May

Ortolan Bunting

June

Tetuoan Airport

July

Black Kite

August September October November

Internal Betic fault Air Traffic

Internal fault

Terrain

Elevation +10,000 - 13,000 +3,500 - 10,000

Bird Migration External Betic Rif Thrust fault

Gibraltar

Camarinal Sill

External fault

+1,400

Natural terrain

0.0

Ferry

-280m

Water

Sea floor

Camarinal Sill Warm low salinity Ocean water

Streams W South Northern Africa

High salinity cold MD - Water

Above sea floor Internal Rif fault

North Southern Europe

-800m

Gibraltar

E Tectonic plates

Fish- Migration routs Atlantic bluefin Tuna

Atlantic bluefin Tuna The mediterranean is the eastern spawning area

Marine Turtles the loggerhead turtle breeds in the central Mediterranean, migrates to western Atlantic, numbers a few thousand individuals

The loggerhead turtle

Data - Under water cable Europe India Gateway (EIG) | 3.84Tbps, 15000km

FLAG Europe-Asia (FEA)

FLAG Europe-Asia (FEA) | 10Gbps, 27000km,

Europe India Gateway (EIG) Columbus-III

Atlas Offshore | 320Gbps, 1630km,

SeaMeWe-3 Atlas Offshore

SeaMeWe-3 | 960Gbps, 39000km Columbus-III | 40Gbps, 9900km,

German U-boats Campaign 60 items between 1941 - 1944 using internal wavws of the Camarinal Sill

Ships | Boats Ferry

HSC "Tarifa Jet" | 777 passengers + 175 cars HSC "Ceuta Jet" | 428 passengers + 52 cars

180 ships a day 90,000-120,000 ships a year Ferry: Algeciras to Ceuta & Tangier and Tarifa to Tangier about 22 rides each direction a day max. of 50,000 passengers in one day for each direction

Tanger Express | 1000 passengers + 340 cars

Freight vessels November - 194 ships a day 99 traveling West 95 traveling East 34 final destination at the Straitâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ports - Ceuta, Gibraltar, Algeciras , Tangier

Birds

6,800

2,009

2,010

2,011

2,012

2,013

7,840

6,400

2,008

8,450

Tourists annual Gibraltar by land 9,616,781 Ceuta by sea 200,000 Morocco 4,000,000 Europeans

Tourists and visitors

5,000

Western Migration route - frontex data Sub-Saharan Africans and North Africa

6,650

6,500

People

2,014

Sub-Saharan Africans and North african migrants and refugees

Red Knot migration along the East Atlantic flyway Six subspecies - Wadden sea to/ from Mauritania

Red Knot Traveling 15,000 km from its Arctic breeding grounds to South Africa

approx. 400,000

Black Kite (Milvus migrans) Travelin from south Africa to northern Europe and Asia most of movement southward is through strait of Gibraltar

Black Kite (Milvus migrans) 62,000 spring 2009 and 89,000 autumn 2008 February - March | early October most birds cross the strait during southwards migration

Ortolan Bunting Autumn migration from northen Europe to Mali and Guinea through Iberian peninsula (30 day stop). Spring migration, 18 days stop in Morroco or Spain.

Ortolan Bunting breeding area in Sweden | May - August wintering area in South Sahar - west Africa | October - April

We We ster st e n E rn ur Afr ope ica

Air traffic International traffic From western Africa and Canary Islands to Western Europe Morocco to Eururope Tangier Airport 11 direct lined Netherlands, Spain, France, Belgium, UK, Turkey, Casablanca and Gibraltar

Internal traffic UK- Gibraltar Tangier and Tetouan to Casablance, Morocco

Wind Mediterranean winds

Poniente wind Vendavel wind

N Levanter wind Sirocco wind

Gibraltar Airport Uk and Tangier

Tetuoan Airport Casablanca and Al Hoceima (internal Morocco)

Levanter wind E to W

Vendavel wind W to E

Poniente wind NW to SE

at the western exit of the straits the wind can be at Gale force May to October 62â&#x20AC;&#x201C;74 km/h

strong blustery wind follows the Levanter November to April

hot, clear and dry weather Dry air from the Sahara any westerly in the area peak in March and November during winter turn to Vendavel 100 km/h

Sirocco wind SE to NW

3_Ceuta and Gibraltar Geographic Perception: from the edge of the empire to the aperture to the west.

3_Ceuta and Gibraltar Ceuta and Gibraltar both have claims for their territory from neighboring nations, Limited connections to the mainland and internal discussions of sovereignty. The civic marginality is a result of this partial autonomy and the possible association to a greater geopolitical power - the EU.

GIBRALTAR Gibraltar: British or Spanish? Book by Peter Gold, Â 2005

CEUTA King and Queen of Spain visit Ceuta and Melilla 2007 (El Pais Magazine) Europe or Africa? : A Contemporary Study of the Spanish North African Enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla. Book By Peter Gold, 2001

3_ Gibraltar Urban Analysis Gibraltar Urban Analysis

2016

GIBRALTAR Size 7km2 Population 30,000

3_ Gibraltar Urban Analysis Gibraltar Urban Analysis

3_ Gibraltar Urban Analysis

1921-2016

Gibraltar Urban Analysis

1704 Utrect Treaty British Rule 1985

Old Town

1941- 1951 WW2 evacuation

1969-1985 Referendum Closed border

1921

1985 Land reclamination by Foreign investment

1988-1992 New Lucrative development

2000 Reuse of WW2 tunnels or Data Center

2006 Establishing constitution

3_ Gibraltar Urban Analysis The mechanisms that form Gibraltarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban fabric are: Opportunism and dependency on the MOD. GIBRALTAR AS CI

ECONOMIC TESTING GROUND

DYNAMIC FORM:

REUSE OF MILITARY INFRASTRUCTURE RE-PLANNING THE WALLED CITY MILITARY LAND EXCHANGE

“Three cities are superimposed on one another, and as one wanders one unravels them, three cities of profoundly different structure, three cities born of three invasions.” “Without solidifying completely…” the expansion of the city “was made comfortable, but without ever losing their ephemeral feeling.” (“The Spirit Of Mediterranean Places”. Michel Butor. 1986 p.22)

The Case of Ceuta Urban Analysis and Typo-Morphological Proposal

4_Urban design principles Ceuta Urban Analysis

CEUTA Size 18.5km2 Population 85,000

Ceded to Spain

Population of 50,000 residents Population of 13,000 residents Moroccans allowed to reside in the city Camps outside the walls

Spain canceled mandatory military service Autonomic city status Construction of Schengen borders 15,000 Moroccan obtained Spanish nationality Spanish constitution - public housing

Public housing construction resumed

1,415 711

1,668

1,930 1,900 1,868 1,860

2,001 1,995 1,991 1,986 1,978

2,011

-500BC

End of Muslim rule Islamic conquest of Iberia

Ceuta Urban Analysis

Ceuta first settled

4_Urban design principles

Ceded to Spain

Population of 50,000 residents Population of 13,000 residents Moroccans allowed to reside in the city Camps outside the walls

Spain canceled mandatory military service Autonomic city status Construction of Schengen borders 15,000 Moroccan obtained Spanish nationality Spanish constitution - public housing

Public housing construction resumed

1,415 711

1,668

1,930 1,900 1,868 1,860

2,001 1,995 1,991 1,986 1,978

2,011

-500BC

End of Muslim rule Islamic conquest of Iberia

Ceuta Urban Analysis

Ceuta first settled

4_Urban design principles

Ceded to Spain

Population of 50,000 residents Population of 13,000 residents Moroccans allowed to reside in the city Camps outside the walls

Spain canceled mandatory military service Autonomic city status Construction of Schengen borders 15,000 Moroccan obtained Spanish nationality Spanish constitution - public housing

Public housing construction resumed

1,415 711

1,668

1,930 1,900 1,868 1,860

2,001 1,995 1,991 1,986 1,978

2,011

-500BC

End of Muslim rule Islamic conquest of Iberia

Ceuta Urban Analysis

Ceuta first settled

4_Urban design principles

Ceded to Spain

Population of 50,000 residents Population of 13,000 residents Moroccans allowed to reside in the city Camps outside the walls

Spain canceled mandatory military service Autonomic city status Construction of Schengen borders 15,000 Moroccan obtained Spanish nationality Spanish constitution - public housing

Public housing construction resumed

1,415 711

1,668

1,930 1,900 1,868 1,860

2,001 1,995 1,991 1,986 1,978

2,011

-500BC

End of Muslim rule Islamic conquest of Iberia

Ceuta Urban Analysis

Ceuta first settled

4_Urban design principles

Ceded to Spain

Population of 50,000 residents Population of 13,000 residents Moroccans allowed to reside in the city Camps outside the walls

Spain canceled mandatory military service Autonomic city status Construction of Schengen borders 15,000 Moroccan obtained Spanish nationality Spanish constitution - public housing

Public housing construction resumed

1,415 711

1,668

1,930 1,900 1,868 1,860

2,001 1,995 1,991 1,986 1,978

2,011

-500BC

End of Muslim rule Islamic conquest of Iberia

Ceuta Urban Analysis

Ceuta first settled

4_Urban design principles

4_Urban design principles The Case of Ceuta - urban analysis

View south East - Morocco

View south West - Morocco

4_Urban design principles The city is gradient of influences and flows. It is porous and also bounded seeded with enclosed insoles. CROSS BORDER INFLUENCES

Neutral border territory

Refugee Camp

Hospital

Port

Enclosed spaces

4_Urban design principles The morphology of the city is mostly forms of encampments: The permanent military infrastructure and public housing vs. the temporary encampments Of the vernacular neighborhoods. URBAN MORPHOLOGY

COMPOUND M

UNCONTROLLED A

280m

B 74m

154m 35m 25m 50m

45m 52m

60m

20m 65m

20m 20m 40m

60m 20m

85m 100m

DEVELOPMENT PROJECT DISCONNECTED 20TH CENTURY PUBLIC HOUSING

DENSE URBAN BLOCKS 19-18TH CENTURY 100MX50M

SMALL URBAN BLOCKS 20TH CENTURY 50MX25M

UNPLANNED SETTLEMENTS EXTREME TOPOGRAPHY LOW RISE

COMPOUND ONE UNIT 15MX12M 4 STORIES HIGH 150m

20m

16m

16m 24m

75m

MILITARY

PUBLIC HOUSING COMPLEX

OLD CITY GRID

VERNACULAR GRID

VERNACULAR

4_Urban design principles Most of the public spaces are in the center and enclosed by the dense grid, In the Periphery there are sports field and rare enclosed squares in the public housing projects.

4_Urban design principles Most of the public spaces are in the center and enclosed by the dense grid, In the Periphery there are sports field and rare enclosed squares in the public housing projects. EXISTING PUBLIC SPACES Enclosed public spaces A

110m 75m

D Sport Fields

C Promenade And out door Market

B Urban square 45m

25m

30m

Enclosed space In historic military Infrastructure

E Public housing Interior square 75m

E 85m

A 60m

25m

4_Urban design principles The historical development of the city is also expresses In the socio economic data of the population. SOCIO ECONOMIC DATE FOREIGNER RESIDENTS AND POVERTY

4_Urban design principles The Case of Ceuta - urban analysis

EL PRINCIPE AND THE NEW PUBLIC HOUSING 90% unemployment Population 12,000 registered (20,000-15,000) No public infrastructure 2014-2020 Governmental regeneration plan

4_Urban design principles Ceuta is a governmental and military post that serves itself and have not utilize the cross boundary position as part of its â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;officialâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; economy. It fails to fulfill its CI and operational landscape potential. CEUTA: ECONOMIC DATA

4_Urban design principles The transactional flows cross the city on the western periphery, It is an informal flow due to the tax and customs laws. FLOWS

7,164 Refuges annual crossing (Ceuta and Mellila 2015)

Tarajal trade area

Hospital

Lidl supermarket Morocco

1,134,214 tons of goods is 80% of annual goods from Spain to Ceuta fllow to Morocco and 12% of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s traffic (2005) EU | Spain

25,000 Moroccan citizens enter daily to work 6 Million â&#x201A;Ź cross border flow of goods a day (2013)

Morocco

4_Urban design principles The vectors of flow are connecting between the gates. The western vector is theoretician and visual. GATES City Gate

OPEN BORDER

Visual connetor Western Vector

EU Gate

City Center Gate

* SOFT BORDER

* Morocco Gate

HARD BORDER

Morocco Gate

Flow Vector

4_Urban design principles The vector will sustain a sequence of public spaces to bridge the social gaps and to provide formalized infrastructure for the informal flows. The sequence is a series of nodes connected to The main road systems and local neighborhoods.

SECTION VISUAL CONNECTOR

4_Urban design principles In the framework of camp typology The infill of the gaps between the archipelago is the dynamic field Structured around the permanent elements (public spaces). FIELD_PUBLIC SPACES SEQUENCE

4_Urban design principles Three sites at intersections of intensive of flows - Military bases for relocation and informal development

4_Urban design principles Three basic concepts for intervention - based on the latent urban history of the site

The Camp Military

Roman Camp

Timgad, Timgad,Algeria Algeria

Temporary Khan & Market complex

Bursa, TurkeyCeuta El Principe,

Barracks

Cuartel del Rebel

4_Urban design principles Three basic concepts for intervention - based on the latent urban history of the site

Roman Camp

Khan & Market complex

Barracks

Timgad, Algeria

Bursa, Turkey

Cuartel del Rebellin, Ceuta

4_Urban design principles Three basic concepts for intervention - based on the latent urban history of the site

rket complex

Barracks

key

Cuartel del Rebellin, Ceuta

4_Urban design principles The Module - Barrack Formal definition of volume, and adaptable space. MILITARY BARRACKS REVELLIN CEUTA Military Barracks 1762-1982 Revellin Ceuta 1762 - 1982

150m

75m

4_Urban design principles Program possibilities for the 40X9m barrack

PROGRAM POSSIBILITIES

4_Urban design principles Phase 1# - Street edges and reused military infrastructure

4_Urban design principles Phase 2# - New structure resonate existing streets and axes.

4_Urban design principles User flow - each public space within the sequence used by local residents a Linear flow

1,900m Ceuties

Ceuties

+ Local residents

Local residents

+ Tourists | Visitors

Event

Market 1m2 - 50m2

Size (Area)

Local residents

Daily commuters from Morocco

Outdoors activity

Tourists | Visitors

Children playing outside

1m2 - 7,700m2

After hours classes

Community Sport

Street performance

Concert

42m2 - 200m2

100m2

60m2

1,200m2

200

100

Holiday Celebration 10,000m2

Size (people) s m

200

1,000

1,000 5,000

l Duration Hours Day

Frequency Daily Once a week Once a month (Or few times a year)

Kiosk 10m2

Small coffe shop 150m2

Shop 50m2

Kiosk seating and tables around

Interior and exterior seating 8 per table + employees

standing 250 visitors a day

Seated 30 m2

Standing 20m2

Outdoor creative workshops 40m2

Orgenized outdoor (yoga, dance, martial art) 4,000m2

Street Performance 400m2

seated

on mats 400 people

500 people standing

Stage performance 600m2 720 people seated

4_Urban design principles Basic community and residential programmatic elements Combined with CI program according to location.

SOUTHERN AREA

NORTHERN AREA