ursus health network ursus health network
urban strategy | arch 568 | charlotte shobrook | sarah morgan | olga kr贸lak
ursus health network ursus health network
“to ensure system change rather than system optimization it needs to emerge from the existing system� Boons, 2011
urban strategy
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first printing – December 2012 Plymouth University School of Architecture and Design Authors: Charlotte Shobrook, Sarah Morgan, Olga Królak
[disclaimer] This document has been produced by students of Plymouth University, School of Architecture, Design & Environment, Master of Architecture Programme. Year 2 design [ARCH568 Advanced Inception and Strategic Design] It contains a proposal for the strategic vision of the Ursus factory site within the context of Warsaw & Poland. This document may not be reproduced in any form without the express written permission of Plymouth University School of Architecture, Design & Environment.
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ursus health network ursus health network
[contents] introduction
2
problems & potentials Poland today why Poland, Warsaw, Ursus understanding the Ursus district existing & historical synergies
4 6 8 10
theory & expansion panarchy & expanding the theory system growth & framework existing network
12 18 20
site analysis cultural & social political & institutional ecological & environmental infrastructure & industry spatial
22 24 26 28 30
convergences & divergences Poland Warsaw Ursus
32 34 36
framework model - conclusions
38
realising the ursus health network proposal for strategy catalyst for change negotiation platform
40 44 46
contents
ursus health network creating the ursus health network health clinic system exchange symbiosis knowledge symbiosis negotiation symbiosis Ursus health network economic strategy
48 50 52 54 56 58
contextual vision spontaneous & planned approaches system resilience & diversity interdependencies & longevity forstering of trust
60 61 62 63
socio-spatial evolution of Ursus health network phase one - initiation phase two - production phase three - expansion phase four - education & ursus health network phase five - ursus health network
64 66 68 70 72
spatial evaluation of uHn, growth overview
78
detailed spatial strategy Ursus district strategy site masterplan conceptual section socio-spatial implementation
80 82 84 86
Precedents
96
Bibliography
98
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introduction
page 2
[introduction] The Ursus Health Network is a semi-public organization which creates opportunities for change within the current health care system of Poland. The key system actors are encouraged to shift from working as separate components to ones that create a collaborative network. This network works towards achieving an accessible healthcare service for the public. Industries + communities are given the tools to enable them to create cooperations, initiate health care clinics for the benefit + use of their employees and residents, which can work with the Ursus Health Network to The Ursus Health Network organization facilitates a negotiation platform for exchanges between the health care systems key actors; governments, medical institutions, communities, industries and key newly formed cooperations. Each of the key actors brings at least two components (needed for the health network to function) which can be negotiated or exchanged between system whose primary outcome is the implementation of the city wide health clinics. This system aims to address social concerns fund within the city by creating networks of knowledge + material exchanges between the key actors within the system. This creates closed loops system of exchange which operate at 3 scales (Polands, Warszaw and Ursus) to embed the diversity and resilience into that system. The ultimate aim for the Ursus health Network is to move health care provision into a sustainable symbiotic network of relationships.
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Poland today
page 4
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why Poland, Warsaw, Ursus?
page 6
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understanding the Ursus district
page 8
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existing & historical synergies
page 10
[Ursus Symbiosis] Historical development of the Ursus site has led to the natural evolution of exchange synergies developing between the industries present. These synergies have evolved from common goals, such as the production of military machinery or the tractor Ursus through which these relationships have been enabled to form. As the history of the site indicates, the industries reliance on one care function, have left the system weak when it has experienced external disturbances such as funding withdrawals. This highlights the need for any future system to embed a diversity of functions + actors so that any future systems resilience is strengthened.
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panarchy & expanding the theory
page 12
[Ursus Symbiosis] The current site synergies, which are remnant from the (now?) disolved Ursus tractor production factory; exchange materials, products and energy between them. Instigation of the ‘Celtic development’ plan for the site has promoted the creation of the Association for the Development of ursus, whose eight primary industries are present on site (one exception of AIG/ Lincoln). The association has fostered a communication link between these eight companies, which can be utilized for the future site strategies. Spontaneously grown relationships of this nature are valuable resources, the trust formed between the industries can be conserved and grown.
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panarchy & expanding the theory
page 14
[panarchy & expanding the theory] Existing industrial symbiosis theory aims to achieve economic and environmental benefits to systems by creating connections between actors within that system. This usually manifested in the form of material + knowledge exchanges between industries. The narrow view of industrial symbiosis theory often leads to other external factors being unaccounted for; influences from social, cultural and political directions for example should be incorporated as these aspects can affect the development of symbiotic networks. For this reason the analysis of Poland, Warsaw and Ursus was divided into 5 categories, so that a range of influences were considered. These are political + institutional, social + cultural, infrastructure + industry, ecological + environmental and spatial. Panarchy theory has been used to help embed resilience into the proposed system. Three scales have been identified, for analysis of the five aspects at each scale. By embedding the proposed strategy into three different scales, the aim is to achieve a system where the resilience is strengthened.
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panarchy & expanding the theory
page 16
[System growth] Four key factors have been identified to aid the growth of the existing Ursus industry exchanges system. These are knowledge, negotiation, exchange and spatial, each aspect is vital in forming new network connections and enabling system growth. Convergences and divergences are identified at the three scales, that indicate connections between the five categories that were analysed previously. These convergences and divergences have been identified in relation to the four factors needed for system growth (knowledge, exchange, negotiation and spatial). The framework is created by overlaying each categories convergences and divergences in between the three scales (see map adjacent). This framework combines Panarchy + industrial symbiosis theory to create a tool for change within the city. Connections drawn between the layers show routes for the existing industry/ healthcare system to be grown.
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system growth framework
page 18
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existing network
page 20
[existing network]
ursus health network ursus health network
[Ursus: existing waste outputs] [Ursus: existing waste product exchange] [Ursus: existing knowledge exchange] urban strategy
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key historical cities significant sanctuary c
main/annual fairs and events
e
d
a
renewable energy fair international fair of agriculture technology fair of allotments and gardening
b
educational/cultural fairs
c
national trade fair/market of st dominic
d
international fair of pure energy ‘centerg’
e
renewable energy fair stadium/concert of event halls
czestochowa jasna gora sanctuary
a
b
[poland: cultural & social] health centres public hospitals private hospitals art galleries religious institute sport cultural institutes slovakian institute austrian cultural forum hungarian institute of culture goethe institute french institute british council italian cultural institute japanese cultural information centre lithuanian centre bulgarian cultural information centre czech centre
b c a
historical site (old town) industrial area
[warsaw: cultural & social] cultural & social analysis
a
warsaw international expocentre inte (expo XXI)
b
fair - congress centre mt polska
c
bio market every week in a former norblin factory building
page 22
a
building of historical importance
b
market (permanent)
c
market (occassional)
d
performance area
e
arsus cultural centre
ursus health network
religious institute gated detached housing apartment housing
c
b e a a
d
[ursus: cultural & social]
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ursus health network
vistula cities association/administration authorities
gdansk
universities with environment protection
elblag
w. pomorskie
municipal of water and sewage laboratories
bydgoszcz torun w. kujawskopomaskie
w. mazowieckie
warszawa w. lubelskie
lublin kielce w. swielokizyskie
katowice krakow
rzeszow w. poakarpackie
w. matopolskie
[poland: political & institutional] state universities a b c d e f g h i j
j
university of warsaw academy of fine arts in warsaw warsaw university of technology warsaw school of economics medical university of warsaw fryderyk chorin music academy military technical academy warsaw university of life science christian theological academy cardinals wysznski university of warsaw private universities
g a
c e
i
b a
municipal of water and sewage laboratories f
city council of warsaw
c d d
district council c
b
h
a
mazowiecki allotment association
b
polish allotment association
c
ministry of environment
d
ministry of national education minist medical universities
[warsaw: political & institutional] political & institutional analysis
training hospitals medical laboratories
page 24
functioning buildings ‘energetyka ursus’ ownership ‘celtic’ ownership ursus district council a b c d e f
arsus cultural centre primary school association for the development of ursus jehova witness gathering centre museum of ursus tractors ‘factory’ shopping centre
e d
f
c a b
[ursus: political & institutional]
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forests lakes allotments agricutural land
[poland: ecological & environment] allotments parks natural green space agriculture resevoirs
[warsaw: ecological & environment] ecological & environmental analysis
page 26
allotments parks natural green space agriculture
ursus health network
market
ursus health network
[ursus: ecological & environment]
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railway connecting gdansk, warsaw, katowice & krakow road network
[poland: infrastructure & industry] road network railways waste disposal water plants water wells water supply network pharmacies pha pharmaceutical research pharmeceutical manufacture medical equipment manufacture industrial areas
[warsaw: infrastructure & industry] infrastructure & industrial analysis
page 28
ursus health network
railways roads sewage water electrical energetyka ursus run building
ursus health network
[ursus: infrastructure & industry]
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main vistula cities [nodes] small vistula cities forests
[poland: spatial] vistula river parks landmarks a b c
palace of science and culture swietokrzyski bridge national stadium barriers/disconnection ba routes train line node
a
b c
city centre old town ‘pole mokotowskte’ park ‘kazienkowski’ park areas of development
[warsaw: spatial] spatial analysis
page 30
barriers/disconections (transport) barriers/disconections (buildings) visually permeable barriers nodes
ursus health network
landmarks a b
enegetyka ursus chp plant ‘factory’ outlet shopping centre ‘facto
a b
[ursus: spatial]
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l]
patia
d: s olan
[p
al
olitic
d: p olan
[p
astr : infr
nd
[pola
l]
tiona
titu & ins
re
uctu
l]
stria
u & ind
l]
enta
[pola
l]
patia
&s tural
ul
nd: c
[pola
Poland convergences & divergences
al &
ogic
col nd: e
onm envir
page 32
divergence convergence
ursus health network ursus health network
Convergences at the Poland scale occur around the predominant cities, particularly along the Vistula river - Warsaw, Krak贸w, Torun, Gdansk. At the national scale there is a clear geographical division between public health spas (for health treatments) and the major urban areas. Stronger connections need to be implemented between urban areas and health treatment locations, making healthcare provision more accessible. Polands forest were also highlighted as an under used resource. This presents opportunities in terms of timber provision but also potential health treatment locations.
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tial]
: spa
aw wars
[
al
olitic
:p rsaw
[wa
l]
tiona
titu & ins
ure & tr uct
str y]
indu
fras
w: in
sa [war
l]
enta
gica
lo : eco
saw
[war
:
saw
[war
Warsaw convergences & divergences
l&
onm envir
ral cultu
cial]
& so
page 34
divergence convergence
ursus health network ursus health network
Convergences in Warsaw indicate two key axis within the city, one running north/south along the river, and the other located east to west through the city centre. This highlights a divergence of urban activity present within the city’s outlining areas. Key services to these locations are lacking +need addressing. In particular this is seen in the medical related services. Medical universities, industries and hospitals are all present along the two axis leaving outer areas without direct access and health care. Access to these areas could be implemented through Warsaw’s extensive railway network, this indicates a need for basic health care provision needed to reach these populations.
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tial]
: spa
us [urs
t
str uc
nfra us: i
[urs
r y]
dust
in ure &
tal]
men
al &
ogic
col us: e
[urs
ursus convergences & divergences
l]
ocia
&s tural
ul
us: c
[urs
nal]
tutio
sti l & in
itica
: pol
us [urs
ron envi
page 36
divergence convergence
ursus health network ursus health network
Two routes running through the Ursus district connect the divergences and convergences analysed within the area. Although the district has many pharmacies it lacks access to health clinics, local people would need travel to the city centre for these services. The factory site offers opportunities from two different directions. First is the location of a public mental healthcare centre which is located in the commercial south east corner of the site. Second is the presence of industrial convergences along the western site edge. Although these two aspects are separated by areas of divergence it presents an opportunity to connect the two (health and industry).
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framework model - conclusion
page 38
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proposal for strategy
page 40
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proposal for strategy
page 42
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local industries to use existing group and develop a co-operative to plug into uHn and start the process of regeneration of the Ursus factory site
n it y
iation got e n
distr ict
local community to be approached by uHn to develop a co-operative
le d
catalyst ge
e
kn
ow
exch ang
adult training through the uHn local unemployed
il unc o c
n
o
city council to negotiate between national government (including NFZ) and local government
ou
ie s
lc
mu
district council to begin verbal negotiation with local residents and industries
c it y c
u s tr
loc
a
l in d
lo ca
m
negotiation between co-operatives and district council through uHn
c il
local industries to be involved in the production and manufacture of the pre fab units - negotiation into what inputs/outputs each can contribute.
NFZ
medical un i v e rsi ty
adu lt t r
ing ain
opportunities for higher level educated students to go into research
catalyst for change
negotiation into funding for training medical professionals
uHn to negotiate funding with Poland’s national health organisation (NFZ)
university providing higher level education - students to train in health clinics
page 44
[catalyst for change] The Ursus Health Network organization will act as the catalyst for change in Poland’s health care system. This will be achieved through the creation of a negotiation platform that brings together the local governments, industries, communities and medical institutions. Each of these four actors will be encouraged to participate with the scheme as each will benefit in some way. For example communities would gain better access to health care, on-site industries would be presented with growth opportunities, medical universities would be provided with practical training opportunities for their students. In addition to this governments would see the regeneration of disused urban spaces, and aim to reduce the demand on the current healthcare system. The Ursus health Network aims to instigate this catalyst for change so that different communities can take control of their access to health care.
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negotiation platform
page 46
ursus health network The negotiation platforms instigated by the Ursus Health Network, rely on ursus participant actors being health able to exchange more network than to ‘components’ needed for the network to function, i.e. funding, labor/ workforce. By spreading the components needed among several actors, the system is never wholly reliant on one actor, and so its resilience is strengthened . A process of negotiation and exchange between actors results in a mutually beneficial system where all actors gain in some form, the physical manifestation of this is the construction of the health clinics and their additional functions.
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overseen Ursus Health Network
[exchange symbiosis]
provision
extra functions
land prescription drugs
health clinic
construction of prefab units
pharmaceuticals manufacture of prefab units funding for prefab units
unemployed training community
running
nurses doctors
negotiation platform
page 48
ursus health network
free for employees + families reduced rates for local community reduced rates for prescription drugs ellderly care house creche fitness community centre community centre dentists optitians
ursus health network
industries government communities
industries
voluntary administration/ everyday running overseen students
staff universities
provide treatment services
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exchange symbiosis
page 50
ursus health network The exchange of materials, products and knowledge is promoted within the Ursus Health Network in order to aid the growth of the health system. These flows of exchanges are used to create closed loop systems of waste and service outputs, which intern reduces environmental impacts, fosters trust between industries and enables system growth through shared knowledge. The symbiotic exchange of materials covers three main areas within the Ursus site – waste, prefab manufacture and pharmaceuticals.
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ursus health network
pharmaceutical manufacture prefab research - new design/construction technologies existing industry inputs - water & energy
health care workers physicians nurses dentists
associated function
healthy water
healthy lifestyle
trade skills on the job training
healthy eating healthier working environments
health awareness education
knowledge symbiosis
page 52
[symbiosis knowledge] embedding system resilience Knowledge transfers between industries, medical institutes, governments and communities all promote the development of the Ursus Health Network. Collaborations aim to foster trust between the main actors and encourage them to work towards a common mutually beneficial system of health provision and healthier lifestyle promotion. Education plays a key role in this process, it is crucial in promoting the benefits that can be gained from healthier lifestyles, working environments and greater health provision accessibility. Education in local schools encourages students to participate with aspects of the scheme such as healthy food produce (allotment regeneration scheme), this is to encourage a healthy lifestyle from a young age and allow the knowledge they gain to filter through into the wider community.
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Energetyka land & building ownership industrial labour force
Celtic
healthy lifestyles - healthy workforce
community labour force
city waste streams
prefab manufacture & production
negotiation symbiosis
page 54
[symbiosis negotiation] embedding system resilience A process of negotiation and exchange between actors results in the provision of heath care clinics around the city. The negotiation platform provides a constant narrative to be held between the five key actors, which will develop the system over time as their demands change. This narrative is key if the system is to develop and adapt so that it remains mutually beneficial to all participants. The first negotiation platform will be located within the Ursus site, as this location provides the necessary conditions for initiating the Ursus health Network system. This is due to the on-site industrial relationships that have spontaneously formed there. As the system grows the negotiation platforms will be expanded. This will begin from the city centre and then outwards into the urban areas that require them
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Ursus health network
page 56
[Ursus health network symbiosis] Knowledge, negotiation and exchange all work together to make the Ursus Health Network a realisation. Relationships established between these three ensure a constant exchange of materials and ideas that work together to enhance healthcare provision in Poland.
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economic strategy
page 58
[economic strategy] Funding for the healthcare clinics is provided from three primary sources. First from the industry and community cooperatives that have formed, these will provide funding to purchase the prefab elements needed to construct the health clinics. As the prefab elements are manufactured using recycled materials and labour from unemployed people receiving training; the costs should be minimised. Second funding is provided through public health spas. These spas which are a public service already present in Poland, are predominantly used by ‘health tourists’ coming from abroad to use the facilities. The strategy is to expand this health spa network and use the additional public funding from these to go into the running costs of the Ursus Health Network. Third funding comes through the industries that are a part of the Ursus Health Network, exports of the prefab units, medical equipment and pharmaceuticals provide revenue which can be used to support the research and development sectors of the system. The adjacent diagram highlights how the proposed system will integrate with the existing one. The economics of the Ursus Health Network rely on all participants aiding with the funding and development of the project.
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spontaneous & planned vision | system resilience & diversity
page 60
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system interdependencies | fostering trust
page 62
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researc
tur e fac nu
ma
h
n cati o edu
funding education
[warsaw | phase 1 | initiation] phase 1 | initiation
page 64
ursus health network formation of ursus health network (uHn) identification of ursus as the initial start-up site
ursus health network
uHn set up in ursus co-operative of existing industries & communities established through UHN to initiate health clinic construction creation of centre for unemployed youths/adult training centre build on existing pharmaceuticals pha manufacture platform establish relationships with existing medical universities establish health spa to initiate project funding negotiation & exchange to begin between city council, district council, universities, health spa & pharmeceuticals industry
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[warsaw | phase 2 | production] phase 2 | production
page 66
start-up of pre-fab unit construction to link into existing industries on site:
ursus health network
* asmet *carpenters * energetyka ursus
ursus health network
factory to regeneration of ursus facto begin energetyka ursus begins to switch to dry waste incineration construction of ursus health clinic for industries and community catchment area of health clinic knowledge exchange through university medical students training in new ursus health clinic identification of existing rail networks for potential distribution & collection system material waste collection points for pre-fab units (from existing industries, along train lines) municipal waste collection points introduced to the city centre (dry waste for chp plant)
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[warsaw | phase 3 | expansion] phase 3 | expansion
page 68
small scale pharmeceuticals manufacturing & related research established (potential links to university & job opportunities for high skilled workers)
ursus health network
additional sevice attached to the health clinic - creche
ursus health network
chp plant converted to dry waste conve incinerator with waste gathered from the city additional health spa’s implmented linked to health spa’s at poland scale new community co-operatives formed to initiate health clinics in various parts of the city to join uHn new industrial co-operatives formed to initiate health clinics to industrial areas of the city to join uHn additional waste collection centres implemented expansion of medical knowledge base through connection between pharmeceuticals and hospitals higher level research into medicine/ pharmeceuticals/construction migration into the city through accessible health care
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[warsaw | phase 4 | education] phase 4 | education
page 70
community/industrial co-operative health clinics set up in communities with additional service:
ursus health network
* creche * dental practice * opticians * cafe/restaurant * leisure centre * housing * shelters * sports field * community centre
ursus health network
catchment area of health clinic clinics assist in improved health of the communities. new community/industrial co-operatives set up network of health clinics throughout the city linked pre-fab construction from waste const materials supplemented with timber from forests ursus health clinic expansion into education for children & adults into: * healthy lifestyle * food health * water sanitation school links to allotments for their regeneration, promoting healthy eating increased employment for medical profession (all levels)
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[warsaw | phase 5 | ursus health network] phase 5 | Ursus health network
page 72
ursus health network intergrated at district and city scale throughout warsaw
ursus health network
potential to export scheme and prefab units to additional cities in poland
ursus health network
Increasing amount of education within ursus - building on the facilities and encouraging schools outside the district to vist and improve childrens health awareness as waste materials are used up throughout the city, an increased amount of timber will need to be imported
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spatial evaluation of Ursus health network
page 74
[Three scales, One system] The Ursus Health Network is integrated over three scales to help embed system resilience. Exchanges of knowledge and materials, which begin at the Ursus scale, grow upwards into the Warsaw and Poland scales. Systems operating at the Poland scale can then filter down into the lower ones. The diversity of four systems – knowledge, exchange, negotiation and spatial working together at each scale maintains a variety of network components which allow the system to absorb disturbances and adapt to future demands.
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Ursus district strategy
page 76
[Ursus district strategy] At the Ursus district scale the key aspects such as existing schools, health centres, pharmacies and public transport were identified. The initial site analysis was also taken into account, at this scale. Our proposal identifies the potential for two key axis through the factory site which continue out to the district. To the west of the site is more focused towards industry and production which is then taken across into a more humane scale development.
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site masterplan
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[The Masterplan] The two key routes of divergences and convergences identified earlier within the Ursus district present an opportunity to create a negotiation interface between industry and community within the Ursus site. These two routes, which come up from the south, into the site and split out to the east and west provide a link between communities and the site regeneration. The axis along which the negotiation interface is implemented draws people in from the surrounding areas and creates the platform for knowledge, negotiation and material exchanges. Smallscale building interventions along the axis provide a human scale to the context and create small hubs for start-up businesses, health provision and research and development. Education linking to healthcare acts as the main tool for creating the interface between communities and industry. Local council offices and the mental healthcare facility feed into the main site axis. The health corridor provides healthcare services, educates people in healthier lifestyles, encourages research and development and acts as a community centre for the district. Basic healthcare provision, healthy eating shops, small businesses and community fitness initiatives, are among some of the functions that could be found here. An axis, which runs parallel to the health axis, located on the western side of the corridor, is where the smaller scale manufacturing processes are situated. These proposed manufacturing buildings link in with the existing industries to id with the construction of component parts for the prefab health units. Existing railway networks are reinstated and utilised to transfer the flow of materials and products around the site and city. They also provide export potential to Poland and the EU. The north of the site is allocated to heavier industries included the prefab and pharmaceutical manufacture. The processes for waste collection, and water treatment can also be found here, these all link to the existing infrastructure and industries. The proposed strategy for the site acts as one complete network, reducing waste outputs, linking industries and most importantly providing a negotiation platform for the key actors focused around the provision of health care and related services.
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conceptual section
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socio-spatial implementation
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[on site observation] Various derelict buildings were identified within the Ursus site for potential regeneration utilising the prefab elements manufactured on site. Metals and bricks can be recovered from these buildings to be sorted and reused within the construction processes. Dismantling of the derelict buildings, along with the sorting and reuse of materials, acts as a tool for creating employment and training opportunities for local people and industries. The manufacturing of prefab units provides new connections between the new and existing on site industries.
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[materials flow] Deconstruction of materials and buildings creates voids within the existing site fabric. This creates opportunities for new human scale interventions which link with the existing context and aid in the creation of the health network for the area. These smaller interventions create connections with the existing communities by providing start up business opportunities and facilitating the changing of cultural attitudes surrounding individual ownership. The transformation of the site can be achieved in stages so that some areas can be regenerated while others remain in transition. This approach breaks up the regeneration process and allows a slow integration of the existing with the proposed new infrastructure and industries. Prefab manufacturing is supported with waste streams from the city which combine construction and demolition waste for reuse possibilities. Timber resources from Warsaw’s surrounding forests also add the potential for material supplementation into the process. As the demands of the system change, flows of waste and timber can be changing in order to adapt to this.
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socio-spatial implementation
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[construction on site] The remaining structures from the deconstructed onsite buildings create the framework for reconstruction using the prefab elements. Trainee construction students (from the community and unemployed people) are equipped with a range of skills that can be later transferred into the city. Reconstruction of existing structures presents opportunities for research and development into waste material reuses and sustainable existing building developments. These projects create high skilled jobs for the migrating student base and also opportunities for further training for people already involved with the prefab construction process.
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socio-spatial implementation
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[renovating the facade] A dialogue is generated between the regenerated buildings and the street through the broken nature of the prefab façade lines. These smaller scale component units create smaller human scale spaces for the implementation of the start-up businesses, training centre and health provision services. These prefab units can also be used to provide additional building functions aimed at providing the local communities with required functions. Social housing, unemployed homes for trainees within the scheme and crèches are just some of the example usages that these interventions could achieve. Regeneration of these site spaces both internal and external all works together in creating a healthier living and working environment for those people who use the site. The Ursus site acts as catalyst and example for future regeneration projects around the city, the strategy pushes a sustainable agenda to regeneration through closed loop systems and relationship networks.
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[new architecture] The newly regenerated site buildings in the middle area of the Ursus factory site create the healthcare provision (clinics) implemented through the Ursus health network system. Healthcare accessibility is improved for the district, while the new buildings encourage a community interaction with their healthcare providers and promotes a healthier lifestyle alternative.
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[Precedent: Kalundborg, Denmark] industrial symbiosis
This is a well known example of industrial ecology, in a small industrial zone 120km west of Copenhagen, evolving over time after starting with only a single power station. The various companies now on site are reliant on each other for material inputs. The project began in 1972 and by 1994 had 16 contracts negotiated. in 1995 the energy and material exchanges were around 3 million tonnes a year with estimated total savings of US $10 million per year with an average payback time of 6 years. Companies involved: • Asnaes, Denmark’s largest coal fired power station • An oil refinery by Statoil • A pharmaceuticals plant owned by Novo Nordisk Benefits • Gyproc, Scandinavia’s largest plasterboard manufacturer • The municipality of Kalundborg, which distributes water, Initially the motivation was to reduce costs by seeking incomeelectricity and district heating to around 20, 000 people producing applications for unwanted by-products. however as the scheme progressed the industry managers and local How does it work? residents realised the potential environmental benefits that came out of the symbiosis. Participants exchange materials and energy for mutual benefit, on the basis that by-products from one business can be used The project has given the participants the opportunity of as low-cost inputs by the others. substantial savings and to improve their resource efficiency. the excess heat from the power plant used to heat the surrounding e.g. Treated wastewater from Statoil Refinery - used as cooling housing has saved the need for 3, 500 oil burning domestic water by the Asnaes power station. heating systems. Surplus heat from the power station is used for warming homes in the surrounding area as well as a local fish farm.
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[Precedent: Barceloneta Puerto Rico]
industrial symbiosis
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• several industrial symbiosis activities among pharmaceutical manufacturers in this region were previously identified. • early interviews suggested that there was frequent communication among managers. • the region presents a diverse mix of firms in terms of size and industrial sectors.
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This location was initially selected for three reasons:
When considering this with respect to the Ursus factory site these three reasons to develop an industrial symbiosis further are already present within the site. It needs to be given a direction and the ability to grow and expand on what is already existing. Initially tax incentives were set up alongside relatively low labour costs to attract manufacturing firms. There was also the benefits with it’s location in that it had the ability to attract an increasingly well educated labour force. Again when this is considered with respect to Ursus, with it being located within the capital city of Poland and the existing universities, it has the potential to develop a highly skilled work force if the jobs are created. The industrial symbiosis links in Barceloneta include utility and service sharing as well as byproduct exchanges. Below is a flow diagram displaying these exchanges. R E S E A R C H A N D A N A LY S I S
Hay Farm
Animal Feed
treated sludge
fermentation residue
Wastewater Treatment Facility
Proposed Cogeneration Facility
Paint Manufacture
waste industrial water wastes steam or energy
waste water recovered solvents
Pharmaceutical Firms
Existing Proposed
Energy Recovery
off-spec solvents Waste Management Firms
Figure 1 Industrial symbiosis linkages in the Barceloneta pharmaceutical cluster. The rectangles represent individual companies, and the ovals represent shared initiatives. urban strategy
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meet their electricity and steam needs; however,
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region regularly purchase the hay to feed horses
[Precedent - Coin Street Community Builders] socail enterprise
precedents
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Coin Street Community Builders (CSCB) is a social enterprise that came out of coin street action group. Set up in 1977, the group formed to resist the commercial development of a large 13 acre site on the south bank of London. A large amount of commercial development had already occurred in the area and local residents were either having to relocate due to the lack of affordable housing or being forcibly evicted. With the population declining, schools and shops followed, when plans were discovered to shut down a local playground, the group was established with some help from local councillors and a ‘drop-in action centre’ was established. They then began a long campaigns for an alternative planning strategy based around two demands for affordable housing and open space. The campaign for coin street lasted seven years and included two public inquiries. With a developer and local residents both submitting proposals for the area and both subject to public inquiry, although this public inquiry was too inconclusive, approving both sets of proposals. however, eventually the developer pulled out due to the amount of community pressure and the government’s eventual support to the local residents. The site was acquired in 1984, several projects on the site and other sites within the proximity have been completed, these include four housing co-operative schemes, a park, a riverside walkway open to the public, as well as community facilities including a new community and sports centre.
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Books Braungart, M. McDonough, W. (2009) Cradle to Cradle. Remaking the way we make things. London. Vintage. Girardet, H. (1999) Creating Sustainable Cities. Schumacher Briefing No.2. England. Green books Ltd. Gunderson, L.H, Holling, C, S (2001) Panarchy, understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Washington, Island Press Wheeler, S.M & Beatley, T (2004) The sustainable urban development reader. London. Routledge.
Papers Ashton, W (2008) Understanding the Organisation of industrial Ecosystems. A social network approach, Volume 12, Number 1, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale, Yale university Ashton, W (2009) The structure, Function and Evolution of a Regional Industrial Ecosystem, Volume 13, Number 2, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale, Yale university Ashton, W, Bain, A (2012) Assessing the “short mental distances” in Eco-industrial Networks. Volume 16, Number 1, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale, Yale university Bansal, P, McKnight, B (2009) Looking forward, pushing back and peering sideways: analyzing the sustainability of industrial symbiosis, Volume 45 (4) Journal of Supply Chain Management, Global, ABI/INFORM Boons, F, Spekkink, W, Mouzakitis, Y (2011) The dynamics of industrial symbiosis: a proposal for a conceptual framework based upon a comprehensive literature review, Volume 19 (905-911) Journal of cleaner production, Elsevier Cernea, M. (1993) The Urban Environment and Population Relocation. Issue 152. World Bank Discussion Papers. Washington. The World Bank. Chertow, M (2000) Industrial Symbiosis: Literature, 25 (313references
337) Annual Reviews Energy Environment, Connecticut, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Chertow, M (2007) “uncovering” Industrial Symbiosis, Volume 11, Number 1, Journal of industrial Ecology, Yale, Yale University Lombardi, R. Laybourn, P (2012) Redefining Industrial Symbiosis .Volume 16, Number 1, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale, Yale University Lombardi, R. Lyons, D, Han, S, Agarwal, A (2012) Industrial Symbiosis .Volume 16, Number 1, Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale, Yale University Raymond, L, P, Howard-Grenville, J (2012) The evolution of facilitated industrial symbiosis, Volume 16, Number 1 Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale, Yale University
Articles Folke, C. (2006) Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses, Global Environmental Change, Volume 16 ( Issue 3), pp.390-404, available at: ftp:// ecosistemas.uchile.cl/pub/Docencia/Sistemas_ecosociales/ Literatura/Clase_3/Folke_2006.pdf [Accessed 010212] Holling, C.S. (2001) Understanding the complexity of economic, ecological and social systems. Ecosystems, Volume 4 (No.5) pp.390-405. Available at: www.tsa.gov/ assets/pdf/PanarchyorComplexity.pdf [Accessed 010212] KZGW (unknown) The National Water Management Authority. Warsaw. KZGW KZGW (2011) Workshop on River Basin Management in the Baltic Sea Region. Warsaw. KZGW Malinowska E., Szumacher I., (2008) Role of allotment gardens in the landscape of left-bank Warsaw. Warsaw. Warsaw University. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2011) Agriculture and Food Economy in Poland. Warsaw page 96
[Bibliography] Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2007) National Strategic Plan for 2007 – 2013 Rural Development. Warsaw Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2012) Polish Food. Warsaw Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (2010) Poznaj Dobra Zywnosc. Warsaw Municipal Water Supply and Sewage Company in Warsaw Joint Stock Company (2011) Annual Report 2011. Warsaw. MPWIK Pawlikowska-Piechotka, A (2012) Urban greens and sustainable land policy management (case study in Warsaw). Warsaw. Institute of Tourism and Leisure. Poland (2006) The 2010 National Waste Management Plan. Warsaw Vattenfall Europe New Energy Gmtl (2010) The future of solid waste management in Poland. Hamburg. Vattenfall.
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Videos Kernaghan, S. (2012) Urban systems and vulnerabilities: A resilience based approach to climate change in cities. Accessed at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=n1YUe4TPvZg [Accessed 010212]
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