Biopsychology

Dopamine. Oxytocin. Serotonin. Endorphins.

MIDTERM/ QUIZ

SALVINORIN-A

YOUNG, WILD, & FREE

Life Span & Brain Development

ALI | BASA | DACSIL | ODIAME | ROGAYAN

Brain Facts:

Life Span

first. Late childhood/ early teens usually learns The human brain weighs about three pounds and to control more of their physical and motor coordination, unlike when they were younger. it is about 2% of the total body weight.

The brain is divided into two hemisphere, the Teenagers Teenage years can be the most complicated left hemisphere- analytic and logical and right stage so the development of the brain have to hemisphere- intuition and holistic thoughts. deal more in this stage. The midbrain, which has been developed in this stage causes the dramatic Brain Development through Lifespan changes in motivation and emotional control, thus Early Childhood make the teens to appear lazy.

The ages of two up to six are counted in Teens often misread their emotion in this early childhood stage. Their brain weight is stage which causes them to be easily irritated and approximately increases from 70-90 percent of its moody. The prefrontal cortex also experience weight. growth spurt but won’t be fully develop until In this stage, the front of the brain have a the age of 25, this part will perform executive rapid growth which includes the improvement of functions concerning attention, problem solving, memory, language and thinking skills of the child. prediction, balancing, planning, inappropriate By this stage, children can enhance their skills behavior and so on. in communication and remembering people or During teenage years, the brain lacks “its things that they encounter every day. braking system” because some important function of the brain does not develop, which can bring Late Childhood/ Early Teens them in undue risks and dangerous behaviors At around the age of 10-11, the back part of the including sex and abuse of drugs. brain is the most improve part. In this stage, back part of the brain begins grow its final spurt which Adulthood progresses the back of the brain to the front.

In this point, this stage in life span changes The cerebellum will be the one to develop memory wary widely in tasks and individuals.

In the early and middle adult, the ability of the individual mostly appear to be fair and stable which make them do the career they’re tracking.

But when they reach the age of 40-60, difficulties in problem solving may occur because expertise in people being to develop.

In the age of 60 and above, the brain begin to loss outweighs improvement and maintenance because of aging, and accelerated loss of brain weight is also experience at this stage.

BRAIN DEVELOPMENT

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T

he song “Young Wild & Free” clearly states that they are using a psychoactive drug that is related to psychopharmacology. One of the psychoactive drugs that were mentioned is alcohol. Alcohol is a social reinforcement or more on pleasure and it is a depressant drugs that inhibits behavior. Alcohol is taken orally which is by swallowing. Another psychoactive drug that was mentioned related to smoking is cigarette. It is a stimulant that increases one’s energy and is taken by the use of nasal. These psychoactive drugs make the user or the singer want more and slowly experiencing negative effects of it and they don’t care what they are doing. It is clear that they attended a party, which we consider as a social gathering. We can assume that these people are liberated and don’t care about what’s good and bad or what’s around them as long as they enjoy.

These people are not aware with the term shame.

O

nce you hear this song, the first thing you expect is that it is a party song, by the beat, tune and sound it is surely is. Yet as you, clearly hear the lyrics, you’ll get wild about it.

The song may be interpreted by others to live your life to the fullest, but no, it is isn’t. For me, I see this song as it encourage everyone who’ll hear this song to be convinced that they need to be young, wild and free just to live. This song also involves the use of illegal drugs to be wild that may later on leads the listener to abused the drugs that may causes more serious problem in the future.

The use of drugs in this song is not appropriate, drugs are meant to heal not to destroy human body.

And neither of the illegal drug that you’ll take will make you young and free, it can only make you wild, which chances are the wild you’ve been through is being a wild animal because you are in the influence of illegal drugs that causes you to do things unaware. You lose your self-awareness and some part of your brain have been damaged by the drug taken. We can live our life by living it like we are young which we can live our life positively and away from harm and we can be free for anything without being wild we just need to be more of ourselves and less of our inappropriate intentions. If this song influences you to abused drugs to live your life fully, think twice.

Salvinorin-A The psychoactive molecule of this drug is in Salvia divinorum, which is a plant from Mexico that have been involved in the use of entheogen in the history of indigenous Mazatec shamans.

This can cause hallucination because it does not contain nitrogen atom that making it a terpenoid and not an alkanoid as is the norm, meaning this cannot be rendered as a salt. But Salvinorin A is different in subjective experience unlike other hallucinogens which leads its formal classification debatable.

In pharmacology, this drug is being involved in relation to is properties as an anti-addiction drug, some analogs that were improved with pharmacokinetics have proven the anti-addiction effect of Salvinorin A. The most prominent of these cognitive effects generally include: anxiety, amnesia, dysphoria, delusion and many more.

There are countries that allow this drug to be part of medications, this drug may be included in fresh and dried leaves, extracts, tincture and teas

Salvinorin A is the main active psychotropic (psychoactive drug) molecule in Salvia divinorum (induce vision and other spiritual experiences), a Mexican plant which has a long history of use as an entheogen by indigenous Mazatec shamans. Salvinorin A is considered a dissociative.

For me this drug is a little scary or it worries me for it’s negative effects specifically in the brain. The effects are temporarily impairs or weakens recall and recognition memory. It is also considered as dissociative, a class of hallucinogens that distort perception of sight and sound and does produce feelings of detachment. It is dangerous to take without doctor’s approval and it should be taken with enough care and must be physically and mentally prepared. It is a scary drug because it will affect our important part of brain and it can also affect our daily activities.

Refernces: Judd, C. (N.A.). A Lifespan of Brain Development. Retrieved from http://ieha-families.org/lessons/2013_Lesson_Area_2_Brain_Development.pdf Marcelino, E. & Pe-Pua, R. (2000). Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology): A Legacy of Virgilio G. Enriquez. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ doi/10.1111/1467-839X.00054/pdf Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvinorin_A Karpicke, J.D., (2016, June). A Powerful Way to Improve Learning and Memory Retrieved from: http://www.apa.org/science/about/psa/2016/06/learning-memory.aspx

http://ieha-families.org/lessons/2013_Lesson_Area_2_Brain_Development.pdf http://www.brainfacts.org/across-the-lifespan/youth-and-aging/ https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-4842-6_12 Maddox, M. (N.A). The Psychology in The Vow. Retrieved from https://www. sutori.com/story/the-psychology-in-the-vow https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/Salvinorin_A

L E A R N I N G Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience. Paige changes after her car accident because she has not learned the behaviors she learned after she left her family and law school, such as loving her husband, being with her friends, and sculpting daily.

Observational learning, also known as social learning, is learning by observing others. Paige relearns her old life before the accident by watching videos of herself and her friends, such as at her wedding, talking with and observing her friends when she moves back to the city, and observing Leo. Memory is the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. Paige loses her memory of the past five years because she lost her storage of the information from those years.

Encoding, storage, and retrieval are three processes involving the processing of information. Encoding is the process of getting information into the memory system; for example, by extracting meaning. Storage is the retention of coded information over time. Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage. In “The Vow,�

Paige has encoded and stored the

M E M O R Y information, or gotten the information into her memory and stored it there over time, but she cannot retrieve the information from her memory after the car accident.

Retrograde and anterograde amnesia both involve forgetting information from certain time periods.

Retrograde amnesia involves a loss of memory for events that occurred before a brain injury. It is the inability to remember events from the past and it specifically involves episodic memories.

Anterograde amnesia involves a loss of memory for any event occurring after the injury. Paige suffers from anterograde amnesia, and not retrograde amnesia, because she loses her memory of events from five years before her brain injury due to the car accident.

Procedural memory is a type of implicit memory affected by damage to the cerebellum and neurodegenerative diseases that alter the basal ganglia.

It is involved with motor skills. After the accident, Paige does not lose her procedural memory because although she cannot remember any of her experiences from the past five years, she can remember how to sculpt, which she learned during that time period.

She remembers this motor skill because it was muscle memory.

Episodic memory is a type of explicit memory that lets you remember events that you personally experience at a specific time and place. Paige loses her episodic memory of the past five years because she cannot remember any of the events she personally experienced during that time.

L

earning is the acquisition of skills or knowledge. From the day we are born until our last breath we acquire such term. In kids, they learn simple things like breathing, crying, eating, moving and other skills or knowledge.

While in teens, young adults and adults they start to learn about what is around them, like lessons or lectures in school or university, they learn to observe others action, how to survive and more.

Learning is a continues exploration of things that evolves around a person and taking those learning until they grow old. In the film the vow, I can say that after Paige lost some of her memory she is slowly learning again about what is around her. She is learning about what she forgot in the past with the help of his husband who she also forgot.

Observational Learning is a learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. I believe that all of us acquire this type of learning. We sometimes use this if we saw an act for the first time. One example for kids is wearing clothes, parents teach their children how to wear their clothes by showing how to do it. In teens, young adult and adult one example is swimming styles, an instructor teaches its students with or without water then they will all go together. In the film, Paige experience this type of learning when he is with Leo, she tries to observe the place she live and went, she observes her friend and the stories they tell her about her life before the accident.

Memory is the acquisition of what you have acquired.

Same as learning, from the day we are

born until our last breath we acquire such term. What we have learned and experienced in life we put it in our memory. It is forever stored in our memory even if it good or bad learning or experience. It is like a souvenir that we receive from others and ourselves.

Nobody can take away what he had acquired everyday. In the film, only Paige loses her present memories but something is retained which is her younger years memories.

Encoding is processing information into the memory.

Whatever happens in our everyday life it is sure that it was encoded or has been putted in our memory. One example is where you went yesterday, even if it’s your first time being there you still remember the view. Storage is the saved and maintenance of the information that was encoded. Once the information is encoded, the memory makes sure that is properly assigned to its place and well taken care off. One example is either it is placed on your short- term memory or your long- term memory, is it important experience or not. Retrieval is the process of getting the again the information in the memory. In here, once you have encoded and stored the information in the memory and days or months pass by and you needed them again you will try to remember and get the information. One example in lectures or lessons, before the school starts its academic year, you will go back to what you have learned in the previous years. In the film, before Paige got into accident it is very clear that whatever she acquired during the past years was encoded and stored in

her memory but once she got into an accident she lost some of it and tries to retrieve, but only few information about her are retrieved.

Anterograde is a person who cannot make new memories.

People who are in this state will always live in the past and having a hard time to live in the present. Just like in the film 50 First Dates, the girl is having this kind of amnesia. Retrograde is a person who lost its memories. People who are in this state will not remember the past but they can create new memories.

In the film the vow, I think Paige is experiencing retrograde but selective.

She only forgot her recent memories (an artist, being with her husband and new friends) but she remembers her younger years (in law school, living with her parents and having a fiancĂŠ).

Procedural Memory is a part of long- term memory that is responsible in skills that was learned.

This is where we learn to sing, to dance, to walk, to talk and to ride a bike. In the film, even though page forgot about the people and events in her present like her hands brought her back to arts.

She mentioned that her hand brings her again into sculpting and she was amaze that she started creating good sculptures again.

Episodic Memory is the memory of events: past or present and memory of experience. In the film, Paige only remembers her past memories and experience and forgot her present memories and experience.

But his husband Leo is willing to help her or willing to create new memories and experience without looking back.