Building Science : Integration Project of Lighting & Acoustic Analysis

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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA) Research Unit Bachelor of Science (Honors) (Architecture)

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [BLD 61303 / ARC 3413] Project 2 Integration Project Introduction & Calculation of Lighting & Acoustic Analysis

Name: Lim Choon Wah ID: 0311265 Tutor: Mr. Siva

Table of Content 1.0 Introduction 1.0 Site context 1.1 Building Plans 1.2 Elevations 1.3 Sections

Page 1 2-6 7 8

2.0 Lighting 2.0 Sun Path Diagram 2.1 Daylight (Public Reading Area) 2.2 Daylight (Child Learning Center) 2.3 Artificial Lighting (Digital Library) 2.4 Artificial Lighting (Office) 2.5 PSALI (Quite Reading Area) 2.6 PSALI (E-Book Cafe)

9 10-12 13-15 16-18 19-21 22-24 25-27

3.0 Acoustic 3.0 Acoustic Diagram of Site during Peak & Non-Peak Hour 3.1 Reverberation Time, RT (Seminar Room) 3.2 Reverberation Time, RT (Mini Theater) 3.3 Sound Reduction Index, TL (Seminar Room) 3.4 Sound Reduction Index, TL (Seminar Room) 3.5 External Noise Sound Pressure Level (Public Reading Area) 3.6 External Noise Sound Pressure Level (Office)

4.0 References

28 29-30 31-32 33-34 35-36 37-39 40-41 42

1.0 Site Context This report is a precedent study of construction system in assisting for the design proposal of community library in Sentul west, Kuala Lumpur. This analysis is to understand the principles of lighting and acoustics in the context of community library. It encompasses advanced daylighting systems and the Integration of electrical lighting, strategies for noise management of room acoustics. Produce site analysis which document, interpret and analyze the site context in relation to lighting and acoustics to identify and analyze functional needs through case studies to inform of lighting and acoustics. These essential elements are to design successful community library for the community of Sentul especially for young and oldest to create a comfort level to user. The community library needed to urban infill to the site with surrounded by early shop houses that replaced with modern architecture in order to improve the living and the economics of the place. The new community library must be a various and interesting place for the whole community in Sentul to welcome all ages and different background such as poor and rich. The role of the library is place to allow community interaction.

1.1 Building Plan : Ground Floor Plan scale 1:200

First Floor Plan scale 1:200

Second Floor Plan scale 1:200

Third Floor Plan scale 1:200

Roof Plan scale 1:200

1.2 Elevations Front Facade scale 1:nts

Back Facade scale 1:nts

1.3 Sections Section B-B scale 1:nts

Section A-A scale 1:nts

2.0 Sun Path Diagram

9AM

12PM

4PM

2.1 Daylight (Public Reading area) According to MS 1525, Daylight Factor distribution as below table: Daylight Factor, DF DF, %

Distribution

>6

Very bright with thermal & glare problem

3~6

Bright

1~3

Average

0~1

Dark

This selected area which is public reading area is located on first floor. The public reading area is the taper shaped area shown in floor plan. Bamboo louvres faรงade was designed for this space there were some part exposed to sunlight such as opening and glass window. For the skylight, it will be using translucent polyester membrane to reduce the sunlight to penetrate and prevent rain getting in the building. Therefore, there is minimal artificial lighting will be using in this area.

Ground Floor Plan

Daylight Factor Calculation (without Façade and translucent ETFE membrane) Floor Area (m²)

90

Area of Façade that exposed to Sunlight

Front Wall (Opening with railing glass) 34.5 Left Wall (Window panel) 4unit x (1x2.5) = 10 Right Wall (Railing glass) 17 25.4 (Opening)

Area of Skylight (m²) Exposed Façade & Skylight Area to Floor Area Ratio/Daylight Factor, DF

(34.5 + 25.4 + 10 + 17) / 90 = 86.9/ 90 x 100% = 96.56% x 0.1 = 9.66% (very bright with thermal & glare problem)

Daylight Factor Calculation (with Façade and translucent ETFE membrane) Floor Area (m²)

90

Area of Façade that exposed to Sunlight

Front Wall (Bamboo louvres folding panel) 34.5 x 25% = 8.63 Left Wall (Window panel) 4unit x (1x2) = 8 Right Wall (Railing glass) 17 16.6 x 50% = 8.3 (Translucent ETFE membrane) 8.8 (Opening) (8.63 + 8.3 + 8.8 + 8 + 17) / 90 = 50.73/ 90 x 100% = 56.37% x 0.1 = 5.64% (Bright)

Area of Skylight (m²) Exposed Façade & Skylight Area to Floor Area Ratio/Daylight Factor, DF

Natural Illumination Calculation Illuminance 120,000 lux 110,000 lux 32,000 lux 20,000 lux 1000~2000 lux <2000 lux 400 lux 40 lux <1 lux

Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Malaysia average sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky Typical overcast day, midday Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Sunrise or sunset on clear day (ambient illumination) Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/rise

E EXTERNAL = 32000 lux DF = E internal/ E external x 100 10 = E external / 32000 x 100 E external = 10 x 32000/ 100 = 3200lux Conclusion The public reading area has a daylight factor of 5.64% instead of 10.8% with the assisting of bamboo louvres faรงade and translucent ETFE membrane and natural illumination of 3200 lux. This will result in bright instead of in thermal and glare problem for reading users. If would like to reduce the glare problem and to reduce the heat gain in this area, it can applied with double-glazed low E-value glass.

2.2 Daylight (Child Learning Center) According to MS 1525, Daylight Factor distribution as below table: Daylight Factor, DF DF, %

Distribution

>6

Very bright with thermal & glare problem

3~6

Bright

1~3

Average

0~1

Dark

This selected area which is child learning center is located on third floor. The child learning center is the Lshaped area shown in floor plan. Bamboo louvres faรงade was designed for this space there were some part exposed to sunlight such as opening and glass window. Therefore, there is minimal artificial lighting will be using in this area.

Third Floor Plan

Daylight Factor Calculation (without Façade) Floor Area (m²)

58.15

Area of Façade that exposed to Sunlight

Front Wall (Curtain wall) 19.1 (Window panel) 2unit x (0.5x2.5) = 2.5 Right Wall (Window panel) 1unit x (1x2) = 2 (Curtain wall) 8.6 Back Wall (Curtain wall) 15.8 0

Area of Skylight (m²) Exposed Façade & Skylight Area to Floor Area Ratio/Daylight Factor, DF

(19.1+ 2.5 + 2 + 8.6 + 15.8) / 58.15 = 48/ 58.15 x 100% = 82.55% x 0.1 = 8.26% (Very bright with thermal & glare problem)

Daylight Factor Calculation (with Façade) Floor Area (m²)

58.15

Area of Façade that exposed to Sunlight

Front Wall (Bamboo louvres folding panel) 19.1 x 25% = 4.78 (Window panel) 2unit x (0.5x2.5) = 2.5 Right Wall (Window panel) 1unit x (1x2) = 2 (Curtain wall) 8.6 Back Wall (Curtain wall) 15.8 0

Area of Skylight (m²) Exposed Façade & Skylight Area to Floor Area Ratio/Daylight Factor, DF

(4.78+ 2.5 + 2 + 8.6 + 15.8) / 58.15 = 33.68/ 58.15 x 100% = 57.92% x 0.1 = 5.79% (Bright)

Natural Illumination Calculation Illuminance 120,000 lux 110,000 lux 32,000 lux 20,000 lux 1000~2000 lux <2000 lux 400 lux 40 lux <1 lux

Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Malaysia average sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky Typical overcast day, midday Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Sunrise or sunset on clear day (ambient illumination) Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/rise

E EXTERNAL = 32000 lux DF = E internal/ E external x 100 10 = E external / 32000 x 100 E external = 10 x 32000/ 100 = 3200lux Conclusion The child learning center has a daylight factor of 5.79% instead of 8.26% with the assisting of bamboo louvres faรงade and natural illumination of 3200 lux. This will result in bright instead of in thermal and glare problem for children. If would like to reduce the glare problem and to reduce the heat gain in this area, it can applied with double-glazed low E-value glass.

2.3 Artificial Lighting (Digital Library)

First Floor Plan According to MS 1525, the minimum lighting level required for a digital library is 600 lux: Type of luminaire used as showed below: Type of fixture LED Downlight Type of light bulb

Material of fixture Product brand, name & Code

Aluminum 

Philips : LuxSpace Recessed : DN571B, white reflector

Nominal life (hours)

25,000 hours at 25 ÂşC

Wattage range (W)

36 W

CRI

> 80

Colour Temperature

4000k

Colour Designation

Neutral white

Lumens

4000 lm

Applications

Halls, offices, conference rooms, retails and museum

Lumen Method Calculation Location

Digital Library

Dimension

Length = 6.8m Width = 5.13m Height of the ceiling = 2.85m

Floor Area (A)

6.8đ?‘š đ?‘Ľ 5.13đ?‘š = 34.88đ?‘š²

Types of lighting fixture

LED Downlight

Lumen of lighting fixture (flux)

4000 lm

Height of the work level (m)

0.7m

Height of Luminaire (m)

2.85m

Mounting height (Hm)

2.85m

Reflection Factors

Ceiling = 0.3 (concrete) Wall = 0.1 (curtain wall) Floor = 0.15 (concrete)

Room Index/ RI (k)

đ?‘…đ??ź =

6.8 đ?‘Ľ 5.13 = 1.03 (6.8 + 5.13) đ?‘Ľ 2.85

Utilization Factor (UF)

0.45

Maintenance Factor (MF)

0.8

Standard Illuminance by MS1525

500 lux

Number of light required

đ??¸đ?‘Ľđ??´ đ??š đ?‘Ľ đ?‘ˆđ??š đ?‘Ľ đ?‘€đ??š 500 đ?‘Ľ 34.88 đ?‘ = (4000) đ?‘Ľ 0.45 đ?‘Ľ 0.8 đ?‘ =

đ?‘ =

17440 1440

đ?‘ = 12 Fitting layout by approximately (m)

Suggested layout : 3 rows of 4 luminaires Spacing : S max = 1.0 đ?‘Ľ 2.85 S max = 2.85đ?‘š Distance between lamps is not greater than 2.85m

Fitting Layout

Conclusion 12 LED downlights are used to illuminate digital library area to achieve minimum of 500 lux that stated in MS 1525. With the sufficient level of illumination, those users can have clear visualization inside that space comfortably when using the computer.

2.4 Artificial Lighting (Office)

First Floor Plan According to MS 1525, the minimum lighting level required for a office is 400 lux: Type of luminaire used as showed below: Type of fixture LED Downlight Type of light bulb

Material of fixture Product brand, name & Code

Aluminum 

Philips : GreenSpace Gen 2 : DN183B

Nominal life (hours)

30,000 hours at 25 ºC

Wattage range (W)

24 W

CRI

82

Colour Temperature

5000k

Colour Designation

Daylight

Lumens

2000 lm

Application

Offices, public buildings, shops, hotels & hospitals

Lumen Method Calculation Location

Office

Dimension

Length = 6.8m Width = 5.13m Height of the ceiling = 2.85m

Floor Area (A)

6.8đ?‘š đ?‘Ľ 5.13đ?‘š = 34.88đ?‘š²

Types of lighting fixture

LED Downlight

Lumen of lighting fixture (flux)

2000 lm

Height of the work level (m)

0.8m

Height of Luminaire (m)

2.85m

Mounting height (Hm)

2.85m

Reflection Factors

Ceiling = 0.3 (concrete) Wall = 0.1 (curtain wall) 0.1 (brick red) Floor = 0.15 (concrete)

Room Index/ RI (k)

đ?‘…đ??ź =

6.8 đ?‘Ľ 5.13 = 1.03 (6.8 + 5.13) đ?‘Ľ 2.85

Utilization Factor (UF)

0.45

Maintenance Factor (MF)

0.8

Standard Illuminance by MS1525

400 lux

Number of light required

đ??¸đ?‘Ľđ??´ đ??š đ?‘Ľ đ?‘ˆđ??š đ?‘Ľ đ?‘€đ??š 400 đ?‘Ľ 34.88 đ?‘ = (2000) đ?‘Ľ 0.45 đ?‘Ľ 0.8 đ?‘ =

đ?‘ =

13952 720

đ?‘ = 20 Fitting layout by approximately (m)

Suggested layout : 4 rows of 5 luminaires Spacing : S max = 1.0 đ?‘Ľ 2.85 S max = 2.85đ?‘š Distance between lamps is not greater than 2.85m

Fitting Layout

Conclusion 20 LED downlights are used to illuminate office to achieve minimum of 400 lux that stated in MS 1525. With the sufficient level of illumination, those users can have clear visualization inside that space comfortably when using the computer or paperwork.

2.5 PSALI – Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of interior (Quiet Reading Area)

Second Floor Plan According to MS 1525, the minimum lighting level required for Quiet Reading area is 400 lux: Type of luminaire used as showed below: Type of fixture LED Accent Downlight, Adjustable Type of light bulb

Material of fixture Product brand, name & Code

Aluminum 

Philips : GreenSpace Accent, adjustable : RS341B

Nominal life (hours)

25,000 hours at 25 ºC

Wattage range (W)

18 W

CRI

> 80

Colour Temperature

4000k

Colour Designation

Neutral white

Lumens

1850 lm

Application

Public spaces such as shopping malls and library

Lumen Method Calculation Location

Quiet reading area

Dimension

Length = 6.3m Width = 4m Height of the ceiling = 2.85m

Floor Area (A)

6.3đ?‘š đ?‘Ľ 4đ?‘š = 25.2đ?‘š²

Types of lighting fixture

LED Accent Downlight

Lumen of lighting fixture (flux)

1850 lm

Height of the work level (m)

0.8m

Height of Luminaire (m)

2.85m

Mounting height (Hm)

2.85m

Reflection Factors

Ceiling = 0.3 (timber panel) Wall = 0.1 (curtain wall) = 0.1 (brick - red) Floor = 0.15 (concrete)

Room Index/ RI (k)

đ?‘…đ??ź =

6.3 đ?‘Ľ 4 = 0.86 (6.3 + 4) đ?‘Ľ 2.85

Utilization Factor (UF)

0.455

Maintenance Factor (MF)

0.8

Standard Illuminance by MS1525

400 lux

Number of light required

Fitting layout by approximately (m)

đ??¸đ?‘Ľđ??´ đ??š đ?‘Ľ đ?‘ˆđ??š đ?‘Ľ đ?‘€đ??š 400 đ?‘Ľ 25.2 đ?‘ = (1850) đ?‘Ľ 0.455 đ?‘Ľ 0.8 10080 đ?‘ = 674.14 đ?‘ = 15 Suggested layout : 5 rows of 3 luminaires đ?‘ =

Spacing : S max = 1.0 đ?‘Ľ 2.85 S max = 2.85đ?‘š Distance between lamps is not greater than 2.85m

Fitting Layout

Conclusion 16 LED accent downlights are used to illuminate quiet reading area to achieve minimum of 400 lux that stated in MS 1525. With the sufficient level of illumination, those reading users can have clear visualization inside that space comfortably to reading their book. The quiet reading area is controlled with 2 switches, one for the upper part and another one is bottom part. The bottom part switch can be turned off due to sufficient daylight from outdoor. Furthermore, the energy can be saved. However, the upper part switch has to be o7pen most of the time for indoor reading to fulfil the requirement of MS 1525.

2.6 PSALI – Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of interior (E-Book Cafe)

Third Floor Plan According to MS 1525, the minimum lighting level required for an E-book cafe is 200 lux: Type of luminaire used as showed below: Type of fixture LED Bulb Type of light bulb

Material of fixture

Aluminum

Product brand, name & Code

Philips : MASTER LED bulb : E27 A60 CL

Nominal life (hours)

25,000 hours at 25 ºC

Wattage range (W)

12 W

CRI

80

Colour Temperature

2700k

Colour Designation

Soft white

Lumens

1200 lm

Application

Hotels, restaurants, bars and cafĂŠs

Lumen Method Calculation Location

E-Book Cafe

Dimension

Length = 4m Width = 11.2m Height of the ceiling = 3.3m

Floor Area (A)

4đ?‘š đ?‘Ľ 11.2đ?‘š = 44.8đ?‘š²

Types of lighting fixture

LED Accent Downlight

Lumen of lighting fixture (flux)

1200 lm

Height of the work level (m)

0.8m

Height of Luminaire (m)

3.3m

Mounting height (Hm)

3.3m

Reflection Factors

Ceiling = 0.3 (concrete) Wall = 0.1 (curtain wall) = 0.1 (brick - red) Floor = 0.15 (concrete)

Room Index/ RI (k)

đ?‘…đ??ź =

4 đ?‘Ľ 11.2 = 0.89 (4 + 11.2) đ?‘Ľ 3.3

Utilization Factor (UF)

0.455

Maintenance Factor (MF)

0.8

Standard Illuminance by MS1525

200 lux

Number of light required

Fitting layout by approximately (m)

đ??¸đ?‘Ľđ??´ đ??š đ?‘Ľ đ?‘ˆđ??š đ?‘Ľ đ?‘€đ??š 200 đ?‘Ľ 44.8 đ?‘ = (1200) đ?‘Ľ 0.455 đ?‘Ľ 0.8 8960 đ?‘ = 436.8 đ?‘ = 21 Suggested layout : 7 rows of 3 luminaires đ?‘ =

Spacing : S max = 1.0 đ?‘Ľ 3.3 S max = 3.3đ?‘š Distance between lamps is not greater than 3.3m

Fitting Layout

Conclusion 21 LED bulbs are used to illuminate E-book cafe to achieve minimum of 200 lux that stated in MS 1525. With the sufficient level of illumination, those reading users can have clear visualization inside that space comfortably while enjoying their cup of drink. The E-book cafe is controlled with 2 switches, one part is the indoor area and another part is the outdoor area. The outdoor area switch can be turned off due to sufficient daylight from outdoor. Furthermore, the energy can be saved. However, the indoor area switch has to be open most of the time for indoor reading to fulfil the requirement of MS 1525.

3.0 Acoustic Diagram of Site during Peak & Non-Peak Hour

Site Plan

3.1 Reverberation Time, RT (Seminar room)

Wall B

Wall A

Second Floor Plan Space volume, �= [

(6.46đ?‘š + 6.78) đ?‘Ľ 4.87đ?‘š ] đ?‘Ľ 2.85đ?‘š = 91.88Âł 2

According to MS 1525, the minimum reverberation time required for seminar room is 0.65 - 0.80 under speech. Material absorption coefficient in 500Hz at Peak hour with 13 people in the space: Building Absorption Sound Absorption, Material Area, S/m² Component Coefficient, a Sa Wall 0.22 11.00 0.02 0.22 0.26 13.19 0.02 0.26 12.75 17.00 0.75 12.75 1.28 21.35 0.06 1.28 Floor 0.65 32.24 0.02 0.65 Ceiling

0.65

32.24

0.02

0.65

Window

0.75

12.5

0.06

0.75

Door

0.10

1.58

0.06

0.10

People

5.98

13 people

0.46

5.98

Total absorption, A

22.64

500Hz Room Volume , V Total Absorption

�� = 0.16 � �� = 0.16 �

đ?‘‰ đ??´

91.88đ?‘šÂł = 0.65đ?‘ 22.64

Material absorption coefficient in 2000Hz at non-Peak hour with 7 people in the space: Building Absorption Sound Absorption, Material Area, S/m² Component Coefficient, a Sa Wall - Brick wall 11.00 0.02 0.22 - Concrete 13.19 0.02 0.26 - Wood fiber acoustic panels 17.00 0.75 12.75 panel on right wall 21.35 0.03 0.64 - Curtain wall Floor Concrete 32.24 0.02 0.65 Ceiling

Concrete

32.24

0.02

0.65

Window

Fixed glass window

12.5

0.03

0.38

Door

Single glass door

1.58

0.03

0.05

People

-

7 people

0.46

3.22

Total absorption, A

18.82

2000Hz Room Volume , V Total Absorption

�� = 0.16 � �� = 0.16 �

đ?‘‰ đ??´

91.88đ?‘šÂł = 0.78đ?‘ 18.82

Conclusion The reverberation time for seminar room at 500Hz and 2000Hz during peak and non-peak hours is 0.75s and 0.78s. The 500Hz is 0.77s which under the comfort level in between of 0.65 and 0.8s. This space is good reverberation time that has adequate acoustic absorption within the space during peak and non-peak hours.

3.2 Reverberation Time, RT (Mini Theatre)

Wall B

Wall A

Second Floor Plan Space volume, đ?‘‰ = [ 6.5đ?‘š đ?‘Ľ 4.83đ?‘š ] đ?‘Ľ 2.85đ?‘š = 89.48đ?‘šÂł According to MS 1525, the minimum reverberation time required for mini theatre is 1.00 – 1.50. Material absorption coefficient in 500Hz at Peak hour with 20 people in the space: Building Absorption Sound Absorption, Material Area, S/m² Component Coefficient, a Sa Wall - Concrete 53.43 0.02 1.07 - Polyester Panels on front wall 3.00 0.75 2.25 Floor Concrete 31.40 0.02 0.63 Ceiling

Concrete

Door

Single plywood door

People

-

Total absorption, A

500Hz Room Volume , V Total Absorption

�� = 0.16 �

đ?‘‰ đ??´

�� = 0.16 �

89.48đ?‘šÂł = 1đ?‘ 14.28

31.40

0.02

0.63

3.9

0.13

0.50

20 people

0.46

9.20 14.28

Material absorption coefficient in 2000Hz at non-Peak hour with 10 people in the space: Building Absorption Sound Absorption, Material Area, S/m² Component Coefficient, a Sa Wall - Brick wall 53.43 0.02 1.07 - Polyester Panels on front 3.00 0.75 2.25 wall Floor Concrete 31.40 0.02 0.63 Ceiling

Concrete

31.40

0.02

0.63

Door

Single plywood door

3.90

0.10

0.40

People

-

10 people

0.46

4.60

Total absorption, A

9.58

2000Hz Room Volume , V Total Absorption

�� = 0.16 �

đ?‘‰ đ??´

�� = 0.16 �

89.48đ?‘šÂł = 1.5đ?‘ 9.58

Conclusion The reverberation time for seminar room at 500Hz and 2000Hz during peak and non-peak hours is 1s and 1.5s. The 500Hz is 1s which under the comfort level in between of 1 and 1.5s. Same as 2000Hz is 1.5s which under the comfort level. Furthermore, this is good reverberation time that has adequate acoustic absorption within the space during peak and non-peak hours.

3.3 Sound Reduction Index, TL (Seminar Room)

Second Floor Plan

According to MS 1525, the requirement noise criteria of environment perception for seminar room is 35dB. Assumed the seminar room is able to produce 60dB during peak hour. Transmission coefficient of materials Building SRI Transmission Colour Finish Surface Material Element (dB) Coefficient, T Area, Sm² Wall A Curtain Wall (Tinted Glass) Transparent Glossy 22.93 37 2 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ´ Wall B

Concrete (100mm)

Wall A

Red

Matte

16.24

40

1 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ´

Wall B 1

�=

đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” ( 10 ) 1 đ?‘‡= 37 đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” (10) đ?‘‡ = 2 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ´ đ?‘†1 đ?‘‡1 + đ?‘†2 đ?‘‡2 + đ?‘†đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž 22.93 đ?‘Ľ 2 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ´ = 22.93

1

�=

đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” ( 10 ) 1 đ?‘‡= 40 đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” (10) đ?‘‡ = 1 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ´ đ?‘†1 đ?‘‡1 + đ?‘†2 đ?‘‡2 + đ?‘†đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž 16.24 đ?‘Ľ 1 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ´ = 16.24

��� =

��� =

= 2 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ´

= 1 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ´ 1

1

TL= 10 đ??żđ?‘œđ?‘”10 đ?‘‡đ?‘Žđ?‘Ł

TL= 10 đ??żđ?‘œđ?‘”10 đ?‘‡đ?‘Žđ?‘Ł

= 10 đ??żđ?‘œđ?‘”10 = 37 dB

= 10 đ??żđ?‘œđ?‘”10 = 40dB

1

2 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ´

Noise produce – sound reduction = remaining noise to book collection area 60dB – 37dB = 23dB

1

1 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ´

Noise produce – sound reduction = remaining noise to mini theater 60dB – 40dB = 20dB

Conclusion of Wall A The overall transmission loss of wall A from seminar room to book collection area is at 37dB. Assume that the sound pressure level in the seminar room is approximately 60dB under peak hour, the sound that is transmitted through wall A had reduce 37dB than block by tree that also reduce 5dB than block again by the curtain wall (37dB) of book collection area. End up there were no noise able to transmit through from seminar room to book collection area that without any support of insulation panel. According to the noise criteria environment perception, 0 dB is under the category of silent which it is considering an ideal value for book collection area where people able to find the book without any noise disturbance. Conclusion of Wall B The overall transmission loss of wall B from seminar room to mini theater is at 40dB. Assume that the sound pressure level in the seminar room is approximately 60dB under speech; the sound that is transmitted through wall B had reduced 40dB than block again by the brick wall (40dB) of mini theater. End up there were no noise able to transmit through from seminar room to mini theater that without any support of insulation panel. According to the noise criteria environment perception, 0 dB is under the category of silent which it is considering an ideal value for mini theater where people able to rest and relax to enjoy their movie without any noise disturbance from outside.

3.4 Sound Reduction Index, TL (Mini Theater)

Second Floor Plan According to MS 1525, the requirement noise criteria of environment perception for mini theater is 30dB. Assumed the mini theater is able to produce 70dB during peak hour. Transmission coefficient of materials Building SRI Transmission Colour Finish Surface Material Element (dB) Coefficient, T Area, Sm² Wall A Concrete (100mm) Light Grey Glossy 17.12 40 1 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ´ 1 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ¸ Wood Fiber Panels Brown Glossy 3.00 80 Wall B Concrete (100mm) Light Grey Matte 16.09 40 1 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ´ Wall A Brick Wall đ?‘‡=

1

đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” ( 10 ) 1 đ?‘‡= 40 đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” (10) đ?‘‡ = 1 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ´

Polyester Panels 1 đ?‘‡= đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” ( 10 ) 1 đ?‘‡= 80 đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” (10) đ?‘‡ = 1 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ¸

��� =

1

đ?‘†1 đ?‘‡1 + đ?‘†2 đ?‘‡2 + đ?‘†đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž

TL= 10 đ??żđ?‘œđ?‘”10 đ?‘‡đ?‘Žđ?‘Ł = 10 đ??żđ?‘œđ?‘”10

1

1 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ´

= 40 dB (17.12 đ?‘Ľ 1 đ?‘Ľ 10−4 ) + (3 đ?‘Ľ 1 đ?‘Ľ 10−4 ) = 17.12 + 3

Noise produce – sound reduction = remaining noise to reading area 70dB – 40dB = 30dB

= 1 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ´ 16.09 đ?‘Ľ 1 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ´ 16.09

Wall B

=

Brick Wall

= 1 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ´

�=

1

đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” ( 10 ) 1 đ?‘‡= 40 đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” ( ) 10 đ?‘‡ = 1 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ´

��� =

đ?‘†1 đ?‘‡1 + đ?‘†2 đ?‘‡2 + đ?‘†đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž

1

TL= 10 đ??żđ?‘œđ?‘”10 đ?‘‡đ?‘Žđ?‘Ł = 10 đ??żđ?‘œđ?‘”10

1

1 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ´

= 40dB Noise produce – sound reduction = remaining noise to seminar room 70dB – 40dB = 30dB

Conclusion of Wall A The overall transmission loss of wall A from mini theater to reading area is at 40dB. Assume that the sound pressure level in the mini theater is approximately 70dB during display movie, the sound that is transmitted through wall A had reduce 40dB than block by tree that also reduce 5dB than block again by the curtain wall (37dB) of reading area. End up there were no noise able to transmit through from mini theater to reading area that without any support of insulation panel. According to the noise criteria environment perception, 0 dB is under the category of silent which it is considering an ideal value for book collection area where people able to find the book without any noise disturbance. Conclusion of Wall B The overall transmission loss of wall B from mini theater to seminar room is at 40dB. Assume that the sound pressure level in the mini theater is approximately 70dB during display movie, the sound that is transmitted through wall B had reduce 40dB than block by tree that also reduce 5dB than block again by the brick wall (40dB) of seminar room. End up there were no noise able to transmit through from mini theater to seminar room that without any support of insulation panel. According to the noise criteria environment perception, 0 dB is under the category of silent which it is considering an ideal value for seminar room where people able to listen the lecturer to teach.

3.5 External Noise Sound Pressure Level (Public Reading Area)

Ground Floor Plan According to MS 1525, the requirement noise criteria of environment perception for public reading area is 30-40dB.

Peak Hour (Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah) Highest Reading: 75dB Use the formula,đ??ż = 10 log10 (đ??ź/đ??źâ‚€) 75 = 10 log10 (đ??ź/1đ?‘Ľ10⠝š²) đ??ź = (107 ̇⠾)(1đ?‘Ľ10−12 ) đ??ź = 3.16 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ľ Lowest Reading: 60dB Use the formula,đ??ż = 10 log10 (đ??ź/đ??źâ‚€) 60 = 10 log10 (đ??ź/1đ?‘Ľ10⠝š²) đ??ź = (10â ś)(1đ?‘Ľ10−12 ) đ??ź = 1 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ś Total intensities, đ??ż = (3.16 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ľ) + (1 đ?‘Ľ 10−6 ) đ??ż = 3.26 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ľ Combined SPL = 10 log10 (3.26 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ľ) á (1 đ?‘Ľ 10⠝š²) = 75.13dB

Non-Peak Hour (Jalan Sultan Azlan Shah) Highest Reading: 53dB Use the formula,đ??ż = 10 log10 (đ??ź/đ??źâ‚€) 53 = 10 log10 (đ??ź/1đ?‘Ľ10⠝š²) đ??ź = (10⠾̇̇ ̇³)(1đ?‘Ľ10−12 ) đ??ź = 2 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ˇ Lowest Reading: 45dB Use the formula,đ??ż = 10 log10 (đ??ź/đ??źâ‚€) 45 = 10 log10 (đ??ź/1đ?‘Ľ10⠝š²) đ??ź = (104 ̇⠾)(1đ?‘Ľ10−12 ) đ??ź = 3.2 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ¸ Total intensities, đ??ż = (2 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ˇ) + (3.2 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ¸) đ??ż = 2.3 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ˇ Combined SPL = 10 log10 (2.3 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ˇ) á (1 đ?‘Ľ 10⠝š²) = 53.62dB Transmission coefficient of materials Building Material Element Facade Bamboo Railing Glass

Colour

Finish

Brown Transparent

Matte Glossy

Bamboo Facade 1 đ?‘‡= đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” ( 10 ) 1 đ?‘‡= 20 đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” (10) đ?‘‡ = 1 đ?‘Ľ 10⠝² Railing Glass đ?‘‡đ?‘Žđ?‘Ł =

đ?‘†1 đ?‘‡1 + đ?‘†2 đ?‘‡2 + đ?‘†đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž

(40.50 đ?‘Ľ 1 đ?‘Ľ 10⠝²) + (11.28 đ?‘Ľ 1 đ?‘Ľ 10−2 ̇⠜) = 40.50 + 11.28 = 8.4 đ?‘Ľ 10⠝³

�=

Surface Area, Sm² 40.50 11.28

1

đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” ( 10 ) 1 đ?‘‡= 26 đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” (10) đ?‘‡ = 1 đ?‘Ľ 10−2 ̇⠜

SRI (dB) 20 26

Transmission Coefficient, T 1 đ?‘Ľ 10⠝² 1 đ?‘Ľ 10−2 ̇⠜

1

SRI= 10 đ??żđ?‘œđ?‘”10 đ?‘‡đ?‘Žđ?‘Ł 1

= 10 đ??żđ?‘œđ?‘”10 8.4 đ?‘Ľ 10⠝³ = 20.76 dB

Noise from road during peak hour Noise produce – sound reduction = remaining noise from road to public reading area 75.13dB – 30.76dB = 44.37dB Noise from road during non-peak hour Noise produce – sound reduction = remaining noise from road to public reading area 53.63dB – 30.76dB = 22.87dB Average remain noise from road during peak and non-peak hour (44.37dB + 22.87dB) / 2 = 33.62dB Conclusion At public reading area the average sound pressure level during peak hour and non-peak hour are 75.13dB and 53.63dB. The comfort level of public reading area is 30-40dB during peak or non-peak hour. To achieve the comfort level, bamboo façade and railing glass had applied to decrease the noise from the road to public reading area, after the calculation the sound reduction index for both totals is 20.76dB. Furthermore, there were 12m distance from the road to the public reading area which able to reduce more dB with the help of tree. As a result, the sound reduction index of bamboo façade and railing glass are 20.76dB, Trees and the distance able to get 10dB, total up of 30.76dB. During peak hour, the sound transmission able to get through 44.37dB which result is medium quiet. During non-peak hour, the sound transmission able to get through 22.87dB which result is quiet. As conclusion, the average sound transmission able to get through during peak and non-peak hour is 33.62dB which under the comfort level of 30-40dB.

3.6 External Noise Sound Pressure Level (Office)

First Floor Plan According to MS 1525, the requirement noise criteria of environment perception for office is 30-40dB.

Peak and Non-Peak Hour (Back Valley Road of the Site) Highest Reading: 53dB Use the formula,đ??ż = 10 log10 (đ??ź/đ??źâ‚€) 53 = 10 log10 (đ??ź/1đ?‘Ľ10⠝š²) đ??ź = (10⠾̇̇ ̇³)(1đ?‘Ľ10−12 ) đ??ź = 2 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ˇ Lowest Reading: 45dB Use the formula,đ??ż = 10 log10 (đ??ź/đ??źâ‚€) 45 = 10 log10 (đ??ź/1đ?‘Ľ10⠝š²) đ??ź = (104 ̇⠾)(1đ?‘Ľ10−12 ) đ??ź = 3.2 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ¸ Total intensities, đ??ż = (2 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ˇ) + (3.2 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ¸) đ??ż = 2.3 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ˇ Combined SPL = 10 log10 (2.3 đ?‘Ľ 10â ťâ ˇ) á (1 đ?‘Ľ 10⠝š²) = 53.62dB

Transmission coefficient of materials Building Material Element Facade Bamboo Railing Curtain Wall

Colour

Finish

Brown Transparent

Matte Glossy

Bamboo Facade 1 đ?‘‡= đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” ( 10 ) 1 đ?‘‡= 20 đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” (10) đ?‘‡ = 1 đ?‘Ľ 10⠝²

��� =

=

Surface Area, Sm² 21.60 18.07

SRI (dB) 20 37

Transmission Coefficient, T 1 đ?‘Ľ 10⠝² 1 đ?‘Ľ 10âˆ’áśž ̇⠡

Railing Glass 1 đ?‘‡= đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” ( 10 ) 1 đ?‘‡= 37 đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” (10) đ?‘‡ = 1 đ?‘Ľ 10âˆ’Âł ̇⠡

đ?‘†1 đ?‘‡1 + đ?‘†2 đ?‘‡2 + đ?‘†đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž

(21.60 đ?‘Ľ 1 đ?‘Ľ 10⠝²) + (18.07 đ?‘Ľ 1 đ?‘Ľ 10âˆ’áśž ̇⠡) 21.60 + 18.07

= 5.54 đ?‘Ľ 10⠝³

1

SRI= 10 đ??żđ?‘œđ?‘”10 đ?‘‡đ?‘Žđ?‘Ł 1

= 10 đ??żđ?‘œđ?‘”10 5.54 đ?‘Ľ 10⠝³ = 22.57 dB Noise from road during peak and non-peak hour Noise produce – sound reduction = remaining noise from road to public reading area 53.62dB – 22.57dB = 31.05dB

Conclusion At office the average sound pressure level during peak hour and non-peak hour are 53.62dB. The comfort level of office is 30-40dB during peak or non-peak hour. To achieve the comfort level, bamboo façade and curtain wall had applied to decrease the noise from the back valley road to office, after the calculation the sound reduction index for both totals is 22.57dB. As conclusion, the average sound transmission able to get through during peak and non-peak hour is 31.05dB which under the comfort level of 30-40dB.

4.0 References 1. McMullan, R. (1998). Environmental science in building. Basingstoke, England: Macmillan. 2. DiLaura, D. L. (2011). The lighting handbook: Reference and application. New York, NY: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. 3. Szokolay, S.V., (2004), Introduction to Architectural Science, Architectural Press, Burlington. 4. Cavanaugh, W.J. & Wilkes, J.A.(1999). Architectural Acoustics – principles and Practice. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York. 4 5. Mehta, M, (1999), Architectural Acoustics, Prentice Hall, New Jersey 6. Karlinasar et al. (2012). Acoustica l Properties of Particleboard Made From Bamboo. Retrieved July 1, 2016, from://www.ncsu.edu/bioresources/BioRes_07/BioRes_07_4_5700_Karlinasari_HMMNH_Acoustic _Prop_Particleboard_Bamboo_2681.pdf 7. Philips - Malaysia. (n.d.). Retrieved July 03, 2016, from http://www.philips.com.my/ 8. Vigran, T. E. (2008). Building acoustics. London: Taylor & Francis. 9. Hopkins, C. (2007). Sound insulation. Amsterdam: Elsevier / Butterworth-Heinemann.

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