Keyline Vol1 No4 Oct 1955 by Regrarians

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SYDNEY . . . Cnr. york and Barrack Srreer: NEWCASTLE .. 324-376 Kins Srreer MELBOURNE ...... Ciry Road and Claren,lo'n Srreer BRISBANE Breakfast Creek Road. \eustead PERTFI . , \\.elshpool AUCKLAND penrose. S.E.6

PEG'D TRADE MARK

Wqter

Vol. 1, No.

OCTOBER,

1955

OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KEYLINE (RESGARCH) FOUNDATION Editorial Correspondence: Keyline publishing pty. Ltd., Room 6, gth Floor, 1,t7 pitt Streer, Sydney (BW6912). Advertising lnluiries: J. T. O,Mara, Room 2, 3rd Floor, 283 Etizabeth Street, Sydney (MA26B8).

E,DITORIAL

\\\

-N7fR BRE.\K\Vq!L, who n.rore ,.The Campbell_ M ton-n \,-enture" in this issue, is a Nlast'er of . Agricultural Science and was, prior to[i, recent pppointment with the A.M.L. & F.^ Co. Ltd., senior lecturer. in ,A.qono-y- (which, of course, -ln;i;4.,

in the Lismore, N.S.W., ur"u .o-e little tirire ugols *ell

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pasturer) at the University of sydney. His pasture work

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known.

.Nflr^Breakwell is thcrefore a highry quarified trained

sQlentrhc,observer and.his description and^ opinions on the LrampDetltown experrment must be considefed accor_ '''fringly.

'i, M..,,Breakwell 'i

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sees in the mechanics ol the Keyline PIan the solution to the rainfall runoff problem'and therefore something of outstanding rmportance. Otirers see in it the cheapest and most practical largescale r'vater conservation icheme ever devised. otrr?i, again are impressed with the Keyline handling of tr;;; seeing in it the solution to Austialia,s growirig timUer

problems. Yeomans ofrers it as a comprete ptan qf rand deaeropment. \Vhilc Breakwell's. description of Campbelltown pre_ ),2f?asenrs a hopeless and- dismil picture, ye'omans, on the ',,r/ / other , hand, -vbqlur regards rL it ao as 4a better uvLLUr prupusrlluu. proposition Ilow now than tllan i;----r,-^*--*, .//,/ fuq-Ilevallan was three years ago. Breakwell's telling anarysis of the sandstone soils of W ^ II 9u-pbelltown is so obvrously factuar and common sense that it is hard to credit that any other deductions as to i/its development could be correct. Now that Yeomans has started the job we will soon have the answer. OcrosEn,

1955

JAGUAX MARK VII TYPE ,

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IN BOTH AUTOMATIC AND STANDARD TRANSHISSION

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cordial inaitation

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inspect the spacious,

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leisurely alntl:L .,-- .'

BRYSO

I N D U ST R I E S

191 -199 WILLIAM STREET, SYDNE I82 EXHIBITION STREET, MELBOURN

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SE,CRE,TARY'S

(ql,tne, A NAilONAT. Vol. I, No. 4

NOTE.S

AGRTCULTURAT /OURNAT

October,

1955

INDEX

Editorial Secretary's Notes .. .. Campbelltown Venture A Good Dam in the Right Place The Round Hill Shorthorns .. Keyline and Floods

An lntroduction to lnvestment Know Your Pastures

4 8

12 16

The Blue Plate The Foundation Trustees Short Story: "lt Finds lts Level"

22 24

Line on Books

Feminine Angles

KEYLTNE (RESEARCH) FOUNDATION TRUSTEES P. A. YEOMANS (Presidenl)

Sir C. STANTON HICKS

Prof. J. R. A. McN{ILLAN

G. B. S. FALKINER

(Vice-Prcsidenl)

A. HORDERN Jnr.

D. R. McCAUGHEY

JOHN DARLING Mrs. P. A. Y-EOMANS Mrs. A. HORDERN Jnr.

(Vic*President)

C. R. N'IcKERIHAN (Hon. Treuurer)

N*-fu J'( =^^-^-

Harold N. Sarita (Organising Secntarl

TnB K-evr-rNr (Rnse,tncn) FouNoa'rroN is an agricultural research organisation constituted for the purpose of investigating and appl).lng techniques ol land development originated by P. A. Yeomans at North Richmond, N.S.W.; and to publish the results of

further research and development. "Ksyr-rNo" is the officia1 journal of the Foundation and welcomes contributions on all topics of interest to men on the land. These will be paid for at standard rates or better, according to quality. Where possible,

OR three reasons at least, the 1955 Brisbane Royal Show will always be a happy memory to me. Indeed, if I seem a little late in only now setting down a few impressions of it all, my excuse could be that, in a very personal sense, I found it completely overwhelming. Actually, my genuine excuse is the good old reliable "causes beyond my control." Certainly it is not because of any lack of enjoyment of the particularly fine Show itself, or lack ofappreciation of the several.very nice things that happened to me there. The first was the most cordial manrler in which I was received by all sections of the Show; the second, the

generosity of the Australian Illawarra Shorthorn Society (Federal Council) in presenting me with a cheque for a substantial amount in recognition of past services to the breed, the presentation being made before a large audience adjacent to the A.I.S. and Jersey judging rings; the third, the remarlis of R.N.A. Continued on page 30

Horold Sorina, Keith McGorvie, Tom Mitchell, Des Show, Willie Greaves ond Geoff Howell.

articles should be accornpanied by photographs.

All contributions and editorial corrspondence should be addressed to the Editor, "Keyline", Roonr 6, Bth l-loor, I I 7

Pitt Street, Sydney.

ON THE

COVER

Erimus lntrepid, supreme chompion of the 1955 Royol Show of Englond, bought by A. Hordern lnr. for his Round Hill Beef Shorthorn stud at Culcoirn, N.S.W.

Ke v r-rst

0croarn,

955

A picture of the Compbelltown property. The line of white potches in the middle bockground ore the smoll

forms

Wedderburn, which form

the lyestern boundory ofthe property. The picture shows hotf of the cleor-

, "i{

ing work ond opproximotely o quorter of the property. The centrol white line is the rood put in along the centre of the ridge to "ftnd the property". The plonning point, or key point of the property is located on the 'saddle' formotion indicoted by the figure eight formotion of the tree /ines thot ore left.

CAMPBE,LLTOWI\ VEh{TIJRT, By E. J. BREAKWELL, M.Ag.Sc. ro the A.M.L. & F. Co. Ltd.

Pastures Adviser

T HAYE been invired to write for ,,Koyr,iNE,,, an -[ invitation for which I am not unappreciative. I am anxious, however, to retain an amateur

status as far as the Keyiine Plan is concerned. While conceding the excellence of the mechanics of Keyline from the aspect of rainfall intake, I am some-

what sceptical regarding the claims made in respect to fertility absorption. I believe Keyline will be wideiy accepted eventually for a variety ofsoils and situations. The immediate task of supporters of Keyline must be to have the method presented in its correct per_ spective, to define the soil and climatic types for which it is most suited, rather than offer it as a panacea for

all ills.

If in

being critical of claims of some Keyline

adherents I am eventually proved incorrect, then no great harm will be done, provided, ofcourse, that the KE vLrN-L

criticism provokes thought and arqun:t:_: ::--d rr.ial.

It is in this spirit that I

discu-ss

r}e C,.:.-:,:;:iirorr'n

experiment.

P. A. Yeomans has purcl-iasec ;- .--=:.--= :iece of country, some 1400 acres, ncal' C.,:: : .:-__:'.,.:, about 3li miles sourh-\r'est lrom (rc:.. . .:'. . . .. : i-ir:,nlr accessible portion of

it on i'-..,.. - -.-.:..

-,,eeks afte'r

clearing had commenc.d. F:'-.--.-- -. : r- : :rv idea of a commercial propositio::. :..- - .'. -. i am \\-rong, lor ilYeomans c"n ir-n:: . - .' '..- 11 ;.. he believis he can, then a ne\\' pt:::r.-, - - ::-.-riopment ,"vill have been er.olr'ed. 1'he prope|tv is c:..:-.

.-:. :

:'.r:is itot even

tra{ficable road tl: - --.. - ::: -:,::--:-i and scribbh,. â&#x201A;Źlum are the mai:t t:... -,-:rksias and th! miscellaneous',..--:..,'.. -:: . :':--::r.r\\' eke out a precarious tlti,':-:: j.. ,',.- . . . :- our rvretched Harvke -sburr' -i;l::c >: :-.. I " - :'. clovers.

Ocronrr.,

1955

'fhe first impression is that the country is mostly unconquerable rock. This impression lessens as one walks over the freshly cleared areas. Layers of hard sandstone shelve the terraces of soft sandstone soil which contains many floaters. The fact that the timber is sizeable for sandstone country is also indicative that there is more soii on the property than first meets the eye. However, it would certainly be classified as hopeless and inhospitable on present-day standards. There is a gorge on the northern side; to the south the country appears to be on a plateau with a gentie fall from 1 i00 to 800 feet above sea level. The shape of the valleys cannot be defined in the uncleared country, but they certainly will not be steep. Boundaries are to date missing, but Yeomans still hopes to pick up a bench or two chipped into convenient shelves ofrock, no doubt by some hardworking surveyor back in the 1850's.

Rainfall is unrecorded. Campbelltorvn, 6 miles

away, has averaged abott27t inches over a.60-year period, but this property is closer to the sea and abririt 600 feet higher than Campbelltown, so co:rstal sr:uds r:ould lift it into the 35 inch bracket. Not being sure of the layout of his property,

Yeomans has adopted the sensible approach of clearing a road along a ridge to the highest point, about 1100 feet above sea level. Clearing has commenced from this point, pushing down roughl_v concentric belts of timber. Rings of timber, each a chain wide, are left between the cleared belts. Each area cleared represents a vertical fall of 30 feet, and so a cleared ring varies in u'idth according to the slope of the land. There is, of course, a plan behind the retention of the rings of timber. They are expected to grow in height u,ithin two or three years and, besides siving a pattern to the country, will provide shade and shelter belts.

And that's about as far as we got. The timber rvas being pushed up. Some piles of timber and scrub, still green, r,r,ere burning fiercelv, abetted by a strong wind and the high "gas" content. The first strike with the Graham plow was ordered. This made me shudder w-hen I lookect at the "cleared" country which the impiement was expccted to handle. But I am coming around to Yeomans's assertion that the Graham rvill

go wherever tractor. and driver will go. Ever since

I have had a high regard fcrr regard which increases with the passing oltime. -a Although little clearirig rn,ork had been done up to the time of my visit, the plan rvas obvious. As the timber was pushed, so the land and its formation and slopes could be seen. The lbrmidable ridges of bare sandstone became less formidable, and since these

first seeing one in action

outcrops are largely on the contour they should not unduly complicate the method ol concentric clearing.

The stones, scrub and soil

KrYr-ruB

Compbelltown.

Ocroean,1955

All this I believe f can see but f cannot see what - the soil once he has Yeomans is going to do with exposed

it.

T9 -y mind the most important attribute of

Keyline is the mechanics which lead to high absorp_ tion of the rain which falls on the land. Mv interpretation is.that Keyline will find its most ,lr.frl plu.. on undulating country with a soil type in the clay-

Ioam class soil which compacts rea'dily, and whicir, once compacted, sheds its rain down into the valleys.

Such soils, too, although compact, nevertheless respond readily to structure buiiding. Chiselling, incorporating dead organic matter into"the soil, as li does,. and facilitating decay through increased mois_ ture. intake, can quite conceivably improve structure of clay-loams rapidly. But I cannot visualise how it can be so effective in sandstone soils. These are

structureless what we often term single_grained - depends soils. Structure largely .rpor, .JIloiJs, and since the sandstones in their virgin state contain little in the_way of clay colloids o. orlanic colloids there is virtually no structure-building katerial in the soil.. The child's sand-castle on Bondi Beach is arr analogy. It holds its shape while ,,cemented,, together by the surface tension oimoisture, but crumbles bact to its individual single grains once it dries. The-colloids, too, are necessary for the retention of plant foods. They hold them by electrical attraction.

Larger soil particles can,t hold them at all. While plants will grow quite satisfactorily in pure sand if the plant foods are supplied regular.iy through chemi_ cals, sand has no ability to build up a residrial supply

of these chemicals. Any Syclney zuburban gura.r..

on.Hawkesbury sandstone knoivs how diffiIult it is to build up his soil into a loamy crumby texture. He

can do

it only through the medium of animal manure.

Cleoring

KBYrrNr

organic matter, compost, etc., and it takes a lot of it to have any visible effect. This is the job which confronts yeomans. He must get.a rapid and huge increase in organic matter and, unlike the suburban gardener in thii respect, he must

do it economically. Actually we don't knon,much about Hawkesbury sandstone soils from the pasture point ofview, because the amount of investigaiional rvlork done on them is infinitesima-l. They are lon, in phosphorus and de_ ficiencies of molybdenum and boron h.rre been re_ corded. It is doubtful if these u,ill be released from the-srbsoil by chiseliing, as yeomans implies in his book, because the subsoil, being low in clay, could not hold them in any case. We know also that virgin sandstones are likely to be nitrogen-fixing bacteria so necessary for ]o*. i" the healthy clover plants. Seed innoculation should, therefore, be of benefit and the use of neutralised superphosphate an advantage. Indeed all these known shortcomings can be recti_ fied, and I have no doubt that a first-y"ear pasture can be established. What happens after tlre first year will deviiopment. While chiseiling l. lt". interesting sh.ould in getting orginic matter through thI !9lp soil, it will not necessarily speed up water absoiption, because this is very fast already. No. I see that it ".r, _ I should will have a beneficial effect on aeration think the sandstone soils get too much air already. - So the build-up of organic matter will be the all important change to waich. I anticipate that it will be a slow and expensive developmeni.

.._Aryyuy, if Yeomans fails I certainly won,t say: told you so." III on the other hand, he srcceedr, "I then I will offer him my sincere congratulatiorrs.

Compbelltown.

Ocrorrn,

1955

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in Australia-built

in Australia

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3!IIIIIIIIIII T}IE GREATEST GRIP OtI EARTH ! -.--

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Ocroarn,

1955

ffi u;.'â&#x201A;Źli

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fhe Wee Drip dom ot Yobarnie:

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'15,000,000 gollons

A GOOD DAM in the RIGHT PLACE

By P. A. YEOMANS

f N an1 well-plarrned scheme ol water corrservation I and its most effective use the positioning of your dams is naturally of the utmost importance. Where the property p..-itr, they need to be high, to ensure

in the map on page 10, u,ith lidge and load providir:. good rvatershed abo'"'e, and the dam positionccl ;,serve a large area of land ltelorr. It is admilaltlr' placed for a u,idc irrigation br- glavitr- spravs. and rr'iI1. in fact,'be the dam in mincl in the constlr.rction derails

that gravity does most of the subsequent work for you, at no cost. And they need to have a sufficient lvatershed area for their purpose above them. Generally speaking, the value to a farmer of conserved water is in direct proportion to the height of the storage. Tlie dams of

to bc givcn he re, In ovcrall Kcr'line planninq clams ale. for more reasc)n,s ihan crne. rr-sualiv a definite requirement, like the s.'stematic plantine ol trees. At the same time thev a1'e not the rrhole stor-r-. Far from it. Because I feel that rrrrothcr neslccte cl. and equzrll,v important, factor alons uith rtaterl is the onc r.vhich calls lor most empirasis. J should like to lepeat here sornc remalks I rnade on it in a lecture arranged 1t1-thr. \.S.\\'. L nir-crsit,v of -fechnology " lt sccms that there arc tlvo {actors 11'l1iL'11 g,-,mpletely ciornirrate a1l other factors that irifluence -\trstt'alian agriculture that is lrom the procluction. not the

in your higher country. These may seem elementary consiclelations. Tht fact is they have hitherto been often ignored altogether', or misapplied. I'he right positiolr h-as not alu'avs selected in our orvn earlier r'vork at North Richmond. before Keyline. One dam there, in particulal') \\'as badly positioned, and rvill later be filled in. I'or these reasons some general findings, based on our trials and errors on Nevailan and Yobarnie. ma) be of interest, before getting dorvn to details of the actual construction r,r'ork in the buiiding ol a good dam. The one below' Homestead Ridge on Yobarnie can be instanced as a rvell-popitioned dam. It apprr,rximates to the dam tou,ards tlie head of the first valley potentially greatest value are those

Kavr,rrqe

marketing, angle. Both of these ale b:rcl ir, rhcrl present cffect, but are, 1 suggest, ver\- el.il.' 1... r'i:1tr. The first rclates to water. Austlalia i. ir:c .- la:i C,- llt1]le]lt --. \\rater is the great limitine lac, :'. -\ :i :::e second, air. Air is the most neglectecl -;,: ,,-- -\lrstralian agli. ulturc. ( )[' this I arn ,r'

Ll-:-:En.

1955

"To put it another way: water is a critical factor because of climatic conditions and waste; air is a

critical factor because ofneglect through lack ofunderstanding. Most of you will agree with me on the first water. Perhaps few will agree on the second, air."

Further on, after giving instances from our own I again stressed this particular point: "While water is the most critical factor in Australian agriculture, air is the most neglected factor, shockingly increases the neglected. Keyline cultivation effectiveness of the limited rainfall and provides the soil with adequate air in the best possible way." I repeat these comments now to give as much emphasis as possible to this very important aspect of to avoid leaving any impression, Keyline planning - to be concerned with the correct in an article mainly construction of dams, that they alone are enough. Nor is it enough to catch water in dams and use it for irrigation. The place to hold water is in the soil itself. That, like giving the soil air, is a basic principle of

experiences,

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Keyline. It has another aspect, which I also touched on in reference to flood-control. Figures on the colossally the cubic feet per damaging Hunter River floods second flow of the flood, the size of the area above Maitland that shed the water, the actual water in acreindicated to me feet that flowed through Maitland just a few or holding lay in absorbing that the solution inches more rain over the whole of the rainfall area. If the whole of the Hunter Valley could be covered with highly fertile absorbent soil, flood rains heavier than the last would not cause much destruction. Once there is a highly fertile absorbent soil, the dams put in by farmers for irrigation may "top the scales." I suggested that, in the long run, work on these lines done by farmers and graziers would be more important

conserwation an essential part is water conserved in the soil or of the Keyline PIan, only by the Keyline cultivation system? On Nevallan, I said, we are developing soil with the aid of natural rainfall only, in order to determine just

serwed

in dams? Is this

how rnuch fertility and stock carrying capacity can be developed by natural rainfall alone. On our Yobarnie ur"r, ud.iu.ent, is a large water storage of 50 million gallons from which we have been irrigating since 1944, but here the Keyline PIan is only just nowbeingapplied' Conservation of lvater on the Keyline PIan is used only r,vhere such conserved water can be profitably employed for stock-u'atering and irrigation purposes. It is part of the plan on all such country as my own of course' Keeping in mind the points here emphasised, it is sufficiently evident that, while the greatest available water-storage capacity exists in the soil itselt and in the Keyline Plan the soil is employed to its limit in that capacity in effecting absorption-fertility, your dams have their own individual reasons for their existence. Even r.r'ith the Keyline cultivation established, not ali heavy rainfall is completely absorbed, though the greater part of it is. The effect in looking at any Keyline

iultivated area in such healy rain is that of seeing the

rvater moving everywhere on the face of the land' It is not being channelled into the usual single eroding streams cascading down' It is a movement of water across the land, not a downward rush. In the process, most of it is, in fact, absorbed into the soil ,.rd held there. Even so, in such rainfall there is a surplus passing on. With the systematic use of correctly positioned dams this surplus is not rn'aste water. Again, roads on or near the property above the dam site shed their quota of water that it is certainly important to conserve" Similarly with farm buildings. As I

than all the rest of "flood-control" measures put together.

In reply to questions in another connection, following on the lecture, I mentioned that when the ANZAAS scientists visited my properties in August, 1952, we already had miles of drains feeding a dozen or more dams holding upwards of 50 million gallons of rvater,

even a Turkey Nest dam" constructed in 1944-45 I pointed out, there- is much more to the Kevline Plan than the conservation of water on farms and grazing properties. The propositiorr of holding a large area of land in an undeveloped state to shed water to well, I just don't favour that now. I tried fill dams - ago. I am all in favour of irrigation, bul it many years I believe that once you have provided house water and stock water, then the next place to conserve additional the earth itself. Why especially water is in the soil - pump it back? Conserve all the run water off just to surplus water in dams for irrigation. Keep in mind that rainfall is the cheapest and most profitable irrigation. There were further questions applying to dams in general and in relation to the Keyline scheme of things in particular: How do you apply irrigation water con-

But,

Ksvr-txr

Plonning the Wee DriP dam.

Ocroaex,

1955

have suggested elsewhere,

The next step is to determine (again, of course, u,ith the ievel) the depth of the dam at the centre point of the wall that is to form the dam by joining the tn'o ends of the contour-line you have already ploughed. Once you determine that depth, which gives you the actual height of the u'ater, )ou can add 2ft. to 3ft. necessary freeboard the amount of wail that lviil be above the

is usually convenient, and

good practice from most other viewpoints, to locate the homestead, farm buildings, yards and thejr attendant roads in the higher country, as we have douc at Nevallan. For full Keyline development it becomes a part ofplanning to do so, in order to secure abundant run-offwater to fill the Keyline dams from these sources. Consideration of ail such watershed sources becomes necessary in a farming method based primarily on the holding of available moisture in the land itself. Obviously, this reduces run-off to a minimum, mostly seen

only in sudden storrns. In weighing the worth of good, rightly placed dams similar considerations apply to such storms. Discussing this in The Keliine Plan I instanced a sudden storm as possibly sending 100,000 tons to 500,000 tons of water on to a 1000 acre area in an hour or so. With rightl,v positioned dams, plus Keyline development of the general area to ensure maximum absorption, this huge weight of water can be controlled and conserved, to the immediate great benefit of the improving land and the subsequent benefit of having lvater available for later, virtually costless irrigation. The term "Keyline" is no doubt by now fully understood. Briefly, once more) the Keyline is the true contour-line crossing valleys at their first main point of slope flattening. Hence the Keyline will invariably position the highest suitable valley storage for water. Thus, a Keyline dam of the kind it is here proposed to construct is simply positioned at the highest suitable place in a valley where you can construct a dam, The first thing to deter-rnine then is where you get your run-off to fill the dam. It will not be available from merely the valley head itself. Your eye will quickly assess the potential watershedding area in either direction above the chosen site. The main drain to fill the dam always runs out in the direction of the rise of the country, which means there is more land above the drain in that direction than in the other direction; it will provide the greater run-off

e\ tz

rvater rvhen the dam is filled. On n'hat you have now done you r'r,ill be able to make a calculation of the amount of earthmoving required for the ccrnstruction of the dam.

The ruies and directions set forth in books musrlr. err on the side of being meticulously safe. No doubt they have to play safe in books, but in practical work it r,r,ill generally be found that what they tay down tends to

The next thing is to "see" the dam; preliminary

be too safe for a farmer's normal requirements. For

work will help you to form your mental picture of what it will be when completed. Peg the point at the side of the site where you think the wall should go, and next run a contour-line from it with a level. In this way you Keyline the waterlevel. (Every farmer should know how and when to use a level. Keyline methods do not really call for very much such work, but the levels that it does require are of great importance. They are important factors in any water-control or conservation project, and you need to use them to advantage.) As a reference to the map will .readily show, the water-level you have thus marked out will now be the Keyline of this valley. It is then advisable to plough this line in, and you will then "see" what you are after. Once you have ploughed the line in you can picture it as the water-level. You have a clear mental picture of

one thing, they tend to stipulate too long a batter for the dam's wall, on the inside and outside. Actually a farmer can get alvay with using less earth for his wall by having a steeper batter still have a thoroughly safe wall. Generally, if a -and bulldozer can travel up the wall of the dam, that rvall can be considered quite all right for a farrner's purpose. In the books a much loneer batter is always insisted upon.

Before getting do$,n to actual construction work, the pegging of the drain that is going to fill the dam r.l,ill complete your picture of the dam site and its u,atershed area, You peg vour drain from the water-level

at the Keypoint of the r.,allev, rising at 5ft. per 1000 (l in 200) in the direction of the rises in countrv. By this continued pegging around the area that is to supply the dam it becomes immediately apparent which is the area ol the rvatershed that you have available for your dam.

your dam. Kpyr-rNr

Ocronrx,

1955

the drain in this manner. The water that will eventually be coming down through this gently rising drain rvill not flow in

It is very important to survey

where the drain could make its nearest point of'contact, u,a11. The water actually continues on around the dam-u,ater level. It reaches rt'hat will be the waterlevel of the dam when the dam is filled at the Keypoint of the valley. At this point (easily identified by reference to the map) the u'ater flows from the drain and runs over an unexcavated area prior to reaching the dam. It passes over grass, entering the dam clean.

just at the

Often these dams are wrongiy constructed to deliver the water immediately at the wall of the dam, and they then tend to form an erosion lnazat;d at this point. This, in turn, often has the result of breaking out portion of the wall. It will be seen that your pegged drain has marked out the Keyline of this valley. The Keyline then actually is this main drain. As such it is, of course, as fully effective as a guide for Keyline cultivation as it would be if marked in any other lvay. (Curwing around a considerable area of Nevallan, for instance, the Keyline is distinctively marked by piping run along the tops of posts; it was piping we happened to have on hand, for

*hi.h *.

then had no other use. Your drain

serves

the same marking purpose as that piping : your Keyline

the pipeline will be above the floor of the dam, on the inside. The pipeline will be on the side of the valley opposite the approach of the inlet drain. The excavation fr:r the pipeline itself should be laid dead level; it need not have any fall. The pipeline trench should be in width three times the diameter of the pipe to be placed in it. Not less than a 4in. pipeline is advised; larger pipes, 5in. or.6in., may be found u'ell worth while. The pipeline through the wall can be of fibrolite or of heaqr-gauged galvanised (flanged) steel. Taking a 4in. pipeline, you have a 12in' by l2in. trench. In this the pipeline is now laid, with the addition of three or four large loose flanges of 12in' to 16in. diameter. These are placed around the pipe from the water side of the u'all to about the wall's centre line, at intervals of 6ft. to l0ft. Your valve to control the water coming from the dam can be placed on the pipeline either on the inside of the wall or the outside. The safest place to put it is on the inside pipeline under water, but this requires the building of a staging above it, with a suitable control for turning it on and off from the staging. llowever, if care is exercised to ensllre that the pipeline through the wall cannot leak water, the more easily placed and more convetlient valve at the back of the rvall is quite

here is the main drain for the watershed flow.) It is important to note that you do not dig the drain

suitable.

The rubber jointing rnaterial of the pipeline should be carefully placed and screwed up very tightly, so that no water-leak is possible in the pipeline uuder the wall. (During this placing of the pipeline the bulldozer can be operating on the other end of the wall, so there is no hold-up in the work.) In using fibrolite pipe, greater care must be taken to guard against the possibility of the bulldozer's weight fracturing your pipeline. The trench should be a little

at this stage of operations. You merely peg it out; otherwise rain at any time during construction' could ruin the work. Your next step now is to peg out the area of the base of the waii site, where the excavated material is to be placed; then peg out the area within the dam (that is,

within the contour-line) from which the material is to be excavated. Usually it is advisable not to excavate the valley below its deepest point by the wall of the dam, but to excavate behind and to the sides of this point, so that the bottom of the dam will be dead flat. Now you can make a start on the job of building your wall, to the proportions shown in the accompany-

ing section diagram. The batter there indicated is about what a bulldozer will be able to manage' A medium to large sized bulldozer should be suitable for the construction of a Keyiine dam' First remove the topsoil from the area of the wall site, and also remove the topsoil from the area that is to be excavated. This topsoil is to have a good use later, rvhen the construction of the wall is completed. Push it now to each side of the vaiiey, iust below the pegged outline site of the wall. Before you start on laying in the wall it is advisable to rip up the subsoil in the outlined wall site, so that the first excavated material to be laid down will key into this broken bottom of the wall as it is placed and compacted by the 'dozer. The next step immediately after the ripping of the subsoil is to make an excavation for your pipeline across the wall site and to one side of the valley, so that

KsvLrxr

deeper for fibrolite than for steel, and the filling material should be carefully compacted over the pipe

by hand. There is one point here which you will need to regard most important. With either kind of pipe, particular care should be taken to have the material around the

pipe of the same moisture content as the material for the wall. If the pipe is "puddled" in, with the idea of ensuring a pedect seal, the drier wall material will later draw the excess moisture from the wetter area of

the trench and leave it in a condition where the "puddling" will defeat its own object by allowing a

leak.

Continued on page 39

Ocrorrn,

I955

THE. ROI,IND HILL SHORTHOR"I\S -I-HE bull on the cover is Erimus Intrepid, I supreme grand champion bull of the 1955

lines in his pedigree : Calrossie blood, for instance, on both the sire's and dam's lines, with a dash of the Calrossie Broadhooks family on the sire's side. Kirkton Challenger's sire, Kirkton Baronet, has sired many of the top sires in leading Scottish studs, and

Royal Show of England which, with eight U.K. for Anthony Hordern Jnr. of Round Hill Beef Shorthorn stud, Culcairn (N.S.W.) by Dalgety's stud stock manager, John heifers, was bought in the

such valuable matrons as Calrossie Broadhooks Ann,

dam of some d25,000-worth ol bulls to date. Both Kirkton Challenger's sire (Kirkton Baronet) and dam (Princess Connie) were sired b,v Lawton Field

McDonald.

The name of Hordern is famous in the Beef Shorthorn world: it is well known in New South Wales, at least, for its business and grazing associations, but Anthony Hordern Snr. has a special reputation as the man largely responsible, by the importation of such bulls as Master Key and Doune Monarch, for the change from the "good walking" Beef Shorthorn then favoured by Australian breeders to the modern, Scottish type now seen in all the leading studs and

Marshal. Six heifers came lrom James Durno, Upperrlill, Tarves, Aberdeenshire, t\vo from W. MacGiilivray, Glastullich, Nig, Ross-shire. Glastuliich Mona Ramsden is by Calrossie Welcome, whose progeny have brought more than {130,000; she is due to calve to Calrossie Claymore, purchased at Perth for 10,100 guineas. Glastullich Augusta Lana is by Calrossie Prince Charlie and in calf to Calrossie Hyperbole, the bull retained as a sire by Calrossie. Uppermill

show-rings.

' But Anthony Hordern Jnr. is a relatively young breeder: so what happens at Round Hill from nou, on will be watched with keen interest by Shorthorn men in different parts of Australia. Erimus Intrepid was bought from R. S. de Q.

in the breeding of all the Uppermill heifers. Uppermill Metaphor was champion at the Royal Aberdeen Show in 1948 the onlr,'time he was - group at the Royal shown and is sire of the vvinning High-land Shows on four different occasions. Uppermill \tletaphor's sire r,r,as the 1,150-guinea Larvton Rear Metaphor is prominent

Quincey of The Vern, Marden, Herefordshire, and rvas calved on March 2, 1953. He is by Kirkton Challenger out of Rosebud Ballerina, and there is an interesting mingling and concentration of famolrs

Possibly the originol homesteod, this old building is being preserred.

KaYr-rNn

OcTonnn,

1955

Right; Port of the verondoh present homesteod.

the

Below: A modern cottoge on Round Hill, recently completed. The interior

tt&t

completely modern; outside the cottoge is designed to conform with the older buildings on the propertY.

vf,:

:#l i;i

tB ,

i: ;tf

., j# :: .

tl/!

There is a double frontage on the Billabong Creek that young Ivlurrumbidgee that meanders and

Admiral and his dam rvas Collynie Mabel 5th, which was by the 2,1OO-guinea Rosehaugh lvlandarin. The dark roan heifer Vioiet Primrose was sired by Upperhilt Metaphor. Three heifers, the dark roan Princ(ss Josephine, the red Rothes Ruth, and the red Nerissa, are by Beaufort Benbow, which was first at the Royal Highland Show at Aberdeen and second at the Royal Shorv at Cambridge in 1951' The other heifers, the dark roan Vioiet Vioia and the dark roan Princess Alexandra, are bY Uppermill Austin, a son of Uppermill Metaphor. Uppermill Austin was sold in Febrttary, 1953, for 3,000 guineas to N4r. N. Holmes, Virginia, U.S.A. Violet Viola and Princess Alexandra have been served by Westdrums Prince Maurice, and Rothes Ruth has been served by Calrossie Evening News; 'Ihe other heifers will be sen'ed before leaving

-. loops souih and west for hundreds

and the of miles readily is water bore But u,r"iug. rainfall is 26 inches. feet. 60 about at available It is, then, a favoured locality: but one is impressed most of all, in a consideration of Round Hill, by the range of activities. The fat lambs are Romney Marsh-

Scotland.

The Rourrd Hill stud is not very old; the present property, some 2800 acres of mixed fzrrming and grazing colrntry near Culcairn (between ly'fagga and Albury) , was taken over by Mr. Hordern in August, 1952. It is a part of the old Round Hill property taken up by the Hon. James Balfour, from Scotland, abor"rt 100 ,vears ago.

Anthony Hordern emphasises the "mixed I-anning and grazing" ; given the right treatment, he says, anything can be done with that country' \{heat, oats, fat lambs, fat cattle are all part of the production of Round Hill. There is already 500 acres of improved mainly Red Clover, Wimmera Rye andpasture - with some Phalaris; quite a lot of Sub.-Clover chiselling has been done already, but Mr' Hordern intends to put in the KeYline Plan' Kn vLrNr

Oc'roer,n, l9 5 5

"If graziers whose lands comprise much of the watersheds of the Hunter River and of other rivers. such as the Castlereagh, Bogan, Peel, Macquarie, and Namoi, to name only a few, were to adopt the Yeomans keyline system of cultivation, which is much simpler than contour banks or furrows, and more effective in increasing moisture absorption and retention by the soil, much could be done in a short time to prevent

types of country since its effect could be to cause even worse soil erosion than existed previously, "He then goes on to refer to an instance where several landslides resulted after rain. "I would like to take this opportunity to make clear to my lriends of the A.P.P.U. that there is a possibility of confusion in terms used,

"The 'Keyline Plan' is a whole plan involving the slstematic use of trees to prevent landslides. This is dealt with in Chapter B and specifically on page 70 of N{r. P. A. Yeomans's book expounding his 'plan'. " 'Keyline Cultivation' however, is only one special

running-off of surplus water and a.t the same time improve soil fertility.

"The grazier may ask : 'This would cost a lot of money and who is going to pay for it?'

"Although the answer is that increased returns from the land would probably more than compensate for the outlay, there may well be a case {br a subsidy

aspect of the 'plan' and Mr. Waight's letter should, unless I am mistaken, refer to 'Keyline Cultivation' and add 'lvithout appropriate use of trees.' "As a method of flood control the'Keyline Plan' irr its entirety offers the quickest and cheapest contribution to the problem, and what is even more attractive, it offers the possibility of a manyfold increase in stock carrying capacity and land value."

by tlre Federal andf or State Governments torvards the cost ofsuch work in approved areas, subject to inspection of the work actually performed. I believe that herein lies a practical means of tackling this national problern."

Contributing the second letter in the discussion, Mr. Waight stated that he had read with interest the letter of Mr. Dangerfield "advocating use of the Keyline system, evolved by Mr. Yeomans, for flood control." Mr. lVaight continued :

To his letter, as thus published, Sir Stanton Hicks has aiso added the following important statements: "It is more than ten years since Mr. P. A. Yeomans instituted his planned system of water conservation in

dams on Yobarnie upon which he bases the ,Water Conservation' section of the 'Keyline Plan'. This system has withstood the test of time and is the best

"The Keyline Plan in certain circumstances is excellent for preserving moisture in the soil and preventing

that

an eroding run-off. But it would be dangerous to recommend it for all types of country, since its effect could be to cause even worse soil erosion than existed previouslv.

"In Victoria,

"A visit of The Land Use Committee of the A.p.p.U. Yeomans property near Richmond, N.S.W., rvould, I think, be of inestimable value in forming a criticial opinion on the place of the Keyline Plan in flood control in Australia." A further most important point that may well have been made in this discussion, touching upon the value of Keylining on a large scale in lessening the onslaught of floods, is that the very first fundamental principle in this agricultural method is the retention of rainfall in the soil itself. Dams, while playing their highly important part in the storage of water and thus contributing to the lessening of flood onslaught, are really incidental adjuncts. In short, they alone are not at all the full answer which Keyline provides. Moisture absorption and retention by the soil over the entire area of all Keylined land, with planned systems of dams and planned planting of trees-that, in the fewestpossible

some country reasonably top-soiled was

of major proportions during rain. The Keyline is there-

fore suitable for certain tlpes of country only, and cannot be used indiscriminately.

"The Federal Land Use Committee of this union, representing five States, has considered the problem of flood control, and believes that money spent on extensive pasture improvement, reafforestation of the catchment areas where necessary, installation of small dams over wide areas (similar to the Badgery Creek Experiment Farm dams), and adequate control and supervision of the catchment as a whole would provide the necessary answer to flood control. Moving cities and building large expensive dams does not strike at the cause of the trouble,

words, is the answer.

Finally, one brief extract may fittingly be added here lrom a two-column article by agricultural writer

"Each type of country requires different treatment ibr adequate conservation and prevention of excessive run-ofl both in the upper areas and along the river banks to the mouth." In his letter ending the discussion Sir Stanton Hicks

Eric Sparke in the Newcastle, N.S.W., ,,Morning Herald". Dealing with Keyline generally and the aim,s of the Keyline (Research) Foundation also, and basing his article on a personal inspection of Nevallan, Mr. Sparke wrote: "An impressive weight of evidence supports claims that a low-cost solution has been found to the chief

"Mr. I. L. Waight states: The Keyline Plan in certain circumstances is excellent for preserving moisture in the soil, and preventing eroding run-off. But it would be dangerous to recommend it for all Kavlrxr

have yet seen.

to the

'Keylined', with the result that the excess of moisture brought to the sides of the valleys caused a landslide

\,vrote

problems of the Hunter Valley farmer erosion and loss ofsoil fertility." 16

flooding,

Ocroaen,

1955

roprie t arJ Lt d. introduce tke eorltctns

LEVEL

BU NYI P

Farmers, Graziers, Engineers, Plumbers, Builders, Landscape Gardeners

-and to

anyone who needs to flnd a level for laying in contours, sloping drains or to determine a variation in height. The Bunyip Level is simple and accurate, foolproof and fast. Whilst renrarkably

low-priced, it will do the iob more efficiently tlran the highest-priced insrrumen!. As simple t.o oPerete in the hands of a 'l 0-year-old as the q ualified engineer.

]lii,

*":"''o

t"""'

(FREIGH

rtother

FARMERS! You need the Bunyip Level. I'lakes

L11/17'6

every man his own engineer. Write, 'phone or wire.

FREt

YOUR CREDIT IS GOOD-lmmediate Delivery.

)

e:x<:lu,siue l' ertrtttn.s

product

aaaa

aaa @

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typsum through a combine. When seed is sown with "Ag-Yo" and lime in the mixture the "Ag-Yo" and lime act as a starter for strong germination and a good strike. "Ag-Yo" is the ideal bulking agent for the aerial spreading of fertilizers, inoculants, eultures rnsecticides and weedicides. lt has many other uses.

Agricultural Aid

"Ag-Ys" sells at

33/6

r__--

per 5 cubic-foot bag

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Fill in this Coupon and send to us for lull faets of the BUNYIP LEVEL and AG-YO.

t First loc to farmers freight free. This price includes ).6 for the hessian bag, which is refundable or an allowable deduction for bags returned in perfect

NAME

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shown that "Ag-Yo" is the only

Repeated tests have rnaterial that will satisfactorily flow fine lime or ground

PNOPRIETAMY UruUffiAil$ flfrrlrED

537 ELIZABETH STREET, SYDNEY KsvLrxn

MXl784 t7

MXI884

- Agents throughout Australia Ocroren,

1955

An INTRODUCTIOI{ to INVE,STMEI{T

A. C,

MOYES

HIS is rot an attenlpt to debunl< N,Iicawber, or to teach old dogs new tricks, but to explain some of the principles of investment and other matters

lclatrrl tri tlrc ltrrvine :rrrcl sr:llins. ol-secur.ities listecl tlrt' Srrrt:k lix<:lrlrrrgc, arrd so lrr:t1t ipyt:stors rrnke ,,r'clt:r'lv ancl r'atiorr:rl :rytpr.ozrch to tltt:ir prrilrlcrns.

orr arr

Irtt,cstrrrertt is a rr':r! irr u,Irich r.orr r:rttplot,\,oLrr rnolrc\ to gct a t'r.r'lirirr ltrll()unt ol'irt<,t,itrr- Ii'l,rrr it, a,ril s() :ls [() lrt. lrlrlc: ta) qat it llrr.li. trluirr u.lrtrr arril i['r,orr :i() rrs

\\,i'ilrt it.. ()rrr: tlritre lrioli.r'cl lirr. is sr:t'trr.itv ol' <:lt1_lital :rntl irrcorrrc, so Ilrr.;r-s sut:lr tliings r.:irrr l.rc sct.rrrr.irr u r:lrirrraing urillcl; arlothcr is pr.ospccts of incornc arrcl rrapital ac:r:r'ction. lioth ctirrrrot Jtc had on tlrc sanrc telrrrs and conrlitions. 'I'hc pr.it:e oi'secur.itr.ir-r the lirr"nr ol'a plior clairn to irrcornt :rncl capital is sacrifice o[' t:rgrritv rights, uhich entitle thc lroldcr tr: a prol;r.ictar.r irtto cst, ol ou'rrclslrilr urrcl lll tlrt: r'iqlrls arrrl ltr.ivilcq-r., tlrat qo u,itlr it. 'l'lrc ovt'r'lrll prrrlrlcrrr litr. tlrc irlvcst.or.is to lrc ili srrr.c irs Itt' t ltu tlxtt lris cxl)(:citations r,r,ill lrt' lirlfillcct. .\s irr :rll Plolrlems, a irig l;alt o1'rlre ltattle is to ask thc r.iqht (luestiorts. 'l'his s]rorrkl :rr-oicl that log of-inesscntials u'hit:h multiplv tlrc c:hanccs ol- unsound cr,lnclrrsi<tns. llelc arc sornc o['thc questions lirndarnental to inr.estrnerrl

l. \\'lrat is the purpose or.ir)tentiorr ol-the inr.estor.., 2. \,\'lurt is the plccise r)atur.(' of thc irtr-r.-srnrt-rrt rrr

rrlt'r r'onsidci a tion

:i. \\'lr:it is tl'rc past lccord and 1tr.r:senr .1

lirrancial

standine o[' tl're busincss conccrD(:d] or olht.r. r.a1tital

. liol t'lrat prrlposc is rit u, slrale being sorrght.'

\\'ha.L is thr. rlrralitv ol tlx: t.ontrol:,

1i. \\'lrar alc rhc prospc('ts o1'tlrc rrnclcr.taliirrq.., 7. Is t.hc sectrrirr. r'r:adilr. r.calisaltle:,

ll. ..\r'e tlrc plicr: and r-ielcl suitable., -\nsrvcls to thcse clucstions hingc paltlv upon llct. anrl lra|tlV trpon opinion; t.lurt is to ra1 , 11p1 )n ;l (.ot]tbirliitioll o[' J<r urt'lcclgr:, .j Lrdgrncrrt ar rd rvisdom. into lu,o lrr.olxl grorrlls, institutiorral lrlir'irtc. Htrc: nr: ar.(- (.orrcel.ncd u,itlr tltt 1_lct.sonal

Irrvcstrtrs I'all lrncl

or' 1)r'it'at.c irrvestr>r', rvlrosc prtrposcs lrncl r.cc1r_rir.entent: r':lnec ()\'el n-iclr.arrcl variccl fie1ds accordin,l ro inrliviclrral u'irnt.s altcl rreeds to strpplernt nt citrnr:ci irrcrlrnc, to y-lr'oviClC ill, ,,rn,. r )n t-rtil.(.11tr1it, tO meikc provision lbr dcpcrrdents, t() ilccultrulatt_'morrev to bur rr lrornc, ir c,ll, it tti1r ulrlord, and so orr.'l-he impor.taut Krt'rtrr

thing is that before the appropriate class of secur.itl, can be selected for purchase the requirements of the investor must be knotvn. The task of selection rtill be easiest when the requirements are simple and can be met from a wide range of securities. It will be most difiicult when the securities available fall short ol

requirements, yet come near meeting rvhat is wantecl.

'fhe investor's own circumstances must tletermine

his

approach to ancl snhrtiorr o1'tliis problern. One purposc conlntorl to rnost cases is [hat, al_ sonre Iuture time, part or all of'the ca1>ital, and rnaybe the: accumulated income as r,vell, should be spent. 'lihis

raises the tormenting question of the price level, with its_sweeping range of supplementary factr:rs, including

inflation, deflation, national and trade and share-

market trends, and sundrl. determining and diverting influenccs, of rvliich more r,r,iil be said presently.

The pr:incipal sccur.iries available ertencl from Comrrionr,r,etrlth Goven:ment bonds to mol.tgagi. debentires, register.cd unsecured notes, and inteiestbearing deposits to the var.ious classes of' compant. shares. Commonwealth bonds offer a range ofmatuiitie,s

adapted to short-, medium-, and long-term investment

at rates of interest current in the gilt,edged market.

Income from this source carries a tax rebate of 2s. in the d, which is attractive to those in the higher income bracket. Payment of interest and repayment of the principal in full at the date of maturity are suaranteecl

bv the Federal Governmenr. \,Ieanrvhile, hor,vever, the price of the bonds on the open market might rise or fall, the chief determining lactor being the course of interest rates. The rare orr Commonwealth bonds, r,r,hich is now 4{" p.c., had }reerr lbrced down bv the Government to 3$ p.c. in 1g47.

The 3.r per cents maturing 1962-65, which had been issued at par (di00), r,vere fetching only dBB l6s. net (after deducting accrued interest) onJul1,29, 1955. T'he full face vaiue of the bonds u,ill, of course, be paid when the date of maturity amives. But should an original holder be obtiged to sell nor,r,he would lose over 1 l p.c. ofhis initial capital. lVhy interest rates rise ancl lall is an involved story, in which three important .influences are : (l) the demand for and supply of neu, investments, (2) the degree of cohesion or competition arnong investors on the one hand, and among bor.rowers, or those wanting to raise new capital, on the other hand, and (3) anticipation of future iufluences. Company debentures, and unsecured registered notes, are norv in vogue with those primaril,v interested ()r'r

riur:

n, I055

asstrt

trt itti:,rtltt' llll(l

stl

()llg r':lPi1;rl llLott't tiorr''l'ltr'

rltl.itttlr-trr't r';tttv ittlr'lt':l ()ll ;l slirlilrll st';r-lt', r;'t'itr"

I t

\, r'aPit:.rl lrat kitrrl lttrcl statttlitrg o1'tllr' rr,it.ir ilrr II()\\' ( Lll l'('tIt t lttlgt' lt'om -i I p'c to rates issrtet'. .\nrtulrl .1|. p.c. lbl short-telrn loiltls ol'llrlm tht'ctr tnottt[ls trr ,.i',,ir',, rnot)tlts, :rnd llrrtn 5 p.c'. to 7 p.<" lbr IottS--tcrur Ioarrs rtl'firttn tu'o ve:tl-s t.() liltrl l-cars, ltlttl morc Iirr' ( Ltt r'(:tl(

lorrgcl per-iods. 'f'lrc lozrrt is usuallv sccttt'ed Jrv a clecd uP()ll tlI(l asset:, s1-rr:cilit:allr' ol gttrtclall\', allcl is mad(: rritlr ol uitholtt ronditions g,-oventing huthcl isstltr o1' cleberrtrllcs rankirrg cclttzrllr- rvilh thtr issttc cortcetnecl' It'dcl)uit ,,.,,,,,s i,, llaVrnent ()f illtcIt'st ol l cPavrrlcnt rlltprilrcipal orr clue dates 2-I 1'llrc occltlt'Ielrcu lhc trustcc 1ol thc clt.'bcntute holc'lcrs cart ttsuallv sectlle appoilltmcrlt ol'

I tlrr: clltCr'pIise trrrtil aIIV 11f r(''lrs rlLtr: hlLve lleerr paici, ol', as lI last t'csot't, catt sr:izc ancl i, ll tlrt l,l, rlq, tl 1..,'t'. '['lr(' ]r(]t.('s, rr'lrit'lt rttosll\' ( lll l \ irttt't t'st '11 11{1' ol {i 1i.t.1l.lt., ltt t: lLlso lt lirt ttt ()['t(:rlII)()l ltl \'{'tttitttt:t: clt'sigrrt'tl r,, ti.t,' (:\lllltlalitlg- ctttttlillttit:s txcr a 1lr:t'iricl o1'clcvcloll-

EXCHANGE 5H^Ra ratcE

rEar

a^rxt

/v v

lrxi\ I

I '1

:r rcCcir.t't' to actrniniste

SYDNEY STOCK

lvj

Horizontol /ines represent index numbers-1 934 verticol lines colendor Yeors'

tio/s 1 00'

orrd

rrrt'rtt. II'lLt tlrt: elttl o1'tlrt llcriotl []lc nlortt-r' pl1)\'t's t()

lrc irt e:rc:t'ss ol' t t-rlttil r:rnetlt-s it catt llt' r'ep;ritl, thrrs clinrinaling tltc cl:rngc'r' ol' llcing t':rugltt rvith a toplr.:ar'r' t:apit:,1 stt rtctlit'c. Iiol the invr:stot, chit'1' :rttl ar'tiorr is the l'act t[rat rtl.tll\ llot( i\:tle: ilrc srrgarcd u'itlr tlrt'r'iglrt. t() ('ollvclt illto olclillilr\ sllal'cs on [Ivor-rralll<' ('llrics s('pal at(' I ('r'rlls rtt lt spc(:ili('(l clatc'. I n sorllc (l) rlrt: ()pti()rl ttot<'s:ttrcl (a) tht tirr' t't r tilit rttt's rtrt'issttt'tt to t:tlic trll sltitres. Itt iL stttt:i'sslill vclttttlt'tlrl'tttatl't't vlrliit' r,l (l) irrt'r'e':rsr's :ts tltc' tl:ttt' lbt t ottr' tsi"tt itlt-

P|olicltcs.-\learl$'liilc,opti()lltt:ltilitatt's('lllls('lrrttilltis ire pickcd r-rp at l.rzrluzritr lllic'r's. 'l'1tc Itotes tllt'ttrseh t's

('i:rlfv uo specilic chalgc aqzritrst t'itltcl' iltt'oltt(. ol' llsscls' lr.tt r::rrrk ahead o1'slt.'r|choldt'r's lirr' Plrr lllcllt (){'ittlt t t'st ltttd t'c1r;n merlt o1- llrirrcipral. .\t. t.lrt tail crrrl o['t]tc stltrttiLr list ittt: 1>tt'li'tt'tttt' slrit|t:s. tl<tst ril>t'cl l)r sotltt' lltrrrtlils ils tlt(' l()\\'('sl lirt rrr t'l'

Iili' irr tlre t:apitzrl u't-rlltl. 'l'ht clcgtr'c ot' 1;r'rrtet ti' rrl tlr'ptrrcls ttpotr tlte eztrltitlg ilo\\'er oI tlre trrrrlr:rtakirrg ,',,,,,tc,,,recl. 'l'lre shares tttat lattk irr orclel ol llliolitr iunons- ttrerrtseh'es, sttt'h lts llrst. ser:orrcl arlrl thiltl

prr-li:terr<:e. '1.'lx'ir divicleucl liglrts mi3^.lrt be lirrriteci to :r

Note: Both grophs cleorly deplct short-term ond-long-term trends' The dio eoriv 1942 coincides with the Corol Seo Bott/e; subseguent

ikecl rate. ol rnisht lre su-eetcnecl rvitlr tht' privilece ol

reloxotion of controls, the 1949 cool-strike, bolonce of'poyments crisrs prices in 1951, therr tnor, fo,,inolir

rvith the oldittatv shales.

trends' -rrarllarrr'indicote lote-wor ond posl'wortheinflotionory rocketing of wool,tJn.e

SVDNEY STOCK EXCHANGE qfa

,r'ct

NoEr

oaD,i^.t iareafrll..-- -_-

acllruicillg belond a tnitrirnllnr lirtrl l'ate poillt lilr lloirrt

'l'lre ili'ir'lencl .iglrts nrig-ht al'i' lrt t'tttrtitl:'rtir-. .t' rron-crunttl:llil-e. tl crtmtrlatir-e. it is inrportaill t() l'!()t(' il'tlre clir-idettcl rct:t'tlcs rvhellter ciet lirred ol rr()t' \\'llelt' a (ollrptttr\- s alticles Pr'()vi(.le thal lro tlir-idcnd sliall lx' plicl rrntil dcclared llv tlrc lroarcl. a]lcl tlte rlirt't Lors lrar t' p()\\'aI' to prll l.t) I'csui'vtis llefi,rt: pztVnrtltlt,oI lrlrr tlir i.l"r,ci, n., c,.,-s ol culrlulativc preli-t'r'rtt c clir"irlr'rrcls tlrr not l)t'contc a lia.lrilitv trrrtil lr lesoltrtiorl lrrrs lrt:ctr A plolits t'ovcr ol' llassccl bv the boald to Pa\-thr:1ll. 2lrlloullt il[ 1llct()tzrl tlrc 1,',,rr, ,.n,o to thl ce times In lnost cilsc\ lirr'. is tisttallr'looktrcl clii'iclcrtds llrencc rlir: prelcrential ri-^hts (rxtcrld to r:a1>itlll \\'itllortt ilrt\ claim tti shar.c in the clistlibrrtiotl o1'stlrpltrs 2lssets' ()lx'iotrslv prelcrerlctl shitrcs itte ttot sotrlt'tllitlg tr' lrt'lrorrglrt rtirlr otre's cves shttt. ()rlc slrt'Lrl<i alu':trs lrt' orr the :tl-rt't to cliscrlve r artr' pt ovisiorl rvllcrclir tltl' irtvcstttrcttt rtrtdel cxarrlitlatiotr catl llt rttlttlc t'i tlltrlrtg" ;r tn:ttrli:tl ,lt:tttg', i11 i1s rl:tlll:. )r'clin:rn sharcs a ttl t[rt' rtlosl poptrllr r' :r t rci t'xtetisivt'lr irl the rrtalkct. 'l'lrt' l'clIS()rI is tlrlt tlrt' lrolclt'r:s ou'tt llie ecltlit.r ilr thi: lrtLsilicss. rvltit lr is rvltltt is lcli :rlitl all 1:r'ior claints tipotr int'tttrte arttI r'apitlrl (

J..

Horizontol /ines rePresent index numbers-1934 gquols 100, ond Yerticol lines colendor Yeors.

.litivt

tr':rclerl set trrities

()( l()11lt. tNtr

l()5i

are satisfied. In a financially successful undertaking this equity is often largg enough to pay a gradually increasing rate ofdividend, and still leave a substantial amount to plough back into the business as reserves, and so further strengthen earning porver and equity

tire rluaiitv of the control. Yet iL is au irnportart one 'llhere are many people rvho r'vould nol lencl ol invest rnon.ey at all if its lrse was in the -harrcls ol-me-rr in r'r,horn they had little or no confrdence, or f'eit they could not lrust" \{'}rat matters most in the r:ase of companies is the team, the cornbir ed pclsonalities ancl attributes of members of the board and senior executives. I)oes a person holding a ke\. post c-lo so because cil his aptituck: ancl ability, or primarilv because of'Iamilv r:onnectior.rs. fi'iendship, etc, .

prospects.

If the ordinary capital and the reserves are o1- equal size, the two combined need turn in only 5 p.c. to cover 10 p.c. on capital alone. The gearing of the capital account, or proportion ofordinary preference and other fixed-interest-bearing capital, should also be noted. If the equity capital is small in relation to total capital, and the senior stocks require for interest and dividends a large proportion oi'the earnings, then the equity is said to be highly geared. Obviously, if a company is

progressing favourably,

and its earning power

sttbc,onscililrs, or perhaps haphazarcl, but wha.ierrer- rlrr rlleans o1- :rppr<laeh tlle birsit: cr'iter'ia r'errrairr.

'l.lre .i rnportirrice

-Flxarrrination ol the past and present standirrg (brief tristory) o1'an undertaking should enable the second, third and fourth (factual) questions asked at the ontset o1 this article to be answered, as well as provide a background against which to form the opinions and exercise the judgment involved in the last four of the questions referred to. In using past experience as a possible guide to future performance it is essential to

ritr bei rg reiicli l l, rt':llisalrlc the invesl,lrent is a lernporarv

sec:u

lxre. It is:rlso a tactc;r to Lre taken into ar:corrrit lvherr etluating a long-term investrnenl or spcculatieirr u,itlr the needs of the investor. Speaking generallv, sharr,'s not listed on the Stock Exchange haven't a li'ee or readlr 1n21L"t, and might prove difficult to sell at a fair

price. llhe point about marketability is that correct

olno avaii ilthey cannot be acted upon. Two of the most controversial of all investmenr problems are price and yreld. The appropriate yield. or ra.te of intelest, is related to the ruling rate for so-

lbrecasts are

underlying and determining factors from temporary or diverting ones. A brief history of individual com-

called risk-liee securities (Government bonds) ancl tirc clegree of risk inherent in the investrnerit. .l)r.Llirrg a boom, or inflationary period, investnrs look lilr capital gains --'. issue of nelv shares {br cash on lavour:a.ble terms and the distribution of bonus scrip -- as well as

panies can be obtained from the Research and Statistical Branch ofthe Sydney Stock Exchange at a moderate

cost of two or three shillings each. Other sources of information are the daily and financial press and your

to a pr:ssible increase in the dividend rate for their benefits. lVhen conditions change, share prices are

stockbroker.

mainly upon dividend prospects aione. \Vhen the margin benveen earnings and the dividend charge is l.ide, equities r,vill I'etch a hig;her price in the market than lvhen the margin is narrr-rrr,. -\lso rising profits attract bu1'ers and discourage seller's ol shar'es in the r:ornpanv corlcerned, One resrrll is :r strengthening of the price of the scrip thlouglr ;rrr increase in demand and a decrease ir supplr-. reassessed, and based

money

is to be used for, if a proper appraisal of the investment is to be made. To begin

with, it is important to discriminate between progressive and defensive purposes. The former include expansion and development undertaken in expec-

tation of profit, which is the proper function of new

capital. The latter might relate to replacement of capital, because heavy taxation prevented adequate

Since the willingness to invest is stin.rulatr:d or

provision being made for replacement out of earnings, or to pay pressing creditors. New capital used for these purposes might, therefore, have little or no effect in stimulating earnings, and so prove more of a hindrance than a help as far as the dividend rate

depressed by immediatc prospects, the price ola con:pany's shares will Lre Ibund to be sensitive to a degree to short-term flr.rctuations in its knor,yn and ant"icipated profits. 'Ihis suggests a strong bi;rs tolvards rhe assunrption that present conclitions, ancl those exprecteel to l-rt: characteristic oi' the nea.r lnture, rvill be lastino and

concerned. Furthermore, a company's articles usually give pretty wide powers as to the type of business that can be undertaken. It is thus possible lbr the directors to make fundamental changes in the nature or character ol the business without consulting shareholders.

perrnalent. \,Iorcoler, tlrere is ahvavs a lrirrge ol investors who are the plel' ol hopcs :rncl lbars easill arr:used

tt:ansient evellts, ancl as easily dispellcd.

t might therelbre profit the rvisest to anticipate Stock Iixchange psychology lather than the real trend ol e.vents. This at anv rate is the techniquc of the proI

There is no stereotypecl approach to the question ol

Knvr"rrr

r-r1'

is rnost prorrourrc'ed rr'herr

decide to what extent current circumstances are similar. Il'they are too dissimilar it might be dangerous to form firm conclusions. Since future possibilities are what the investor needs to assess, it is important to distinguish

It is important to know the way in which

r:r1'

ol economic and financial trends. arrd o{' n:oderl developments in technical, manageriai and merchaudisiug methods. '-fhe lvhole process is sometirnes

expanding, it is an advantage to the equity shareholder that the capital structure should be highly geared; but in a period of decline [he iower the gearing the better.

is being used, or what

at the lbrmation

assessment of'prospects aims

some reasoned opinion about the level of proiits likeli to be earned during the ensuing I'er'r, vears, or rnore. It i.nvolves consideration of the companr.'s past recor<l,

(Jctornn,

5 5

KI\OW

YOTJR PASTIJR.E,S i,v,: T \1'R()l)t. Lll-\(i lJrrxrcl-lealecl li'etl (llor.er' (,ort i-. li'tclrrertllr cotrlirst'rl rvillr \lrrrrtII t r,,,., rr'lrir:!r {r)nl.l\ l{,',1. It ir sintilar irt:t1t1-lertt'arlcr,'. lrt'irrq rl1'rrielrt in gt'.rr tlt u illr pirtk-t'erl flou tt's ;tltr,l lrlolrl[. "r'ltl lcarer,rl rtti<l lo rl,'t'p {r'r't'tr.'1'}te rrtitj,ir rlilli'r'r'trct's lrt'r' lh:tl I}o;rtl Ilt'tl is lrierrrri:r.l trrrcl llail less. \lotttg'rlttt'tr i. pt r','rrrtilrl .rrrrl ltailr. l'trratl Rrtl t lt:rt;rt lt't'irtic:: l.ilt (..1't.lr: Iiieltrial ltr\'() t() tht'ce rears .\[rti.rltu i' lltEirunrrtl.t : 2l-rin. arrcl 21.1)( ]\'c. l;r't tililt l)rnarrtlt: Ilic'h to meclirttn. (irutllt l'r,urr: (lt'ourlt itt or a.l.rrrr-c rttrlit<'c. ('r1'( t rr"itlr [teavy leaf plochrcti<-rrt. (irowth: "Full gror'vth durirrg sttt'tttltet ;ttrtl eat'[r- autumn, medium gror'vth earlv spritlu arrcl late autumn. Ifust Soil Llonditions: Peat to wet al)d lbrtile, a\-ef irgt: 1st class ro friable loants, sand and sravels. pll l,'ailor: Slightlv ac;d to siightlv u1po1it,s tpl-l ,\eu,t,tttul

in coninctir-rl) \\rith L-()rl1t1,liecJ gr:rzinq il'irh an t'lt'r:tl

{-i.2 tc, 7.8).

l'elr t'e

ir'

liloari l{ed is often sorvu itr special prtl'P()sc ol s''ttrillclrlll?Ill(] l)1, PasLllres. If usecl itl gerreral plll:posc s$'zll-cl. (llersor,1,i11* rrilI l-x: l]ecess:tl'\ afier tn'ri or thl'ee r eatr' qr":rzitrq... I rrvir lLra blc it t sltorl.-tcrnr il'rigatiotl pzrcldot ks

\\'hcn pastLrre eatelt-i)u(. l'(lttlrll t{) l}lc sn'itrrl tltr' cortc:utttt atiotr oI anittr;ti rlrrpl>irl{s lrr t-loss-ltlt t t "rr ittq

li:ssiorra.l opel atol' ,-,t' slretrLLlatc,t. rr-itt-,sc ,rl;jt'cr is l() tiik('

a cluic:k thorrqlt pelhaps srna.ll lllofit tittcl c,rttt, :tgltitr. l"or tlrc gctrttitte itrvrstor it is sotrrlcl advicc 1() s;l\': lecngtiisc thirrgs as tltcr ltttl, ])()1 as it rlas ltopctl tllcr rvorrld bc, :ttrd ast't:t(ain t.ht' loIiS.--trcnd filst' t{. it is lrttr t:t sc tht: r'r:rnait'tittg tlttrrds rnig^1rt rrr.rt ilt: *'ot'l1'r lroLhtt'itte ;rlrortl I if it is Ihvortralrltl. thtl sltot lct' ttrtt<ls u"ill irrrlir"at<'Lhc liqht tirnc t.o l.rrtv or scll. Stili. irr \(rrrtr i;,!!('s. irsscsstlrcllt ()[ [trttrlc prnspccts nright arD()llll1 t()

'ilrc Stock E.t< ltarr-g-t' I alclslit l< 1ol ittcr''lltc lll('il\lll ('rrrertt is thc I'ield olrlaitrt:cl 1r'otlr a st,:r:rtlitr- Il is llrt' lalio, p.c.p.it., ol tltt' irtt.t'r't:st ol clividorcl it( tttilll\ lc<reir-r:rl to thc total strrtt irtvcslcd. Sirlct: r'iclcl cit'pcrlri-' upon clir,iclt:ntl irrtd lrrict:, it is :t {itrlctiorl 11{'111111 otrr' r-alialrlc itt tlrt' r,'a.st ol'fistlcl illl(:'l'('st lr'"lrlitt,q s( ( llL itir'\

this

leltiliser'.

ill varr <,rtrsirlt:r'alrlr irl tlilli'r't rlt

s('(

ti{)lls 'rl it atlr:

rrlrosc itrtt't'trst is par.alllt'I'tlgttlatlr'' llrrt 'rl ttrt' itr thr: r:Asr:: of olrlirrarv sltat t:s, ol irt'cl-irttr'r't'rt :r'' ttt itir': 'l u ll,lse jtrtctcst Pil\-lllellt.s ltt t' it t t:qttlar. lrC ir|itlr-

gt.Lcssing. I

rrrct.ic [Lrr ciilcLr]atirlq i ielcl is

Par valuc .\

Irt it ptliod ultett pt'ictts [rtr goods att(l setr i, t r ;rtr' rising lzrl;idlr'. arr<1 bigg-el' (()lltllar)\- 1tr.r'tlits uirrcl clivi-

rrlel:l ,! {lI:

,',t,

Yir:ld

p.r'

Prit:e paicl

Prir,:t tneztns' clcan ptitt''', a[ir.'r' dcctuctittg at ctttt.:tl

tlr:rrcis alr: cxprctecl. e(lLIit\ shal cs a.r:c olten ltotrght li,r' the e xpless prrrpose ol.set'r,ittg as a "lteclg^e" agaillst 1ll('

\Vhcrr :t scLrurih is ledeenralll(:r al a Pl cltlirllrl ol discouut on the original pat valutr, it is rlsuallr lrrole c()rlvcnictrt to use talllcs corrrpilr,'tl lol' 1[re 1lr.rr'p()sc to g..ct t[)e tedcillptiorr \iekl. irrLr::r'est.

oi'inllzltion. Hort Ilrt is this le;tsottitt'1 In a liee ec()i)()rrr\" thr: lnsrt,et' is :r]mrtst to.tttpletel.r'irr thc allirrnativc. prrrviclecl the: rnalqitt ol' prr,fit. in rt'llrtiott t() tltrrx)\'cr is ttrlikeh' ttt t:lt:tttgt rn:rteri:illr'. 1lrat. itrclt'iises itt r:osts tatt be p:tssecl ort.,rr' sr-rbstarrtiallr' pitssc<l ott. irr stllirrg plices, :rrrtl t.herl tltc g-reater Jl?lrt ()1' plant. or othe t' esserltial irsst.t:. i: trr,1 chtt iil' rltt [r teqrllcerttatlt irt ;t ( ()st gltlltl\ itr t'xt:css t,l' ttrat. rllr,ir't:c[ loi'. lt is llrrrs cviclcrrl thrrt thc ptrll irr favr.lrr ol erlrritr''lrlrt'el-rerlcltt's erertrrl br itrUatii,rr

conseqlren(:a's t.r:rra.blcr'

Kr:r'r rxr

orq-a ni<:

lrrrcl ittdustt'r'.

rt rliis clellt illvtlstrncl)l tlroLrlrl l>r,r rtnclcr'takelr otth' il tht: plr-,spects ol't'ertitttl arr suflicictrtlt attt':tt:1ive irr rr:laiiorr to tltr: risks l'rlrl. littlt: nrole tlta.rt

'l'hr

r--fl'et:t

ol itrr:<xrtt't:t\ ttJx)ll tltt'tt:t.rtttt llorrl in-

vcst.rlrcrlt is illlivcd at bv rrrtrltiplvirl3- tlrc ,qloss '- iclrl olrta.irred br tlrc liurtrula.itrst statcd lrr (l-t,) ulrt'tc t rt:prescnts the rat.e ttt'irtt'otttr.' 1a\ ir('l trtrit of itrrlt t'sl lI tirt'qloss itrLt-t't:-st ol iicl<l is ir 1l.t:.':ttrtl tltt'r-lttr: t>1'

irruruttl tirr is. sar , lJs. irr tlrr: l-. li . , il. j:r [-r,t-:. pt'r .2ir), lr' 3 1r.r'Lrrrit), the n('l rrttrr'rr uorrltl lrt"l (l

Or:rorr n.

l 1l5l

THT. BLUT,

PLATtr of 16,000 A.M.L. & F. for ouction on the compony's property, Some

sheep yorded

Boolcarrol, Wee

\Noo,

N.S.W.

af-l I I l,,.r r.r rrr.l lt.ti. l,lrrr:-irrr<t-rlhilr. rriur rr.-platt. ol t rc I .\rrrtrrli;rrr, llr.r'tarrti.lr., Laucl and Finanr:r-: (lrrnr

panr' [,in'rited, is zr lirnii]iar- sisn on thc pristor.al ()nc mer:ts it fiurn -lirr'r,nslillc to Quilpic, 550 nriles u'cst of Urislranr., ancl don'n to Komrnlturr-;L in (iippslancl, ancl at lr;ill--a-lrtrrrdrecl poitrts in ltetu.cr:n -- tlrere are tllL) rni.rirr oHices in Sr-clucr-, \4elboLrrnc :rnd Brisbane; larrdsr:apc o1'tltc Flastcnr Srates o1',\Lrstlalia.

tlrc u,ool-stores in those cities :rnd in .\et,castle ; arrcl llrc cottntrr- branches. tlre local representatir-es. the subsic-lizrlv cornparlies, thi: special ag.cnts, ancl, ()l corn'sc, the companv's tu,eh'c properlics, incltlding. its tr'r'o she ep studs, Jlaratt:r irr thc Rir-cr.ina, ancl .\ Iancroo irr Q_rrct:nslancl. T'hcse. cspecialh- u.lrerr orre sccrs tlrctn lcpr.cseute(l a fi'cr:klinq'of cokrrrlr:d pins on a map irr the S1-dner. ollict'. irle most ilnpl.cssivc in tlteir exte.nt) palticularh. ls lhev l'cplescut iJZ veals ol developn-rellt fi'oill a rrrocler:iilch- r::rpitalisccl inr.t:strncrrt cronccrr) \yith a

paicl-up capit,il oi' I,ti0.000 t.r one of thc pasl.oral altd lln:tncc houses

in thc

rrp ca,pital is rrou' d2,100,000.

qrczrtest

.,r'orlcl u.hose paicl-

\\'hilc sroivtlr arld size

21re al\\:a\-s irnPr.es:ir r., Irt-r\r,evur, fir'st beginninlrs are no lcss intr:r:eitirrs. It u'<)lrlcl seerlr that tlre corlparl\- hacl its g{-rnesis ;n tLle rnirrcls r.r1' ;r- grorlp o1'r'jlizens rr hrr rncl iir Br.isltzinc iLr

l{}63 rvitlr thc idea o1' :rn.r'acting Rlitislt capital to (,]rrccrrslancl. '1'hc rranrcs r.r1'thcsc pcoplc iu.c lost irr Iristorr' (rr, at leulstr ]rrrrjccl clcep irr thc rccor.ds, ancl ()llLr ci'rr onlr- irnaqjne thern zrgainst thc backgrourrd

o['tlrcir time

Clrreenslarrd \\'i1s .r \'()r.rnq1 \'cr.\- \'oulls. Statc. '1'lrt: Ictters pzttcrrt creatiua it :r scparatr: colorrv had lteetr issuecl in 1859 arrd Sir (]eorge lierst.rsorr Bou.err. K.C.,\ 1.( i .. (ia ptrr i rr=(l cr rt.r'lr l rutl (lor-i:r'iror.i rr-(llti<.1'

Klr-r,rrr.r

r,rf t.lxt (lolorrr. 'rrrcl it-' I,)r'pr-:rrrlcrrt:ics, ilrt[ \'icc .\drrriral, Ir;id arlir,ccl ol] tll('('(-)rvcrttc (lorck:liii at tltc cird ()1'tllat vear'. 'Tlrerr rtas TJcl . ir thc 'I'rcasrrll ancl. so tlic storv goes, tl)at \\as stolen br a disa.ppojntr.cl biu'glzu'. f.'lier .Hcrbert -\Iinistlr, rvas lblrnccl iit tlrc crrcl ot' 1859 arrcl the fir'st l)arliament rnet ealh' in l86ll. Iirlke :rrrcl \\'il1s lrad perisliccl iu thc [)rr u'est. ol' Q-ueensland

in Itl6l. the sarnc r.ear that

Arc:lrt'r'

raccd to victorv irr the first ]Ielliouure Crrp; Coblr

:urcl Co.

hld

startecl

in \.S.\\'. in the same vcar',

lrrrl

not to move to Q-'rreensland Lrntil 1[]65; I]risbarrt: got its first claih. ncu-sp'rJrcr ()n \lar 12, 1861, and tlrt first bank har-ing its lrc:rclquarters in the colonv rv:rs

\\'cr-c

cstabiishecl a couple ol r-r:ars

later

r'r.crrt orrt irr

tlrt'financial panic o1'lfltr{i; Hentv Parkes lrad a'cirrc to Ingland lrom \.S.\\. irr 1861 to crrrsaclc lbr.Jolrn lLol;eLtson's "hce sclt:c tion lre rrc surrre\'" arrcl tltat

contentious schen-re. rlith its colrsequerrt al)rrses, n':rs puslred tlrrorrglr the -\.S.\\' Parliament bv Il<.rbcltsorr at thc end of the vcar :rncl citnre into r.rpelatiorr irr

Januan . lSti'J. So thc citizens rviro nr:t irr

1h'isl;:.rrre had plerrtv to talk abt-rut, if'tlicv u'ished. apar-t fi'orn the srrbicct ol' attractins Blitislr capital to tlic colonr-. Tire pastoral irtdusri:r' rras glr-xr,ine- ste:rdi.ll . l):rt.rick Lcslie hiid cerrnt: li'orn Nerv lirrglarrd to the l)arling I )or'vns sornc vcars eallier' ; \\'illiarn Stcu'art lur<J ovcrlalldccl frorn Yictor-ja in i{Jtil. llilnging the lilsr mob oL cattle tbr t\\'o ncu. steitions on thc J lromson rtnd, at the beginning oI' thc decade. sl.ations u,err cstabiishccl as lzrl n'est as the borcier. 'I-he first u,ool ship dircct frorn \lorctou B::lv to Lordon had sa.ilcrl ten ve?lrs earlier. in 185L ()r'elscas, thr Anrericztrr Civii \\:al had cut olf sup1llies of cottor fol Britislr Ioorns artcl. al{hr'ruqlr [gr']rt ',rnrl Irrtlil strppcd irr Ii I

C)clorrr,.n,

1!l 55

liil rlrc l-ap. (.lrrt'rttrsiltrt<.1 itlst-, rcapt'cl sotttt'lrt:ttt'{it rrrrtil rlrt'u';u r:rtclcrl. '['ltc t.imcs r]rrlst havc irlclcecl looktlcl lir:lr arrrl plorni:irrg tr) that mectil-lg^ in l'rr:isbanc ltllcl tlrc ()lttcolllt ,rf it u'as tlrat tltc.:olnPallv tlten ktron'lr as llle '\trstlalizrn -\lortgage. Larld ancl liitlartte Clollrl-larrr' l.inritccl rlas irrt,ert'poratcd irr Lotrclott otl \ovctlllet' '1. 1ti63. its rnain r,rlriccts bcing "t<.r plovirlc a satc nreriirun g-arg'e

lir

()11 lnol'tllcg-()tiatc (lttlel'trlnr:ttt ittl<l

rl'rc ittvcstulctr! ot'lh'itish capital

irr .\rrstruliil. to

yrrii'are lo:trts, attd t() Inal)agc cstlltcs {irr rtlrselltt:t'

,,rlrrcrs." Irrcitlcrrt:rllr'. llalclt lt tnotttlt lrt'lirrt'. :r (llirl t:rr< t' r ortrtg 22-r t'i.rr-r-,ltl Atrstralilrrr llllll)('(l Ilt:rrlr' l-orttlorr ol tltt' pa9<:s tllc Iicrtriall hacl br:okerr into

.'.\thenacum" r','ii.h tlirec potltn-s. The lieacl ollit:e of thc cotnparr\ \\'ils. arrr'l still is' irr Loncloti 2rtld its fir'sl :\rtstraliarr olllcc tr lts irl lJrisbanc. Shorth' atieru"alds. tlgcllts nct't': :tppoitltccl in \'ictoria altd irrrallgclnelrts rnadc lbr itrvt-stirrg

capitaI it'r \eu' Zealancl. '1-hc oligirr:rl paicl-rrp cirpital ,r{' {.60.000 in /.25 slt:rles calleci to 1.3 t:aclt ptrvecl i,,siilli.i,:,,t ;urrI strbst:cltrclrtlv thc comParr\- actlrrirccl tltt: hltsirtcsscs n['R. (]illlrs arrrl ()t;tnpilrrr'. o1- Lorrtlorr. a-nrl (iil'rlrs. li,onal<l arr(I (lollrPatrr'. \'[trllrorrr-rrt: :inrl (ice lorrg. u ltit'li t'r.rnsiste cl ol a.<lvartt:ittg tttttttcr' ot) ll)c sc< uritrl t.rl 1r'r:eholcl iulcl lcascllolcl estatos attrl st:rtiorr propcriies irr Victot:ia. The put'chasc cottsick:ratit-'rr incli,clecl 15.1100 shares of d25. r:recliteci as paicl to

d3 ear:h. ancl llaid capital \\'ils tlrtrs r':rised lrt .(;r 05.000.

,'\tr oIlic<t uas oPettt'rl ilr \[cll;r''trlrrc altcl Ircc;tttlc tlrc Australi:ttt htaclcltr:rrtcrs of tlrtl (.lornpurlr\'' Slrzircs \\ier:(. callcd up to 1,5. blinging* llaid caPital t() o1' ltl65. rvirerr thc cornllattr''s .t. 175.(n)0 lrl tlre crrtl

irrrtstntcttl; itr Victoriir. \.S.\\.. rr

ncl (.lr rt:t:t tsllrrrtl totltl lr'<i

.{.

Sotttll'\rrslt;tli:t

1{)9.;r[]1)'

L)rr<' t'or.rlcl go orl llotlt thct't: ttlt< iltg tltt' lirr;rrrt iltl Iristot r :irrcl clevt'lolrttlcnt rlf tlit' cotnllattr lirr' 1)0 r t'lll s' lrr.,r uil tlrc lact.s aircl ligt,r'cs 21r'( ()lI pr'rlrlit'r'r'r'olcl

tlrt' p:lstolnl ltistr,,l r o1"\rrstlalia lirl tirat llt'r'iotl ,,-rir',',r,,lcl itt att itnpt'l'ssivt: ll'c'or'<l ol tllc ('\l)lrll\i"lr' a<:clrrisitions arltl tf,'r',ll,,1rttlcttt ol lhc t:ollliratlr" It rr',rr',t.l,t t,rci tht' filrarlcial collaPst' r-rl rlr. tlirlttiCs rtttcl tltt' sttltst'rltt<'llt tlisastlotts cllottglrt clrrlilrg rr lrit'lr' it irr tlrc rr,:ts <:stitn-itlccl, l7.00{),000 sllt'r'1r tltlt'lo'l (

lrtttttrorr u'r'a I t lt. 'l ltt' c,rtttl-littl\- \\('llt itttr' (lt<' rr""l- altri Pto<lttcr'-

st'lling llt-rsincss irl lll01 r'llt'tr it at rlitir'<'r1 tltc lrtt'itt.s' (iotrtparlr ol-thtl Atrstlalasiarr \1()1 1giige atlcl '\,qclIu\' tinlc, tlris :\i)()ttt Plrltlv r.,1' Sr clrrcv i.rrrd -\lcllrotlrllc.

ouirtg t,r tllt' itlrst'rlCt' ril otltt't itlVcslttltrtlt IIVCI)tl('s' lirltlrcr' 1)l ()llLrl tics rr elt' acclrtit'ccl' lrr l9t0 thc tlltrt'tt' o1' tllt' <'ottt1.r:lll\ \\'lls t:itiltrgtcl lo its 1,llt:sc'nt title I irr lllll'i tlrc c()lrpaII\ ('\t('ntl('cl it\ irtt,r|ests t0 tlrt' ,\r'gerttitrtl alrcl art.rllict' rt:rs ollt'ttt'tl in llrtctros .\ilr:s: in l9l1) tlre '\rtsttaiirtrr lrt'a<[ o[]itt' tlansli'rt't'r[ 1o thc Svtlrrt:r' ol]l<'t' irr l]liqlr Stlt'<'l tlrt' larrcl lrarJ lrccrt lrotlghr lrv tlr<'(lolttprtttr :tt ltlroltt tllt' tur.rr 0[' 1.llc r:cntrn.r aild tlrC llrrilclins Cl t't tt'cI slrrtItlr a.fir:r.$.irrcls. l-hcst. rlars it lias llrC tirriCt :rrrcl Cortllirtlall.lc rncllorr'llt]SS OI- lrqe allrlut it: to t-ltc: ttcll.lll i1 lrlrtlis llcl'oss n \':tcant lrlot:k clornirrated l)\ a 1ar'3^c.jat'allrrrcla lr-oc t() tlle char.rn lrl'tlrt: olcl stotlc$rll'k o{'tlr<' L rriolr (lItrb sholtlv to lrc Prtllt'cl clorvtr atrd ]lrilt a littlt: lrrlthcl zilong tllc stlcet. 'I'odar. thc ,\.\I.1,. \ F ' st:lls nool ltrrrl slot li t.ltlouqhoirt tht: l,astt ln Statt s : it is a t'orrlpltt(' ilg-('lI( \ lrLrsi.css irtclLrrlitig iltsttlittlc't': arlcl irr tllc fici<l ol' Continued on Page

Woot disployed for ins1ection bY buyers on the show floor of the componf's SydneY wool store. lhe floor hos been "set for volueing" ond the required Pro'

portion of the 2,155 boles on view, of a totol offering of

:tlr : .i':.1:*11,?:' ::: "+, , I rt$i, .:.:. ,,r::: ,..

i{: , I,r *'%, 'q&e.., ,r-* d** S*J,. *;*flffi

10,815 boles, hos been oPened for inspection or "copped" ond ' 'foced" -

Kr vrrNo

()crort.rr.

l1lii

ffii ffi;

ffihs,#-t

The second meeting of the Trustees of the Keyline (Reseorclr) Foundotion ot the Rutol Bonk in Sydney.

The F'OU1\[DATIOi{ TRtISftrE Cl ( X )-\ rlir:r rlrt: publir::Ltiorr of' tlrr: lirsl issrrr: i.,f' ''Kr-lt ,-,-.,r, ', f.,,,. rn6nt[s iigor letteys l)-r,rnr )

tlte rlrtcstir-rrrs pcople hacl bc-cn iiskirig sinctl.Jrrl,,. rr.ht.n

r:eaders l;cean to arri\re; thcr- ]-rare lret n alrivine irr i1<'r'l.asinq volrrr^ne ever since. \,1arn' o1'these letters fi'om everr- State, rl'the Cornrnonr-r,ezilth. ll'orn Ncrr-

this.jorrrnal nas first published "If {br rro other reitson tharr t}rat it r.epLr:serrts i.ur :rr,,tual attempt to Llo somcthing, insteacl o{'thr: rrsrr;rl lcavirrg ol the doinc to someltodl else, thc Ker lirrr.

ask lhe samo qllesii(,r' \\'h:rt is thc Kcrlirrr:

attrntion.

(.irrine;r tncl \cr'r. 7.ea"la:ncl,21r)d rnore clistant parts

,Rr:seareh,) I'ourrdatior, all ahriur? Anrl : \\'l.ro are rhc

I)eoplc l:ehind

irl

llrninenliv sensiblt: qrrcstiorrs. botlr ot' theru. ariil ,rltvioush' r'e lirtcd. Thr: sr.rccess of an or.g, rri:ariorL clepend-s orr the rnen and l.l:omen in it; ancl the mosr rlrlrlc ainrs r:an {ir.il firr rt'ant ol r,r,r:rkahle mlchinerr-. '['hcrt: r.r.as n(:\'r]r:rr)\'tlrouglrt t.hat the Kcr,l irre [r,urrrl;rliorr rr.r-irrlcl l)ril to achievc its irnrnediate r-rlrjeets tlrt.'t"e r.r'its slr1.)ng determinl.tion lrehind it, ancl irar:cl plarrrring. But. untii thi: firct ollicial mr:ctincs hiid br:err helrl a.rrd olfiee-bearers ha.ri lreen clected. it rvas inrpr:ssibic to givc specific zrns\vers to thr:sc

tllrestinns.

In that lesprct, thc sLli:c:css <Ll " hllr.rsE" lras an tlrnbarrzissrnr)nt. \\'ltaL hitcl l:cen

been almost

intendecl as ;r c1uite rnt.rdest pr-rl.rlic;ition rrrarkir.rg tirnr:. to speak, until thc For-rndation u.as lirllv ltrnctioning. kept grorvirrg. sr-r

-Br-rt

in t[re Septcrnbcl

\. Salina,

is-slrr:

oi' "Kuyt.rxt:"_

]-li,rL.r.rkl

ot'gatrisinu-sr:cl'etal'v,rl thc liouy11l11ilrrr, ga\:o a repcxt ol- tlre fir.st nrccting arrd t]re ranres ol'

the 'l'r:rrstees: and, aboL.rt the samt: tirne, this irrlr;,r.mation lv:rs lclcast'd to tht: g'enelal pr.ess. Hotv it r..ls rr:ccir.erl cilrt lrt: .jrrclgt-'tl liorlr ;r leirditrg elticle rr lric.lL ap1tatrl irr "'.1.'lrr-: [lullt..tin" o1' Seprt:rrrber Ll] ol lvhirh the lir'st plr"u!..rl1:h, in etler:t, ans\\.ers some ol' :

lir

r.r:

Rest:alch'i FoLrnciation, iernncl-red irr Svclner,. rnelils C)n iwo other grouncis it cornrnanrls resprct the caliLx'e o{'the men at thc heacl riIit anc[ the clualitr. o1' thc indeperrdcrrt oursiclc tesrimorn" to its basic idea.'L'he Alrstralasia-u-ide bleaclt[r o{'its vision corrlrl be vr:t arrrtther'.'' I). -\. Yeomzlrls. us is rrrlr qerrelallv krron,lr, is tlrc ttralt u'11,r stattr:d it itll ulrr:rr hc )regzLtr e\perintenlirrr n'ith iarrrl-dcvelr,irrrrt:rrt r)rr his \oltlr Rir'Irrrrorrrl (\.S.\\-. ) plolteltr . -\t'r ailan : u iro.r', al)ii r.t li otrr :

li: tlrc F, rrrrrrlation's irrarrgrrr.a "F:rlm \\'alk" iu ()r'tolrcr' helcl rrn a SatLrr.clar ,, rlrt. \-eomi.trts lanrik plr,'li'r' r'i'itols 1o ('ontc orr Srrnciar s olhetwise, necessaf\ ,,r',,r'k r.r) the placi'cclrlri halrllr. be carried on. \-isitr,r'. inspet t orr the sll.)t \;.ir ir)Ll\ as])(rcts o1'thc Kevlint. tecltuirgrt: ulri<:h irr t.itr. altrzingll ltr:icl' -sp;rc:c o1 tlrrt:c ', r:ar'-r (.1)atcal ull)tr,rri\;n:looking hillsidr,',s o1' shalc arrcl sarrclstr.rrr(.] colrntl.\ \\ illi an almr,st inclcdilrlc clePrh o['d:rlk, ri<;]r, ft:r'tiIr' soiL 'f'hc inarrg,rral mee tirrs r.rl thc F'r:rr.rndatiorr u,as irrld irr Augrist. lri thcr IJuard Rorrrn of the Rr-rra.l l:lank o1' -\.S,\\i.. irr Sr-dncr' : as tlre le riefinerl, "'i'lrc Ktr.lir.rc (l{esea rch) Ir.l.r udati o rr js a n atiorr:rl a.gr.ic Lrl tL.rr.;,rl ir.rr I spt:cial occ:rsionr. \u( i1

,,rtaa1-,1si:elopffrel)t l'(]seat'c:lr zirrd r,'rlrrc:rtiLrrral or.!';rrris;r-

tir.rrr, corrstilutecl lirl tlrc pLrr'1rlsr o1 ;rrt-:par.inu arlri applf iril, or) .'r itali{lnal scalr. :irril ti,r lra.t.ional l'eitson"\, tcerltniqrrc of irrrrrl-ritrrl,rprrLi.:r-rr- rrric=irratetl l-n, \1r.. l'-.\. \'t'r'rlrtiitrs r,rr tris l)r'.,1)rrtjtr rr1 -\uItlr Rii,.lriu,,url.

Ot:rr:nr:n.

i1.i5i

l,) tlre

ernJrlerr-rne

nl ol lrrh

pfa-{-tict

,i\

\\ilt(..r' c()nscl'\'i1ti()lr aucl ill.iga.liorr. ;rffot'esl.:lti()n. r'r'op anc[ pastLrr(] r'zrising. animal husb:lrrill arrd srrbsidiarv techniques, aurl

tltc dcvelopmont o{' rcsearch in these fiekls o1'activitr' ; iD.l lo ;rrr:zrrrse tiil thc pLrl)licatiorr. distrihution arrd l)r()adcasliris 01" -ruclr activities of the !'ounclation as the 'lllrrst rlar. {trom tinrc to time der-'rrr expe(lient ; r to cstaltlislr a lilrran, ol'u'olks o{'r't:lerr:rrcr' orr subjcr:ts cr()rllecle(l \\'ith anv ol'the olrjer:ls

ol tlie Forrnclatiou; d, t<t l.r'a.in l.'ielcl ()llicels ar)cl zrgricultural leclrrricia ns irr I{.evlinc plartninu-, Ke,vlint: \\-iltr)r' c(,uscrvirtiorr. Kevlirre soil developrrrent ancl irrrltrovr:rnerrt, :lrrd to supp]\. thenr rr'ith inlirlrtralirlrr gairrecl lrotn lr:search an<l o\periellcc .

\r,:u" Sortllr \\';rlt's. a.s rlt'sr:r'ilrr'<i ltr lrirrr irr lris lr,r,.rk 'l'ht llet'litrt' /)/rur, prrltli.lr,'rl in .Jr'rlr.. Ilt.ll, aiso to

'./r

;

1o:,ltcr:pt anr giti or clevisc o[ mone]'or (,1' iurV |eal ()1'pelsol)al pl'()pcrt! li,r rrs<: irr iirrthelance of'arry oue ol' rnore ol thc olljec ts ,rl' the I;'orrlclatiort; '.q, to ittr.'est anY rnt)nc\s ,ll'tlrc Forrriclation irr sLrch nt:trlter' i.r,s fira\' Irorn tirne to tirne llr

i-orrlirr:rtc ancl prrblish irrlbrrn;rtion gairrc:cl li orn Iirrtlrer rese2rrlrh arxl devc'lclprnent."

t'e

,'\ ft.cr disr:r.rss io n, I Iroser j )rcsell t trnaniurous1r, dt'cic.l ctl to subscribc to the lbllru'ing l.tliefs Ii -fhat the perr-natrent lertilitv ol' tlre soil is tlre {irndarirr:ntal , rl rlrc rr'eaitlr arrrl staltilitr ot'1lre natiou ancl ihe n,elllleila of its p.,,pl,l. ii 'I'hat the litndarnental flr<:tor in all :rglicrrlture iuchrding' animal htrsbandr\., rrart:r :

conserva.tion. ancl srrl>sidian' activities.

t() I'ilisc Iiirrcls lrv lrollorvirrq or r.rthcr',r.isc lbr rht' lirrtherancc o1' tlre' l,'ourrr.latirin's ohier.'ts iu srrch malllrer as tltc'["nrst rna\: think fit '

rletelrrrirrerl

ltv

tlrc''l'r'rrst

Mr. P. A. Yeorrons (right), (Reseorch) Faundotion,

President and Founder of The Keyline tolking to Professor H. lrlesse/, o reccnt

visitor to Nevo//on,

l'realthv fertile soil. (iii) That r-:rst areas c_r[':iericuitllral alld pastora j larrcl can be mar1e mrrch rrrore procluctivc. 'I'hat (i") eqriall). \'ast are?rs cll' lancl l-ritherto r',rnsirleyetl oI no aurir:rrlturai r.ahir: can l)(:r rn;t<lr: r'ir'hh' product;\,c. r:rpidiv ancl profit-

-f

:r I rl r-.

'r' 'llhat s,ril r:an lrc dcvelopccl. rvater can lrt. corr591'y9d, lilrr:st areas irnprr.n ed atrr_l irr('l'c:l.socl. iirld llurnan ancl anirn:rl lrcalth saJ"eglr:rrcled ltr. tltc application r'll'sonc or. all o1'the rer.:hniqrrcs of thr: Kr:r-lirrt_' PIarr and

br- lurther clcrreloprnr:nt from llrr:se

lrasi<:

tet:Iiniqucs.

'"I'irc Brrlletilt's" corlrnrcnt : " It ca]r l)c saicl to hav._' ,ls its plinta.r']- airn thc lrest risc ol'thc rnost lancl. et-qr,v1y|161-9. ' '

In Septembcr thc scccrnci rlleerit)g o1'{.lre I;'ourrcl:rtirin adlrpt.cd the constitrrtielr ancl rules : sirlcc thert r:alious r 0r1'rnritt(.e( itar',. lreerr a(.tivu. 'I'he objects frrr u'lri<:[r rlrc f'orrnclatiorr is r:stablis]rccl alre

lor to prornotr:. .lilster. allai encouriige practical itrtelest iit soil ft:r'tilit\'nnd ]retter la,nd rrsr: l(r.r t.txr

)-,

()r iosr ir. ll)i:

Anthony Hordern, Jnr

Slr C. Stonton Hlcks

tri t.sltrirlislr r.r'lirtiorrs corrtLar:trral or ollrcr.r,r isr. n i1It r-r'sr';rlr.lt ilucl (,{llr(.utir-rllrI or.lanis;r Iiorrs

qllrri11. r.r1rr.r'irrrr:rrl. Iitt,r.lrr.r t.lrrrtr.illutiorr. ('srir\ or. r'lii1r.1 1.1111111,r.t<.r_l n,illr :rrrr ol' llrr: :rrlrjcr.ts rni,rrtiorrt,cl in t.larrsc irt,t lrt.rr.,,1 ul)()n srrr.lr lcr.rn-r ;rrrcl (.or)(liti()r)s ;rs tlrr.

lrr r rtltir,rlr. r.xr.lr:rnlr.: rrl r i,,rr.. ,r,,,1 ilJ,,r_

rnittii)ll. iulfl t() (.()-ol)cf;rtc in

r.r,sclrr.r.lr

litlr

suc[) ()l-gil]tisa tir-lrrs ; io selct.t, u.itlr tlre l:rrtd-on,ro.., apltr.or trl.

'l'r'rrstt'r.s .cc Iit

I)iilli( llllt' lhlrrr. lrrcl gr.trzirrg 1',t.rr1r.r:rici r,, lrt: krrou,rr as Kcvlinc Iroulclition li,,.nr' ,,,. su('h ()ther apprcpriatc clesicnar.ion as thc 'llt.us1 nr;rr. ll.rinr time to timc. aclOpl. arrrl lrr agr.ccrnenl \\,ith the olrt,lct. t() collstt,uct. (.arl.\-olltr ma.int;rin ?l.ncl ?tltet anr_\\.or.ks r,r. llrriklines thu.eotr Iirr. tlrc 1r,,,.1r,,r.,,:rf. tltt: Ir,,rrrrrlali,,rr; r'.i, to est.ablish ancl sui)por.t .rltci t() :ricl rrlrct.lrt.r.

'A to l.trtrclt:r-sc,

:ut\

sociel.ir:s

irr ()t.

(iovernnrent or ^\rrthoritr. -\,[rrnicipal, loctrl

or" otlren .isct, zrncl

to ollt:rin ti:orn ant

lrr tlrorrglrt

i\(. lo tllq ,r,,,.r,,scs,,1't1,,.

sur:lt

(ior.clnrnent or Authorin. itr]\, riq.hts. (.oncessiotls, <:hat.ters and pr.ivik:g..es rvlrir:h rrrar (,)ndu(

I.-orrrrclatiort ()1- an\'

,,1 tll(.

o1-

thcrn;

17 1o tn:rkc mles, r'cqrrl:rtions arrcl llv-litu,s li-rr. tlrt' ltttt'posc o1' 62.1';'1,i11u L)1t r)r. gir-i19. r:Ilit<.t ro ;1rrr rif' thc olrjet:ts ol' lhc liorntrlatiorr ;

]ciise. exc.Iarrge, ]rirrt or. ,tlrt,r._

r'to

(lo all srrch ritltcr-lau.1irl thirres as a.r.r: irrr.irit:rr1:tl oL r:onclucir-e to lhc attairrr.r'rr:rrl o{'tlrt,

itl.lr'rve 111lliccts. St-r tlttrt:, in detail. ;rr.c thc oltjects ol tlrc [i'1;1111dation; rvhat. it is ali alrout. -lio clrrotc ironr .,'1.'lrt: Btrllctin" leader : "TIrc nerl or.s:urisatiorr is rror r(iovcrnmental, ;rlthoLrglr it cloes n.rt rlake :r virtuc ol'

alitr. ol the tbregoirig. au1. Ja,rcis, b,,iiii,rgr.

careme r1ts, ma.chiner\. andf

$ plarrr. a.rtd to th. ,.,,,e ; t lt tct (.onstruct. rnaintzrirr ancl al[r::r. ar]\, sell or otlrerr,r.isc disppse oi'

the fzrct. It is co_operativc irr the sensc that it ainrs to rvork as trrrrch llzllr tlre.larrcl rnar) :ls .fitr him, and ill

hrrildings or urorlcs necessall. ()r. corrvcrrie-rrL iirr the plll.poscs ol the [.orindation; l() entcr. into c,ontracts rvitli rnernllel.s t)r. othct. persons 1br the car-r.r.ing orrt of u.or.ks. or hire of plzrnt and services, otr 5u6h 16.r.*

tlie lrtrther sclise that it rrelcorncs cro-opcra.tionl

Ciovernrnerrtal or anr- other kincl. in srrppor.t ol' its aims. It hopes 1o sec r.clevarrt (ior-er.nmeirt depzrrrrnents bringiri.g a national otrtlook to l)ear.on tlr(. u-eis-hine olits olr.jectives arrd irrspcc:tirru of its acconr-

ald collditions zrs thc _frnst nrai dcem fit ir,, to establish, urcior.l.. r,ller, gir-e,,'r c,rntribrrtr rotrar.ds nrrr lellorrslrip. .ilrol:rlslrip. pr.izt:.

it hzrs. in iirlt. sornet]rirrr ot' "t,r1.,,..[ that irrterest ;rlrcac1r.. anr I rnrr\ rr t.ll gct rnor.c. It is entirclr' rron-politit:al, brrt. qlr()li1lg oolt. as an plisiirnents;

;

rrre(lal ul. :t\\;u.(l ti,1.,1111. rr.se;rr.r.lr. itrt.r.sti-

Ir"nyr.trr.

of nrceting ol'

/) [() cllter iuto arrv arfzu]ecutcllt u.itlr:rrrr.

rrrar. tltink ucccssar]. or c()nr:enielrt lor. ;r.rrr. o{' tlre prrrpriscs oI, the Irourrclatiorr. arrcl irr P;rr.fir.rrlar :rrrrl rr.ithorrt lirnirirrg llrr_,1.r,rrer_

;

pronlo[c. ]rolcl. (.orr\.eltc lrt. parlic:ipatc

irtrlir.irlrrals 1,,r. 111,. pur.pr rsi. ,,l rlis<:rrssiorrs ol' the srrltjccts nrerrtionecl in r.larrsc iai hcreol' or ilnv ol' tl'renr;

rr-ist: ar:r1rir.e anv rcal._()r p<.:r.solral proprrt\ :rrrrl anr- r'igh1s or. pr.ivileuis u.lri<:lr tjrt: ,i,r.rrs1

int

t.()

,11t\' (:Onq-fcss

bl gi[i, ]oan, srrbsichi or eLlzr].anrec irr tlrr. estalllishment a.r.rd support of arrl otlrer.

()t'galtisation {brnteci lor all ()r olrjet'ts ol the l-clrriclation I

lohn Dorling

.\xfilpIc. []rr. r.orrterr.rrcc ol' tllr l;'t:r,lerll ,Zt;

,f) c'1 1,e ir

l{r.rr.;ti I !) 5 5

C. R. McKerihon

D. R. McCoughey

u'ith corrsiclt:r':tltlt' proIrlctns o1' t:trtcl t:Lit ri rri, strclr:rs 100 trrtexpttctcrl grrcsts at -\cvallarr. ()r'lr morning call 1i'om lrcr hrtslratrcl lirr lLrrrt'll li-il I2 visiting bttsitrcss-rnetr. Shc has visitccl Ilrrrrrpc lrr'ir I' caln-rlv

tht: I{cr'lirtc Plan cxpt: r-ittlet, tt on thc ]). -\. Yrtorn;trts -\ortlt Iliclrllrtlrltl pt',,prt'ties. Nc',.allan artd Yobar:rric." '.llhe l:ounclation is acinrinistcrctl bv a'.['rtt:t rrl ttrtt rnore than 15 pct'sons, "u'ho shall lrc rncmllct's ol tlrc llounclation." As rncnliotrecl, tlre tramcs o1'thc 'l't'LlsteLls Irave zrlrc'rrch'br:ctr prrblishecl. [Jc're is sontc tirt'thcr

irtlil'mation cotrcet'ttitrg tlrc pcoltlc tvlrri

and is a nretnller- ot' the (.lolrtrtt r' \\'omerl's .\ssrrt

lurclies,

rnost ol

ltcl

tirnc.

^\[rs. .\ntlronv Hor-cit-'r'rt

zrclrlrit Listet

.lttt. ltlrs lirl tlrc pirst tltlt'r'

Vca|s lrcett rnzrrtagirlg ltcr ort'tt Sotrtllclo$-lr strrtl lrt (lrrlcairrr (\.S.\\I.'r atrd lr,tltes rllrxt \eitr to lrtl alrl<' tri cxhibit sotnc ol her sltetr:p at local slrt,rrt's. 1'lrorrglr lrelblc licr' rnarrizlge, :is ,\'Iiss llettr' \IcClor', sltt: u'ls

\L's. l'.,\. \"eottratts lirtcl \lls.\ttthotiv

Holclcrn. .Jnr., zrt-t: '['r'rtstees. I'he ir hrrslrirtrcls :u-c alstr 'frr:stees; lrttt anv Lenclcttcv to t'egalrl tl)e u'orlcrl as rncrel,v, or cliieflr', t'ivcs o[' Ttustccs u-or-rlcl be a rniscalculation r.,l their abilities iLud chzu'actct.s and. l;esides, r'r'oulcl l'>c a misconception ol the tratr-rre o1' the 'flust itselt, rvliich is. c:sscntialh-, :r rvorkiug boclr'. lilorn tlre ltcginning it n':rs intetrclecl thrlt. zr schcmt, ,r['

rnainl\' interestecl in tlre sc,cizil 1it'e oi'the cities rslrr: has been abroacl scter:rl titncs . slte is nou' keerrlv intelestecl in vattious ?rspects of' lili: on the lzrrrc.l. P..\. \-eorttatts. t.rl c()tll'su. staltct[ it ll1l. Flc is l'r'esicl<:nt of the Kcvlirte Frirrrtclation' IJtlrrr :tt Ilarclt'rr r'-\.S.\\'.,. ltc lrccatne itrtcrt--stocl in lllirtirrq vcLv cittlrin li1c. li.rssickirrg u'ith otliet. lrovs of'lris lige ; lrccltlttt, rr minillg cngineer; ttltcl, iiltrosf acciclentalh-. Irer:attlr:

llrr: magnitrrrle oltlrc Kcviine li'otrrrcl:rtion shor.tlcl har-c cll-ectivc replesctrtirtion on the lbminine siclc. \{rs. P. r\. Yeoma.rrs lurs Lreetr verv rnttch itrtcrest.ccl in thc Kcviine Plan licxn its getresis ol her lrrrsltand's

intcrestccl irr :rgrictrltlrre:. '.f hc stolr- ol u'lt:rt cleverLrllt:tl [i'om lr.is itr[crest ancl rt'ork r.rrr Ner-allart is told. rrll trr a certlrirr riatr-', itr lris boc.,k TlLc Ir-e)'Littt ['lutL'. a|tr.r u'hich tlrc propert\' \\'lts irrspr-:ctecl l.rr- scictrtists. lrankers. larrcl mcn zrttcl t-rtltcrs tt:orn evet'r' St:r'tc o1'tlltr C]omntr,nn'clLlth ancl h-otu ,rvet'sctts a.trd, ill (lttt: t:oltl'sr'.

\or:tlr llichmonrl propertr-. Hcr iirther..]arnes Batrtcs \\'|ils 2r ql:rziet' tr'lto rvas alsrr intelested in mininq : ltc ol ned thc olrl l{iildcrt r-ninc. lrt rvhich one ol the earlicst sttccesslttl tLciLtntcrtts o1' coruplex olcs {srrlphiclc zorICl took placc. \Irs, \e<-rrlnrts {irst met ltcr httslia.r'rd cltrlirre scltoolda,vs at Hardcn. 'fhcil urain intcrcsts, rnining zrntl agrir:r-ilturc, arc idr:ntical. She is thc rnother o[' thlt:tr sons, l)r. Ncviile Yeomarts, Nlt'. '\llarr Yeomatrs (lvhc,str l.labv clarrghter is ircr'fir'st gliirtclcltildl ancl Kcnnertlt. agecl cight. \'frs. \'r:ornans has liruncl tirnc chrring l-rcr' rnarried lilb to takt atr active palt witlt ht-'r: hr-rslr;rnd in urartv ol his btrsiness zrnd prolbssional trips, lrr i!37, Ibr irtstatrr:e. slte u.t'ttt rr.ith hirn on a. rlitritrg,-

of Harclen i-\.S,\\r.),

liu vr.rsr

ilr l i L'r r.

tlre Errglisl-r Speaking [,.uiorr arrd thc lfli'irrg- l)octot' Sclvicc, lrr.rt nou' itcl not'k lrs 'ft'ustilcl is takirlg trlr

the Irorrnrl:rtiort.

'In,o

j. R

t:xltcrlitiotr to (lal>tr \olk l'clrillstrla. tlar"r:llittg t" u'itlrirr 70 rrtilt's r.r1 (lot'rr (-\tlr. Qld.). Sltc <'opt':

l,ilrclltl l)art.r'. u-lticlt rtrt:t trt Clturit I\.S.\\ . Lurclt r lltc t:lr:rilrnatrsltiP o{ l). ,\l.ackirtriolr. dr:c iclccl to ask tlrc Clornrnt-rll\\'ciiltlt (;overrtutcllt t() (.lorrrrttittcc o1'llrc

r,akc irrr cxzrni trittit)rt

Professor

the Kc'r'lirrc l'l{csealt:lrl I"otrrrtlatiorl u'as lorrllt:rl. Sir C. Starturrr. Flicks is Prolessor t.rl'Flttrrratr I'hlsiolog1, 3rr4 Pharrlacoloqv at- tlrc L. rtivcrsin' ol .\tlt'lairlt' ; is wiclclr, knon'rt in l,nq-l:rrrcl, thc [,rritccl StaL{:s ()1

-\nrcr:ir:a as u'c1l ;rs itr '\rtstralasi:r Ii-rr'his irrttrtst irr l:rnd <lcvclol)nrcllt I atrcl is Scir,'ttti[ir: l"oocl (]otrsttlutttt

tlrc .\uij[ralian .\r'lrtr.. .\ll, as lrc t:rpllrirrs' r'c];rterI interests, sincc zr scit:rrtilit: itlttltcst irt tltr: lrttrlrarr llodl shorrld implv rtrr itrtttcst irr tht'lirt'l tltltt gt-ics into it;

0r't'orr:t.

l1|5i

A. McMillc

Mrs. P. A, Yeomons ond Mrs. Anthony Hordern,

rllrir'lt in trrlrr ltliriqs iu

tirr.: -roii ti.,rrrr u'lr'r.lr

il (,)nrF\;

this trr.(t(:,\,s:rfilv in.",tlyes largt: quesliorrs o1'rrirti,,.lrl lrc;rltlr rrrcl cl1fi.'n<e. -\ Ner,r' T,ealandr:r [r. hiltlr. Sir St-arrtorr -r('r'\'ed u,itlr tlrc N"Z. l,)xpeditiona.t'r l,',rr.<..e irr thr: first \\'r,r-'lrl \\'iu'itrLd rl rrr,irLq the si.r.r,rrd \\'or.ld \\'ar lnurrcle<l tlrr Arrstralia.tr (laterins ()or1ts; .ioinirrg rht' a.!lcl

.\rrstr;rliirtr Armr';rs a

Ilre

1';1111i

',l

)ir:s1qp2111.

arrd 1e:rvine

u,itlr

lrriqlrdicr..

I)r'oli'ssor'.f . R..\. \lc\,[ill;lr is l)can ot tlrc ]'a.crrlrv of Aglir:ttll.trt'r: ;t( t.hr' [-'liversitr. ol" St'r]rrcr.. ]]or.rr :rt

\\irsi \\'r,al,rrrg' l\.S.\\'.,. Ire r,r,as eclrrcateci al l)an.anlittta High Scl'roo1. the Unir,,ersitr" o1" Svdner. arrrl ( l,r"rrell [- nir.ersitr. lti"S.A.;. ,\ Sir irn i'rr]ler 'frarrell.ing Sclrolar" iri the 'tlr,en.ties. lre u,as Pianr Ilrec<ler :it tl)e qucenslarrcl Agricrrltr.rral (lollese au(l Ler'rrrrer'. .Fa.cultl of Aericr-rlturc, L,nir,t:r'sitr oi' ()-ucrnslarrcl. {)n ]lis retrrru. Then hc lvas Cl.S.l.R. l)rinr:iPal (lt:rrel.icisr ltefirre r.:omirls t.) Svr.lne\. an(l rrhil-:;rt (larrlrelra. tirrrnd tirrrr- l.o s(:rvc ?r lerrn as .

l.T. L,altrr '['ennis ,\ssociatiorr. Hc tltc Rr-rr,;rl Sor:iet',. oJ' r\rLstra.lil li.r-rrrr

Prcsir,lcrrl t,l'tht. ,\.( rva-. L'residerrl rrl' 194.1 tt 19,7i. ( 1.

.tl. -VlcKeriha.rr. I,r.esjd{jr)t

olr

thr: Rrrra.l .llarrk

ol"

\er,r, SoLrtlr Wa.les. r,yas borrr ?lt'l."enterfirld iN.S.\\'.;. But lbt a ti:chrli(jzrlit-r-he rvoLrld ha',,e heen orrc r,[ tlrr. firsl. irrtake trr i)untrortrr Militarv ()ollege. Hr: u'cnt banking irrstead, brrl v,,as on Liallipoli a1 tlrr: :ree o{' lti. firrislrins tlrr,' war irs a warrar)t oflicer.

At 37 hr: na.s appointer.l Presidenr ol tllt. rrcrr,lr r:onslittrtr:d l{ural Bank --,. one ri['tlrt: vorrnsesr lranl llresiclents irr thtl world. I)uring tlre secorrcl \\'rx-ld \\ar he u,as []onrrrarrr Federal Adrnirrist.ra_lrtr ot' the .'\rrstralian f,.lornfirrt.s f,rrnd - \ror*ing rlorrIrlt: shilis Io pet through the r,vork ^ and hc has br:en l"rrr marrr vears President r)f thc (lrorvrr Strcer \,\'ornerr's FIospital. Througlr tris pelsurtal inrerest rhe Rural Rauk has sperr:soretl ruanv irnportarrt conrpetitiorrs rhr. Prosr:essir"r }i'arur*r Liompet.itirlr. fhr "SIa.r." .]uninr Kl vt,rr

Jnr

B. S. Folkiner

Farmer Competition, and the like. Among other competitions sponsored by the Rural Bank in which he takes a keen interest are the Fat Lamb Breeders' Competition and the Beef Cattle Breeders' Competition. Anthony- HordernJnr-., son of the Anthony Hordern

who is President of the N.S.W. Associatiorr, was, as he says, "more

Sheepbreeders' less brought

up among Shorthorns." His father introduced the first of the modern type of dumpy Beef Shorthorns to Australia : a great contrast to the leggy type of beast then popular.

But one cannot refer to Anthonl, Hordern Snr. without some passing mention of his versatility as a breeder. To quote an expert: "lfe is among the first few stock breeders of the world. In Australia, against the best competition, he has gone to the top ih the show and sale rings with Shorthorns, Herefords, Poll Herefords, Guernseys, Merinos, Romney Marsh, Welsh ponies, sporting dogs pheasants."

even budgerigars arid

Anthony Hordern Jnr. was captain of the King's -- in itself sufficient proof of lorce of character and a cadet lieutenant. lle went to Jesus College, -Cambridge, collected an M.A., and came back in tirne to sail for the Middle East on The Queen Elizabeth in 1940. He joined up as a gunner and was commissioned in 1941. In Palestine with the 21st Medium Regiment, he was unlucky enough to contract an illness which invalided him out of the Army. His Round Hill Beef Shorthorn stud has lately been in the news with the purchase ol the bull, Erimus Intrepid. Mr. Hordern is a Councillor of the R.A.S. D. R. McCaughey, of Borambola Park Beef Shorthorn stud, Wagga (N.S.W.), and Coonong Merino stud, Narrandera (N.S.W"), is also chairman of directors of Commonwealth Wool and a director. of Nen, England North and North West Producers Co, School

Oi:'r'onprr,

1-955

The Darling family is historically associated with national development. The firm was founded by the

st'r vc<l irr thc lilst \\',,rr']cl \\/zrl n'ith thr.' :\. 1.['.. rr"anskrrecl to t lre l3ritish -'\rnrr', attcl r.'as t-r-rt-nnrissiotled to\\,al'(ls tlrt' t-r'rtl ol'Iht' u'lr.r'. .\nothel rrarne thrnorts in .'\ttstlali;r's p2tst()ral hist,rl'r

l,tcl. Fle

present John Darling's great-grandfather; his grandfather, another John Darling, was one of the founders

of B.H.P.; and his father, Harold Darling, was chairman of directors of B.H.P. and one of the

- oue na.tur.allr tlrirrks of Sil Samuel \IcCau3-hn wlren anr' mcrnlrets ol the latrilv are nrent.iolltd is Falkiner. C. B. S. Iralkinel is a sr"andsorr r'rf thc l'. S.

Ibunders of the Waite Institute. are the ns66ss4l'ily in outline IJere, then in part at least, to -one of the Trustees. An answer, questions frequently asked concerning the Foundation. The other question would seem to be answered by the objects ofthe Foundation.

lialkiler- u,ho, tvittr t\\'o pzu tners, Ross arrcl \'lcKenzie' lrouglrt part ol'thc old Peppin listate in lu7il. Haddon Rig lvas startcd at \\arren (\.S.\V.) ttr- !'. B. S.

li'alkirrer', (i" ll. S. -b-alkiner's thtlrcr; and is, o1'cout'str. onâ&#x201A;Ź ri1'the qlcat lirurrdatiou studs ol" Peppin lllrxrd. R.unrring Haddon Rig would seeln to lte a lull-tirne job. Iltrt (;. B. S. Iialkiner, besides being a Vicel)residelt o1 the N.S.W. Shcepbreeders' Ass,'rt'iatit,rt. is diret:tol oi'a string o{'cr.xnpanies. Clhairman oI'the I rrtlrrsl.r'iaI Clolnmittec o1' the Nuclear Fottnd;rtiorl arrcl a rtrertrbel r-,1'lhe L.loLittt:il ot'the N.S.\\'. Btrsli )'irrrsirrg .:\sso,ciati,rrr. fle is ktcrr t,rr flr'ing, aritl l-rolds J Pr'i\irtc i

"The Bulletin" leader after quoting

"Queensland Country Lifer" and Newcastle "Morning Herald" agricultural writer Erie Sparke, concluded

l' tl E

rerr:irar

rt-.l

A1' ll

ll l,

L-

isi

it handlcs li:rrcin g rnaterials,

n g^

dips, clrerrcht's arrcl so .[rrrth; as rvell tit:s, it srrper'viscs othet's ltir cIierrts.

has some impressive claims to attention, consideration

and support on a national scale'" Anyone requiring further infcrrmation concerning the Keyline (Research) Foundation should get in touch with the Organising Seeretarl, H. Sarina,

"Blair," 74 Elizabeth Bay Road, Elizabeth Bay,

Sydney: Telephone, FA 3330 (business hours) or' FA 6453 (after 5 p.m. and week-ends and holidays) .

continued f ro,r page 23

lcports ;rrrcl balance-slreets the hrrmarr thouglrt arrd r:llbr"t that qoes itlt.o producirrp *eirlllr Iroru the .'\ustlal.ian earth" r\nd l epol'tli artcl ltala.trt:e sheets

rvool-1r:rck s, as ;l.s o\'vl1 propel'-

d()ri't sh()$, tJre littlc llrirrgs -- - :rltarrg-itt9 tra.r,el, lulokirru accorttuodatiott, brrvirrg tickets ibr', sa,v, Lhr l)avjs Cup,,ri filtlirrq (,,()ks (,r gald.'rrcrs. Corrrparectr r,vitlr, say, thr aitr':iiot-iing ut' I ti,(JUO t-il' thr cirurpail\"s t,rvrr slrrt:p at ole salc, strt:h inciclentals rniqht lrar d ll lre i:allecl l-rttsincss, .r\cupt ttrat ther repr'esrjrrt st:rr,ice, rr,ltit h, ..rtitl lrll, is thc treg'inrrirrq

recr:ipts ol' l'ool "54 rhe c(rmparty's totill irrlrt'asetl Ir'r,rrr 27[1,57t3 lrales to 2tJI,+()(,) balcs, etlrral ro !l.lJ4 I)(:r' ccnt ol- tlrt lrlokers' total lcreipts in tirt' tlrit'e' Flltstt:r'rt Stulc'-* irr,uvlrit.'lr it optrliltes. lts t,rtel :lrcep Iru rtr-rt't]t r'()t(: li,,rrt l.:,1)+,5utt t,, 2,2*7,.i'l? arr<l lrrtric tulrtot'cr' Jl'ortt 177,2tll to 2()2,521i'

1953

'I'lrc

con'r1t:rrt1' trittcltrcts lrncl sLthsidisc:s arr oflicet s'

pcr'rsit'>n

und arttrttity lirrrd ancl is justifiablv prritlcl

arrd clrd ol'

o1'

clircr,trir's l'eport jrrst altt,r' the drprrssirirr. 'l'hev said

tlren "that t[t prtrpelties

sirrrplv namcs oIl pi11)er ulro startri (rlr a:itatioll (:arl -\ go li'rrrtt.j:lt'ke|0o trl 1-lastoral iltspet:tlir tri gtttcr.ll ilrarras..r I ji lre 's nradc ()1' tlle |ight sl.ttfl'. '['lrc (,cneral \'Ialrager' lilr .'\ustralili is \{r'. 1:r'esetrt. 'l'. l)anger:ficld, arrd tlrt: Assistatrt (itrreral \l:rnaut'r' is Nh'. liir' .\ustrali;r '\. .\'1. \{ttrdo<:lr. It net:tls a iirtlc itnaqinatiott t{) \ec itt alrttttrtl (,inpaJ)\'s irrtct'e,sts al'e

to tllrrlt.

Kr vr,rr

bLtsirtess.

Perhaps tht: lristr;rv arrd develo;lrrent ot' tlrc c()nlpan\r was l.rest, i1'urrinterrtionally, epitorniseti irr r

tlie Lerng- curntinttitv of selvice of its ollicels attd statiott lnanaBers. NIost of it.s \'()tllrq ltlen circulate a.trirrnd thtbrarrc:hes r-rr properl-ies lirr expcrierlce so that tht(

"An independent, eo-operatively working Foun= dation, set up by men of vision to further a land innovation capable of evoking reactions of the above order from disinterested outside observers who have personally inspected the practical results, certainly

rrt't:.

l,ike .Ir",Jur l.)ar"lins, ot .Jrihn 1)arrlirrg arrtl Sorr. tltt' flortirrrrillius arrcl stock-[irod lirni, (]. IJ" S. Iialkirrer \\,e rrt t() Oeelorrg (-lt'alrurar; rorrnding tlfl'his edrtt,atiorr at St. Paul's (lolle3-e, Stdrrei'Ll niversitv" Lctters rrtter' lris name are B.E., .\.R.At"S.I.. D.S.(Hon.)' F,ar' trorrble kept lrirn cnrt ol'the R.A.A.Ii'. brtt, as a t:iviliarr cxpert, his crrsirreering krror'r'-ht)w \las uselnl irr ttre islands and elservhere. J<.rirn Darliug spent four' \'ea1's rvitlr the R.A.A.F., based in the U'K., fl,ving N{os(l iiir(ies and night-fighting ; rank, Ilight-lielrtetrartt. Risirre 32. .litlrrr l)rrr lirrq i: illt' \'(,r-itrgc:st l-r ttrl' t-, lrrrcl iir'ittgs , t,trritlt'r':tlrlt t'trtlttt:itrsttt t. lti. tltttie'.

published

opinions on the Keyline Plan by E. J. Breakwell, pastures adviser to the Australian Mercantile Land and Finance Co. Limited, Wallace Skelsey, Editor of

11()t

rl,'cr'i^

u'cll sitrtatcd:rird

capablr' trarraged, that lir.t'r st()(:k was rllitLrtr dorvr, to \,e l v lrir,r' r'alues, atitl that :rlthr-ruglr iutruediarrt I)r)s[)c(:t.s wlirc rt()t q(x)(1, stl(:lr titnes irr tltt'ltast li;rd

r'r.,urig li-lk-lv

vr Licerr li'rllor'r,etl b1' r't'r'or''er1'. ' hr othrr w,r.rrds, sourtd ilr.t'stltclrt ;rtt1 liritlr in tlii' iirturt -- ils B()()d a rnaxinr lt\ :lll\' lbt irtttitre:s i1 nol, irrdr:ed, thl Iir.irig itself '

:r Ir.r,a

?ll

Oc-rorrx, )955

N O'I'L, Continued from pagc

At the Brisbone Exhibition: Chompion Shorthorn bull,

Coonong

Approvol (D. R. McCoughey)t chompion Shcrthorn cow, Greenwich Averne Fronces (Kyolla Pty. Ltd.); chompion Polt Shorthorn buil, Cooitil Classic (Belyonno Postorol Co.); champion poll Shorthorn cow, Netherby Snow White

T. Scrymseour).

lrresiclcrt.Jinr Hcaclirrg. u'lrcrr Pirrrinq.ir q.ucsl lxrrlgc tlrr Ilrl'lel ,,f rrrr ,,,rrl

"Har'olcl," hc sairl. "I u'urrt l-o i]poloe.ise to vorr lin, rrot doirg this earlier.. It is rr privilcs-e Ii)r rnc to (l() il norr'. \'otr have ltecrr a great li.icnci arrd \\'olk(,(l lrilr.(l lirr tlrt- aqricllltrLral societir.* an(l tlte .\. I.S." \ou' th:it I an'r "lookin.q- in t'om tlrc orrtsiclc,' irll kirrclnosscs \\'er'o

l"eu',

E|:r-::::i

:,r::A

:irrfl

i,:::: :ii*:E, l.!..i*iii: lr. :i::.::.

ril

thrtc

i6ii

gre:ltl\.

2rppl.cciated.

I nrielrt

:rcld. ale (l()inq- a qre2rtef .jolr lor tlrc gerlcral (:omrnllr)itv than .f irn ILeadirrg. Sorrre vear.s lue(), rl1l clclr:tor''s a(h'ice, lrc lelirrclrrished m:rrrv horror.an. leacline ptrlrlic positiolrs. irrclu<ling Lhose ol' Presirlenr.

(.lrrccrrslancl I'ilant:h,

..\.

[.S. Socierr, anci

corrncillor'. \otuitlrst:r.rrclin,{ tlrc rnt,diclrl

I't:clt r.al

a.clvi<.c, lrt:

Corrtirrrrt'rl ils

11 rr){)st rn(,lgctiC nr('lrrirCr. ()1 t}rr. St:ttt. l)lu lilrrrrt'rt. lrolrlirrg tlrc \l rrr.gorr st':rt. lirr. tlrt: (lorrntrr

I)irltr . 'L'lrt'rr. llrlct: r ('ur.s irq(). lrc rrrrclt'r.tool< tl,t. r,,,, hc:rvv uulk irn'olr.r,:rl iu lrt.irr.l lrrtsirlcrrt ril tlrt tt.\.,\..

irr rvlriclr position lrc lr:rs gairccl siqrral sll('cess. irr I)r'acti(:211 nt:Llrnel

rrro:r

onlr.rlhr:n lte lrccurrrc l{.,\.A. prcsicicnt t}rar rnan\ o1' his nrrnrer.ous {l icrrcls in all Statcs o['r\rrstr':rlia t]t:rt in tlrt: lilsr \\'or.lti \\'lrr. lrc lr:rrl provccl hirrrseli' :r rll'eirL l)iqgcr.. rr.irrrrirrg. irr tlrt. larrks ol'tlrt' ,\.1.li., lrotlr tlrr'l).(1._\1. rn(l rl)c \[.-\1. l.lLst r r:lrr'. as a lctailirrq ,\trstmli:Ln t:irizc:rr. t lrcrt u,:rs rrtltlctl to tlrosc tlt,contiorrs thc arvar<l ol'ilrc (1.\1.(i. l;tir rnvscrll, I nra'sav ircr.t,tlrtrt r'hntcr... l miir.h..r't: clonc lirr tlre agrictrlttrlal soc.ieties lrnd tlic A.l.S. rr:rs l)zrr1 of tht' cltrties allottecl to Irrc. It u':ts alwuvs tr e-r.clt l)leasur'e. I'utther', tlre :rtrrtr,rlrItrr... irr rr lrir.lt 1 rnor.crl \\'2ts arl inspiratiorr to trv t() clo ltel ter'.

rvas

Irecarne knorvlr to

,\ttt'srtct

css

alising [iorn nrv efli)l.ts (:iln be attr-i]rutctl

to Ilrt' c'o-oltcrttiorr aurl lssistanrie o1' t.l]e stafl' rrnr1r:r. rnv t:ontrrrl. \\'itir tlre -\.1.S.. I harc {.() thank \l.issr-, \ell lrernvick ar(l (,h-r.r ( )'Rcgari; also \,lessrs. A. L. (\lac) -\[r:(]e]rt. antl .f olrn IIlrr jt.r., n-lro uctrurllr ,'t,, rtl-rl t]r, rr,rrl. '1'lrc gcrrrroLrs lrloarlcast r.enrar.ks ol r\. . (1asrur:ll .J iplcsiclerrt. .{. [.S.. (]rrct.rrslrrrrcl ljr.an<.hi arrcl (lralrarrr

I". Shillcr (1,'cclclal pr-csiclcnt) rro.c tvpical ol rlrcnr ls \.er.\. rlurrrr ol trs ,1,,. ltir t, lrIrtk. r rrrrlrl Ir,,l lt:,r,. l,r.r.tr lrr,,r.c sirr, t.rt.. lrotlr. .\nd krrorrirrg.Jirrr Hcirclirg.

'1'lre "lirir trls'' r,l Sr,Lrtlr ,\Lrslr.ltlili. \ it:t6t.i:i :1trl \c.ry Sorrtlr \\':rlcs rlcle nt'll r.r'pl.('scrr1('(l u1 1lris \.(,r.\.sll(.(.ass_

Iirl llli.l,:rrrc l{,,r ;,1. -'\ll \\'illianrs, tht u.cll-knou rr liglrt lror.sr..jrrrlrr. rr.lro ,liltilrtccl irr tht jtrnrltirrg arrrl hrrrrLirrg tf\-(_.r)ts, \\irs rl)(. solt, llttt altL:. r'eprr,'st,l)tl ri\-r- li,,r r S,,rrrlr .\rrstr.ali:r. All. I rrotrl<l sar'. is ailorrt orrr.ol'our. rnost krrorllcclgt,rtblc lrrilse.jtrclgt's. Hc lrrs hlrd a litetirnc ol'expt.r.it_-rrr t. rliLlr all trpcs oi'irolscs. (.olrrrncn(illg. lis lrc clicl. lirl.n

tlrt gnrss-lcvcl. Irr lris t':rr.lv rllns

lre n'rrs jrrst ;rrr orclirr:rr.r

lil.l t.rrl

]:tlct ii rIr():iL str(r(:osslir1 t',rrrllltltiL,rr'; lirr' r[ill\,t,elrt p:nl lrt: lrlr trc,'rt:r juclu"c at:rll "Rovitl:''

irLt('n(llurt..

luud ttt;ru-r lt'adirrg ('()uIttlv slt,rus irt

tItt'r'lttiuttl

St:ttt:1.

Chomgion Hereford bull, Woodlonds Soxon (Woodlonds Stud); champion Hereford cow,Timor Carissimo 1Oth (fimor Wfiite Bros.); champion Poll Hereford bull, Merawah Revenge (J. H. Doyle Estotes Co. Pty. Ltd.); champion Poll Hereford eow, Trevanna Lovely 95th (S. A. Plont and Son\.

li'or a t:ousiclerahle tirrc he rtils t:ltairt'nart ol'the l{cirsr,r Sctrtion ior. as thci'rvotrlcl sav itr SottLIt Artsir':.rlia, Ilorses in .\ction Section) o1' the lLoval Ag-rictrltural Sr:cietv ol' Sorrth Australia.

'fhe \rictolian llzrs rvas kept u'ell flr'ing lx- its popttlar' president, Torn \{itch.ell. In }ris spale rllolnerrts lte is tlre pliricipal ol one ol\Iclbottrrre's le:rdirrg- nlachitrr:r'r' firrns. 'I-his lcar, u'hetr he u,zrs attcndillg^ the Svdner l{oval. \\-e hacl an Arnericz}n visitor, rvho

rvzrs

irllerestecl

in tire rnachiner:r- erhilrits. The Amcrican llarticulalh expressetl the desire to lre sholvn arottncl the r-:tt'iott: rn:rt:hinen' stancls trv someone u,itlr rhe neccss:tLt'iitt<ttl Icrlge. Tirrrc u.zrs the csselrce ol the t'orrtract. arld it rvas cliftiurrlt to sclcct Lhe liglrt Pelsotl. lior I ntotttertt I u'lrs contltlr:telv lrelrtcrr. 'I.'herr I saw"l]ortr {.,rllilrq clorvrr tlrt' rttiritt Lltot'ottq-lrlirlc ril' 1[tt: Sltorvqtrrrtrlcl. As rr St'clrtt'r' t ,rtttrt illrn' \\':ts n()[ lLvlrilitlllt, I ltiir.l rt,, llt'sitrrtion irr riitclr. rrskirrg lrirrr to tlo llrt'.jc,lr. \\'itlroirt dt

\'l\

: "\\'lrat. askirrq' lr Vit toli:irt to t'riticise \'lat'hinelv Sectiorr o1' thc Iloral l'lastcl Shorr'

tlrtr

lrt'sitatiorr lrt: ag-r'r'ccl. Hc clicl,

ltou'ct, er',

cornrlrent

\'(:I'\'

Irlv

go(xlness l' '

Ilorvevcr'. tlrc poirrl is tlrat he u'as rvilling- to:rssist a goocl ittstltrtt:e of'the co-opcr'atir-rrr rvllit:lr rloes txist lrt'l.rvt't'rt lltc vat'iorts "l{or-:tls." 'lirrtt rr:ts lt<t,rrt1-rlttrictl lr1 [,ltttlit -\1. l)rrgcllrlt:, t'lrtirrrlrrr o['tltr: (irrttlt: St't:tiorr ol'Lltt Rrrval .\qlicrrlt l

rrlal Sor'it:tv ol' \'ictolirr. lttttl

lrcr:clels

u r rcl.j t rd--es o[' Sh

te ol' i ts lrcst-klrorvr

ortitonrs altci l)()ll SLrorthrirlts.

rverc : \\'illie (-1. (]reave-q. of lieirr lrorse i.rrrd clairv catrle firrrrr:;(leofl'(i. llorvcll, prorlinent stud I'oll Hereforcl ltreeder; Keith -\"[cUarr"ie. stud.Jelsev breecler', and firrmer Lilteral Palt,v .memlrer' of tlre Yictori:in Palli:,rmetlt; ancl Clolin \\'ooclftrll. exlalvvcr', rro\\' secl'etalr., ltrother of'Billy \\'oodfirll, tlrtr

Als. i, tlte teitttr

lirt'lrr-rirs

Atrstxrli:rn Iirlrlcr cricktt <:aptairr.

't'trc str.rg tcat, .1'

; ;J N*v Soutli \\'alcs rv.s lrv tlrc I)IesidcrltJ Satn Horclertt, l'ho is lrlsrr J)I'esident ril' tlre J')clrrestrian I"crleration of' Atrstralia. ireadecl

ir.rr(l :r ritucl Irlcecler ett'light ltorscs, porries, Sltolthortrs" l)e.,,ons zrlrd Satrta (Jertmdis, as rvell as I'at cattle. Sarrr is rapicliv bect-,rnirrg otte of ortr'largest pastoral propert\-

hc,lclcrs. Otr nccottttt o1'his ciose associatiotr lirr tllanv r.cars rvitli the Svclrrev l{ovai and '"r'itir corttrili' sllolt' societies. lre is probablv tltc rnost experierl('etl presiclent

t,l'all. rrrrcl t ottrtcilLrt's

in the \.S.\\'. teaill

,,,.r.].t.,.,-rrr'"tt.rcttts

\\'. ,\. '.Bill (llralltr. (lotttttlr l'altt'

nrctttlter' lirt'

'1.'artnr,oltlr irr 1.ltt St:rlc Pallianicrrt. It. is sairI that 1]ill

is also it str-itu-lrerrt'cxpart. \,'incent (i. Fairlax, stucl IIelefbrcl lrleeclcr', ttttcl otrc ol tlre "svdner' -\'1or'rrirtg Her-itlcl" ['airllx lrrmilr'. ll. \\Iatsorr I Iervitt. ottc c,1' -\trstt llli;t's fiit'r'rttr'rst sttt<l 0l ronnn,

1955

.i1

.ltlsel crttlc

lr:t:cclcrs. :r l{or.al Slrou'.irrt.lqc, elso int-

mediaLe past-presiderrt Societ r

iil ilre

-\rrstlaliarr .Jelser,

[{at rrt,,rrrl [,i.e vnolcls. ilrn()lrr]- r\rrstlalia's lear1irr14 strrti llcr:elorcl l-lrer:clers ancl ;lr lnternatic.rira I jrrdge ot thl Irleerl, as ',r,eli as ir blood-hrirse lir.eeder. He jncleerl arr excepti()nalh' sh'()l1s .LIelelitrrl Secrion ar Br.isltane this vr:a r'. [,; nlil'tr nta tcl r-, i l l ness plcr-cr r trcl ] il'r lirrnr j ude i r rq llre orrtstandirrg lirrc-rtp ,rl l;krori lrl-sc,r. (1..\. \1. llos-*, lrailirrq llonr (ilerr Irrrres. h:ts gairrt'tl lriglr rlist.inctiorr :rs a lrrr:erlcl ol Altclclcerr Arrqtrs l.tts :rnrl slr.rcls. arrcl as a.jrrclge o1'liq-irt horscs arrl liclirrq (:\-crrts. [ic rr':rs a.jrrrlq't' irr rlre Light, l-lolse Ser'1irxr ol'

Her"rl

\\'allace A.

\1e ares, fiorbes aslictrltrrrist. r,vho a lerv ago repr'eseltted his Stlrte ()\11 seils :1s ll P|ogr rssir r' r orrrrg lhrmer'. \ ears

I)orrglas

(i. -\[turrir. ol po)o. Slroltlrorrr. arrrl I'oll

Sliritlltolrr liutrt'.

urrcl a jrrtlq-c

ol tlre llrst l\r()

nlr'nri()ne(1.

the Shorr. I)orrglirs I-1. l{olrt:r't.sr.rrr. orrt. ol orrr gleatcst entltrrsiasts irr tlrc Lrrcecli11r,, ol'l)o11 Slroltholrrs :rrrcl lits. His rnr.itto is : " Ilrev trrttst lrc \'.)urle, lravc e;,r-irrt:cl \\,eigl)1 lirr" ltgc. rrell {leshecl. arrcl lrt' alrle ro u'alk.'' l)orrg is alsr, giriuirrs li re1-tttt:ttion ir:r iL rirrlio ltloaclclrster' r)rr lnlitt(-]'s lr[)prltilinirlg to 1ir.t stot h. .\t llrr Sr clrrer Roval ire is orrr- r,l' tIrt' ltirr'rl-rr'olkecl r',rcleo stculrrils.

Champion Aberdeen Angus bull, Walloh Nobend (Walloh Pastorol Co. Pty. Ltd"\; champion Aberdeen Angus cow, Sold bloir Benr 4th (Bald Bloir Postoral C.a.\; champion Devon bull, Glen Moan Nopcleon 3rd (Toiping Investrnents (,ausr.) Pty. ttC ).

illrlrlrrn l:. $lriller. 1-lrrsiclt:rr1 rrl tlrr' .,\rrstllrli:rrr Illarvallu Siror'tlrotri Socittr. lrrrl cr-ltlt-'sitlerrt ,,l tlrt -\rrstr'lrliitrr Iliq' So<:ictr. \\'lt\ ()nc r,i' tirr: irritiitt,,rr, irr flr<.c o[' ntrrr'1r opl;r:siti,rr. in lrlirrqirr-.. t]re (llirurrli;rl Ilelkslrile-tr'pe pig\ ir)t{) .\usrralia. l'r'obirltiv r}rele i: tl() r)It(' tllto 1,,1y1'1t tttote t'ptlttrsiirstilalLr', :rt :r tt'r;illr' ( ()s1 1() lrinrst'lt. lii1 11,,- riliirr rLrrcl 1lig lrr'eerlers. R. I)ol1' Scirruiclt i: ont'ri1 orrl kecrrest lrrtl rrrost l)r'rt(1isc(l lrtt-eclels,.rl l'r,i1 Sltrittlrr,r'rrs. lirl t'rrtllr', lrrrrl Il()\\' :;ilntlr (ieltlirclis. I{rgulrllr'ss o1' :rqr. I ),rll is still l (

fitt tor to Jrc lcckt,rrerl rvitlr lrr rir';rjlirrg cvcr)ts.

wryryry*I

i.r (

()nll)irt;t()i irr tlrt.r':rrn1r

(.lonrpletilru tltc tr:rur rvus Sil lr. I I. ]i'r'r'trrr:rri. l)ilcr:tol ol't.lrc Srr[rrcr ]{orr'rl. \'losl r,l llre tc;rrrr rrt.r'r' :t, r,,ntlr;rltirrl l,r tir, it rrir,.. Yisits lr) t orrn( illor': ,,1' t.lrt, r'irliorrs "1{r>r als,'' rrltitotrglt lr)stlr jrr tirrt' :rrrcl rrrorrer i. alo lt qreat t orrrplinrt'rrt 1o tlrc Sr,r ictr r orrrlrtctirrq tlrc Sltou,. 'L'lit' ''[tr.*'als" a11 r]()t irr lorrrlrt'liiiorr rl'itlt ()llc u-l.l()t.htl tltrit'ruairr ol>jtt tir r' i\ 1.) ('(rl(lrr( t tlrt.il ou rr llxlrilritiorrs ir t]rc rlost cli,t irrt iliurlr'1 . :triri at tlrt: sllrrrc lirrrt (()r)\-c\'. irr a plliciit:i] rrrrr. lLl)-1()-date iclt ls ir, :rqr icultult'. :tricl< lrttrl tlrr: :i:rorrr]lrlr intlrrslli s. [,lrclr s,ri ietr lt':rlr. Lr',,rrr tlit' ot]rL'r's '1.'lrt.r lu( stitntrlated lrr itltlor-lr1ir,ns :rnrl. ar) il l'(,sult. it r':tn )it. srricl tr-itlr cottflclcrrr c ililiL tlrt Slrr,rr.. rrs lr rvlr,lt,. lrlrr,. n() l)ecl irr zrrrr lxilt oi tlrr rr'r,r'lrl. lrr rhe rrt'al lirttitt ii i. lt,,1tttl tilrt ltl r't:st-rrl.:rtirt liotn tlrt t'rirrncils oi t':rt lr r,I tlrt' si-r "l{rxlrls'' rvilI sc,. tltc u isrl,tn ol't,rrrli-r'r'iirg ot clrsiorurllr . l)r't.\\ rcn SIrorr':. lirr' 1hc pru l)()\(' o1 rliscirs:irr,1 rnrtlrr'\ oi lrerrc.lit irrl nlrlrra] irrtt-r'c:1 . 5irrril:rr iulk. 1r,'trr r.r'n tltr"il rrrr rrtir l

::;T*{"rY*.r.+

,rlliccls

r,1111111

111'.

lr,':rr lrrrit.

.\ltcr ll() \crir'\ \( l\icr. rritlr (;rr.( r :u)(l lllLrtl.irrr. ,,1 'lixrn:rill('(Ll.), \\. (. illilll l)rrttrrrorilr, rlrl rrrllktt,,tvrr 1;orrltrr :rrrrl rl,,r,-.jrrrlqt'. Ilr. r'r.siq-rrctl llorr tlrlrr lilrn. It it crtt'ernt'lr clr,Lrlrtlirl il ill\()lr(' in tlrt. .\rr:It':rlian SIrorr rr'r,r'lrl i: llrrtr'r'krrorlrr tltilr Rill. Ku vr"rr

,32

LJrlr-ilt rr. l'-l5r

TIME

?a oo

Tl M E . . . waits for no man, particularly the FARMER. TIM E . . . to the FARMER is more important than MONEY.

and

is altogether TOO VALUABLE TO WASTE.

SO WHY WASTE YOURS? For the everyday iob where H A N D TOO LS are be it an "SUPERKUT", Blue Finish.

High-grade standard design

for all-purpose use. Square Poll,4.4 and 5 lbs. Round Poll, 3{, 4 and 4} lbs. Fitted with selected 32" or S6" hickory

used

AXE

Australian handles.

BLOCK BUSTER For splitting block wood and for general purposes around the farm. Available with either 32" Australian or hickory handle'

SUPER MULTIGRIPS Self-gripping; a perfect light Pipe Wrench and Shifting Spanner combined. No strain on centre Pin. Plated

finish,

9|"

long.

HAMMER

"KARPENTA", plated finish, alloy tool steel,

balance. Hickory handle.

perfect

Weight:16,20 or 24

ozs.

Don't waste time with unknown brands or low quality Tools

INSIST ON ..KEESTEEL'' BRAND AVAILABLE AT YOU R LOCAL HARDWARE STORE

"KEESTEEL" quality tools are manufacted by KEECH CASTINGS PTY. LIMITED Kent Road, Mascot, N.S.W. KBvLrxs

Ocroarn; I955

On a Showground, whether it be in the top of

On our return to Australia

judge.

Mrs. Rice goes on then to describe their preparations for a coming sale and the stock they would have to offer, with mention of a buffet supper at her house on the evening before the sale. At the function they would have between 150 and 200 guests.

We all wish him the best of luck as a freelance.

owing to the ri-it"l ,ilr. ,, his disposal and his try as he did, Professor Boutflour was unable to visit the P. A. Yeomans 1000-acre properties at North Richmond, N.S.W., where The Keyline Plan is successfully in operation. In a letter to enormous itinerary,

Also, referring to some of their cattle, she gives a vivid picture of winter at the Ranch. She says that all the cattle are "looking very well now, and we are proud of them", and adds:

me Professor Boutflour stated: "I am delighted to have The Ke2line Plan, and please thank NIr. Yeomans not only for sending it but also inscribing it. I shall spend much time over it on the boat on our lvay home.

"Al1 of these dry cows wintered in the hills east of our house with only cake and grass, being given hay about three weeks of the worst weather when snow was crusted and too deep to graze. During a very severe storm in April we did not see them for four days. Many cattle and sheep (elsewhere in the locality) were drifted under and losses were great, but we did not lose an animal, fortunately, as all of ours were strong and the B0 calves we had at the time were accessible to sheds which drifted full but were shovelled out and watched carefully."

"IIow grand is Australia, but oh how grander it could be if only its water was controlled, and therefore, the book is sure to fascinate me. "Excuse terseness, but oh the letters I have had since the broadcast, and I'm answering them all."

Australian ,..ra or"Ju.J *u o. pleased to learn that Mrs. Ruth Rice (John's widow), with the assistance oftheir son, anotherJohn, is successfuily carrying on the Poll Hereford stud at Sheridan, Wyoming,

.as

grass is assured for winter. For two years the reservoirs

did not fiIi, causing a water problem for the livestock, and last year grass was at a premium. lVe are very grateful lor these problems to be lessened. We also got our irrigation under way two weeks earlier and covered half our hay land'while the flood water was going by. Last year we did not get over all the land and it cost us much anxiety. We have fed up all our surplus hay, but will start haying immediately after the sale. We hope to store up extra for the short years this year. Spring started out dry but has changed."

American, had visited the Parker Ranch on an island adjacent to Honolulu, and it was after leaving the island that the accident occurred.

The first news I had of it rvas in a letter received from Mrs. Rice whiie my wife and I lvere on the Orsova en route to England in May before last. Mrs. Rice wrote from Honolulu while she and Mrs. Heinz were anxiously awaiting word of their husbands a most courageous letter, typical of its writer. When John Rice was in Australia he several times said to me, "Harold, by all means you must stay with

Of the sale, and particularly the buffet supper before it,

she r,vrites

that the "boys are a great help", and adds

"It is making men of these two boys and an old lady of me,"

when passing through America." Ffowever, wherr my wife and I reached the U.S.A. we naturally decided that the visit was now out of the question; but the very first letter lve received after reaching our hotel in New York was from Mrs. Rice, stating that we must come and see her. So we did go to Sheridan, and spent four delightful days there with Mrs. Rice and her famiiy. us

"Our country is very beautiful now, We have had good rains and our stock reservoirs have filled and

It will be remembered that John Rice, who judged the Poll Herefords at the 1954 Royal Easter Show, met an untimely death in a plane accident on his way home from Australia. He and George Heinz, another

Her picture of the Ranch, with winter over, is just alive with the kind of touches that make you see the

place

U.S.A.

Krvr.r.Ns

learned with much

had decided to send to its American counterpaft a handsome John Rice Memorial Trophy. An appropriate Australian gesture to a great American, And now I have received another letter from Mrs. Rice. "I loved your country and its people," she writes; "and John's and my last days together there must have made our visit mean even more. I should love some day to return."

notable visitors. Bill can talk "show business" at any time of the day or night. He always has a good audience. In other words, he is a lvalking Show Encyclopedia. Bill proposes to keep the wolf from the door by continuing as a poultry and dog consultant, a breeder, and a

satisfaction that the Australian Poll Hereford Society

Queensland or in another State, if he cannot be found among the poultry pens or the dog benches, look in the horse stalls, the side show area, or among the

I am happy to be able to add that I have since heard the sale was an outstanding success. Names mentioned in Mrs. Rice's letter include Peter Norrie, Charles Locke, Nevison, Robertson, Macfarlane and Dick Wilson. Of the last-named, Mrs. Rice wrote: "I am glad that Dick Wilson judged, as I liked him very much." J?

Ocroorin,

195 5

'Woter," bellowed Big Bill. "Dammit, mon, the purnps!"

T.INDS A

ITS

SHORT STORY BY GAVIN S. CASEY

HAREHOLDERS in the Open Reef were fortunate in that their exceptionally rich and isolated lease rvas only a couple of hundred miles from the coast. But in England, where most of them were, that distance appears to be much greater than it does beneath the Southern Cross. It loomed particularly large when the project of pumping water water for of treatment of the ore, and water for the settiement

f,aces, and talked airily of the mighty matter to their friends. They received attention and admiration from i.he press and the public. But their fame was as nothing to that of their general manager, who had hastened back to Australia with the laudable object of "getting things going". The g.m. was received as a hero and a national benefactor. The atmosphere suited him; he expanded genially to the adulation he received as he sat in his office day after day, surrounded by his consultants and his subordinates, directing operations which would alter the face of half the State. So the great scheme progressed through many months of labour and organisation and reorganisation. A number of contractors made modest fortunes. A minor scandal ended with the summary dismissal of a couple of subordinates. But the pipe continued to stretch towards the interior, and the g.m., who had experienced some uneasy moments over the incident,

up through the ranges to the reef was the township placed before -the directors.

The resulting debate was a long and heated one. Certain members of the board arrived from their suburbs after considerable study of maps and plans, determined on no account to send good money after bad. They found, horvever, that the enthusiasm of their general manager, who had seen the reef, was infectious. They also found their secretary armed with facts and figures.

After listening for a while they found themselves committed to the securing of more capital, to the seeking of Government assistance and to the eventual building of a water scheme which wouid be one of the greatest private enterprises of its kind in the world. Beneath their borvler hats they strode away, feeling themselves to be Empire-builders in the truest sense of the term. If, during ensuing months, they suffered qualms, they knew it rvas too late, maintained brave KuvltNn

LE,VE.L

managed eventually to use it to convince his employers even more completely that he u.as "the right man in the right placc." Settlements along the proposed pipeline squabbled, and were bitter toward each other in bringing lorward their rival claims to be sites of the various pumping stations. Districts on the route anticipated substantial benefit from the company's undertaking to supply water 35

Oc'ros:rF.,

195-5

for,irrigation and household needs. The g.m. was guest of honour at numerous State Governmint and local_

governmen t ceremonies.

He grelr,'stouter and smoother, and became au.are of a vague regret that his wife was not a smarter woma.n the kind with the social sense that is so helpful to the -successful man.

Time resolved itself into years, and the two_hundred_ mile conduit, with the big dam at one end of it and the phenomenally rich Open Reef at the other, became an accepted feature of State maps, and was less talked about- But Big Bill West, the g.m. of the company and the man behind the great icheme, remained as well known as the State premier. Entrenched in the country, with vast residences at the mine and at the coast, and a couple of big cars in which to zoom over the dusty roads betrveen them, he knew achie,,,ement and a contentment that was only slightly ruffied when, a{ter a quarter of a century of big profits, the Open Reef yield began to decline. It lvas not ro ,erious, u,'ft., all. Just a matter for tightening up here arcl ihere, and even if the Reef at some distant date petered out altogether it would be long after his time, and the water supply, example of foresight and clever engineering, would remain as his monument for ever. Examination of the state of affairs lvas, how.ever, nec,essary. At odd moments, and by conscious effo.ts, he found time for the distasteful task of examining many sets of figr-rres. Such of them as he found of unusual interest he passed on to his consultants ancl subordinates, and minor relorms follor,ved. Soon only in one matter that of costs at the company,s pumping -

did an unsolved mystery ,.r.ruir. "Look here", said Big Bill to l\{artin. the water.,Number 2 plant at ::-ppll line and plant supervisor, stations

Wcndinnie is giving us the results we should be gettine all along the line. See that? Less fuel, l.r, ..pui, urrJ costs-per 1000 gallons that make fisures from the other two look bad,.very bad. Look into it, rvill you?,, Initially, Martin ,,looked into it,, by studying more carefully the costs sheets for various periods. He found them amazing. From his knowledg" of th. twenty_fiveyear-old plants at the trio ofstations he considered that Numbers I and 3 were doing very well in the matter of fuel and spares. Results from Number 2 were reallv astounding. In his dusty tourer he set out to inspect, At Number 3, nearest the mine, the driver and his fireman .lvere indignant. They were nursing their wheezy gear, and no men do more than thev "oridcan, try ,em,,, was thl were doing. "Ifyou think anyone text of their remarks. l-eeling a certain sympathy, Martin drove on the fifty miles that b.orght him to

I'-givin'

you the figures, an,

can keep on doin,

Noiseless- rods, plunging with smooth efficiency up and down their appointed paths, spotless polished brass, a stainless floor and an entireiy satisfactory flow of water into the big concrete tank bore him out. Martin left, more than ever mystified. Big Bill received hls supervisor,s report badly. To him it seemed, reasonably enough, thai what one set of

machinery could do others precisely similar could equal.. lfe rvas not given to probing figures deeply or he might have reached Martin,s conclusion that Numbers I and 3 were doing quite well, and that

Number 2's costs could only have been kept so low by magic. As it rvas, the simple fact presented itself that ail stations should strive to be as good as the best.

"Rubbish! Rubbish!" he assured Martin,,,If McHenry can do it the others can. Stir them up until they do. I'll expect to see better figures in future.,, But no figures were forthcoming, despite the _b-etter ^ that Martin fact abandoned his own coivictions and "stirred up" the drivers at Stations I and 3, paying

usually frequent visits to their plants a".i"[ !]ran the following six months. They muttered, and he lost sleep over the matter, but nothing was discovered except that comparisons at the end of the period showed that results from Number 2 were not quite as good as usual, though still superior to those irom thJ other r.nor9

pumps.

by the black scowl of Big Biil, Martin ^ -Corfronted felt the foundations of his job quaking. But he could do nothing more. The mystery mighi well have re_ mained unsolved for ever had not thl advent of a new licensee at the Wendinnie Hotel preceded by just a week one of the g.m.'s infrequent shooting tripsl Lakes to the north had been Big Bill,s destination and duck his quarry. In one of his big motors, with a driver and a couple of cronies, the expedition had been made as comfortable as money could make it, but

none the less it was after an exhausting and unsuccessful day that he arrived at Wendinnie. Th1 car rolled down

to the township from that unusual direction and into the hotei yard in the late afternoon. The Old Man could see the big tank and smoke_ stack of the pumping station loomlng over the scrub half a.mile away, and contemplation of it gave him mild pleasure. In the closer foriground, howlver, was a sight less satisfactory. With pleasing and unusual industry,-th1.h9te| yardman was chopping logs from a big stack. Big Bill's first instinct was towarl ap-proval, but when he observed that the stack consisted-of what

was obviously five-foot bush timber, railed to the town

Wendinnie, and there interviewed Mcfrenry, the apparent superrnan in charge of the superstatiorr. "I bin drivin' here for twenty-five years,', announced Mac with righteous indignation, .'.ar\, I know thern ingines. Really know ,em an, look after 'em _ not muck about an' talk big, like them fellers each side. 'Tain't goin' t' worry me how them.woodchoppers gits

Krvr,rrn

91:

it.

at the company's cost, for

use

at the company,s

pumping station, his eye shone less benignly. Irritated b1 the petty graft, he glanced along the .back fences of Wendinnie,s only street. In every yard st^oo.d a high pile of logs, and in every case they were

of the roughly uniform length and size that showed them to be company logs I He breathed heavily for a 36

Ocroaon, I955

T\U II

:,al_

7 .<

sfriil6 Phalaris is a most useful grass, providing all-the-year-round grazing. lt will grow well in areas with a rainfall as low as 14 inches per annum, and when well established will withstand very wet conditions. Sown at the rate of 2 lbs. fodder.

to the acre, it provides economical and nutritious

Brunnings have the latest and most up-to-date information on both Phalaris Tuberosa and Pholoris Arundinacea-get your free copy of Brunnings fully descriptive Phalaris Folder now.

Live fertile

seeds-for-sowing

are certain profit-earners. All F.H.B. quality seed bears the F.H,B. seal for your protec-

tion-insist on it and you'll be certain.

F-Err-rEE---ul

Act l{ow!. .

To: F. H. Brunning Pty. Ltd., Box 857K, G,P.O., Melbourne,Vic. Please send me

full information

Phalaris.

Name

f.H.BRUilf,I]IG PrY. 1r tupTtrf rt or parrutt ADDRESS IETTERS

IETEPHONE MX

II5I.

IETEGRAMS

OfrlCE ANO WAREHOUSE:

Kr yr-rxn

,rtlt

a alwr trior.rr.rc:

rrtz

TO BOX 857K, G.P.O., METBOURNE, C.I 22-28

,,MYOSOIIS",

METEOURNE

HANNA SI., STH.

MET8,

............

Add ress

I I I

I L

State......

I KL 110 I

Ocronan,1955

moment, and mentally noted what should be said to McHenry and Martin on the matter. Then the prospect of rest and comfort restored his amiability and leaving the driver and his companions to attend the car he strode into the friendly bar to order drinks. IIe was, however, apparently fated to be annoyed. A toe stubbed on some bulky object which was holding open the door brought from him a flow of anguished expletives. Then he looked at the object. It was an L.44 O.S. piston, as used in the engines of the Open Reef pumping plantsl It was new! Language failed, and he made inarticulate noises, but with a self-restraint born of many board meetings he ordered drinks for the party and commenced to sip his own. It was amazing that so economically run a station as No. 2 could show such glaring evidence of wholesale waste. But the liquor was soothing, and he abandoned himself to calm enjoyment of it until, turnins to assume a

fortable slumber. Big Bill gazed at him r.vordlessly. Then he dived through the door, past his r,r,ondering cronies and into the car. He headed for Number 2 pumping station with the accelerator on the floorboards, but despite his haste he noticed that the fence around the shack next door carried sliprails made of L.P.41 connecting-rods, and that a place three houses down was using L.J.7B cylinderJiners for an extension for its wash-house chimney. There would be time to kill McHenry later, however. He stamped viciously and ineffectively on the already fullydepressed throttle pedal. Silent engines and spotless metal greeted him in the plant engine-room. What was worse, almost cold fires. There rvas no steam, and it was better that the plant should be held up than that he, the g.m. ,t d t

national benefactor, should descend to urging five-foot bush timber through the fire doors. It was the last straw. The situation was hopeless. He sat wearily on a box and clutched his head in his hands. Then the look of anguish on his face slowly changed to one of wonder and doubt. Either he was going mad or he could hear, faintly but distinctly, the sound ol gushing, falting waterl Heedless of the warning of his hammering heart, he galloped to the tank and swarmed up the ladder to-its brim, thirtl. fs61 above ground. It y,.as three parts full, and out of the big duct above it water was, despite the silent engines, flowing freely I

more comfortable attitude wi'h one elbow on the counter, he notrced another occupant ofthe customers, side ofthe bar. Stretched on a form against the wall, the Wendinnie Hotel's other patron was asleep with his mouth open. He appeared to be as stillly rigid as the boards on which he lay, and the only evidence that he was aiive was the gentle swaying of his moustache in the fiery draughts that swiried to and fro through it. He tvas none other than the model pump-driver, the faithful and flawless McHenry! Big Bill blinked rapidly. "TeIl me", he pleaded of the man behind the bar in stifled tones filled with deadly menace, ,,tell me, will you, who is that man? I might be mistaken.,,

"Well, I'11 be damned!" said the g.m. S,lowly and reflectively he drove back

Siphonagel Siphonage!

"Bloke from th' pumping station", said the host cheerfully. "Haven't bin here long enough t, know about him meself, but I'll chuck him out if y, like.

a bloomer! No wonder McHenry, who had been in

charge for 25 years, showed low costs I No wonder he gave away firewood, and requisitioned for spares and gave them away too I He'd had to, to have any costs

at all.

Big.Bill's lips tightened as he anticipated the abrupt

cessation of the "good jobs" held by driver and fireman.

Then they loosened again as his thoughts turned to what the directors and the press would siy when pump Plant Number 2 was closed as superfluous, after 23 years in action! His memory roved, trying to locate the consultant

"Great jobs!" said the g.m. in a sort of a subclued roar. "Great jobs they hatl you mean." The whole meaning of the calamity had gradually impressed itself on the Otd Man's brain. The plant should be running nowl God alone knew how long it had been idlel If the tank emptied the pumps at Num-

o.r

subordinate of early times who could be held respon-

sible. He was distressed to find that, particularly to directors and the press, it would most likely seem that

ber 3 would draw air, and it would take days to get the system running again. He pounced on McHenry and shook him until he rattled.

he was responsible

The point of view gave him further food for thought. At the hotel Big Bill's cronies were in the yard, curiously awaiting his return. In the bar McHenry,s slumber remaincd profound, and the new proprie[or was cleaning glasses and regarding his supine form

"G'way!" muttered the engine-driver drowsily. "G'tout! Wenni wakeup I'11 rip y'r liver out.', "Waterl" bellowed Big Bill. "Dammit, man, the pumps! The tuater, you fool

with considerable interest. "Heard a crack and thought something had come apart at the plant. AII O.K. up there, though,,, the

McHenry.

"Warrer'll fin' hish own level. Alius does,', With an air of finality, he settled back to comKnyr-rNE

pumping

station at all! Never had been! What a bloomirl Whai

Thev told me when I took over that he was a real damn, nuisance, allus in arguments an' stayin' on th, burst for as much as a fortnight at a time." . "Fortnight at a time!" echoed Big Bill breathlessly. "Do you know the fireman? Where's the fireman?,, "Gorn t' th' Lakes shootin' fer a few days,,, said the proprietor. "Great jobs these blokes've got.',

l" "lVarrer'll be orright", mumbled

to the pub.

No need for a

g.m. explained his absence to his friends. 3B

Ocroaan, i955

a general stoppage made it necessary. The inhabitants of Wendinnie went on receiving free fire-

when

There was something not quite satisfactory about it, but they had little time in rvhich to think it over, for Big Bill was in a fever of activity. He'd made up his mind to drive on to Goalong for the night. The hotel there was better. It was a better town. They

wood, and in spite of it costs at the station were substantially lorver than those at Numbers I and 3. Martin did not know why, and stopped worrying, as the Old Man no longer plagued him about it. But McHenry, after some discussion rvith the new proprietor of the hotel, felt that he need no longer be quite so careful, and when the g.m. was a member

would have to hurry if they were to be there for dinner. He barked orders at the driver, piled them into the car, and before they knew just what had happened they were on their way. Big Bill was eloquent in the discussion of plans for more shooting next day. So McHenry and his fireman continued to draw award rates. They started the engines ouly when 'phone messages from the towns on either side were to the effect that official parties were on the ll'ay, or

of a visiting official party (which was seldom) he treated

Big Bill with a little less respect than that worthy thought was due to a National Benef'actor and Empire(By permission of "'Ihe Bulletin"| builder.

A GOOD DAM IN THE RIGHT PLACE

contour to the first suitable overflow area, rvhich may be a small valley. Care must be taken to see that the water from the spilway cannot get back near the u'all of the dam, where it could undermine the wall and cause its loss. With the wail completed, next construct the drain, already pegged out. The drain is constructed by marking out with a single ripping tine, two or three times, a little above the pegged line, and the earth

At each of the flanges on the pipeline itself two or three bucketfuls of the wall material mixed r.vith about 20 per cent. of some lightweight material should be packed around the pipe. (To make clear what is meant by"lightweight material", Ag-Yo or anything similar is suitable.)

The best !\'ay we irave found of protecting the ends of the pipe during the construction of the dam is to stand a 44 gallon drum at each end of it, with the pipe protruding several feet behind the rvall, in each direction. \Vhen the wali is finished the drums can be eased out, and the area cleared of loose materials. During construction of the wail it is advisable to proceed in layers of not more than ift., so that you will

thrown downhill on to the pegged line, which thus becomes the ban-k forming the drain. The earth should be thrown down from above the line of pegs, so that the centre line of the bank is directly over the pegged line. The bank is thrown with either a small trencher or grader, or pushed in by the heel of the angled blade of the 'dozer. You then place your gate valve in position. Set it securely, preferably with a small cement block. The water from a Keyline dam can be used in

have reasonable compaction of the wall material.

A suitable practical wall from a farming point of view can be determined in this way : The width of the wall at the base to be three times the height of the wall plus the width of the wall at the top. It is advisable to construct the centre height of the wall about i " to 1+" per foot higher then the required Ievel of the wall, to allow for settlement.

several ways.

A pump and motor can be set-up near the outlet, and water for irrigation Iines pumped directly from this point first placing a filter on the dam outlet valve. - necessary more for preventing fish and eels This is going through the pump than for filtering rubbish from the water, which is not really a problem.

When the wall is finished is where your earlier ex.a\rated heap of topsoil comes in. It is spread freely -iong Lirc t.? of the wall, so that it spreads also down

over the sides. Then immediately sow top and sides with grass. Sou, the usual mixture of grasses used on your property, rvith sorn.e super. Any earth wall will tend to crack as compaction becomes even. To offset this, cultivate the top of the wall each time cracks appear; the cracks will be filled up with Ioose materiai from the cr.rltivation. One danger is that a crack will fbrnr along the path

Another way of using the water is to construct a drain starting from the valve outlet of the dam and falling in the direction of the fall of the country, to transport the water around the property. The water can be pumped from a sump anywhere along this drain

and used for irrigation purposes. Finally, you will find a Keyline dam, as here positioned and constructed, so valuable in use in providing a low-cost water suppiy for irrigation and other purposes that even if river water were available this dam would probably still be used in preference to the always costly pumping of the water up out of the river. If there were such a river running through the North Richmond properties, the Keyline dams would still be first choice for low-cosI irrigation.

of the last tracks of the bulldozer, and u'iden as the r.r'all

dries. With heavy rain quite large quantities of water will run into the crack, force a track through :rnd cause some earthslip in the rvall. Such a crack of course calls lbr the cultivation treatment. The spilway area of a wall should be at least the width of a'dozer blade, and should run out on the true Kn v r-rNn

Continued from page

Ocrosra,1955

PIODUCE TOR PROSPERITY

PRODUCTTON

PROSPERITY

peace

-and sINcE CREATIoN, men have joined

to conquer Nature-or have separated to fight each other for her fruits.

And when men do ioin together-harness to the task their brains and strength, their animals and tools-it becomes possible for the good earth to support more and more lives. In Australia, lor eratnpLe, almost nine million people live peacefttlly and prosperou.sly* in a land that once barely supported a handful ol Aborigines. BUT, IN OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD, CLOSE TO OUR SHORES, NEIGHBOURS LIVE AND DIE, NEVER HAVING EXPERIENCED ANYTHING BUT POVERTY AND HUNGER.

Now, if we can produce more, and produce it more cheaply, we can not only support ourselves in increasing prosperity and help even more in feeding our kinsmen, we cen help feed our neighbours, too. And, in so sharing this richer harvest ol Nature's fruits, yte go far to making it unthinkable that men should ever separate and fight lor them. HOW IS THIS GOAL OF PEACE THROUGH PRODUCTION AND PROSPERITY

lndusiry can, and will, produce lhe tools AND THE MT'{

Kavr-rNE

{AUsTRAr.tA}

PTY. I.TD.,

Servired

cost . . rHE JOB . . .

lower

O'{ THE LAND W'I.I. F'iJ'SH

Sold

r,lurItEt0

produce the food

TO gr NTECHEN?

Aulhorhed f{uffield 0irtributors

Oeolers Evervwherc

UI,IIT OT THE BNIIISH I,{OTOR CORPORAIION (AUSTRAI.IA)

PTl

I ID

Ooroann,

1955

LII\E on BOOKS Nothing speciallv critical in that sort of finding, generally speaking. Exactly the same might be said of any reasonablv competent bit of detective fiction. But here we have, in the complete designation, a work of

M. H. ELLIS'S .,JOHN MACARTHUR"

aTaHE

I will

(r,rrecL li[;r'ary dr:sisria,tion

of M" H. lillis's

.]oltn ,Vacrrllzrr (Angus arrcl Robertson) would no doubt be historical biography, but here it be considered chiefl,v as a biography. lVithout

historical biographv, and a big, serious, weighty r.vork at that. So the first quick impression, if accurate, loses some of its apparent triteness and takes on at least a little critical meaning. When the author of such a book evokes that sort offirst reaction he may perhaps have done no more than u,e had every right to ask of him, but it certainlv is not as common a feat as it might be. There are other general impressions, too, that spring r.rp quicklv enough. There is the divelsity of what r:oulcl be separate- individua.l reader interests. There is, as onc, the story of thc beginnings of wool as a top

Australian industry

-- apart, that is, lrom the

be-

So it is this -,the story of the man, the kind olman he was, how he iived, his character, the human slant on

ginnings of sheep here, dating from the First Fleet. In his narrative olJohn N,Iacarthur for that is r,r,hat it refreshingll, is, a narratir.e, a continuous and cohesive storv Eliis dates the real beginning of the u'ool - from.Jurre 7, 1805, ."r,hen Macarthur returned industry in the Argo fi:om his long exile in England, bringing his Royal X,Ierinos w,ith him "116 first pure Merino sireep to come to the country."

pression to be set dor.vn is the perhaps commonplacesounding one that Ellis's teiling of it makes a book that

Other special interests also. Quite a host oi'them; of individual appeal, periraps, irut inseparable from the storv, because it is not in the El1is manner to single out even his chief quarry {rorn the crowd and the

detailing a fair measure of the histor-y r.rf the times. the story, of course, could not be told, for John Macarthur, as Eliis gives him to us, plaved a major influential part in that history's making. But the ltiographical stol'\- is rr'hat reall\ mal'iers.

him and on rvhat he did it is something this that - And the firstofquick will be here touched upon. im-

is bright, lively, interesting, entertaining to read,

cror,yd's surroundings.

lle

lcaves tl.rat to the quarrv

On Camden Pork there ore severol lokes ond doms for storoge, while the Nepeon Riyer runs through much of the present-doy estote"

KtvLrNe

Ocronrn,1955

ii ,hT^ case, John Macarthur -- to accomplish for himself, by force or foible of character or behaviour, in the tests of set-back or fortune. Being John Macarthur, qlurrl, as visualised, intl$reted and !h: projected by his biographer shouldeis his way

- with a minimum through into the view of today of special pleading. "Macarthur . . . walked by himself always. Energetic, studious and hard-working, his ambition drove him. He was not given to .o.rrriLriulity. His dyspeptic stomach turned against wine and ricL foods. He was assistance

often a vegetarian for long periods together. He had no

small talk or trivial diveriions. HiJ domestic hearth was his theatre and club. His preoccupation was with his family. In its bosom he found the only real com_ panionship of his life, even in the later days when he had power and money and influenc. *j u normal ration of acquaintances and business associations.,,

In the "For over

assessments he does make Ellis is downright: a generation,,, he says of hisJohn Macartiur,

"he was to exercise as powerful an lnfl.rence on his adopted countrv's destiny as was ever applied by any man." In support, here is, he says l" .f.it, the docu_ mentary evidence of Macarthur,s movements and - his quarrelsomeness, actions in that time; for ever

fighting duels, actual or figurative; his real part in the deposing of Rligh. Always close in the background his sheep and his properties : Elizabeth Farm, parramattai Camden Park, on the early Cow pastures, still

lohn Mocarthur, from

o portroit by on

unknown oftist

in the Dixson

Gollery, Sydney.

a most extensive farming area to be so close to Sydney.

There for

a century and a half

descendants

of the

original Royal Merinos have been kept, for sentimental reasons. The original owner, John Macarthur, stands

out, finally, as the Man of his Time. That is Ellis's biographical achievement, neatly, and indeed brilliantly, brought off. And hou,ever his two main works to date his Lachlan Macquarie and now this one may eventually assessed; which may be - the better in thebejudgment considered of the fuiure (the only judgment that matters, anyrvay) ; which of these two (or it may be some other) is finally assessed

as. his masterpiece, it may perhaps be safely enough said already that this Jotm Macartttur represents a considerable advance in the biographer in the important particular ofassurance, in tlvo respects on the technical side of his work in the management of his materials, and in his actual- writing. Here the assimilation of the abundant documentary materials, never before made available to anyone, seems complete, and the writing seems fresher, freer, easier.

Except

in the earlier

books of the volume, where

necessity dictates some putting down of the main setting Sydney of Macarthur,s day as itself a majoi

-.the living character in the story, ir is-an easy and frie-

florving narrative. Even to one who has sometimes felt that he had had about enough of all the familiar paraphernalia of this early Australia, the force of the writer's statement on some particular scene can still surprise. by lifting it into life, as in this description of the setting for Macarthur,s Sydney trial : "ft was an imposing scene. N{en had come from miles around to view its excitements. The six judges were there in scarlet and swords, the tall, ,"iy ota Judge-advocate in their centre, but aloof. The clark, long coats of the Blaxlands and the more privilegej emancipists stood out against the red coati of non_ commissioned ollcers lt'ith side-arms and pri,,ates r,r'ithou,. Campbell, palmer, and Fulton weri there, birds of ill omen sent to report to the Governor; Gore smiled in anticipation amid jailers with keys, con_

stables rvitlr staves. All rvas restless bustle as the prisoner stalked in to surrender to his bail, grim and angry . . .,'

The setting, the man and his contemporaries (often antagonists), the events, the conflicts, the scene alter-

nating between the strugglin[J outpost and war-pre-

occupied England the story has everything in it ihat Scott, also contemporary, would have enjoyJd turning

into another Waverley Novel if it had been alreadi history. John Nlacarthur himself, as Ellis no*. gives him to us. would have been a figurealter Scott,s own (fictionaily speaking) fight-loving heart, and all the more so for being a fellow-countryman. In that case w'e would have had what cannot be asked to - toneEllis give us the authentic of lrzlacarthur's speech.

- hear him, as well as see his animated We would of

presence. Even so, there is something of the sound

him in parts ofhis freely quoted letteis, not all ofthem quite as waspish as this : Krvr,nrE

Ocroarr,

1955

Ellis suggestion that

rvas pure fluke

any dueller

hit his adversary. Is there any connection, then, betu,een the decline in the popularity in duelling and the considerable improvement in the deadliness of

ever

rveapons? Or was it just civilisation did it?

At all

events,

M. H. Ellis talked to his Canberra

audience on these lines : "I propose to . . . assume that we are regarding biography, not merely as a record of deeds and events affecting the fate and reputation of an individual, but as something which sets out to reflect primarily both the event and the growth and the inner life and character and spirit of a particular man or woman." Ellis's John Macarthur is, of course, not an overnight job not one ofthose things in the genre that we get - days from England, where there are professional these biographers apparently capable of giving us Lives of a score or so men of the calibre and complexity of, say, Scott at the rate of one complete biography a year. So rvhat he put into that sentence for the information of the Canberra conlbrence in 1954 was quite probably spoken of r,vl-rat he rt'as then trying to make, and has now finely succeeded in making, of the man who well earned his title of the Perturbator. Elizobeth Macorthur, from a pottroit by on unknown ortist in the Dixson GollerY, SYdneY.

"I have done r.vith your quondam Parson Incendiary . . . the Devil take him, King, Paterson and M'Kellar. Now, as you are an observing man) see if you can discover such

a set in

quadruplicate amongst your

acquaintance here and elsewhere."

This is, patently, the authentic stuff of speech; but Ellis does not resort to that common enough sort of fictionising trickery which some of our historians go in for when they forget they are not novelists. With, as it happens, certain available specific backing, it can be said that nobody in Australia in either branch of the literary separates, fiction and biography, is more fully aware of the risky line between them than this particular biographer. Etlis happens to be that extremely rare bird of the literary wilds, one who can literally be said to preach (or to have preached) what he practises. He has, in fact, preached in a public place on the very subject of his own special craft, the writing of biography at the Conference of the Australian and New -Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science at Canberra, .January, 1954' The address has since been printed in a stapled

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you ore interested

Ocronrr"

1955

He would also be thinking, no doubt, of Elizabeth Macarthur, who figures in the story on a rather higher plane than that connoted by "feminine interest". For, as Macarthur is, without anything near threat from any rivai, the hero ofthe story, there is no question as to who is the heroine, either. In her John's exile back in England, from when he went there ',under arrest", lollowing the deposition of Bligh, till he at last returned in the Argo u,ith his Royal Merinos (and other things), it was her part to help hold the fort for him here, and it is very evident that she played that part staunchly, cheerfully, superbly, as only a woman of uncommon strensth of character could have done.

"Knowledge is certainly power to the writer of lives;

yet it must not consist of mere shallolv erudition obtained from books; ir must be knowledge siorvly gained through an established intimacy which has enabled the writer to probe the actions, the beliefs, the passions, the feelings ofthe series ofevolving selves

which pass through the human lifetime cycle successive tenants of a single skin . .

Already as early as 1798 Panarnatta had been "home" to her. She was huppy, and was delighted with the place. She had become an Australian. Ellis quotes her ',vriting to her friend, Miss Kingdon: ,,See how bountifully Providence has dealt with us. At this time I can truly say no two people on earth can be happier than we are." She is altogether a sterling character; a splendid and exact prototype of the whole race of women pioneers. You feel that without her there might well never have been aJohn Macarthur story for Ellis to write. On the feminine side you may fancy she took a special delight

it was trVilliam who was the botanist, the in these other things her John brought back lor her in the Argo : "With him, in a greenhouse specially built by the (though

grower)

The Cottoge, Comden Park, 1834.

Government, went an array of one hundred and trventy pots. They held vines and olives, capers, figs, appl6s,

nuts of various kinds, liquorice and rhubarb, rasp-

berries and strawberries. The oak, ash, larch, elm, poplar, piane, thorns, and willow raised their heads among the sanfoin, primroses, daisies, and cou,slips. and the roses and .jessamines for the distillation of scent" . . .

"The biographer must rtrite, if he can, so that the reader feels that he himself is in the hunt, on the scent

too... ")iot svmpathl'-

_ Speaking like a magician giving arvay his secrets) Ellis further opened the doors to that Canberra conference,

in these (somewhat telescoped)

"There

observations

lor popr_rlapi11. 6.11, I repeat, interest, curiositv and rvhatever promotes them be it love. fascination, horror that freezes the blood,- or u'hat you rvill; anything that r,r,ill act as a hearted flavour rvhich makes

to be five factors which count in time, experience, interest, memory and - to treat the crude ore of acquirecl knowthe capacity ledge to produce the rare metal of glittering life . . . o'Nothing but slow filtering of essentials through the . sieve of parallel experience can teach one man what makes another man function and behave as he does and enable him to put his findings down orr paper in a manner to convince those who have endured and are enduring Iife that he is setting down truth . . . seem to me

biography,

"ff

starter to concentrate the mind upon the subject r,r,hat reaily matters . .

tcy.

"The copying habit is the curse of historicai rvriting. is responsible {br more dullness and 'parrot history,

"The real fabric, then, of biography,

\\re rnay say,

is basically factual facts, more facts and again facts are the secret ofdeveloping in those whom you address an awareness of the truth about your man. Thc use, as

much as possible, of his own idiom and modes of expression, even n hen 1.ou knorv he is lying and being false to himself and his principles, is the best medium for the portrayal of his mind and personality; and lastly, the stuff ol which conviction is largely made is ample detail, copious corroboration in the way of trivia which serves the purpose of making a subject and his surroundings human and credible, also of

lVe

cannot invent. We must knou, and, we are denied the

latitudes available to the novelist to bring out a character's inner nature ancl give proper balance to a judgment of him. We have ,o uc..irory aids save

for our own skill, and the insight and knowledge .I .

obtained by hard and long application to the task KevrrNn

than any other lacror . . .

we admit that the essential of sound biography is

truth we have no . . . licence to play with

though it helps to add the rvarm-

Ocror:rn,

1955

providing variety in the way of entertainme nt to lighten

what would otheru''ise be monotony in any reader's 'pilgrimage.'" Well, there it is; an extraordinarily rare occurrence a writer standing up and telling you precisely what

-are the guiding principles from rvhich

he is to work for

your good pleasure. And then, having preached, he proceeds to practise. He gives you a book, his John Macarthur having in his preaching provided you - yardstick by lvhich to measure it. Men rvith an exact get decorations lbr this sort of thing. To alter the metaphor, he hands you a pistol, loaded, and you sit there r.r,ith the book in lront of you and the pistol at his head, and you sav: "No$, come good, Ellis or else!"

You piunge on, perhaps a little doubtfully, through the early, necessarily cror,r'ded going; and then, shortly, the narrative flow gets hold of you. If you are not a biography addict to begin ."vith, you may find yourself

surprised into something like the pronouncement of a young chap who lately took his first dip into Flomer, and came up lvith: "This llomer's a darned good

this passage from Ellis's description of the washing

-of the sheep on the banks of rhe Nepean at Camden Park:

"The first pen was the feeder pen out of which, off a platform, the astonished sheep were thrown into a washing pool excavated in the bed of the stream and surrounded with stakes. They rvent in feet downwards and repeated immersions wetted them through. They were walked up a slab ramp into No. 2 pen, which had a boarded floor, and there left for the night.

"The men who did this part of the washing were instructed to wet the staple to the skin but not on any account to rub out the yolk or dirt. During the night that part of the yolk which was water-soluble was assisted by body warmth to combine rvith the water and form a natural soap. "Next morning, sixteen washers to a gang, the hands pounced once more on the harassed animals. One man kept the washing tubs filled with hot r,r,ater at a temperature comfortable to the hands and supplied from huge boilers stoked over rn'ood fires. The sheep were plunged into the tubs, legs up, for a minute to let the water penetrate to the skin. They rvere stood up and vigorously soaped along the back from neck to tail, and if need be on shoulders and flanks, at a rate of soap rvhich might run, according to the season, from 4 pounds to 12 pounds per hundred sheep.

"One man soaped and another rrrbbed on the same sheep; and when the yolk and the soap seemed to be

in the surface of the n,ool softened, the now even more surprised animal was shot suddenly off a platform into the river, where it was grabbed by the men lowest down the stream and rubbed combined and the knots

all over with good right arm wrapped in a woollen wrapper, manipulated 'r'vith a lorcible action from the elborv down.' This rubbing lvas repeated three times by different pairs of men, the last stationed in a narrow chute through which the current rushed swiftly. The animals next were inspected, landed into a dust-free pen, and there sheltered from dirt and rain until they lvere shorn."

Comden Pork Monsion House todoy.

story

!" As EIIis, living up to his precepts on the

handling of his material, successfully tells it, this John Macarthur, too, is a darned gooci story. Flowever

lamiliar you may

be with the convicts and the Redcoats and the ruts (still r.r,ith us) in George Street, there must still be many of these surprises, since much of this material has never seen the light till now. As one instance of r,vhat you come across at some length - you still have because it is surely worth it, and because that pistol and feel free to do a spot ofdaylight robbery Kn vr-rNB

That is soundly typical of the Ellis descriptive quality which lights the story. It is a story dependent for its element of suspense largely on its leading character's forceful conflict with others, with an army of others, certainly with all others r'vho in any way appeared to try to thwart him.

The thus projected John Macarthur is in the one view of him a big, important, ali-influential, vital figure of an uncommon man. At the same time vou see him as another figure again quite a small, if not - about by the gusts altogether helpless, figure, tossed and forces of circumstances; moved about in his life sometimes by violent forces acting involuntarily within him, and as often by forces right outside his possible control; a ferment of his times; even in his own day something of a legend, and surely a great one in ours.

-C.M. Ocroarn,

1955

TE,MININT. By THEA

N: _<

DnnssBo Fon

Tnr:

Occ,q.sroN

HE ideal is to be u,ell and suitably dressed for every occasion. To this many wiil repiy that money is scarce, prices are high, and it can't be done on a small budget. I think it can, and on quite a small one, provided discipline is exercised in buying, and the aim is to be well and suitably dressed rather

than smart. Generally the well-dressed woman is smart, unless she is one of those unique creatures tvho wear badly even the best of clothes. On the other hand, many who aim at being "smart or else" end up by looking conspicuous on some occasions and shoddy on a grcat many

ANGLT.S

To illustrate suitability, look at Colleen Mclaughlin, of Burnside, Springsure (Q.), 200 miles west of Rockhampton, here shown with one of H. C. Kemp's Hereford bulls in the ring at the Brisbane Exhibition; and Florence Boyce, of El Dorado Station, Roma (Q.), grooming one of her father's Poll Herefords early in the morning. For these lasses to be dressed otherwise, for their immediate tasls, would be absurd. However, 1ve are thinking in terms of the basic requirements of the average l\roman rvho probably never appears in the shon'ring. Too big a wardrobe is a rnistake unless the budget is elastic and lile contains a great many social engagements. Disregarding the perennial pullovers, skirts, :rnd cotton frocks fbr house, garden, shopping and picnics, the essentials come dorr.n to a suit, top-coat, afternoon-frock, cocktaii and everring-frock. The suit, having the most uses, is the best point at which to start. If the budget is small, it will pay to make-do with whatever is in the rvardrobe for a season, spending every penny you can afford on a suit. Have it tailored ! Ordinary care, with regular cleaning and pressing, will ensure that it lasts four or five years, so pick a style that has conservative pockets and collar,

and medium-high buttoning. Any unusual features will datb. Probably the most useful colour is a becoming shade of grey, with black running a close second.

others.

Colleen lilcLoughlin .JEtH--,.1!

f;$it1$

(left) and Florence Boyce (right) ot the Brishone Exhibition.

The good afternoon-frock, so necessary for teaparties, bazaars, stray weddings and christenings and rvhatnot, is backed to romp home in tie-silk, foulard, shantung or a pure silk surah. A frock r,vith short, loose matching jacket is ideal. Bracelet length sleeves for the jacket, with which three-quarter length gloves may be worn, adds just that touch of formality that an occasion may demand. Choose either a small print in a favoured colour, or plain material, and line the jacket with a

patterned or spotted matching sheer. Separates have the wider range ofuse for a cocktailfrock. A hear,y ribbed silk, faille or a really thick taffeta skirt should be full and important-looking. One very useful idea is black faille cut in a circular skirt, Iined with something like dark rose watered-taffeta. This is zipped right up the front under a fly fold. The fly is repeated in the lining, making the skirt reversible, and, of course, with the double material it hangs wonderfuily. Changes cau be rung on the tops. Try a frilly nylon blouse, making the outfit a dinner-frock, or a matching velvet sleeveless top with an embossed net bolero' For cool evenings a plain jersey top is useful, or a little

tight jacket of brocade with long sleeves and an upstanding Chinese collar. On the remnant counters, giy and charming little bits can be picked up cheaply

Kothleen Gorhom'

and a great variety of tops made for a few shillings each. For the basic wardrobe a biack picture evening-

ofthe Borovonsky Bollet'

our first introduction to ballet. It is doubtful if, apart from giving great pleasure, she made any lasting impression on the Australian public.

frock for formal do's is a definite "must". Choice of material is wide, but a stiffened net over taffeta or a good quality all-over cotton lace is a safe choice. Top it with a fur cape if the budget will stretch to it; if not, buy enough net for a long stole, and stud it with diamente. The studs are sold by the dozen, and it takes a very little time to stud them in. A good top-coat usually means an imported one, but it if is well cut and you choose one of those expensivelooking light natural colours, it can be guaranteed to Iast long enough to offset the original cost, and may even be dyed at a later date for another lease of life. Having exercised enough self-restraint to acquire a

When Pavlova came in 1926 the cultural soil was for a time more fertile. People began to talk ballet those interested in the arts could talk of nothing else and a return visit a couple of years later confirmed -and intensified the interest. Students began to concern themselves with designing ballet costume and sets for scenery. In little coffee shops in Sydney and

Melbourne they triumphantly produced cuttings of designs by Bakst, or a model theatre made in a bootbox would be coyly brought out, complete with scenery, wings and the like, for an imaginary ballet. There was, as well, an outbreak of what was vaguely described as Russian dancing, which usuallv included a good deal of stamping about.

good foundation wardrobe, you can now dissipate the budget on the trifles that make the final difference. Really good gloves, suede, washable doe-skin, hog and other elegancies; a nice variety of shoes, little hats, scarves, and a few bits of versatile costume jewellery.

However, ballet was very much the prerogative of the intelligentsia; the public generally still talked of toe-dancing and assumed it to be the same thing.

The Pavlova seasons were important to us in two other u.ays: as a member of her company Edouard Borovansi<y made his first visit here, and Robert Helpmann, later to become one of the greatest male dancers of his time, was decided in his choice of a career.

During the following years interest died down again, until, in 1934, the Dandre Levitoff company came to

Ausrne'r-ra AND THE Bar-r-n'r

us. This time enthusiasm was more widespread, paving

TN IB97 a Danish girl, Adeline Cenee, made her debut ^ at the Empire Theatre, London, to become, almost overnight, the greatest figure in English dancing ofher day. Sixteen years later she made an Australian tour, Kt vlrNr,

the way for a fine run, during the rest of the thirties, for the Monte Carlo, Covent Garden, De Basil and other companies. In fact, some of the greatest dancers 47

Octoarn,1955

of the time seemed to be constantly coming and going.

Half the population were, by then, balletomanes. We not only had a fine time seeing wonderful dancers in ballets of which previously many of us had only read,

but for the first time a significant contact was made with a form of culture largely denied us. Michele Fokine came in '39. He, Iike Pavlova, had trained with the Imperial School of Dancing in St. Petersburg, had later worked

with Diaghileff

and

Nijinsky, and was both a great dancer and choreographer. We had seen and delighted in his choreography for "Le Coq d'Or," "Petrouchka,,, ,,Les Sylphides," "Scheherazade." "Fire Bird" and others. His aim had always been a degree of naturalism in dancing. The use of the extreme tip of the toe, ,,the points", had been so popular that it was adopted by all dancers whether suitable to the role or not. He persistently resisted this almost complete use of the points, maintaining that dancing is an art in which the body must be expressive, that the point was just another technical device which made turning easier and conveyed lightness, flight, a fairy quality desirable in

itsel{ but not always artistically appropriate. In "Scheherazade" the choreography is virtually without

any use of the point, yet the ballet is completeiy satisfying. Fokine's coming set a standard of taste among enthusiasts.

Photo by .lnthont

is natural to suppose that in this country of good

climate, where the young lead healthy outdoor lives, there would be plenty of talent. and inclination for this exacting art. There was, of course, but it had no nucleus around which to form. Ballet is not learned from books; it is a tradition ofdancing handed on by great dancers who have become great teachers, a tradition and technique to which each new star adds something of his or her own. Something was being taught in the capital cities, but it was little more that toe-dancing. The great traditions of European ballet were not here to inspire and direct the potentiai talent.

in "Apporitions"

to the art. One has only to

see Sydney-born Kathleen Gorham or Melbourne-born Vassilie Trunoff, or look

at the list of names of soloists and other dancers, to realise that this country has talent which now has the chance to develop. The Bodenwieser is also "our ballet", busily engaged who appears rvith it in many leading parts, studied first u,'ith N{adame Bodenwieser in Vienna, and later, in Paris, rvith the famous Preobrajenska concentrates on Russian classical ballet" Eva now teaches this ballet at the Bodenweiser school. Students from this group

in training up young Australians" Eva Nadas,

The outbreak of war was the turning point for us. Edouard Borovansky, Helen Kirsova and some other members of a visiting company decided to remain. Madame Gertrud Bodenwieser and her company, also on tour, stayed too. Borovansky had trained at the Prague National Theatre, and worked in England with Pavlova and with other dancers of the Russian School. His wife is Pavlova's niece. Madame Bodenwieser had been Professor of Dance and Choreography at the State Academy of Music and Dramatic Ari in Vienna, the only woman to hold this post, and had also made the choreography for some of Max Reinhardt,s productions. She formed a group of dancers which toured the world, and founded a system of expressive dancing which gives considerable aesthetic pleur.rre. Both have worked with success to train Australians in

are making their way abroad, Basil Pattison in London, Eileen Cramer in India, and Walter Gore and Jean Raymond in Hong Kong. Our great contribution, of course, was Robert Helpmann, dancer and choreographer, and many hope that one day he will decide to teach, passing on in the

traditional \l,ay those techniques he learned from dancers of the great school, and those his ou,n genius has added. us

We have gone a long way since Pavlova first came to so far as to have seen the premiere ofJohn Antill's

all-Australian ballet "Corroboree", and to have Australian ballet almost permanently touring the capital cities and larger towns.

ballet.

The Borovansky Ballet is now "our ballet", and

Australia is already making a considerable contribution Kavr-rNr

Robert Helpmonn

Ocroaan,

1955

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