view with images and charts Report On Industrial Relations INTRODUCTION Currently a vast multitude of social systems relevant to industrial relations exist worldwide. These systems have been broadly classified into eleven broad types. Each of these classifications have been reversed and a relevancy analysis done from the perspective of the labor, social, political and historical perspective of Bangladesh. SUBSISTENCE SYSTEM The anthropological study of subsistence, often termed cultural ecology, covers the basic tools, techniques, and organizational arrangements (technology) that people have developed to obtain food and other material resources from their natural surroundings (environment). It focuses upon providing a detailed account of the system of material production and looks at how subsistence relates to other aspects of social organization and culture: settlement forms, family life, political organization, and ideology and religion. APPROACHES: 1. Cultural Evolution – emphasis on general subsistence types depending on technologies of food production. 2. Cultural Ecology – emphasis on adaptation to local environments through use of technology and patterns of social organization. 3. Indigenous Knowledge Systems - emphasis on local systems of classifying, utilizing, and managing environmental resources. The subsistence system of social relations in production is widely spread, appearing in 106 countries or territories out of 153, the main areas of its incidence are in Africa, low economic growth Asian countries and to a lesser extent in Latin America and the Caribbean. Most densely populated peasant societies form part of large markets and cannot be considered as subsistence systems. A subsistence system is the characteristic of peasant economies. Here, the family units produce mainly for their own consumption. This also includes some limited specialization in artisan products exchanged on a local basis. In the subsistence system, the primitive technology is generally used for production. In the subsistence system, family units are largely independent of hierarchical economic authority. It is true that although there is no hierarchical economic authority, there might often be social and political authority. The workers in subsistence system are substantially outside and independent of the monetized economy. As a rough rule if more than 25 percent of their working time is devoted to earning money either by performing paid labor or by sale of products produced in the family unit in order to acquire goods produced outside the subsistence economy. They are no longer to be considered as being in a subsistence system.
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