The way to live.
What is
?
• Naāndi is an urban farming community driven passionately by ethos of “agro culture & sustainable organic farming”. • Naāndi offers the very best of both worlds – “an urban lifestyle with finer nuances of rural life”. • Naāndi “thrives on technology and nature”. Both for organic farming and healthy living. • Naāndi presents a rare opportunity to “indulge in living”. • Naāndi offers a world that is “unique and self-sustainable”. • Naāndi is “India’s first collective farming community”.
To whom is Naト]di for? Naト]di is for those who are looking for an alternative urban lifestyle, which respects nature and its resources to lead a self-sustainable and healthy lifestyle, without compromising on their comforts or conveniences.
is India’s first collective farming community
What is Collective farming? Its a farmer’s community that shares farming related infrastructure while enjoying the fruits of collective living.
Why collective farming? Naāndi Collective Farming
Individual Farming
Common farm infrastructure is shared by its residents
High investment cost on farm infrastructure
Grid-free power sourcing
Unreliable grid power in the semi-urban areas
Pooling of knowledge systems
High maintenance and upkeep costs
Regular hassle free up-keep and maintenance
High costs to employ experts and having no knowledge systems in the diverse farm fields.
Sharing of profits and loss Water security is ensured as water harvesting and conservation works effectively for large areas.
High chances of getting rundown if in active for sometime.
Expert care for the farm, energy, water and every aspect of the farm and living Active community that is run by professionals with process driven approach. Reliable work force in the farm due to the structured incentivized employment with a proper growth ladder.
Maintenance of urban lifestyle in rural setting does not satisfy all the age groups of a family.
Vs
NAĀNDI IS A 25 ACERS COMMUNITY OF 50 FARMERS
HOW IT WORKS ??
(GROWING TOWARDS 100) who respect nature’s ways and lead a life of self reliance through a completely sustainable organic way of living. Naāndi Integrates the seven strands of sustainable living. We call them saptha patha.
Food without using any antibiotics, growth hormones and non organic feed for the farm animals.
Self reliant 100% off grid clean tech energy systems designed to meet the community’s loads.
Effective watershed measures to enhance the catchment areas and conservative usage at all levels with the help of latest technologies.
The Naāndi shelters are designed to optimize the spaces and to encourage better interaction with nature.
Fresh outdoor air naturally cooled with earth as the heat sink.
People and the way they live are important aspects of the community, their interactions within and outside. Their involvement in social welfare is an essential criterion.
The Naāndi earth and soils are conserved and build organically to help increase the soil organics- Vedic farming
HOW DOES IT WORK? THE CREDIT SYSTEM The credit system encourages the members to be conscious in the way they treat and interact with the natural resources.
THE SEVEN PATHS OF SUSTAINABILITY FORM THE BASE of the credit system at the Naト]di community to share the profits and losses with a transparent process driven approach nurtured by Navira, the facilitator.
Naāndi yearly income = (Community profit / residents) x Factor of credits. Factor of credit = Average weightage of Saptha Patha criterion
HOW DOES IT WORK? THE CREDIT SYSTEM
Saptha Patha
Food
Water
Energy
Earth
Shelter
Air
People
*Provisional benchmarked quota by Naāndi community
50 Kilos of fruits and vegetables per family per month.
24300 liters per family per month
600 units per family per month
A family can produce fully segregated 30 Kgs of Organic waste per month and 30 kgs of inorganic waste which is expected to be collected by the community.
Shelter is designed based on green norms by developer. The upkeep of the home to fall under the same Naāndi norms is mandatory. Example: periodical maintenance of energy systems, water systems and so on.
60 hours of complete running of Air conditioners are benchmarked. Rest of the time the members are expected to use cooling via earthen tunnel drafting.
1.Community participation E.g., Voting, active sales, upkeep, reviewing P & L accounts, attending community audit meetings etc. 2.Social. E.g., Conducting healthcare or education programs
30 liters of cow dairy produces per month
Credit weightage 100%
10%
10%
20%
20%
15%
5%
20%
Measure
Give and take audit
Water meters and record of usage/savings
Two way metering
Measured by weight
Periodic maintenance checks
Data collected by society via automation
Attendance log and records
Distribution system audit report
Naāndi FM. Every quarter
Naāndi FM. Every month
Naāndi FM. Every month
Naāndi FM. Every month
Naāndi FM. Every quarter
Naāndi FM. Every month
Naāndi FM. Every year
*Costs are assumed to be near income.
zero for the benchmarked quota, however with active participation of the community and effective production and sales it can yield a very good farm
WHERE IS NAÄ€NDI? REGULATION CONTEXT Community is located in
the lush green bio conservation zone of the city
meant for farming.
WHERE IS NAANDI? GO. 111
REGULATION CONTEXT
• To prohibit polluting industries, major hotels, residential colonies or other establishments that generate pollution, in the catchment of the lakes up to 10 kms from full tank level of the lakes as per list in Annexure –I. • However, residential developments in residential use zone may be permitted. The following measures shall be taken to protect water flowing into the lakes. • 60% of the total area shall be kept as open space and roads in all layouts in the villages of catchment area. • The land use of about 90% of the area is classified as recreational and conservation use in the Master Plan. The Hyderabad Urban Development Authority should take action for the classification of this 90% of the area as agriculture which is inclusive of horticulture and floriculture. • To restrict the F.S.I to 1:0.5 in the catchment area. This measure will ensure that 90% of the area remains under agriculture as is the practice now and ensure protection of the lakes.
WHERE IS NAANDI? LOCATION CONTEXT
Naト]di is 9 Kms away from the APPA junction on the Himayath sagarChevella road
WHERE IS NAÄ€NDI? SOCIAL CONTEXT
Within 3 Km radius the site has access to various cultural amenities making it a viable community
Medical Facilities
Westend Greens
Saark 1 & 2
WHERE IS NAĀNDI?
Trendset Winz
Jayabheri Enclave
PROXIMITY CONTEXT Mantri Euphoria
Pragathi Resorts
Oorjita Isthana
PEBL City
Prestige Royal Woods
Noted communities Within 10mins radius , and beyond 20mins drive away from Naāndi community
THE FARMING
THE FARMING SEEING IS BELIEVING Farming is based on the idea that one can know and learn every stage of food production. Community farming
Personal Farming Animal Husbandry
Naト]di is designed as a holistic farm, where farming is practiced at various levels.
This establishes the sanctity that is maintained and governed by the members themselves with expert advice.
Aqua Culture Farm Infrastructure Nursery Forest Plantations and Medicinal Plantations Forest Plantations
Community farming, personal farming, nursery, forest plantations, medicinal plantations, animal husbandry, aqua farming, api culture etc.
THE FARMING COMMUNITY FARM This area comprising of nearly 6 acres is dedicated to fruits and vegetables with diverse cropping designed to benefit the plants nutrient supply. Drumsticks Curry Leaf
Brinjal
Onion
Leafy Vegetables Beetroot
Cabbage
Sapota
Banana
Bendi
Cauliflower
Beans
Sweet orange
Papaya
Potato
Mango
Grapes
Tomato
Guava
Green Chilli
Pomegranate
Coconut
THE FARMING PERSONAL KITCHEN FARM Each resident would have a 600 sq yards plot of which about 450 square yards is for individual farm yard. All landscape features in the individual farm yard are designed using edible plants. Outdoor Living
Pathway
Driveway
Living Quarters
Car Park
The personal farming space is maintained by the community. The plot owner has the choice to indulge in his own choice of vegetables and fruits. All the personal farming spaces will have some fruit trees that are provided by the community, without an option.
THE FARMING PERSONAL FARM
Avacado Sweet Orange Neem Curry Leaf
Date Palm Banana Coconut Mango Papaya Lemon Amala Seetaphal Neem Elephant Footyam
THE FARMING FOREST PLANTATION The entire community is lined with forest trees on the boundary like the Gulmohar, Red sanders, Casurina, Millingtonia, Teak wood, soap nut, Mahua, Amla, Neem, Badam, Jack fruit, Beetle-Nut palm, Date palm etc. All the forest trees also have a secondary revenue generating opportunities like Soap Nut, Amla etc. Apart from that, the front of the site and the South-East parcel of land is developed as a forest garden complete with forest shacks, bon fire space and outdoor barbecue to provide an avenue to have a wilderness experience
THE FARMING MEDICINAL PLANTATION The Naト]di farm promotes passive health care where the plantations in the forest zone on the south east corner are interspersed with traditional Indian medicinal plants like Ashwagandha, Velaga, Tellamamadi etc. Each of the medicinal plats will have customized signage to educate the passersby on how the plants could be used for common cures.
THE FARMING ANIMAL HUSBANDRY & ASSOCIATED FACILITIES The plant care and nutrient supply in the farm is done organically with the manures prepared from the cattle faeces in the animal husbandry unit (Vedic ways) The farm animals unit will provide organic dairy that are door delivered to the resident members .
THE FARMING ANIMAL HUSBANDRY & ASSOCIATED FACILITIES
THE FARMING ANIMAL HUSBANDRY & ASSOCIATED FACILITIES
THE FARMING ANIMAL HUSBANDRY & ASSOCIATED FACILITIES
THE FARMING AQUA FARMING The farm pond in the site is also used for aqua culture to complete the Aquaponic cycle for better nutrient supply to the plants.
THE FARMING API CULTURE On the suggestion of AP Bee Keeper’s association we tried to design a natural breeding habitat for bee farming. Located in the bio-conservation zone and just about 9 Kms from the Mrugavani national forest it gets as close to a wild habitat as possible with rich bio-diversity for bees to thrive on.
THE FARMING INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPPORT Water conservation techniques like1. Live mulch, garden waste and coconut waste covering layers of earth 2. Soil breeding-live organic mulch as a continuous farm cover 3. Active farm land manure from the animal husbandry unit Are practiced at the Naāndi farm which reduces our water requirement of the farm to about 50%
Total site area in hectares Average rainfall of Hyderabad (mm)
10.348035 803 MM
I MM rainfall in 1 hectare is 10,000 liters of water
Total rainwater available on site per year
83094721.05 liters
Water lost due to evaporation 30%
24928416.32 liters
Total rainwater available on site to be captured 58166304.74 liters (70%)
The farm is designed to be water independent, all water systems are designed based on the rain water available in Hyderabad for every year. An interdisciplinary concept developed by Mr. T. Hanumanth Rao, a retired engineer in chief from Andhra Pradesh irrigation department, UN (OPSConsultant) and named by him as the ‘four waters concept’ as contained in the bookj published by the Engineering Staff college of India, are adopted in the designing of this farm. Scientific methods are used to calculate the sizes and placement of the storm water trenches that channelize the water falling on the site in a controlled way without any soil erosion.
Irrigation is done with drip irrigation mechanism controlled with solenoids and computerized farm automation (Galcon).
*all assumptions are based on the data availed from authentic sources like and on the suggestions of our expert consultants. http://www.imd.gov.in, India Water Portal http://www.indiawaterportal.org/
THE FARMING INFRASTRUCTURE AND SUPPORT Farming implements required to farm like tractor with all its necessary accessories, a shredder, etc., are all provided on the site along with their workshop/garage areas required. Workers/farmers on site are provided with their ancillary spaces, residences and sleeping quarters.
THE FARMING HOW WOULD IT SUSTAIN ? FAQ Who does the farming? Navira as a facilitator to Naト]di is developing an employed farm worker force who are treated as an entity by itself driven by professionals and experts in a process driven structure, with a brand name Organo. What if there is a labor problem? The labor will be managed by a process driven professional company, we do not expect much attrition from the work force. Even if so the replacement will be taken care from the adjoining villages as the organization with its employee benefits of child education, health insurance and profit sharing as incentives is quite attractive. Is it profitable? Organo, the company employed by Navira will work to manage the farm to be profitable. How do we handle depleting water tables? The farm is designed based on the rain water available on site with the help of expert advice in farming as well as water requirement to conserve water and to actively increase the water table on site. How is transparency established? The profits are shared on the credits basis equally for all the services provided at Naト]di, Organo will establish the processes in which the revenue is shared equally amongst all members.
Naト]di community will have a choice to change the farm and facility (F&F) Management company post handing over.
THE FARMING MANAGED BY ORAGNO
Organo is an organic store where vegetables, fruits , dairy and meat products ranging from vegetable baskets to customized meal baskets and processed food like breads would be available. Organo would handle services ranging from door delivery to the management of the work force.
THE FARMING ORGANIC CAFÉ AND FARMER INTERACTION SPACE
THE FARMING PRE-PAID SERVICES (ORGANO)
Distribution of Farm Produces
THE FARMING PRE-PAID SERVICES (ORGANO)
House Keeping Support
THE FARMING PRE-PAID SERVICES (ORGANO)
Waste Management
THE FARMING PRE-PAID SERVICES (ORGANO)
Personal Farm Maintenance
THE FARMING PRE-PAID SERVICES (ORGANO)
Pet Care
THE FARMING PRE-PAID SERVICES (ORGANO)
Maintenance (Water, Power, Drainage, Infra etc.,)
THE COMMUNITY
THE COMMUNITY MASTER PLAN
THE COMMUNITY THE VILLA IMPRESSION
Linearly oriented villas towards the farm allow all living areas to have a full farm view. Open platform cuts down all the service spaces making it a compact deign. Servant quarters has been tucked behind the garage as an optional feature.
THE COMMUNITY FOYER AND ENTRANCE
Recycled bamboo screen are intended to act as shading device as well as vertical garden features. Entrance foyer is designed to allow one to clear their errands at the foyer itself
THE COMMUNITY THE VILLA IMPRESSION
All terraces and outdoor decks have been treated as outdoor living areas. Terraces are treated as personal party areas. All the living areas open into the backyard that provides a panoramic view of the community farm, subtly divided by farm buffer, where at every stride one will tumble across opportunities for indulgence.
THE COMMUNITY THE VILLA IMPRESSION The backyard personal farming gives you a varied range of food produce.
The outdoor patios come with retractable roofs allowing one to enjoy the beauty of all seasons. This is where the outdoor living spirit is nurtured as the spaces given are flexible for various functions.
THE COMMUNITY THE VILLA IMPRESSION Bedrooms are provided with their own sit-outs to encourage outdoor living.
THE COMMUNITY TYPE
Sq Yards
PLOT AREAS Sq Feet
Number
Maredu Type A
663.41
5970.74
8
Maredu Type B
619.46
5575.22
5
Mandara Type A Mandara Type B Neredu Type A Neredu Type B
557.32 537.41 571.63
607.31
5015.96 4836.77 5144.66
5465.87
48 47
12
46 45
5 1 3
40 37
38
41
42
43
44
49 50 01
02 03 04 05 06 07
39
08 09 10
Gorinta Type A Gorinta Type B Gorinta Type C
702.75 587.52 698.49
6324.83 5287.76 6286.49
4 33
6 1
36
35
32
31
30 29 28 27 26 25
11
627.45
5647.13
5
14
15
16 17 18 19 20
34 23 24
Gorinta Type D
12
13
22
21
THE COMMUNITY AREA STATEMENT
AREA STATEMENT SOLAR ROOF
100% of the CONDITIONED SPACE : 1812.90 SFT.
50% of the SEMI COVERED SPACE : 1035.8 SFT + SOLAR ROOF : 830.23 SFT. + OPEN TERRACE AREA : 30.0 SFT.
TERRACE CONDITIONED SPACE
& SERVANT BLOCK : 86.45 SFT. TOTAL AREA : 3709
+ 86.45 SFT.
SERVANT BLOCK
CONDITIONED SPACE
THE COMMUNITY THE VILLAS – MANDARA
UNIT TYPE– Mandara
THE COMMUNITY VILLA MASTER PLAN – MANDARA
THE COMMUNITY THE UNIT PLANS – MANDARA
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
THE COMMUNITY THE VILLAS – NEREDU
UNIT TYPE Neredu
THE COMMUNITY VILLA MASTER PLAN – NEREDU
THE COMMUNITY THE UNIT PLANS – NEREDU
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
THE COMMUNITY THE VILLAS – MAREDU
UNIT TYPE– Maredu
THE COMMUNITY VILLA LEVEL MASTER PLAN – MAREDU
THE COMMUNITY THE UNIT PLANS – MAREDU
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
THE COMMUNITY THE VILLAS – GORINTA
UNIT TYPE– Gorinta
THE COMMUNITY VILLA MASTER PLAN – GORINTA
THE COMMUNITY THE UNIT PLANS – GORINTA
GROUND FLOOR
FIRST FLOOR
THE COMMUNITY THE VILLA INTERIORS LIVING SPACES
THE COMMUNITY THE VILLA INTERIORS LIVING SPACES
THE COMMUNITY THE VILLA INTERIORS DINING
THE COMMUNITY THE VILLA INTERIORS MASTER BEDROOM
THE COMMUNITY THE VILLA INTERIORS GUEST BEDROOM
THE TECHNOLOGY
THE TECHNOLOGY CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Modular Pre-engineered composite structure in steel and precast concrete to reduce the onsite construction
THE TECHNOLOGY CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Pre engineered precast hollow core slabs with air as buffer for thermal insulation and frameworks get assembled at site at an opportune time when the farming activities are established
THE TECHNOLOGY CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
External walls are made using precast panels, insulated glass and light weight concrete blocks are used for the internal walls
THE TECHNOLOGY CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
All the windows are UV protected and aluminium shop-floor assembled.
THE TECHNOLOGY CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
External breathing skins of steel and bamboo along with the vegetation, are green wall features act as shading devices that avoid solar radiation are added. ‘Solar roof’, made in steel and SPV/ST panels is used as shading device as well.
THE TECHNOLOGY ENERGY CYCLE – SOLAR TECHNOLOGY
SPV/ST
POWER NEED – Lighting – TV’s / Refrigerators – Air Conditioning
WITH DIVERSITY :
Micro Grid To monitor and share power within community
5KW
THE TECHNOLOGY A HOUSE THAT BREATHES THROUGH EARTH
Earthen Tunnel Draft Being a farming project, lands are irrigated hence; will have reduced temperatures below 2mts. This thermal condition is exploited using Tunnel Draft mechanism wherein the fresh air will be drawn from O2-generating vegetation and driven into the building through Tunnel draft after necessary filtrations. This technique reduces temperature by 10 degrees.
THE TECHNOLOGY HVAC SYSTEM
ALL BEDROOMS + LIVING + DINING TEMP –
24 C
3TR Chiller to be used for cooling through FCUs. High wall units in all the
+ THERMAL STORAGE
bedrooms and cassette in the living room
LOAD –
3 TR
catering to night cycle AS NEEDED IN DIVERSITY
+ 4 HR FULL BACKUP THERMAL STORAGE WHICH IN DIVERSITY WILL WORK ALL NIGHT
THE TECHNOLOGY SMART DIGITAL CONTROL OF RESIDENCE
The house is automated to control all electro mechanical gadgets along with lighting to optimize energy demand and convenience. This controls two-way electricity meters as well as water meters along with irrigation based on the climate
THE TECHNOLOGY WATER STRATEGY - WATER SUPPLY
Central Treatment Plant Grey Water from the home
Primary Treatment Gravity system Rain Water Recharge Pits
Treated water directed to the farm land
Aerobic filter beds
Sustainable method of water supply using Hydro pneumatic pumps to meet desired pressure levels. All the water fixtures in the homes will be green rated efficient flow fixtures.
THE AMENITIES
THE AMENITIES (HEALTH) ORGANIC CAFÉ AND ORGANIC STORE
Organic Café & Organic Store are managed by Organo
THE AMENITIES HEALTH AND LIESURE
THE AMENITIES HEALTH AND LIESURE TENNIS
CROQUET
COMMUNITY KITCHEN
COTTAGES
MULTI-PURPOSE HALL
SPA & SALON
LILY POND
ALFRESCO
MINI THEATRE INDOOR GYM
PARTY LAWN
TODDLER POOL AND DECK
BADMINTON
LAP POOL OUTDOOR GYM TOT LOT
BIO POOL
THE AMENITIES CLUBHOUSE
THE AMENITIES GREEN ROOMS
MULTI PURPOSE HALL AND OUTDOOR PARTY AREAS
KITCHEN MULTI PURPOSE HALL TOILETS PRE FUNCTION SKETCH UP
PARTY LAWN
The multi purpose hall is housed in the sculptural bamboo structure that forms the iconic Naト]di health club. Overlooking the bio pool on one side, with a backdrop of the forest on the other the outdoor party spaces and the multi purpose hall at the Health club are fully equipped with the support kitchen, green rooms and toilet spaces.
THE AMENITIES OUTDOOR PARTY AREAS
Outdoor party dining & event spaces
THE AMENITIES ALFRESCO DINING
BAR COUNTER
BIO POOL
DECK SEATING
The Alfresco dining space is designed to cater to the different age groups of community with moods of the space shifting from peppy club to silent longue to party space to pool deck seating.
THE AMENITIES ALFRESCO DINING
THE AMENITIES ALFRESCO DINING
THE AMENITIES ALFRESCO DINING
KIDS POOL
THE AMENITIES BIO POOL
25M LAP POOL
BIO POOL
The aqua spaces at the Naト]di health club include a 25M long lap pool, an ancillary bio pond to support these waters and the kids pool complete with necessary shower rooms and toilets.
THE AMENITIES BIO POOL, LAP POOL, DECK AND TODDLER POOL
Reference Image of Bio Swimming Pool
THE AMENITIES HEALTH CLUB
Reference image of the farm view from deck
THE AMENITIES TODDLER POOL
Reference Images of Toddler pool
THE AMENITIES CROQUET AND TENNIS COURT
CROQUET
TENNIS COURT
THE AMENITIES Modern urban necessities like an air conditioned fully equipped indoor gym, wooden floored indoor badminton court are provided
SPORTS AND HEALTH
INDOOR GYM
BADMINTON COURT
OUTDOOR GYM
Indoor Gym overlooking the aqua spaces
THE AMENITIES SPORTS AND HEALTH
Indoor Gym overlooking a green nook
THE AMENITIES BADMINTON COURT
Badminton court
THE AMENITIES OUTDOOR GYM
Traditional work-out spaces/outdoor earthen spaces with Malakhambha
THE AMENITIES OUTDOOR GYM
THE AMENITIES STEAM ROOM, SPA AND SALOON
SPA
Naト]dians can relish leisure spaces like ayurvedic massages at the Spa rooms, well equipped body care salon at the luxury of their community spaces itself.
THE AMENITIES THE SPA AND SAUNA ROOMS
Along with the couple Spa room, a single spa room overlooking the green area the club will also have a body care product outlet to fulfill the needs.
THE AMENITIES GUEST ROOMS
Nestled in between the forest groove and tennis laws the Naト]di suite rooms for guests have been designed with two unique experiences, the bamboo court suites and the aqua suites
THE AMENITIES GUEST ROOMS
The Bamboo suits
The aqua suits
THE AMENITIES GUEST ROOMS
THE AMENITIES MINI THEATRE
Mini Theatre with 25 people seating capacity
THE AMENITIES HORSE RIDING Horse stable along with horse care and pet care provided
THE AMENITIES HORSE RIDING
Horse Riding for Kids
THE AMENITIES OUTDOOR STARS VIEWING DECKS
Open star gazing and living decks
THE AMENITIES FARM ART, WORKSHOP SPACE
A workshop space provided that allows the members to conduct art/craft workshops or explore hobbies.
THE AMENITIES PASSIVE HEALTHCARE
The farm buffer area that is continuous and uninterrupted through out the farm is designed to promote passive health with pebble walkways, semi covered spaces to practice yoga or just meeting and conversation spaces
THE AMENITIES TOT-LOT
The children’s play area is designed with a fine balance between adventure play, creative play and leisure play all encompassed in simple structures.
THE AMENITIES FOREST LEISURE AMENITIES
Bamboo walkway and camping experience in the forest
THE LIFE AT NAĀNDI
THE LIFE AT NAĀNDI
THE LIFE AT NAĀNDI
THE LIFE AT NAĀNDI
Education
THE LIFE AT NAĀNDI
Experience Earning
THE LIFE AT NAÄ€NDI
Connection to source
Home made toys from farm produce
THE LIFE AT NAĀNDI
Inspiring the future
THE LIFE AT NAĀNDI
THE LIFE AT NAÄ€NDI
Farm inspired revival of folk games
THE LIFE AT NAĀNDI
Farm inspired art and craft
THE LIFE AT NAÄ€NDI
Bringing back the lost farm traditions
THE LIFE AT NAĀNDI
THANK YOU
DISCLAIMER: the information contained in this brochure have been prepared in good faith by Navira but are not intended to, and do not constitute, a legal offering, a contract or create any contractual relationship.