unilever

View with images and charts A Report on Unilever and its Brands

Unilever is a multi-national corporation, formed of Anglo-Dutch parentage that owns many of the world's consumer product brands in foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. Unilever employed 174,000 people and had aworldwide revenue of â‚Ź40.5 billion in 2008.

Unilever is a dual-listed company consisting of Unilever NV in Rotterdam, Netherlands and Unilever PLC in London, England. This arrangement is similarto that of Reed Elsevier, and that of Royal Dutch Shell prior to their unified structure. Both Unilever companies have the same directors and effectively operate as a single business. The current non-executive Chairman of Unilever N.V. and PLC is Michael Treschow while Paul Polman is Group Chief Executive.

Unilever's main competitors include Procter & Gamble, NestlĂŠ, Kraft Foods, Mars, Reckitt Benckiser and Henkel.

History

Unilever was created in 1930 by the merger of British soapmaker Lever Brothers and Dutch margarine producer Margarine Unie, a logical merger as palm oil was a major raw material for both margarines and soaps and could be imported more efficiently in larger quantities.

In the 1930s the business of Unilever grew and new ventures were launched in Latin America. In 1972 Unilever purchased A&W Restaurants' Canadian division but sold its shares through a management buyout to former A&W Food Services of Canada CEO Jeffrey Mooney in July 1995. By 1980 soap and edible fats contributed just 40% of profits, compared with an original 90%. In 1984 the company bought the brand Brooke Bond (maker of PG Tips tea).

In 1987 Unilever strengthened its position in the world skin care market by acquiring Chesebrough-Ponds, the maker of RagĂş, Pond's, Aqua-Net, Cutex Nail Polish, and Vaseline. In 1989 Unilever bought Calvin Klein Cosmetics, FabergĂŠ, and Elizabeth Arden, but the latter was later sold (in 2000) to FFI Fragrances.

In 1996 Unilever purchased Helene Curtis Industries, giving the company "a powerful new presence in the United States shampoo and deodorant market". The purchase brought Unilever the Suave and Finesse hair-care product brands and Degree deodorant brand.

Global employment at Unilever 2000-2008 Black represents employment numbers in Europe, light grey represents the Americas and dark grey represents Asia, Africa, and Middle East. Between 2000 and 2008 Unilever reduced global workforce numbers by 41%, from 295,000 to 174,000. Note: Europe figures for 2000-2003 are all Europe; from 2004 figures in black are Western Europe. For 2004-2008 Figures for Asia, Africa and Middle East include Eastern and Central Europe.

Source: Unilever Annual Reports 2004, 2008 In 2000 the company absorbed the American business Best Foods, strengthening its presence in North America and extending its portfolio of foods brands. In a single day in April 2000, it bought, ironically, both Ben & Jerry's, known for its calorie-rich ice creams, and Slim Fast.

The company is fully multinational with operating companies and factories on every continent (except Antarctica) and research laboratories at Colworth and Port Sunlight in England; Vlaardingen in the Netherlands; Trumbull, Connecticut, and Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey in the United States; Bangalore in India (see also Hindustan Unilever Limited); Pakistan; and Shanghai in China.

The US division continued to carry the Lever Brothers name until the 1990s, when it adopted the parent company's moniker. The American unit now has headquarters in New Jersey, and no longer maintains a presence at Lever House, the iconic skyscraper on Park Avenue in New York City.

Unilever has recently started a five year vitality company initiative in which it began to converge the marketing of disparate arms of their business, including personal care, dieting, and consumables into an umbrella function displaying the breadth of their contributions to personal vitality. This plan has been implemented because of the lack of recognition that the Unilever brand wields, despite its ubiquitous presence. In 2006 it concluded with the sell off of the global frozen foods division, excluding the ice cream business and the Italian frozen vegetables businesses.

Unilever's Lipton brand certified by the Rainforest Alliance The company promotes sustainabilityand started a sustainable agriculture programme in 1998.In May 2007 it became the first tea company to commit to sourcing all its tea in a sustainable manner, employing the Rainforest Alliance, an international environmental NGO, to certify its tea estates in East Africa (this did not apply to tea estates in India as Unilever sold all its plantations in India in 2005, although the company still sources from India). It declared its aim to have all Lipton Yellow Label and PG Tips tea bags sold in Western Europe certified by 2010, followed by all Lipton tea bags globally by 2015.

Covalence, an ethical reputation ranking agency, placed Unilever at the top of its ranking based on positive versus negative news coverage for 2007.

In 2008 Unilever was honoured at the 59th Annual Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards for "Outstanding Achievement in Advanced Media Technology for Creation and Distribution of Interactive Commercial Advertising Delivered Through Digital Set Top Boxes" for its program Axe: Boost Your ESP. Operations Unilever owns more than 400 brands as a result of acquisitions, however, the company focuses on what are called the "billion-dollar brands", 13 brands which each achieve annual sales in excess of â‚Ź1 billion. Unilever's top 25 brands account for more than 70%

of sales.The brands fall almost entirely into two categories: Food and Beverages, and Home and Personal Care.

List of Unilever brands

This is a list of brands opertated by the Anglo-Dutch multinational Unilever Billion-Euro brands Brands with annual sales in excess of €1 billion.

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Lipton Lux (soap) Omo Rexona Sunsilk

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Surf (detergent)

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Axe/Lynx Blue Band Dove Flora/Becel Heartbrand (ice cream) Hellman's

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Knorr

Food and beverages • • •

Ades or Adez — soya-based drinks Alsa — desserts and syrups Amora — French mayonnaise and dressings

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Fruco — ketchup, mayonnaise and condiments Fudgsicle Gallo — olive oil Heartbrand — ice cream (umbrella logo)

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Peperami — Sausage snacks PG Tips — tea (UK) Phase — cooking oil Planta — margarine Popsicle — Frozen treats

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Annapurna — salt and wheat flour (India) Becel — also known as Flora/Promise; health-aware: margarine, spreads, cooking oil, milk, fermented milk Ben & Jerry's — ice cream Best Foods — mayonnaise, sandwich spreads, peanut butter and salad dressings Bertolli — pasta sauces (ambient/chilled & frozen) and margarine BiFi - sausage-based snacks (Germany) Blue Band — familyaware: margarine, bread, cream alternatives Bovril — beef extract Breyers — ice cream Brooke Bond — tea Bru — instant coffee (India) Brummel & Brown — margarine Bushells — tea (Australia, New Zealand) Calvé — sauces, ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise, peanut butter Captain Findus — children's frozen food Conimex — Asian

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Hellmann's — mayonnaise I Can't Believe It's Not Butter — margarine spread Imperial Margarine — margarine Jif Lemon & Lime Juice Kecap Bango — soya sauce in Indonesia Kissan — Ketchups Squashes and Jams (India and Pakistan) Klondike — Ice cream sandwiches Knorr (Knorr-Suiza in Argentina) — sauces, stock cubes, readymeals, meal kits, ready-soups, frozen food range Lady's Choice — mayonnaise, peanut butter and sandwich spreads (Philippines) Lan-Choo — tea (Australia/New Zealand) Lao Cai Seasoning Lipton — tea Lipton Ice Tea — ready-to-drink tea (partnership with PepsiCo) Lizano Sauce (Salsa Lizano) - Costa Rican condiment Lyons' - tea (Ireland) Maille — French mustard Maizena — corn starch

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Pot Noodle — cup noodles Promise — Becel/Flora Ragú — pasta sauces Rama — margarine Royal — pastas (Philippines) Rinso - detergen (only in Indonesia) Royco — stock cubes, non-MSG stock (only in Indonesia) Red Rose Tea — tea (Canada) Sana — Margarine (Turkey) Saga — tea (Poland) Sariwangi — tea (Indonesia) Scottish Blend — tea Skippy — peanut butter Slim·Fast — diet products Sunlight Soap (Africa) Surf (Ireland, UK, Indonesia) Stork margarine Streets (ice cream) (Australia/New Zealand) Turun sinappi — mustard (Finland/Sweden) Unilever Foodsolutions — professional markets (food service) Unox — soups, smoked sausages Vaqueiro — cooking

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spices (Netherlands) Colman's — mustard Continental — side dishes Country Crock — margarine Du Darfst (Germany) Elmlea — Pourable artificial cream available in different varieties (UK) Fanacoa — Mayonnaise, mustard, ketchup (Argentina) Findus — frozen foods (Italy, UK, Scandinavia)

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Mazola — edible oils Marmite — yeast extract spread (except in Australia and New Zealand) McCollins — tea (Peru) Mrs. Filbert's — margarine (USA) Paddle pop — Icecream (Australia, Indonesia [incorporated with Wall's])

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margarine, cooking oil Wall's ice cream Wish-Bone dressing

salad

Pfanni — Bavarian potato mixes

Flora — margarine, light butter, jams

Partial list of national brands variants of the Heartbrand •

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Algida - Czech Republic, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Malta, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey Bresler - Chile Cargills - Sri Lanka Eskimo - Austria Frigo - Spain, Serbia Frisko - Denmark GB Glace - Sweden, Finland Glidat Strauss - Israel, USA Good Humor - USA, Canada HB - Ireland Helados La Fuente - Colombia Hertog Ola - Netherlands (selected products)

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Kwality Wall's - India Langnese - Germany Lusso - Switzerland Miko - France Ola - Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, South Africa Olá - Portugal Pingüino - Ecuador Selecta - Philippines Streets - Australia, New Zealand (slogan 'Nothing Beats Streets')[2] Kibon - Brazil Tio Rico - Venezuela Wall's - United Kingdom (Great Britain), Hong Kong, Singapore, Indonesia, Pakistan, Malaysia,Thailand and other parts of Asia

Holanda - Mexico, Central America •

Wall's

HB

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United

Kingdom

(Northern Ireland) Home and personal care brands •

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Ala - laundry detergent (ArgentinaBrazil) Andrelon Aviance Axe deodorant,sho wer gel,bodyspray (Lynx in the UK, Ireland and Australia) Ayush (India) Baba (East Europe) Brilhante laundry detergent (Brazil) Brut - cologne Caress - soap Cif - cleaning Clear - antidandruff shampoo (Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia, Pakistan, Poland, Hungary) Close-Up Toothpaste Comfort Cream Silk conditioner (Philippines, Brazil, Kenya)

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Dove - skin, hair, and deodorant Fair & Lovely - skin care product (available in India and Malaysia) Finesse shampoo and conditioner (sold in 2006 to Lornamead Brands, Inc.) Gessy (Brazil) Glorix (Netherlands) Good Morning (Soap Egypt) Impulse deodorant Lever 2000 Lifebuoy (Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Indonesia) Linic dandruff shampoo Lynx deodorant, men's Lyso Form home care

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Pond's Quix dishwashing liquid (Chile) Q-Tips Rexona deodorant Rinso Robijn softener Sedal (known in Brazil as Seda) shampoo and conditioner Signal (dental care) SR -Dental Skip - laundry detergent Snuggle (Fofo in Brazil) fabric softner Suave Sun dishwasher Sunil

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Sunlight •

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Sunsilk (Sedal in Latin America, Seda in Brazil) shampoo and conditioner Sure Omo (Bolivia) laundry detergent Surf - laundry detergent Swan (defunct) Thermasilk shampoo and conditioner Timotei shampoo and conditioner Vaseline body lotion, shower gel, deodorant (Vasenol in Portugal, Brazil, Italy and Spain) Vibrance shampoo and conditioner Vim (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan) Vinólia - soap (Brazil) Viso - laundry detergent (Vietnam)

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Degree

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Domestos (Poland, Czech Republic, Romania, Hungary, Spain, Germany, Italy, Israel, France, Turkey)

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(Italy) Lux - women's soap, shower gel, and lotions (Caress in the United States) Minerva laundry and dishwasher detergents (Brazil) Mist (Soap Egypt) Pears Transparent Soap Pepsodent dental

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Wisk - laundry detergent Xedex Zhonghua Toothpaste

Persil (IE/UK/FR/N Z)

Heartbrand

The Heartbrand logo accompanying various brands of Unilever ice creams.

Unilever is the world's biggest ice cream manufacturer, with an annual turnover of €5 billion. Except for Popsicle, Klondike, Ocean Spray ice cream, Slim Fast ice cream, Breyers and Ben & Jerry's, all of its ice cream business is done under the "Heartbrand" brand umbrella, so called because of its heart-shaped logo. Unilever currently operates

eleven ice cream factories in Europe; the biggest include factories at Heppenheim in Germany, Caivano in Italy, St. Dizier in France and Gloucester in the United Kingdom.

The Heartbrand was launched in 1999 (and slightly modified in 2002) as an effort to increase international brand awareness and promote cross-border synergies in manufacturing and marketing ("centralisation"). It is present in more than 40 countries.

Although the logo is common worldwide, each country retained the local brand so as to keep the familiarity built over the years, one notable exception being Hungary where the previous Eskimo brand has been replaced with Algida in 2003.

In 2005, Glidat Strauss received special permission from Unilever to export their brand of ice cream to the United States because of the strict kosher certification the products in Israel have. Under terms of the agreement, Strauss ice cream and krembo may be sold only in kosher supermarkets and import shops. It is distributed in North America by Dairy Delight, a subsidiary of Norman's Dairy.

A freezer in Queens, NY filled with Strauss ice cream from Israel with the Heartbrand Prior to the heart logo, each country could choose its own logo, although the most common one consisted of a blue circle with the local brand's name over a background of red and white stripes; second most common old logo, used by Wall's in the UK and other countries, was a yellow logo with Wall's in blue text.

Unilever generally manufactures the same ice-cream with the same names, with rare occasions of regional availability, under different brands. Some of these ice-creams include Carte D'Or, Cornetto, Magnum, Solero and Viennetta.

Advertising

Unilever has produced many advertising campaigns, including: • • • • • • • • •

Lynx/Axe click advert with Nick Lachey PG Tips Monkey and Al Knorr Chicken Tonight, 'I feel like chicken tonight' Flora London Marathon Knorr global brand Dove Campaign for Real Beauty, including Evolution Calve Pindakaas (peanut butter) in the Netherlands Comfort Pure recommended by mothercare Clear Anti-Dandruff shampoo and conditioner with the entertainer Rain

Corporate governance Unilever's highest executive body is called the Unilever Executive which is led by the Group Chief Executive (Paul Polman). It is responsible for delivering profit and growth across the company.

Members of the Unilever Executive include: Executive and non-executive directors at Unilever are: • Paul Polman (Group Chief Executive) • Michael Treschow • Vindi Banga (President Categories) • Professor Geneviève Berger • Doug Baillie (President Western • The Rt. Hon. The Lord Brittan of Europe) Spennithorne, QC • Harish Manwani (President • Wim Dik Asia,Africa, Central & Eastern • Charles E. Golden Europe) • Kees J. Storm • Jim Lawrence (Chief Financial • Jeroen van der Veer Officer) • Byron E. Grote • Hixonia Nyasulu

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Sandy Ogg (Chief HR Officer)

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N. R. Narayana Murthy

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Michael B. Americas)

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Lord Simon of Highbury CBE

Polk

(President

Criticism Unilever has attracted a variety of criticisms from political, environmental and human rights activists. For example, it has been criticised by Greenpeace for causing deforestation, for testing products on animals by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, and for making use of child labour, among others.

Deforestation Unilever was briefly targeted by Greenpeace UK in 2008, who criticised the company for buying palm oil from suppliers who are destroying Indonesia's rainforests. Unilever, as a founding member of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil, responded immediately by revealing its plans to source its palm oil from sources that are certified as sustainable. In Ivory Coast one of Unilever's palm oil suppliers was accused of clearing forest for plantations. Their activities were threatening the extinction of a primate species, Miss Waldron's Red Colobus, whose last few specimens live in an area that was targeted for clearance. Unilever intervened and halted these activities subject to the result of a thorough environmental assessment.

India

Unilever has been criticised by international commentators such as Corpwatch for failing to live up to the environmental standards it proclaims especially when operating in developing countries such as India. In India Unilever operates through its subsidiary Hindustan Unilever.

Involvement in race issues According to The Telegraph, Hindustan Unilever, an Indian company that is majority owned by Unilever, was forced to withdraw television advertisements for its women's skin-lightening cream, Fair and Lovely. Advertisements depicted depressed, dark-skinned women, who had been ignored by employers and men, suddenly finding new boyfriends and glamorous careers after the cream had lightened their skin.

Dumping of mercury at Kodaikkanal Unilever was accused by Greenpeace of double standards and shameful negligence for allowing its Indian subsidiary, Hindustan Lever, to dump several tonnes of highly toxic mercury waste in the densely populated tourist resort of Kodaikanal and the surrounding protected nature reserve of Pambar Shola, in Tamilnadu, Southern India.

Greenpeace activists and concerned residents cordoned off a contaminated dump site in the centre of Kodaikanal to protect people from the mercury wastes that have been recklessly discarded in open or torn sacks by Hindustan Lever which manufactures mercury thermometers for export, mainly to the United States. According to Hindustan Lever, from there, the thermometers are sold to Germany, UK, Spain, USA, Australia and Canada. The factory, set up in 1977, imported from the United States, after the US factory was shutdown for ‘unknown reasons’.

Sexism The Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood criticized Unilever for the 2007 Axe marketing campaign, which they considered sexist. Unilever's response is that the Axe campaign is intended as a spoof and "not meant to be taken literally". Critics noted that at the same time Unilever launched the contradicting Dove "Real Beauty" marketing campaign, which encouraged women to reject the underfed and hyper-sexualized images of modern advertising.

Trade unions Trade unions representing Unilever employees around the globe have registered a number of complaints about the company, including tens of thousands of job losses in recent years. Many former Unilever employees are now outsourced, leading unions to write about "the vanishing Unilever worker". In one example of such a dispute, in September 2008 Unilever Pakistan called in police and paramilitary as a union protested job transfers to a third party. In December 2007 a global trade union day of action against Unilever was called. In early October 2008, the global union federation representing food workers, the IUF, launched a new global website focusing on these issues called UnileverWatch. Occupied Territories

Unilever owned 51% of Beigel and Beigel, a bakery in the Barkan Industrial Park which employs Israeli and Palestinian workers. It is in an Israeli settlement in the occupied West Bank. In 2008 it announced it would be divesting its ownership in the factory.

Popular media The band Chumbawamba has a song critical of Unilever, simply named after the company.

Product groups Categories In its online product catalogue, retailer Sears, Roebuck and Company divides its products into departments, then presents products to shoppers according to (1) function or (2) brand. Each product has a Sears item number and a manufacturer's model number. The departments and product groupings that Sears uses are intended to help customers browse products by function or brand within a traditional department store structure.

Sizes and colors A catalog number, especially for clothing, may group sizes and colors. When ordering the product, the customer specifies size, color and other variables. example: you walk into a store and see a group of shoes and in that group are sections of different colors of that type of shoe and sizes for that shoe to satisfy your need.

Product line A product line is "a group of products that are closely related, either because they function in a similar manner, are sold to the same customer groups, are marketed through the same types of outlets, or fall within given price ranges."

Many businesses offer a range of product lines which may be unique to a single organization or may be common across the business's industry. In 2002 the US Census compiled revenue figures for the finance and insurance industry by various product lines such as "accident, health and medical insurance premiums" and "income from secured consumer loans". Within the insurance industry, product lines are indicated by the type of risk coverage, such as auto insurance, commercial insurance and life insurance.

Service types National and international product classifications

Various classification systems for products have been developed for economic statistical purposes. The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) classifies companies by their primary product. The European Union uses a "Classification of Products by Activity" among other product classifications. The United Nations also classifies products for international economic activity reporting.

The Aspinwall Classification System (Leo Aspinwall, 1958) classifies and rates products based on five variables: 1. Replacement rate (How frequently is the product repurchased?)

2. Gross margin (How much profit is obtained from each product?)

3. Buyer goal adjustment (How flexible are the buyers' purchasing habits with regard to this product?)

4. Duration of product satisfaction (How long will the product produce benefits for the user?)

5. Duration of buyer search behaviour (How long will consumers shop for the product?)

The National Institute of Governmental Purchasing (NIGP) developed a commodity and services classification system for use by state and local governments, the NIGP Code.

The NIGP Code is used by 33 states within the United States as well as Revenue

For the tax agency in Ireland of the same name, see Revenue Commissioners. For the tax agency in the United Kingdom of the same name, see HM Revenue and Customs.

In business, revenue or revenues is income that a company receives from its normal business activities, usually from the sale of goods and services to customers. Some companies also receive revenue from interest, dividends or royalties paid to them by other companies.[1] Revenue may refer to business income in general, or it may refer to

the amount, in a monetary unit, received during a period of time, as in "Last year, Company X had revenue of $32 million."

In many countries, including the UK, revenue is referred to as turnover.

Profits or net income generally imply total revenue minus total expenses in a given period. In accounting and financial analysis, revenue is often referred to as the "top line" due to its position on the income statement at the very top. This is to be contrasted with the "bottom line" which denotes net income.[2] Investments such as stock shares in companies.[3] For government, revenue includes gross proceeds from income taxes on companies and individuals, excise duties, customs duties, other taxes, sales of goods and services, dividends and interest.[4] In general usage, revenue is income received by an organization in the form of cash or cash equivalents. Sales revenue or revenues is income received from selling goods or services over a period of time. Tax revenue is income that a government receives from taxpayers.

In more formal usage, revenue is a calculation or estimation of periodic income based on a particular standard accounting practice or the rules established by a government or government agency. Two common accounting methods, cash basis accounting and accrual basis accounting, do not use the same process for measuring revenue.

Corporations that offer shares for sale to the public are usually required by law to report revenue based on generally accepted accounting principles or International Financial Reporting Standards.

In a double-entry bookkeeping system, revenue accounts are general ledger accounts that are summarized periodically under the heading Revenue or Revenues on an income statement. Revenue account names describe the type of revenue, such as "Repair service revenue", "Rent revenue earned" or "Sales".

Business revenue Business revenue is income from activities that are ordinary for a particular corporation, company, partnership, or sole-proprietorship. For some businesses, such as manufacturing and/or grocery, most revenue is from the sale of goods. Service businesses such as law firms and barber shops receive most of their revenue from rendering services.

Lending businesses such as car rentals and banks receive most of their revenue from fees and interest generated by lending assets to other organizations or individuals.

Revenues from a business's primary activities are reported as sales, sales revenue or net sales. This excludes product returns and discounts for early payment of invoices. Most

businesses also have revenue that is incidental to the business's primary activities, such as interest earned on deposits in a demand account. This is included in revenue but not included in net sales. Sales revenue does not include sales tax collected by the business.

Other revenue (a.k.a. non-operating revenue) is revenue from peripheral (non-core) operations. For example, a company that manufactures and sells automobiles would record the revenue from the sale of an automobile as "regular" revenue. If that same company also rented a portion of one of its buildings, it would record that revenue as “other revenue” and disclose it separately on its income statement to show that it is from something other than its core operations.

A public company reports its total annual revenues based on its fiscal year. Public companies also report quarterly revenues.

Internally, companies break revenue down by operating segment, geographic region, and product line.

Financial analysis Main article: financial analysis Revenue is a crucial part of financial analysis. A company’s performance is measured to the extent to which its asset inflows (revenues) compare with its asset outflows (expenses). Net Income is the result of this equation, but revenue typically enjoys equal attention during a standard earnings call. If a company displays solid “top-line growth,” analysts could view the period’s performance as positive even if earnings growth, or “bottom-line growth” is stagnant. Conversely, high income growth would be tainted if a company failed to produce significant revenue growth. Consistent revenue growth, as well as income growth, is considered essential for a company's publicly traded stock to be attractive to investors Revenue is used as an indication of earnings quality. There are several financial ratios attached to it, the most important being gross margin and profit margin. Also, companies use revenue to determine bad debt expense using the income statement method.

Price / Sales is sometimes used as a substitute for a Price to earnings ratio when earnings are negative and the P/E is meaningless. Though a company may have negative earnings, it almost always has positive revenue.

Gross Margin is a calculation of revenue less cost of goods sold, and is used to determine how well sales cover direct variable costs relating to the production of goods.

Net income / sales, or profit margin, is calculated by investors to determine how efficiently a company turns revenues into profits.

Government revenue Government revenue includes all amounts of money received from sources outside the government entity. Large governments usually have an agency or department responsible for collecting government revenue from companies and individuals. Government revenue may also include Reserve Bank currency which is printed.This is recorded as an advance to the retail bank together with a corresponding currency in circulation expense entry.The income derives from the Official Cash rate payable by the retail banks for instruments such as 90 day bills.There is a question as to whether using generic business based accounting standards can give a fair and accurate picture of government accounts in that with a monetary policy statement to the reserve bank directing a positive inflation rate the expense provision for the return of currency to the reserve bank is largely symbolic in that to totally cancel the currency in circulation provision all currency would have to be returned to the reserve bank and cancelled.

Earnings before interest and taxes In financial and business accounting, earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) is a measure of a firm's profitability that excludes interest and income tax expenses.

EBIT = Operating Revenue – Operating Expenses (OPEX) + Non-operating Income Operating Income = Operating Revenue – Operating Expenses Operating income is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, but it is also sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. This is true if the firm has no non-operating income.

A professional investor contemplating a change to the capital structure of a firm (e.g., through a leveraged buyout) first evaluates a firm's fundamental earnings potential (reflected by Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization EBITDA and EBIT), and then determines the optimal use of debt vs. equity.

To calculate EBIT, expenses (e.g., the cost of goods sold, selling and administrative expenses) are subtracted from revenues. Profit is later obtained by subtracting interest and taxes from the result.

Operating Revenue

Sales Revenue

$20,438

Operating Expenses

Cost of goods sold

$7,943

Selling, general and administrative expenses $8,172

Depreciation and amortization

$960

Other expenses

$138

Total operating expenses

Operating income

Non-operating income

$17,213

$3,225

$130

Earnings before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) $3,355

Net interest expense/income

Earnings before income taxes

Income taxes

Net income

$145

$3,210

$1,027

$2,183

(Table info source: Bodie, Z., Kane, A. and Marcus, A. J. Essentials of Investments, McGraw Hill Irwin, 2004, p. 452 Applications of the NIGP Code include vendor registration, inventory item identification, contract item management, spend analysis and strategic sourcing.

Conclusion: Unilever is a dual-listed company consisting of Unilever NV in Rotterdam, Netherlands and Unilever PLC in London, England. This arrangement is similarto that of Reed Elsevier, and that of Royal Dutch Shell prior to their unified structure. Both Unilever companies have the same directors and effectively operate as a single business. The current non-executive Chairman of Unilever N.V. and PLC is Michael Treschow while Paul Polman is Group Chief Executive.