THE ZEPHYR CLASS EXPOSING SAILING KYLE ROSS
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3
CONTENTS 7
Abstract
8
Acknowledgements
11 Declaration 13 Introduction 14
CHAPTER 1-Field of practice
28
CHAPTER 2-Context & application
54
CHAPTER 3-Design methods
68
Chapter 4-Design Development
100
CHAPTER 5-Methods Evaluation
116
Chapter 6-Design outcome
140
Chapter 7-Reflection
148
List of Figures
150
List of images
152 References
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ABSTRACT In the broader community, the sport of sailing is often underestimated for the physical exercise, intellectual challenges and sense of competitive achievement. This results in lower participation rates than many other sports in Australia. This project seeks to understand the barriers facing people entering and participating in the sport of sailing. Implementing change through the design of a new sailing class. The design focuses on the increasing participation in the sport of sailing, by supporting a new generation of sailors entering the sport, and to incrementally develop skills required for sailing in a supportive and simple manner. The designed object is learner focused, with features that are deployed together with the developing abilities of young sailors. Changing the dynamics of the junior sailing to support teamwork through a ‘double handed’ class bridging the gap between current junior and youth classes. The boat has been developed to cater for the sailors prowess, supporting young sailors to remain challenged without being over-burdened as they grow and develop a lifelong passion. This project uses a combination of user centred design methods and stakeholder engagement combined with engineering principles through computer-aided design, validation and iterative development to embody the author’s tacit knowledge as a participant, coach, and competitor at an international level of 15 years to deliver the design outcome. The design has been viewed and validated by a selection of stakeholders within the sailing community including participants, organisers and industry leaders to gather support for a new approach to junior sailing. Through design this project visualises an understanding of the issues within sailing and removes many of the perceived barriers for children to participate in the sport of sailing.
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Image 1- Render of yacht over wave
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my thesis advisor
I would also like to thank Australian sailing,
Simon Curlis of the Department of Industrial
past coaches, and the sailing community for
Design at School of Architecture and Design,
their involvement imparting knowledge to
RMIT. He consistently allowed this paper to
make this exposition possible.
be my own work, while steering me in the right the direction whenever he thought I needed it and always pushing me to work at my highest level.
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Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to my parents and family In addition to my girlfriend Phoebe Skinns for providing me with unfailing support and continuous
I would also like to thank all past professors
encouragement throughout my years of study
and experts that have taught me through
and through the process of researching and
my time studying. Without the knowledge
writing this thesis. This accomplishment
imparted by their passionate teachings, this
would not have been possible without them.
thesis would not have been possible.
Thank you.
Image 2- Ocean photography (AllWallpaper,2018)
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DECLARATION I
certify
that
except
where
due
acknowledgement has been made, the work is that of the author alone; the work has not been submitted previously, in whole or in part, to qualify for any other academic award; the content of the exposition is the result of work which has been carried out since the official commencement date of the approved research program; any editorial work, paid or unpaid, carried out by a third party is acknowledged; and, ethics procedures and guidelines have been followed. Kyle Ross
30/5/2018
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INTRODUCTION Sport draws many people of all ages to its
racing formats. The sport sailing, can take
multiple benefits, having a great influence
many forms and requires a large variety of
on our society and culture. Often many
skills sets and personal characteristics to
will have a passion for sport from a young
perform well in varying categories. While
age, positively impacting a child’s growing
sailing can take many forms, the sport has
confidence and teaching vital life skills, such
a relatively low participation and presence,
as resilience, cooperation, and dedication.
especially in Australia, given that most of
Sailing is a sport that is participated by all demographics, all around the world. Post the industrial revolution in the 19th century, sailing moved from a necessary tool of trade, transport, fishing, exploration, and globalization, to a recreational activity and
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Image 3- Junior class Optimist reaching (AECIO, 2014)
the population live on the coast. Exploring why this is and what can be done to boost numbers within the sport started from a young age bring more into enjoying the benefits of what the sport of sailing has to offer.
sport. With sailing being an original sport
Data suggests there is a lack of growth in
in the modern Olympics and the Americas
the sport, with little to no information on
cups being the oldest international trophy
why this might be. This project is largely
still competed for in sport, it has an extensive
a subjective project, with the approach
and grand history. It has many different
to grow the sport using the community’s
disciplines
many
opinions in conjunction with my 15 years’
interests and needs. From inshore course
experience, where I am highly involved within
racing to big offshore and ocean races of
the community, both competing on the world
many different classes, styles of boat and
stage and a sailing coach to junior sailors.
accommodating
for
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CHAPTER 1 FIELD OF PRACTICE
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Image 4-Olympic 470 class sailing (Australian sailing team, 2018)
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Chapter 1 Introduction
Image 5-Optomist start line at new Zealand national titles (Live Sail Die, 2014)
Sailing in Australia has had a long and grand history with many successes. The win of the 1983 America’s cup was our greatest achievement, being the first country to beat the USA in 132 years. While our success on the world stage is still very prevalent to this day, sailing is still a sport outside mainstream activities within Australia. While Sailing is a very physically and mentally challenging sport, it can also be extremely rewarding for participants of all ages. Sailing, however, is often viewed as a leisure activity for the elite amongst the wider community.
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Participation & Retention Despite being one of the oldest sports, sailing isn’t the most popular. With drawbacks such children will never give the sport of sailing a chance unless parents have a background in it. This is seen with sailing been ranked at 48th in the participation of physical activities of Australian children aged 6 to 14 with only 0.46% participating (Tyre, Brooke, & Kilborn,
122,000
Swimming
People participate in introductory sailing courses each year
Soccer
2015). There are roughly 122,138 people regularly participating in the sport of sailing as of 2015 (Yachting Austrlia, 2015) with this number remaining relatively stagnate since 2000 (Tyre, Brooke, & Kilborn, 2015). Every year roughly 117,185 people of all ages participate in promotional sailing programs such as tacker and other events like ‘discover sailing day’ across Australia (Yachting Austrlia, 2015). The number
117,000 People actively participating in sailing
of people participating in sailing remains constant even with the population growth,
AFL Sports/activities in Australia
as cost, learning curve, and availability. Often
Gymnastics Netball Dancing Basketball Tennis Cricket
showing that there is a clear problem, getting people to commit and retain participation within the sport.
No change in continued participation since 2000
Athletics Rugby Sailing 0
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Figure 1.1-Particpation of sport within Australia (Australian sports commission, 2016)
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10
15
20
25
Percentage of participation of Australia population between ages 6 to 14
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Social/cursing
junior Coaching
School competitions
class competitions
club racing
Sailing as sport in Australia Sailing is a sport that has many different categories and aspects. It
Midweek sailing interclub sailing
caters for a wide age group from 5-year old’s to over 80’s competing on a weekly basis. This is because the sport has many different classes that cater for ability and physical demands. There are two main categories
twilight sailing
of boats that sailing fits into; keel boats and dinghies. Keel boats are large boats that are usually moored, whereas dinghies are launched off the beach. While keel boats are sailed for racing, they are usually for
Figure 1.2-Distribution of sailing activities in Australia (Yachting Australia, 2015)
leisure, with racing in them a very different sport. Off the beach, dinghies are sailed by all ages and is how most participate in the sport of sailing. Dinghies are quite popular due to being a fraction of the price, fair and
Class association promotional events
even competitions with one design classes, don’t need large teams of
Learn to sail programs
crew and often more exhilarating and physically demanding. It is the sport of dinghy sailing that I aim to focus on for this project. As seen in figure 1.2, most people participate in sailing through weekly club racing, with many competing in school, class and inter-club competitions as well.
Discover sailing days Aquatic centre programs
School programs Community events
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Figure 1.3-Distribution of sailing promotional programs in Australia (Yachting Australia, 2015)
Corporate events
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Currently, there is a clear pathway taken by almost all sailors that end up in competitive sailing in Australia is outlined by Australian sailing in figure 1.4. Learning to sail in a ‘tackers’ program that all major yacht clubs run. Each program is coordinated and run by certified coaches and assistant coaches by Australian Sailing. These programs are run to teach kids the basics of sailing in club boats with a focus on having fun. The programs are very successful at providing an introduction to the sport. Of those children wanting to continue in the sport, the next step is to purchase a junior class boat, which in Australia, is almost always the optimist class. The optimist class was designed in 1947 and has remained unchanged. There are over 165,000 boats officially registered across 118 countries (IODA, 2017) and is the most competitive junior class with hundreds turning out to all major class events. The optimist class is usually sailed between the ages of 7 to 15, where you then graduate into the youth class. From my experience as a junior instructor and participant of 15 years, it is through the junior to youth stage where many kids decide to focus on other sports or are scared off from sailing. This assessment is supported by the Australian sailing report ‘Growing sailing’ (Tyre, Brooke, & Kilborn, 2015). The various youth classes are fundamentally smaller versions of the classes competed at in the Olympics. With such a dwindle down effect from the junior classes of children, this is an area that needs to be explored. Figure 1.4-pathways for sailing in Australia (Australian sailing, 2018)
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Stakeholders in sailing community
Image 6- Example of sailing stakeholder logos
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Like any sport, there are many parties that
Furthermore, Australian sailing is responsible
As well as governing bodies there is a large
have a professional and personal interest
for the running of the Australian sailing team
industry of boat builders and marine suppliers
in the success and development of the
and squad and selection processes of athletes
that rely on the sport of sailing, around the
sport of sailing. Breaking them into the
for the Olympic team.
In conjunction with
world. With the building and upkeep of boats
categories of governing bodies, industry
the sailing governing bodies, there is also
and sailing equipment needed on a regular
and participant. There is a tree of governing
class associations at a state, national and
basis for all participants, the network of
bodies that define the sport starting with the
international level. A class of boat is effectively
manufacturing, suppliers and retailer stores
world governing body named ‘World Sailing’
a set of rules defining a particular boat division
rely on the sport heavily for their income.
formally
(International
and are established by the class association.
Clubs are also a major industry for the sailing
sailing federation) is responsible for the
Some classes have very strict rules outlining
community, where many participants spend
administration of major events such as the
every dimension and supplier of every part for
most weekends at their local club. Clubs will
Olympic sailing regatta, America's cup,
the boat (one design classes) while others have
run weekly, races and other class events and
and world cup/class world title events. In
more relaxed rules that many outline length,
regattas for members and class associations.
addition, world sailing is responsible for
number of crew and sail area but leave the
the outline of the racing rules for all events
rest to the participant (development classes).
and the recognition of international class
Class associations will often organize the
associations. Within Australia the Australian
class world, national, state and interclub titles.
governing body is Australian sailing (formally
In addition, running training and promotional
known as Yachting Australia) with state-
programs to encourage people into their
level organizations, are responsible for the
class, as a greater number competing make
programming of national training programs
for better racing and more association fees.
and pathways and the accreditation of
Class associations are almost always run by
instructors and race committees.
participants within the class.
known
as
ISAF,
The roots of the sailing stakeholders are the participants within the sport. There many different levels of participation from professional athletes to the casual weekend sailor. Often and especially in the case of children, the whole family will have some connection to the sport and their club community. Sailing provides a competitive sport as well as a social and community environment for participants for all ages and demographics.
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Benefits of Participation All sports have a big impact on our society
positive goal. In addition to the benefits of
and our culture. For many it is a large focus
children being physically active, sailing has
of their lives, spending thousands of hours
a few unique benefits. Foremost it is a very
trying to perfect and master their chosen
physical and mentally challenging sport, and
sport. Many studies around the world
can be very exhilarating without the need
show the benefits of children participating
for competition, teaches many skills on how
in sport and how it has a positive impact
things work, and dealing with confronting
on all aspects of their lives. Children who
environments. It is also a sport and passion
participate in physical activity regularly, are
that can be participated in for life, with the
10 times less likely to be obese, are more
classes of boats growing as your needs/
likely to have higher grades, less likely to
abilities change and develop. Furthermore,
smoke or use illicit drugs and have a reduced
many people report positive aspects of
risk of heart disease, cancer, stroke and
being surrounded by the natural environment
diabetes (Project Play, 2016). From this it is
of the ocean.
clear, getting children active in any way, is a
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Chapter 1 Summary While the model of sailing in Australia is rather successful in providing the opportunity to learn to sail, it does not have a great retention rate into youth classes. With junior classes having the same designs from the 1950’s there is a great opportunity to not only reduce the hurdles to widen the market of children entering the sport but increase the retention rate by addressing the issue of current designs.
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CHAPTER 2 CONTEXT & APPLICATION
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Image 7-Day 1 of 2011 optimist New Zealand national champion ships(Capizzano, 2011)
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Image 8-2017 Sabot NSW state championships, (O’Loughlin, 2017)
Chapter 2 Introduction Sailing is a very complex sport that requires many elements to work cohesively for successful competition. Gaining a deep understanding of all these aspects is critical to design a boat, which addresses the issue of low retention rates. Through immersion, stakeholder engagement and market analysis this knowledge can be gained.
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The Act and Art of Sailing The sport of sailing has countless variables
Wind
and challenges that many people spend a lifetime trying to perfect. The sport requires
Starboard tack
multiple physical and mental aspects to be
Wind
Port tack
mastered over years to be competent and to perform consistently. Many sports allow
close haul/Upwind
anyone with little or no experience to have
close haul/Upwind
a go. For example, most people can run around and have a kick of a ball to have a go at soccer; however, sailing is unique where a number of skills are needed before someone can participate in the sport. These skills are easy enough to learn, but a safe environment where they can be taught is needed.
Desired direction
Beam reach
Beam reach
Primarily understanding wind direction and speed, and how to position the boat and sails accordingly, are the critical aspects that make up the most learning how to sail demonstrated in figures 2.1 and 2.2.
Broad Reach
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Figure 2.1- Diagram of sailing Upwind sailing
Broad Reach
Running
Figure 2.2-Diagram of the points of sailing
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strategy
SKILLS NEEDED FOR RACING Steering and positioning sails is achieved
Learning the basics of how to sail is a small
with the two primary points of interaction
step compared of the multiple skills that are
with the boat. This includes the tiller (what
needed to race. Racing skill sets develop with
you steer with) and the main sheet (changes
time and include; boat handling (controlling
the Angle of attack of the sail compared to
the boat efficiently during manoeuvres and
the wind and therefore power). Using these
straight line), Boat speed (Controlling and
as well as using body weight to balance the
shaping the sail, mast, foils and bodyweight
forces you can control the direction and
for maximum speed for differing conditions),
speed of the boat as visualised in figure 2.3.
Strategy
In addition, knowledge about water safety and understanding the ocean with a variety of conditions and weather systems is a
(understanding
the
tactics
Starting
constantly
weather conditions and using this to sail a high
Rolling force from wind
or low risk race) and Tactics (Acting out the strategy in accordance with the surrounding
critical part of learning to sail.
boats actions and rules). It is these skills like any sport that require an absorbent amount of
sail trimming
time and commitment to master, and therefore it can get to a point where the excitement not only comes from being on the water but also in a competitive environment which is needed for long-lasting commitment.
Boat speed
Weight of person Center of rotation
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Figure 2.3-Diagram of balancing forces while sailing
Boat handling
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Market analysis Exploring current junior classes around the
it lacks fundamental design advances in the
world, there is a range of options. With Junior
way modern boats are sailed. The rig and hull
boats catering for sailors from the ages of 7
are completely outdated for current principles
to 15, there is a wide range of human factors,
of modern sailing which applies for almost
confidences on the water and skills sets.
all junior classes. Other traditional Australian
Each junior class of boat is designed to teach
junior classes like the sabot and minnow,
children to sail or develop their skills.
share most design features and qualities of
The most popular class is the optimist with 165,000 boats registered worldwide (IODA, 2017). In the current market for junior sailors looking to enter the sport, the optimist is a clear choice, largely due to the established programs and size of the fleet. However, with a design that is 70 years old, it has a number of issues for its purpose to develop young sailors. As lack of speed and stability are characteristics needed in the design to learn to sail and grow confidence, it is understandable that the boat is not at the forefront of technology.
the optimist with only minor variances. Due to the similarities, many more Australians are following the rest of the world and choosing the optimist class for its market dominance with the largest fleet, for fair competition and training purposes. A comparison of base dimensions and designed targets can be seen in figure 2.4 showing the similarity between the single-handed junior classes. All these boats are aimed at children aged from 7 to 15. However, many have grown beyond the classes size and ability by age 15.
Nevertheless, while it may not need to be fast,
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Image 9-Young Optimist sailor, (RYA, 2016)
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Optimist Optimist
Sabot
(IODA, 2017)
(Sabot Australia, 2015)
Minnow
Open Bic
durability
Open Bic
(Victorian Minnow Sailing Association, 2017)
setup time
lightness
(Bic, 2017)
boat handling fleet size
Aged 7-15 35 to 55kg
Young teenagers >55kg
Aged 8-14 max >55kg
Young teenagers 30 to 65kg
Year Designed
1947
1954
1974
2006
Length
2.36m
2.4m
2.4m
2.75m
Weight
35kg
22.7kg
20.25kg
45kg
Beam
1.12m
1.14m
1.2m
1.14m
Sail area
3.3m2
3.6m2
3.5m2
4.5m2
262 boats
80 Boats
89 boats
70 Boats
Target Crew
Fleet Size (last national titles)
Areas sailed
Features
International
Stay-less mast Snub bow
Australia
Snub bow
Australia
Snub bow
International
Skiff shape
Figure 2.4-Table of Base dimensions and features of most popular single handed junior classes
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fun level racing ability speed functionality ease to learn technology Figure 2.5-Compariosn Benchmark between open bic and optimist classes
In addition to the optimist, a growing junior
Single crew boats dominate the junior market
class is the Open Bic. The open bic has a much
to encouraging each individual child to learn
more recent design with a sail and hull shape
the necessary skill of steering and associated
reflective of modern sailing. This eliminates
skills. However, single-handed junior boats lack
many issues the optimist faces for junior racing
the ability to teach other skills needed entering
and is described as a much more exhilarating
the youth classes. All of the Australian youth
boat to sail. While the boat is extremely
classes are double-handed boats besides one.
robust, been made of plastic it is rather heavy
The double-handed boats require a unique
and the size and power of the sail are aimed
set of skills and principles; examples of skills
at a child that already can sail. A benchmark
include teamwork, multiple sails, trapezing and
of the characteristics of the optimist vs open
apparent wind tactics which are hard to gain in
bic can be seen in figure 2.5 highlighting the
a single-handed junior boat.
differences between the classes.
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Depicted In Image 10 is the junior class the
International Cadet
optimist, compared to the ‘29er’ youth class seen in Image 11 there is a large step in
(International cadet class association, 2011)
complexity, required skill sets and power. The most dominant class for two crewed junior boat is the international cadet. While there
faced by optimist due to being designed at a similar time. Furthermore, as the cadet has three sails and two crew the usability issues are amplified. Practices such as using a symmetrical spinnaker, are overly complicated Image 10- Optimist junior class sailing upwind, (VRsport.tv, 2017)
for set up and use. Where the modern practice
of high-performance apparent wind sailing. An outline of the double crewed boats can be seen in Figure 2.6. None of these boats have fleets all across Australia meaning there is no nation wide programs and pathways for these boats. While they do not dominate the junior market,
(Flying Eleven Sailing Association of Australia, 2015)
2 crew aged between 7 to 14
2 crew aged between 12 to 16
Year Designed
1947
1959
1967
Length
3.2m
2.6m
3.3m
Weight
54kg
31.75kg
39kg
Beam
1.2m
1.1m
1.33m
Main sail: 3.9m2 Jib: 1.26m2 Spinnaker:4.25m2
Main sail: 4.1m2 Jib: 1.2m2 Spinnaker:2.1m2
Main sail: 6.04m2 Jib: 2.51m2 Spinnaker:4.46m2
67 boats
21 boats
44 boats
Victoria, South Australia & International
NSW
NSW
of using an asymmetrical spinnaker would eliminate three rope systems, and more in-line
Flying 11
(Manly Junior Association of NSW ,2017)
2 crew from ages 7 to 17 combined weight 85 to 110kg
Target Crew
are very large fleets of the cadets around the world, the boat faces many usability issues
Manly Junior
Sail area Fleet Size (last national titles)
Areas sailed
two-handed boats are proven to be successful with all of Australia’s Olympic medallist at Rio and London at one point competing in a doublehanded junior boat (Yachting Australia, 2017).
Image 11- 29er youth class sailing downwind, (Ingiosi, 2016)
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Figure 2.6-Table of Base dimensions and features of most popular double handed junior classes
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Gaps, Problems and Opportunities
OVERWHELMING conditions
Public perception and stigma
Large time investment
Form my observations over 15 years as a participant sailor and as a coach of introductory sailing, I have noticed the following barriers stopping children entering and continuing in the sport seen on page 43. Sailing may have many hurdles to overcome entering the sport when compared to others, however, with good design, these could be reduced significantly. The first hurdle is that to compete, first, the individual must learn the skills necessary to not only learn to sail but to manage the surrounding environment. This may take several seasons to reach a
Cost
Long learning curve
Emphasis on performance
confidence level, where the focus shifts from learning to sail, to be competitive.
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It is a frequent story of young children that
anyone entering the sport of sailing, with a
have a bad experience when learning to sail
competitive junior boat around $3000 and
with strong winds and rough seas that they
youth classes often upwards of $10,000.
never want to return, who are often pushed
In addition, yearly costs of yacht clubs are
by coaches and parents that know they are
in the hundreds of dollars, maintaining and
in no danger of being hurt. The surrounding
replacing components of the boat/equipment
environment can be very intimidating for
and traveling for events make it very hard to
children and can leave a child with a bad
maintain the cost for a competitive level.
experience if they are not confident in that
Furthermore, to cost and long learning
situation. Growing confidence in a fun
curve, sailing often has a negative stigma,
environment is key for retention sailing. Once
with it often being seen as a sport for the
a child has learned to sail and has growing
elite, where patience is more important than
confidence in the surrounding environment,
physical strength and mental endurance.
finding a boat that balances excitement
While this may be the popular view of sailing
and ability is needed. Not wanting to scare
it is far from the truth. Designing a junior boat
them off in a boat beyond their abilities. As
that excites and enables an easier learning
children grow confidence in sailing small
curve stepping into the youth classes at a
single-handed junior boats they will quickly
lower cost would help increase the retention
find them ‘boring’ due to their low speeds,
rate of youth in the sport of sailing.
power and lack of things to do, however, their abilities and physical size may not be ready for the youth classes.
The following table seen in figure 2.7 shows the found shortcomings from Australian Sailing’s investigation into the current
Another hurdle facing young sailor is
foundation sailing programs. Explaining the
financial commitments of the sport. The cost
results of placing too much pressure to
of a boat is the main investment especially
compete at a high level rather than having
at the stage of moving into a youth class.
fun participating in early programs.
This is often the greatest problem facing
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Image 12 Optimists sailing in large waves,(Tino Armas & Alberto Sánchez Photography, 2013)
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Shortcomings –Too – much emphasis is placed on results and competing –Adult – training and competition programs are enforced on young developing participants –Programs – designed for male participants are enforced on female participants –Preparation – is geared to the short-term outcome winning –and not to the process of developing the participant –Fundamental – skills are not taught properly –Parents – are not educated about the pathway –The – developmental training needs of participants with varied abilities are not well understood –In – most sports, the competition system interferes with participant development –Sports – encourage participants to specialise too early in an attempt to attract and retain participants
Consequences –Poor – habits developed from over emphasis on competition and a focus on winning –Children – not having fun as they play adult-based programs –A – lack of systematic development in participants –High – levels of drop out from the programs and sailing as a whole –Low – participant and membership retention –Low – junior membership numbers –Decreasing – volunteer numbers affecting clubs’ ability to implement key functions –Participants – pulled in different directions by school, club and state teams because of the structure of competition programs –Remedial – programs, implemented by state and national team coaches, to counteract the shortcomings of participant preparation –Participants – failing to reach their genetic potential and optimal performance level
Figure 2.7- ‘Growing sailing’ reports outlined shortcomings of sailing programs, (Tyre, Brooke, & Kilborn, 2015)
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Image 13- Children participating in the ‘tackers’ program learning to sail,(Begley, 2017)
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Needed pathway for higher retention rate
Current pathway model
The analysis of the current state of
be remodelled to have a more inclusive
sailing within Australia displays there are
pathway focused on participation rather than
opportunities to develop and grow the sport
performance.
and the pathways of junior sailors, leading to higher retention rates. Identifying the age brackets from around 10 to 14 where many leave the sport as the main issue of retaining junior sailors. This is principally due to the large step from junior to youth boats, in terms of ability, confidence, and financial investment. Furthermore, it is at this
ELITE
E
IV
FOUNDATION
IT
PARTICIPATION
TRAIN TO COMPETE
ET
PERFORMANCE
ELITE
MP
CO
ACTIVE FOR LIFE
TRAIN TO TRAIN
age where one sport or activity usually takes preference in their life and unless parents or friends are heavily involved with sailing
This idea comes from research into the decline of children in all sports is based on changing to rectangle pathway model which is more inclusive (Project Play, 2016). The success of adopting these ideologies in sailing can be seen in the rise of the Open Bic class, with a very strong focus on children having fun and participating. With all their major events having multiple trivial events taking the focus away from the racing.
themselves this will usually be another sport
Designing
or activity.
characteristics not only makes the boat much
In the sailing community, there is a strong focus on winning. It can end up with parents and coaches focusing on the outcome rather than participation leading to the
LEARN TO TRAIN
sailing pathway model now a pyramid shape
FUNDAMENTALS
lot of participation from the sport and should
depicted in figure 2.8. This pathway loses a
a
boat
that
has
modern
more controllable, thrilling and enhance the learning curve but will help re-image the sport. Moving away from the dull activity it is seen as today, amongst the general youth and reduce the barrier of the stereotype of the sport.
ACTIVE START
Figure 2.8- The change of pathway model proposed by ‘Growing sailing’ report (Tyre, Brooke, & Kilborn, 2015)
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Usability is more than Human Factors Designing for usability within sailing comes from many factors. Further, than getting the base dimensions right for the target users human factors, many areas must be addressed. Starting with factors that need to be considered on the water. These factors include user interaction and position of control systems, how users will move around the boat, the shape of the hull and sails with how it functions additional systems for comfort and safety. In addition, the usability of a boat depends on the complexity to set up, pack up and transport of the boat. These additional considerations are needed, on how parts separate and join with minimal effort and can be moved around by the target market of 10 to 14-year old’s.
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Image 14- Two children launching their flying 11 ahead of the 2018 national titles, (Napper, 2018)
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Image 15- Optimist fleet after start of race(RQYC, 2018)
Chapter 2 Summary It has been shown that sailing is a very complex sport that is made up many components. Addressing the issue of retention rate through the design of a bridging class will require a thorough method of design, to ensure all factors are accounted for. Producing a class that meets its set requirements without isolating any stakeholders through change.
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CHAPTER 3 DESIGN METHODS
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Image 16-Optimist preparing for a start of race, (BODA, 2018)
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Chapter 3 Introduction A clear method of design is critical to achieving the highest standard of result. There is little data and evidence on the causes, of low participation in sailing. Therefore, this projects methods will look to gain the opinions and perspective of as many stakeholders as possible to build on personal knowledge to create a clear direction the project should take. In addition to using technical based design to achieve the desired outcome. Concentrating on the four design methods, stakeholder engagement, immersion, digital refinement and prototyping.
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Figure 3.1Wireframe view of cad development of design outcome
57
Design Process Stage 1: Product vision and criteria
stakeholder engagement
With the overall goal set to increase the participation of youth, a product needs to be developed
immersion
to achieve this. Through previous immersion into the sport and knowledge from past experiences in conjunction with stakeholder engagement and market analysis, the end products criteria and vision can be developed to achieve this goal.
Stage 2: Packaging Further market analysis and stakeholder engagement enable the development of concept packages of base dimensions, number of crew, sail numbers and areas, and type of boat. To best achieve the products specification.
Stage 3: Digital prototyping Using a variety of software available to create a parametric 3D model that can easily produce many reiterations of design that can be assessed with CFD (computational fluid dynamics), CAD (computer aided design) and rendering software, to explore visual and functional form, hydrodynamics, stability, forces, stresses and fabrication methods.
digital refinement
models & prototyping
Stage 4: Physical prototyping In conjunction, with digital prototyping, physical prototyping with scale models are used to give a physical sense of form, scale and function using rapid prototyping techniques. When the design has reached the point of limits of the design methods, a 1:3 scale prototype will be built for testing and further refinement.
Stage 5: Testing & stakeholder engagement Testing of the design within the sailing community will get invaluable feedback on the success of the design and highlight areas that need changing or improving. In addition to further technical evaluation of the design using programs such CFD.
Stage 6: Design refinement With the feedback and data collected from all testing, through each stage of the design will be re-developed according to the data and feedback. This will result in a boat design that is further refined for the market. Producing the 1:3 scale prototype
58
59
Stakeholder engagement and immersion As outlined earlier sailing has a vast network
factors is necessary to design the boat
of stakeholders from Users, authorities, and
with the intended characteristics and this
Industry. By determining each stakeholder’s
is knowledge is gained after many years of
perspective
experience within the sport.
on
what
the
issues
are
concerning the lack of retention in the sport and how they should be corrected will give great insight to the direction the project should take balancing all stakeholder’s issues.
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From the point of view of governing bodies, their goal is to encourage as many into the sport as possible. Through interviews and general dialogue between organisations such as Australian sailing and their state
Firstly, investigating the issues present
departments, their perspectives of the
through the eyes of the end user. This
problem of retaining people in the sport
will and has mainly been done through
and issues with the current system will be
immersion. As a sailor of 15 years sailing
found. In addition to the governing bodies
coach to young children and product of
the yachting industry wants to maximise
the system, I have immersed myself in
their profits, and this can be done by helping
understanding the needs of the end users.
the market grow with more people sailing.
Identifying, that the goal for a junior boat
Opening a dialogue between the governing
is to encourage children to get out on the
bodies and industry would be invaluable to
water by finding the balance of excitement
co-design a solution to get more people
and intimidation. There are many factors that
from junior to youth boats. Designing and
contribute to these characteristics of the
manufacturing a class with the backing
boat, from all aspects including hull shape,
of governing bodies to alter the pathway
cockpit layout, sail shape/type, number of
and training ideology around this design.
sails, control systems and the list goes on.
Addressing the needs of the end users and
Having a clear understanding of all these
all stakeholders involved.
Image 17-Breifing/ coaching of young sailors in the Australian flying 11 fleet,(Napper, 2018)
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Iterative design
Design refinement
The design of the class requires many variables to work together for the desired outcome. This project will use the principles of iterative design. Creating a design using digital prototyping and scale models that will then be continually evaluated with many tests. These tests include digital CFD analysis, stakeholder engagement reviews and scale modelling. Examining the design from two aspects, the more technical hull design and the user centred design of the boats functions. The tests evaluated the design in terms of both aspects, with the findings used to further develop the design. This process will be repeated to continually refine the design, till reaching a point of balance between all desired characteristics
Stakeholder engagement Testing
Digital & model technical validation
are meet outlined in the brief. At this point the design will need to be further tested in real world scenarios.
62
63
Technical Design The design of the of the yacht needs to
prototypes.
in
the need for physical models to be tested in
address the goals for the design outlined in
the program rhino in conjunction with
water tanks. The software that is been used
the brief. This requires the boat to perform in
grasshopper a parametric model of the
is ANSYS CFD. Using the data these tests
a certain way and be reliable and robust in
hull has been created. The parametric hull
produce such as drag & lift forces, pitching
construction, at a reduced cost. To achieve
model has all the variables of a hull shape
and roll resistance at various speeds can then
this engineering principle must be used to
as inputs. With the program grasshopper,
be used to then improve on the next iteration.
find the most suitable material, construction
these variables have been programmed in
Needing to find a balance of characteristics of
method, and strength design. Furthermore,
such a way to produce a hull shape from the
speed, stability, usability, and manoeuvrability
the boat characteristics in terms of hull
given parameters. This ability to change each
that is ideal for the brief. With a final hull
shape and its corresponding hydrodynamics
variable input individually while maintaining
shape designed, multiple iterations of digital
need to be explored.
the hull shape allows many iterations to
prototypes will be used again to test and
be then tested in CFD software. This
validate the structure and force that will be
digital prototyping allows quick and cheap
applied to the boats various parts.
These principles have been explored and validated using digital prototyping and analysis
64
Figure 3.2-Early cfd analysis of hull shape for form development
before
moving
onto
physical
Using
CAD
modelling
validation of hydrodynamic changes without
65
Chapter 3 summary With the complexities of the problem at hand, outlying a clear method of design ensured the design addressed the required issues found within the sport. The Outlined design process gave constant feedback throughout the development with the opinion of stakeholders and technical computer aided design. This meant decisions were made based on a wide range of information rather than guesses. These methods allowed for and clear path moving into the design development of the yacht.
66
Image 18-Optomist planning up wave downwind, (Live Sail Die, 2014)
67
CHAPTER 4 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
68
Figure 4.1-Hull for visualized in Rhino
69
Chapter 4 Introduction In this chapter, I will be discussing the design development including the rationale behind many of the design features and approach to the stakeholder-user group for the Yacht. I will start by outlining the design rationale, which is defined largely by the target user group and their needs in learning how to sail. The target users as young sailors have documented physical size and capabilities which define a particular set of Human Factors and in turn define the boat ‘Package’ dimensions and expected performance criteria. The conceptual boat is realised through the development of; an appropriate Hull Shape, performance-enhancing features such as a hydrofoil as a method of increasing boat stability, Rigging arrangements to minimise the effort required and maximise Control for the Sailor and to make the craft as safe and functional as possible.
70
Image 19-Flying 11 racing downwind in national titles, (Napper, 2018)
71
Concept Development Some concepts were created to identify
With this in mind, the concept moved to
multiple design paths that could be taken
the larger more exhilarating single-handed
to best achieve the goal of increasing
boat that would balance thrill to keep
participation and retention of children in
young sailors interested in developing their
the sport. The first concept explored the
confidence. Aiming to design a class of boat
possibility of updating the boat that children
that help bridge the gap between junior and
first have contact with when learning to sail.
youth boats, reducing the jump needed in
This concept can be seen in figure 4.2; this
skills, confidence, and financial commitment.
mainly addressed the usability issues of the
Changing the pathway of sailing, to progress
classes on the market such as the optimist
children into the proposed bridging class to
which is the most popular boat to teach
develop their skills once they are confident
children to sail. Through further research
how to sail, rather than going straight from
and talking to stakeholders that work in
optimist to youth class. This proposed
sailing schools it was established that while
change to the sailing pathway is depicted in
the optimist has many issues, the design is
figure 4.3. The proposed class will need a
still very good at this initial contact, teaching
market dominance to change the prominent
children to sail. This is due to its stability
pathway of young sailors into the sport.
and ease of control. Furthermore, at this first
Creating a class association that is heavily
contact with the sports children are usually
focused on children having fun rather than
very excited to be on the water having fun with
performance, will help achieve this.
friends with very little barriers to continue. This is beacuasue they aren’t pushed into rough conditions, the cost is manageable, and focus on coaches and parents is to create an exciting fun environment especially during the ‘tackers’ courses.
72
Figure 4.2-First single handed concept to increase usability of first boat children have contact with
73
program timeline Current pathways With further exploration, it was found a double-
Advantages of single-handed boats include
handed boat would have a stronger chance
that all children learn the basics including how
to achieve this goal to bridge the gap. While
to steer and there is no need to find a partner
double handed junior boats do exist, none of
to sail with. While these are advantages to
them has the market dominance, to create
single handed junior boats, they can be
a clear pathway into youth classes. They
addressed in the format of how the new junior
are all designed around the 1950’s, leading
class is conducted. Changing racing formats
to face many usability issues and outdated
where skipper and crew must swap on each
technology as well as being regionally divided
lap or race, forcing all sailors develop an even
across Australia.
wider range of skills and responsibilities. In
The
advantages
of
a
double-handed
boat give children someone to share the experience with, creating friendship and team
Use club provided boats
green fleet racing
would significantly reduce this barrier.
else to rely on when conditions get rough
is to primarily bring this double-handed
making it safer and more comfortable for
junior class concept into this century by
the children. Other advantages include the
designing a class that is visually exciting and
ability for the class to have multiple sails,
exhilarating to sail while being manageable
creating versatility. This allows the boat to
and functional. Creating a market dominance
grow with the users as their confidence and
for a clear pathway from learning to sail into
skills grow. Furthermore, giving the ability to
youth classes. In conjunction with reducing
learn a wide variety of skills needed to keep
setup and pack up times and minimising cost
sailing interesting and to move into youth
seeking to significantly reduce the barriers
classes such as using multiple sails and
stopping participation in sailing faced by
teamwork. Making the boat double handed
children and parents.
Age:8-11
Age:8-11
and programs that helps pair sailors together,
The brief for the design of the new class
Tackers
Proposed pathways
Use club provided boats
Better sailing school
addition to developing a class association
environment. In addition to having someone
Age:7-10
Singlehanded junior class (optional)
Age:9-12 Singlehanded junior class (usually optimist) junior class racing & coaching programs
Proposed double handed class
means the cost can also be shared and will have a greater attractiveness due to its size and functionality to both parents and children.
Age:13-15 youth class of choice
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Figure 4.3-Visulisation of the change in sailing pathway proposed
youth classes and programs
youth class of choice
75
Human Factors The design development starts around
being the most important facto. The range of
identifying the user. From research and the
human factors can be viewed in figure 4.4.
final concept, the target user is all children
Therefore, the target combined weight for
aged from 10 to 14, which is the age range
the pair is 90kg with heights ranging from
identified most commonly separating learning
137.5 cm and 164 cm (State Government of
to sail where it is still new and exciting and
Victoria, 2017).
youth classes. Using the average human factors of a 10-year-old female and 14-yearold male gives the range of human factors to design around. The average human factors are used since the boats characterise heavily dependent on them and cannot be designed effectively from the weight range from the smallest 95th percentile 10-year-old to largest 95th percentile 14-year-old. The boat will have two crew meaning the
The
target
user
and
performance
characteristics of yacht are defined therefore, the class of yacht has a set design criteria. As stated, we are assuming this range of children already know the basics of sailing and this class is where they will develop their skills and confidence. Therefore, the
137.5cm
164cm
class needs to balance the hulls shape and sail dimensions so that it is stable while not being to slow.
children can be paired up according to average out human factors with weight
76
Figure 4.4-Target users average range of human factors, (State Government of Victoria, 2017)
Age 10 Weight-32.5kg
Age 14 Weight -60kg
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Package The package dimensions of the and sails
excitement
largely
a more stable and comfortable platform.
contribute
characteristics
of
to the
the
performance
yacht.
while
simultaneously
having
Through
Increasing the sail area 15% upwind and
research of yacht design theories and the
18% downwind from the international cadet
current market analysis, the base dimension
to add more excitement. The mast height will
package is developed to meet the required
be reduced from 5.2m to 4.2m to ensure
brief. The current market is benchmarked
the centre of effort for the sails is lowered
and analysed for their characteristics of
creating a reduced rolling force on the yacht.
performance and the correlating base
Applying a modern shape to the mainsail to
dimensions. To increase stability, the width of
be more rectangle rather than triangle allows
the hull will be increased from an average of
the mast height to be lowered keeping the
1200mm of the current market to 1500mm.
same sail area and while also increasing the
This will not affect the speed and excitement
efficiency of the sail. The length of the hull
of the yacht, as the modern hull shape has
will be kept relatively similar to the current
a significantly lower drag force vs the flat
market at 3200mm as this has been proven
snub bows seen on the international cadet
to accommodate to children of ages 10 to
and manly junior. The significantly wider hull
14 adequately with no benefit of increasing
will give a large increase in stability with
length that would increase cost, weight and
the hull been 26.6% wider hull than the
impracticality. The base dimensions used for
international cadet. This will allow slightly
development can been seen in figure 4.5.
larger sail area creating more speed and
Image 20- Double handed junior class the International cadet, (Peter Royle, 2017)
78
Image 21-Double handed junior class the flying 11, (Napper, 2018)
79
Package dimensions
Scale: 1:30 Crew: 2
5.72
Sails: Mainsail jib spinnaker
4.2
Figure: Average 12 year old
5.32
Dimensions: meters
1.42
0.6
Figure 4.5-Package dimensions for design
80
>0.55
>0.75 1.5
0.9
1.2 3.2
81
Hull shape/ form development The function largely defines the shape of the hull. With the base dimensions established as a starting point, the form
Water line
and lines of the hull need to be defined, analysed, refined and validated. Firstly, an understanding of how the different shapes affect
Weight of boat and occupants = Volume of water displaced
the characteristic of the hull is needed. These include stability, waterline, drag force, lift force, the centre of buoyancy, the centre of gravity, functionality, and aesthetics.
Balanced Yacht
The squarer the hull profile is, the more stable to rolling the yacht is. This is because the centre of buoyancy on hard chinned hull moves further to the side of the yacht as it rolls creating a larger moment in the opposing direction, compared to a rounded hull as seen in figure 4.6. A squarer hull will have more drag force when moving through the
Square hull
water in a displacement mode, however, will have a greater
Round Hull
lifting force on the hull, allowing it to get on the plane at lower speeds where it will then have less drag as it skims
Center of effort
across the top of the water. From this research the shape of the hull was largely defined,. The hull shape will concentrate on using squarer hull profile with little rocker so that it has maximum stability since drag force is not so critical for a junior boat. Furthermore, this reduces the speed of the boat when there is not a whole lot of wind while it will be more exciting when the wind builds as it will get on the plane sooner. This matches children’s abilities as they usually only sail in calmer conditions when learning, while as they grow confidence, they have the
Stability Large righting arm
Small righting arm
center of gravity
center of buoyancy
center of gravity center of rotation
control to get the boat on the plane sooner making it more exciting.
82
Figure 4.6- Visualisation of the theories behind the design of the hull shape
83
Figure 4.7- The grasshopper code written to create the parametric hull shape
A parametric model of the yacht was created
the hull shape with these relations been
using grasshopper in rhino. The CAD model
able to be modified by the input variables.
collates all the known variables that make up
The programs was written in such a way to
a hull shape which can be easily modified,
add chines and extra form lines in the hull as
allowing many refinements from the base
needed. This parametric model allowed the
shape quickly. The program was written
design development to be continuous with
using the outline shapes from the side, top
only one CAD model used for development
and front view as a starting point, defined
as it could grow and change as needed for
by the input variables. Next mathematical
refinement.
relations were used to define the rest of
84
Figure 4.8- The Produced model from the grasshopper code visualised in Rhino
85
Image 22- Team New Zealand AC50, (Clarey, 2017)
Several hull shapes were created with
The shape of the hull not only defines many of
the same base dimensions to validate the
the characterise of how the yacht will perform
theories in CFD. The program Ansys CFD
but how the yacht is perceived with its visual
was used to explore these different shapes
aesthetics. With the base dimensions and
and how they affect the performance of
characteristics of the hull defined, further
the hull, regarding the drag force, lift force,
refinement is largely to improve visual
balance, and stability. The CFD testing
aesthetics and functionality. Moving back
confirmed the theories assumed. Therefore,
to idea generation and CAD to modify the hull to create an aesthetics of a very modern,
base dimensions and this squarer profile Image 23- Moth class (Outteridge, 2016)
were used to create the first 1:10 model
sleek, aggressive, and sporty looking yacht
seen in figure 4.9. This model represented
that will get children excited to be involved
the
and
with sailing. Using inspiration from modern
characteristics of the hull and gave a 3D
yacht design of the elite aspects of the sport,
perspective of the hull shape.
including boats such as the latest AC50’s,
base
package
dimensions
Volvo 65’s, IMOCA’s 60’s and modern hydro-foiling dinghy’s such as moths.
Image 24- Team SCA Volvo 65, (Tomlinson, 2015)
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Figure 4.9-3D printed 1:10 Scale Model outing base dimension package and form
87 Image 25- I14 foot skiff,(VRsport.tv, 2018)
The main area of refinement was the bow.
as the lines move closer to the transom. This
Using the parametric model in rhino allowing
hard chine took inspiration of modern ocean
many shapes to be created and refined
racers and this not only gives the transom a
quickly. This form exploration resulted in
tougher look while the line rises towards the
a reverse bow to be added. This is to not
bow adding to sleekness of the hull shape
only add a more aggressive and sleek shape
but will maximise stability. The convex bow
visually in line with modern yacht design
deck was to not only have water roll off the
but to allow the hull to pierce the top of
deck before the cockpit but make bow have
waves, resulting in the hull pitching less.
more volume and consistent shape. With the
In conjunction adding more volume and
shape of the hull modified further CFD testing
height to the bow to ensure the bow will not
was done to confirm the characteristics of
completely submerge pitch-polling the boat.
the hull were still in line for the design brief.
The higher bow will also result in less spray
This resulted in minor alterations including
in the cockpit that may be created using the
the moving of the centreboard case slightly
reverse bow. Using the parametric model
forward to keep the yacht balanced and
allowed the hull to be slowly refined, altering
adding more volume to the transom to keep
and adding variables as need. The radius of
the yacht more level.
the side to bottom of the hull was reduced
88
Figure 4.10-Various angles of the hull shape during devlopment
89
Rotational force from wind in sails
Lifting Stability hydrofoil A unique system added as part of the
a leeward roll against the sails, but as the
concept to the class is a sliding stabiliser foil
boat rolls to much to windward on top of the
controlled by a rope that would be changed
sailors, the foil will break the water surface
side each tack and gybe. The foil was added
and no longer lift. The foil will add drag but
to the concept to increase the stability while
enable the boat to be sailed with more power
simultaneously increase excitement and to
in the sails due to an increase in the righting
teach modern principles of sailing as lifting
moment. This added righting moment will
hydrofoils are becoming so prevalent in the
mean the boat will be more stable the faster
sport. The stabiliser foil is a concept seen in
it goes meaning the user will have more
modern ocean racing to add stability without
excitement in a more controlled manner.
weight to the keel and has proven very
Also, as the stabiliser foil can be retracted
successful with becoming commonplace
into the hull, it can be stored within the hull
in ocean racing. It works by adding a lifting
if necessary while sailing if required such
hydrofoil to the leeward side of the boat
as in light winds. The foil was developed in
under the waterline to help counteract the
CAD and tested in CFD to modify and refine
rolling motion of the boat. The same theory
how much righting moment it would add at
can be applied to small dinghy to create
various speeds and usability, however, real-
more stability. Acting like training wheels on
world testing would be needed to fine-tune
a bike, as the foil will add a lifting force for
it’s function and lifting requirements.
Centre of rotation
Retractable lifting hydrofoil for stability
90
Figure 4.11Visualisation of how the stabiliser foil would work
91
Usability and function development The key for this design to be successful is
Refinement started by identifying the rope
to make it very functional, easy to use, and
system and functions necessary for the
simple, both while sailing and for set up
design brief. The rope systems identified
and pack up. Enabling the target user at the
include the main sheet, jib sheet, spinnaker
age of 10 to 14 to be able to engage and
sheet, boom-vang, Cunningham, out-haul,
interact with boat easily. With the hull shape
spinnaker halyard/retrieval, jib down-haul
largely defined, the focuses of design moves
stabiliser foil retraction/deployment. Other
towards the cockpit of the yacht and how the
interactions between the user and boat that
children will interact with the yacht.
need to be considered include steering,
So that the yacht aligns with the rest of the sport, the systems used to reflect that of modern dinghy sailing. As it is a boat to teach children, it needs to be consistent with the rest of the industry, and this will ensure the sailing community accepts the yacht design and class proposal. While just using modern systems is a large step forward from current junior boats there is a great room for further refinement.
hiking (leaning out to balance boat), raising and
lowering
centreboard/rudder
and
moving around the yacht while sailing. With the systems and functions identified the CAD hull model designed and modified in SolidWorks software. Solidworks was used due to my familiarity with it over Rhino and found it more useful to create multiple features, surfaces, and parts, where rhino in conjunction with grasshopper was very useful to create a complex defined easily modifiable surfaces needed for the hull.
92
Image 26-Flying 11 fleet launching boats for racing, (Napper, 2018)
93
Starting with the human factors, the cockpit
The cockpit then designed to be as open
shape was created around the average user
and clean as possible with rounded corners
sizes. With the primary position of the user
to enable easy moving around the boat and
‘hiking’ out over the edge of the boat, the
reduce the number of incidental bruises
cockpit was designed to be comfortable
and cuts that are frequent with boats that
and efficient for the user when doing so.
are cluttered with protruding rigging and
The ‘gunnel’ (side of the hull) has been
equipment. The design goal of the systems
designed to be wide enough to sit on with
is to make them as simple as possible while
a rounded chamfer matching the ergonomics
maintaining accessibility and usability.
mm
364
of the average user dimensions when hiking.
36
3m
m
150
o
Additionally, the ‘hiking strap’ is positioned for
570mm
the most comfortable way to ‘hike’ with the average user’s leg length seen in figure 4.12.
94
Figure 4.12-ergonomic considerations for average 12 year old (State Government of Victoria, 2017)
95
For the process of designing the rigging,
the ‘boomvang’ and ‘Cunningham’ are often
rope systems were laid out using sweeps
used, so they are lead to both sides of the
in CAD with features incrementally added
hull in a continuous system. Therefore, the
to accommodate all systems to their need
user does not need to shift weight into the
to be accessed. CAD allowed the design of
boat to access or adjust them.
the rope system to figure out the complex details of how each pulley and cleat could be positioned relative to each other part of the rigging and the relative to the expected positions of the users.
gunnel, so it does not hurt to sit on them if needed as well as creating take-up systems mean the tail of the of the rope is neat and not floating in the cockpit of the yacht. Other
A substantial amount of personal experience
systems like the jib downhaul and outhaul
of sailing many different boats and fitting
only need to be infrequently used, so they
out very complex boats from a young age
are on the mast and boom respectively to
was used to refine the way systems were
reduce complexity. The systems have been
designed and layout. Tacit knowledge of
laid out and designed in such a way that they
how much purchase each system will need
will remain largely intact during set up and
for the size of the boat and how much they
pack up. This is key for reducing set up and
need to be accessed and how they interact
pack up times. Furthermore, having a stay-
with each other and the user is largely from
less mast reduces several processes needed
personal experience back up by industry
during set up as well as reducing complexity
practices.
and another thing that young users will often
All sail sheets are key to the control of the yacht, so they are all very easily accessible with no take-up systems with the main sheet been held at all times. While systems like
96
Also, dropping a surface for the pullies on the
hurt themselves on. With the CAD model done stakeholders were shown to get further insight than my ideas with slight alterations made to the cockpit layout and design.
Figure 4.13-Solid works model used to developed the systems needed and cockpit layout
97
Brand and Identity development For the design of the yacht to be successful,
to say for children and means gentle breeze
the class needs to appeal to both the general
reflecting the boats target use, been a junior
public and the sailing community, to create
class. Continuing on to logo development
a market dominance within junior sailing.
using clean modern fonts with simple shapes
Market dominance is needed to see any
and lines, deciding on the top right logo as
change within the sport, by altering the junior
seen below in addition to the variation seen
sailing pathway. To achieve this, a brand and
in the bottom row. These were chosen after
image have to be created for class; reflecting
seeking feedback from a wide variety of
the yachts exhilarating sleek and modern
people. An number of colour combinations
design. Keeping in mind the target user of
are used to give children the option to
the design is aged 10 to 14 the brand also
customise the look of their boat creating
needs to be playful and engaging to the user
greater attachment.
Chapter 4 summary
as well as parents and stakeholders. Trailing
At the conclusion of this development
a number of class names, from Orca to
phase, some issues were addressed and a further collection of second-tier decisions were required to meet the expectation of the project. Throughout the process, my years of experience and tacit knowledge of Sailing and Design were synergised to achieve the Yacht design featured in the Following Chapter.
Anemoi, the class name Zephyr was chosen as it is; appealing to a large audience, easy
ZE PHR
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ZE PHR ZE PHYR
99
CHAPTER 5 METHODS OF TESTING EVALUATION& VALIDATION
100
Image 27-Optimist surfing down wave, (Matias Capizzano, 2017)
101
Chapter 5 introduction Throughout the design development many decisions are made to improve and refine the design. These decisions and design direction need to be evaluated and tested. Through using the methods of stakeholder engagement, CFD testing, immersions, modelling prototyping and current industry practices the design of the yacht was evaluated. To test the design from a user and function centred aspect, stakeholder engagement was used to get a wider perspective of the issues in the sport, in conjunction with my own experience. Showing each design step to varying members of the sailing community from coaches to industry leaders of international sailing organisations, using their feedback to further refine the design. While CFD allows quick testing of the hulls performance to quickly refine its shape. Furthermore models using rapid prototyping give further insight to the hulls form. In addition, many aspect of the design can be validated against current industry practices that have proven to work. These methods will test and validated the design weather it will be successful at achieving the design goal.
102
Image 28-Fleet of international cadets sailing down wind (Downundersail, 2017)
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Immersion Personally having 15 year experience being heavily involved in the sailing community, as a participant, sailing coach and competitor at international level, I have a great understanding of the issues faced within the sport. From growing up, moving through the different sailing schools and racing programs, I have experienced the process and have gained insight to my understanding of the barriers facing children participating in the sport. In addition, my time as a sailing coach to young children entering the sport gives me further insight to other children’s experiences. Competing to a high level within the sport also adds to my technical knowledge of a yacht. From the way different hull shapes effect a boat to how to make a boat easy to rig and de-rig. While I can validate design development against my own experiences to a certain point, these need to be backed up by a wider point of view and technical CFD and structural validation.
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Image 29 -Author, Kyle Ross competing at the 2015 moth world championships
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Stakeholder engagement
“It is highly appealing to have something new, modern looking and generally appealing, to take over from all those old boats.” “There is a benefit of going double handed, as kids want to have fun with other kids” Alistair Murray, Past CEO of Ronstan and Chairmen of Board
106
Throughout the design process various
to the broader community, consisted of
stakeholder were contacted to give their
mostly positive feedback. However these
perspective on the issues within the sport,
conversations lead to small changes of the
that lead to high participation losses. In
designs overall package dimensions with
addition, they were contacted to evaluate
a greater beam and sail area added and
and validate the design choice that had been
small adjustments to the cockpit layout.
made. Stakeholders ranged from people that
Furthermore I contacted larger organisations
participate in the sport and sailing coaches
for a wider range of feedback on the design
to inductry leaders of international sailing
works on an international stage. Alistair
organisations. Speaking to people within
Murry past CEO of Ronstan (International
the community at grass roots of the sport;
sailing equipment manufacture) commenting
the coaches and participants of all ages,
on the design saying “it has a high chance
the overwhelming ideas of areas that need
address retention rate challenges, as there
addressing were: the outdated designs of
is such a gap between the current junior and
junior classes in terms of usability and overall
youth classes” and “it is highly appealing to
performance, the focus on performance
have something new, modern looking and
rather than fun and the public stigma of
generally appealing, to take over from all
the sport. These issues were addressed by
those old boats” he also summarised key
designing a class that is very appealing and
points that make the design effective been
ensuring the design is centred around having
the aesthetics, easy to sail characteristics,
fun while been the user friendly. To ensure
set up functionality and double handed, while
that the design hit these criteria in addition
pointing out cost and manufacturing need
to my opinion various stakeholders were
further exploration. This range of feedback
shown stages of the design development
from the sailing community validates the
asking for critical feedback. Conversations
design direction and development of this
with coaches and participants from my
design while also highlighting areas that
various clubs around Melbourne in addition
needed improving.
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100.4N
1006.4N
throughout the design process, however
roughly expected top speed before the hull
there were two main stages it was used.
would start planning and the higher speed
Firstly, it was used to create several hull
will give a good comparison of the hull
shapes with the package dimensions, to
shapes. With the simulations complete, the
explore how differing shapes would perform
hard-chinned square boat had a slightly
in terms of drag, lift, balance, and stability.
higher drag force than that of the rounded
This was done to further validate the theories
hull as seen in figure 5.1, as expected.
of yacht design and explore how the shape
The ‘sleeker’ lines without the hard corner
of the hull relates with these theories. Using
and slightly less overall surface area of the
the parametric model created, three models
rounded hull means there is less pressure
with the same dimensions were created with
acting on the hull creating less drag in the
varied hull profiles from square to rounded
direction of flow. The hard-chinned hull has a
seen in figure 5.1. Each model was then
greater force in the lift direction, pushing the
set up in Ansys CFX programme with a
boat out of the water created by the higher
fixed corresponding water line consistent
pressure on the hull. This is due to the larger
of 150kg of displacement and cut down
horizontal area of this boat. Flat bottom boats
the symmetrical plane of the hull to reduce
are usually associated with more lift and
calculation time. Using an inflation mesh
getting on to the ‘plane’ (where a boat partial
around the hull to give accurately model the
lifts out of the water balancing upwards force
boundary layer of fluid over the hull. The fluid
and weight) sooner this experiment showed
domain was set to sea water at a density of
that it creates more lift than the rounded boat
1027kg/m3 and dynamic viscosity 8.99*10-4
seen in figure 5.1.
Ps/s with an inlet velocity of 8 knots.
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80.2N Figure 5.1-Intial CFD tests showing hull profile, velocity and pressure contours at 8knot of speed in displacement mode
Lifting force ON Hull
8 knots was used as this would be the
Stability
Computational fluid dynamics was used
Displacement drag force
CFD and CAD Validation
846.0N
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Final design Hard chinned hull Medium hull Rounded hull other aspect rather than just stability so a
architecture
to
slightly more rounded shape was used on
calculate the stability of each hull. The
the hull, for aesthetics and drag reduction.
programme analysed each hull that with a
This was compensated by making the hull
total displacement of 150kg and the yacht
slight wider which gives a much grater
been stationary. Each of the testing hulls
stability at higher angles of heel. Meaning
were analysed, In addition to the final design
the yacht is much less likely to capsize giving
and a rough model of the international
the user a buffer in controlling the yacht.
cadet hull for comparison. The results seen
Overall the yacht is much more stable than
in figure 5.2, support the theories with the
the most prominent current double handed
hard chinned hull having the greatest peak
junior class, the international cadet seen in
righting moment. The tests were used to the
figure 5.2.
software)
was
used
further refine the final design, with a number of iterations. The final design had to consider
60
40
20
0
110
International cadet
80
Righting moment (kgf/m)
A plug in for rhino called Orca 3D (naval
0
10
Figure 5.2-Graph of a variety of hull shapes and their corresponding righting moments at each angle of heel
20
30 40 50 60 70 Roll angle of yacht (deg)
80
90
111
The second stage of CFD testing in the design
the proposed class. This region of drag means
process was used to refine the design of the
the boats performance will be high ,without been
final hull and foils. Using the theories validated
uncontrollable with less power from smaller sails.
in the previous CFD testing, to create a hull for
Multiple changes to the hull were made to reach
the desired characteristics and visual appeal. The
this design. Changing aspects of the hull to get
purpose of this CFD testing was to mainly identify,
the balance of stability, lift and drag force within
if the changes to the hull shape had effected the
a desired region. While the lift of the hull and
boats characteristics and make refinements to
stability foil rise exponentially with the speed,
improve the design. With multiple reiterations of
this analysis is a static cfd analysis with the
the design the final CFD analysis of the hull can
boat not moving and changing angel of attack
be seen in figure 5.3. The hulls drag, and lift forces
during the simulation with the rise in pressure.
at a variety of speeds can be seen in figure 5.4.
The foil lift is very high at higher speeds creating
These results show the final design of the boat
to much righting moment however the user does
has a drag curve, that is less than the skiff youth
have the ability to retract the foil gradually as
class the ‘29er’ from the released manufacture
needed. This means the righting moment will be
data (Bethwaite, 2016). While the 29er is a
effective at slow speeds, up wind when needed,
larger yacht in general, it is the fastest youth class
while adjusted accordingly as needed for higher
therefore, it is a good region of drag to be in for
speeds downwind.
Figure 5.3-CFD analysis of final design showing hull pressure contour and fluid velocity streamlines at 8knots of boat speed
Drag and lift Force (N)
1500 1200
Lift from Foil
900
29er Drag 600
Final design Drag
300 0
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Lift from boat
Figure 5.4-Darg and lift curves of final design compared to 29er youth class, (Bethwaite, 2016)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Boat speed (Knots)
8
9
10
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Industry practices
Chapter 5 summary
Within the sailing community there are many
other items for the yacht design that have not
aspects of yacht design that have been
been used for junior sailing but work reliably in
proven to work reliably. From manufacturing,
other aspects of the sport were implemented.
to control systems and the way people
These include, the asymmetrical spinnaker
interacting with the yacht. While many
system, self tacking jib system, dual sided
parts of the design, of this new class are
control lines, manufacturing techniques,
innovative; systems and design aspects
materials and the stability hydro foil. The
that have proven to work across different
hydro foil has proven to be very effective on
discipline of sailing have been implemented
modern ocean racing yachts and it benefits
into the design. This ensures the design is
for stability are transalted to the junior class.
innovating on aspects that need updating to
The construction of the yachts using a
meet the design goals, while not breaking
fibreglass foam sandwich is used throughout
parts of sailing that are working. In this
the industry with one design boats been
design multiple aspects have been validated
manufactured to be robust, light and strong.
and proven against established systems
These methods of construction are standard
within the industry.
in the dinghy sailing industry and are well
Benchmarking the current junior classes
The methods evaluating this project helped greatly to guide the design development and outcome. Testing of both the technical design of the yachts performance and characteristics. In addition to its function and use within the sailing community. This feedback was key to create the design direction and validated the design decisions made. Finding areas where the design needed to improve while also validating design decisions were correct to meet the desired outcome.
practiced
dimensions, meant the design package and rope system pulley ratios could be evaluated and validated. By using the industry standard
114
115
CHAPTER 6 DESIGN OUTCOME
116
Figure 6.1-Render of 3 Zephyr class boats sailing downwind
117
Chapter 6 Introduction On the completion of the design development, testing, and validation, the projects final outcome was created. This outcome consists of a series of visualisations of the final design of the yacht with a 1:3 scale model communicating the yachts design direction, features and overall vision. This chapter displays these final outcomes summarising the design outcome of the project.
118
Figure 6.2-Render Zephyr class Rigged
119
Design Vision The vision for this design, is a new one design sailing class that will be bring innovation and modern sailing principles into junior sailing. Creating a boat that is, functionable, versatile and exhilarating yet comfortable as it grows with the sailors abilities. Furthermore changing the focus of current sailing pathways to double handed boats creating teamwork, greater safety, comfort and friendship. This class will help bridge the gap between learning to sail and youth boats where so many children leave the sport.
120
Figure 6.3-Render Zephyr class sailing downwind from behind
121
Hull Shape The shape of the hull was designed around
while also giving the boat modern dynamic
the outlined base package dimensions, at
aesthetics. Introducing a reverse bow to
3.2m long with a beam of 1.5m. This sets the
further add the sleekness and modern feel of
boat up to be a stable platform. Additionally,
the boats aesthetics while also allowing for
keeping
bottomed
the boat to pierce the top of waves, creating
furthering its stable nature while also allowing
less pitching. With the reverse and full volume
the boat to get on the plane easily creating
bow the boat is much more reflective of
excitement for the users. The sleek lines of
modern sailing.
the
boat
quite
flat
the boat minimise drag of the wider platform
Progressive hard chine Figure 6.5-View along chine of hull
122
Figure 6.4-Top view of hull design
Figure 6.6-View from bow of hull
Flat hull shape
Wide Hull shape Convex deck on bow
Large Bow volume
Reverse bow
123
Asymmetrical spinnaker with single rope halyard system
Self tacking jib
Stay-less mast
drink bottle and snack storage
Control systems rope take up Figure 6.7-Rendered features of zephyr class
Control systems to each side Clean cockpit layout
124
Ergonomic shaped gunnels for hiking
Eva foam for grip and protection
Self draining cockpit
Extended rudder out of cockpit
125
Functionality and features A large proportion of the success for this design outcome is down to the usability. The cockpits shape is designed to fit the average users ergonomics resulting in a more comfortable experience. Aiming at children, the interface of the yacht needs to be simple yet functional. This was achieved by keeping the cockpit very clean with the centreboard going down flush with the deck with only the hiking straps left in the cockpit. While the control systems are lead to the user according to the amount they are used. The cockpit is self draining meaning the users does not have to worry about water in the yacht through splashes or if they capsize. The yachts systems design allow the users to just concentrate on the two main points of interaction if needed. The main sheet and tiller as they come to grips with their early development of sailing skills especially with the self tacking jib. While the other more complicated systems are there available to uses as their skills progress with the boomvang and cunningham lead to each side of the boat in a continuous system. The Stay-less mast reduces the complexity of the boat creating less things to injury the user and also allowing for easier pack and set up. In addition the systems have been designed in such a way the stay mainly intact resulting in faster set up and pack up.
126
Figure 6.8-Rendered detail views of the zephr class
127
Versatility The yacht has been design in a way where two children can sail the boat in a range of configurations. These range from when they first are learning to sail with just the main sail to racing into at a high level with the boat. This allows the boat to grow with their confidence keeping the interested as the complexity increases with their ability and confidence.
Novice Learning to sail Mainsail
128
Confident Advanced racing Spinnaker, jib & mainsail
intermediate Beginner racing Jib & mainsail
Figure 6.9-The range of configurations available when sailing the zephyr class
129
Graphics As part of the image and branding of the junior class, a range of graphics were designed for the boat. A number of colour options were chosen with the graphics remaining consistent across the range. These simple graphics give the boat presences while maintaining the modern dynamic design, giving the boat a greater appeal. The range of colours allows children to also create an greater attachment to the boat through is customisation of their favourite colour.
130
Figure 6.10-The range of colours and graphics design for the zephyr class
131
Construction and materials While this project has not largely focused on the manufacturing of the yacht, instead focusing on the boats function and performance within the sailing community, it will be constructed using industry standard methods. The yacht was designed in a way where this was achievable. The hull will be made out of fibreglass foam sandwich from a female mould for the hull and deck. This allows for easy mass production of the yacht while remaining light, strong, cost effective and durable . This will produce a rough hull weight of 42kg with similar size yachts been this weight using these manufacturing methods. The mast will need to be light and strong so that children can easily lift into place, therefore it will be constructed using carbon fibre. Carbon fibre masts are very standard within sailing now, with many suppliers offering competitive rates. The sails will be constructed using conventional methods of sewing panels together, with material been made out of Mylar. Mylar is a plastic laminate sandwiching threads of either carbon fibre or kevlar strands. This is also standard within the sailing community and is more cost effective than traditional materials such as Dacron. Other items such as pulleys and rope, are all off the shelf parts and the yacht has been designed around their exact dimensions in CAD.
132
Figure 6.11-Render of Zephyr class sailing up wave show its foils
133
1:3 model prototype As part of the final outcome, a 1:3 scale
and produce the templates of panels needed
model was produced. The hull was mostly
to make the sails. The material used for the
CNC milled out of foam with the addition
jib and main sail was Mylar, while nylon was
of more complex parts 3D printed. This
used for the spinnaker, which are the same
was then glued together and finished
materials used in the design. These are
with sanding to clean the surfaces. Fibre
then to the cut to the panels templates and
glassed and epoxy were used to finish the
stitched together. This model gives a great
hull to a smooth surface ready for painting.
3D representation of the form of the yacht
The model has all systems working, scaling
and also validates the systems function in
down pulleys sizes and rope where possible.
addition to its general aesthetics.
Using a program called sail cut to design
134
Figure 6.12-Selection of images during the model making process
136
Figure 6.13-Selection of images of final 1:3 model
Chapter 6 summary The final out come produced during this chapter is the result of a great amount of research, development, testing and exploration. The outcome is able to embody this process through the it’s resulting design and language. Showing that the Zephyr class has the ability to break down barriers facing children participating in the sport of sailing. Impacting the sailing world by creating more young sailors with a life long passion.
138
Figure 6.14- Fleet of zephyr class yachts rigged on beach
139
CHAPTER 7 REFLECTION
140
Figure 7.1- Fleet of zephyr class yachts sailing off start-line
141
The project enabled me to work on an issue, that is prevalent within a community that I have been a part since I was a young child. I have been provided with the opportunity to build on my skills and broaden my abilities, as a designer and engineer, while working on a project I am passionate about.
of acquiring further knowledge required a clear outlined method that forced continual refinement of my knowledge and design development pushing the outcome further beyond what I came in to this project thinking would be necessary. While I expected to find a lot of useful information when speaking to
While my pre-existing experience within
a range of stakeholders within the sailing
the sport helped me to quickly grasp the
community, a considerable amount of useful
intricacies of the projects context, I however
information, also came when speaking to
faced the challenge of, overlooking any
a broader spectrum of people about the
preconceived ideas I had about the issues
topic. As this project forced me to talk
facing the sport of sailing. The process also
about what deters people from sailing to
involved critically thinking, coming up with
a wide range of people, finding that these
creative yet functional solutions. Through the
open conversations would be where the
process of the project; conducting further
most productive in gaining knowledge with
research, interacting with multiple people
regards to the issues sailing faces. Applying
with varying ideas and been pushed to think
this knowledge through the development
further outside the box I was able to modify
process lead to multiple other challenges
and build on my knowledge. This process
within the project.
Image 30-Author Kyle Ross sailing off Sorrento, Victoria
142
143
Due to much of this yachts design being
where I gained many skills and different
governed by the required performance
methods of research for design outcomes of
characteristics, this projects approach often
industry projects. Not only to keep pushing
played to methods of design I am familiar with, for example CAD, CFD, prototyping
While the outcome seems to push junior
of barriers entering and participating in the
sailing in the right direction with feedback
sport. The largest areas of refinement where
from a variety of sources, the next step
the change of pathway concept, usability of
the design refinement forward but to better
needed would be real world testing for
the cockpit and systems, pack up and set up
communicate concepts through visual and
further evaluation and refinement. To begin
procedures, performance characteristics of
and other technical skill sets. However, I was
spoken language. In addition to learning
the project the plan was to build a sail-able
the yacht including hull hydrodynamics and
further pushed to broaden these skills learning
new skill sets, I was able to broaden skills
1:1 prototype for testing, however during
the overall aesthetics and perception of the
new programs like Rhino and Grasshopper,
on known platforms pushing my renders and
the amount of detail and construction time
boat. Other very technical aspects of the
enabling a much more continuous form of
cad skills further learning new techniques.
required to achieve this was not feasible with
yacht design such as the sail shapes, mast
the given time-period in addition to financial
bend characteristics and manufacturing
restrictions. Therefore, testing of systems
where industry standards are suitable and
and 3D form was done on a 1:3 scale model.
effective for this design were used, meaning
Furthermore, as the design of a yacht is so
further exploration is still needed in areas
complex with many variables, the process of
such as this before the project would be
the project largely focused on the function
marketable.
refinement. The program Grasshopper in conjunction with Rhino meant there was only ever one model of the hull design that was easily able to change and refine as needed with development. Furthermore, as the form of the hull was largely defined its function, much of the concept development came from research, stakeholder engagement and
144
Image 31-Optomist fleet sailing at world cup,(Vidotto, 2013)
my own experience. It was in this process
The design of a yacht requires many variables to work in unison for a successful outcome. A large challenge of the project required finding a balance of design between pushing the sport forward through innovation at a junior level and that of designing a class that will be functional, manufacturable and that will be embraced by the sailing community.
of the yacht within the sport. Focusing the design development on critical areas of the yacht that will results in the reduction
145
This project offered many challenges, however I enjoyed been able to develop my skills and apply the knowledge I have gained throughout my time at RMIT, on a project that I am so passionate about. I hope this project can help give an insight to the world of sailing and potentially generate many children to become engrossed with the sport of sailing, with some interest from some stakeholders to take this project further. Moving forward I am looking forward to applying the skills and knowledge learnt through this project and prior units at RMIT to the industry and would greatly appreciate working on this project if the opportunity arouse.
146
Figure 7.2- Single Zephyr yacht ready to sail
147
LIST OF FIGURES
148
19
Figure 1.1-Particpation rate of sport (Australian sports commission, 2016)
89
Figure 4.10-Various angles of the hull shape during devlopment
20
Figure 1.2-Distribution of sailing activities (Yachting Australia, 2015)
91
Figure 4.11- Visualisation of how the stabiliser foil would work
20
Figure 1.3-Distribution of promotional programs (Yachting Australia, 2015)
95
Figure 4.12-ergonomic considerations (State Government of Victoria, 2017)
23
Figure 1.4-pathways for sailing in Australia (Australian sailing, 2018)
97
Figure 4.13-Solid works model used to developed the systems needed
32
Figure 2.1-Diagram of sailing Upwind sailing
109
Figure 5.1-Intial CFD tests showing hull profile, velocity and pressure
33
Figure 2.2-Diagram of the points of sailing
111
Figure 5.2-Graph of hull shapes corresponding righting moments
34
Figure 2.3-Diagram of balancing forces while sailing
112
Figure 5.3-CFD analysis of final design showing hull pressure contour
38
Figure 2.4-Table of Base dimensions of single handed junior classes
113
Figure 5.4-Darg and lift curves of final design (Bethwaite, 2016)
39
Figure 2.5-Compariosn Benchmark between open bic and optimist classes
41
Figure 2.6-Table of Base dimensions of double handed junior classes
116
Figure 6.1-Render of 3 Zephyr class boats sailing downwind
46
Figure 2.7-Outlined shortcomings of sailing, (Tyre,Brooke,&Kilborn,2015)
118
Figure 6.2-Render Zephyr class Rigged
48
Figure 2.8- The change of pathway
121
Figure 6.3-Render Zephyr class sailing downwind from behind
122
Figure 6.4-Top view of hull design
report (Tyre, Brooke, & Kilborn, 2015)
56
Figure 3.1-Wirefram view of cad development of design outcome
123
Figure 6.5-View along chine of hull
64
Figure 3.2-Early cfd analysis of hull shape for form development
123
Figure 6.6-View from bow of hull
124
Figure 6.7-Rendered features of zephyr class
68
Figure 4.1-Hull for visualized in Rhino
126
Figure 6.8-Rendered detail views of the zephr class
73
Figure 4.2-First single handed concept
129
Figure 6.9-The range of configurations available when sailing the zephyr class
75
Figure 4.3-Visulisation of the change in sailing pathway proposed
130
Figure 6.10-The range of colours and graphics design for the zephyr class
77
Figure 4.4-Target users human factors, (State Government of Victoria, 2017)
132
Figure 6.11-Render of Zephyr class sailing up wave show its foils
80
Figure 4.5-Package dimensions for design
135
Figure 6.12-Selection of images during the model making process
82
Figure 4.6-Visualisation of the theories behind design of the hull shape
136
Figure 6.13-Selection of images of final 1:3 model
84
Figure 4.7-grasshopper code written to create the parametric hull shape
139
Figure 6.14- Fleet of zephyr class yachts rigged on beach
84
Figure 4.8-The Produced model from the grasshopper code visualised in Rhino
86
Figure 4.9-3D printed 1:10 Scale Model
140
Figure 7.1- Fleet of zephyr class yachts sailing off start-line
146
Figure 7.2- Single Zephyr yacht ready to sail
149
LIST OF IMAGES
150
7
Image 1-Render of yacht over wave
61
Image 17-Breifing/ coaching of young sailors i,(Napper, 2018)
8
Image 2-Ocean photography (AllWallpaper,2018)
66
Image 18-Optomist planning up wave downwind, (Live Sail Die, 2014)
13
Image 3-Junior class Optimist reaching (AECIO, 2014)
71
Image 19-Flying 11 racing downwind in national titles, (Napper, 2018)
14
Image 4-Olympic 470 class sailing (Australian sailing team, 2018)
79
Image 20-junior class the International cadet, (Peter Royle, 2017)
17
Image 5-Optomist start line at national titles (Live Sail Die, 2014)
79
Image 21-Double handed junior class the flying 11, (Napper, 2018)
24
Image 6-Example of sailing stakeholder logos
87
Image 22- Team New Zealand AC50, (Clarey, 2017)
28
Image 7-Day 1 of 2011 optimist national champion ships(Capizzano, 2011)
87
Image 23- Moth class (Outteridge, 2016)
31
Image 8-2017 Sabot NSW state championships, (O’Loughlin, 2017)
87
Image 24- Team SCA Volvo 65, (Tomlinson, 2015)
37
Image 9-Young Optimist sailor, (RYA, 2016)
87
Image 25- I14 foot skiff,(VRsport.tv, 2018)
40
Image 10-Optimist junior class sailing upwind, (VRsport.tv, 2017)
93
Image 26-Flying 11 fleet launching boats for racing, (Napper, 2018)
40
Image 11-29er youth class sailing downwind, (Ingiosi, 2016)
100
Image 27-Optimist surfing down wave, (Matias Capizzano, 2017)
44
Image 12-Optimists sailing in large waves,(Tino Armas, 2013)
103
Image 28-Fleet of international cadets (Downundersail, 2017)
46
Image 13-Children participating in the ‘tackers’,(Begley, 2017)
104
Image 29 -Author, Kyle Ross competing at the 2015 moth world championships
50
Image 14-Two children launching their flying 11, (Napper, 2018)
142
Image 30-Author Kyle Ross sailing off Sorrento, Victoria
53
Image 15-Optimist fleet after start of race(RQYC, 2018)
144
Image 31-Optomist fleet sailing at world cup,(Vidotto, 2013)
54
Image 16-Optimist preparing for a start of race, (BODA, 2018)
151
REFERENCES Chapter 1 References –Australian – Sailing. (2017). The Sailing Pathway. Retrieved from Australian Sailing: http://www.sailing.org.au/participation/sailing-pathways/the-sailing-pathway/
–International – cadet class association. (2011). Class rules. Retrieved from International cadet class association: http://www.cadetclass.org/association/class_rules
–IODA. – (2017, June). Optimist World Championship 2017 breaks record . Retrieved from Optitworld: http://www.optiworld.org/default/news/new/text/optimist-worldchampionship-2017-breaks-record-to-welcome-280-sailors-from-62-countries-tocompete-in-pattaya
–IODA. – (2017). Optimist Class Rules 2017. Retrieved from Sail Optimist: http://www. optiworld.org/default/classinfo/content/ini/1/id/technical-committee
–Project – Play. (2016). Sport for All, Play for Life: A Playbook to Get Every Kid in the Game. Retrieved from PROJECT PLAY: https://assets.aspeninstitute.org/content/ uploads/2015/01/Aspen-Institute-Project-Play-Report.pdf
–Project – Play. (2016). Sport for All, Play for Life: A Playbook to Get Every Kid in the Game. Retrieved from PROJECT PLAY: https://assets.aspeninstitute.org/content/ uploads/2015/01/Aspen-Institute-Project-Play-Report.pdf
–Tyre, – N., Brooke, D., & Kilborn, R. (2015). Growing Sailing. Retrieved from Yachting Australia: http://www.sailing.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Growing-Sailingonline-280714.pdf
–Sabot – Australia. (2015). Sabot Constitution. Retrieved from Sabot Australia: http:// www.sabot.com.au/sabots/constitution/
–Yachting – Australia. (2015). National Sailing Participation Census 2015. Retrieved from Yachting Australia: http://websites.sportstg.com/get_file.cgi?id=35731359
–Tyre, – N., Brooke, D., & Kilborn, R. (2015). Growing Sailing. Retrieved from Yachting Australia: http://www.sailing.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Growing-Sailingonline-280714.pdf
–Australian – sports commission. (2016, 09). AusPlay Participation data for the sport sector. Retrieved from https://www.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/ pdf_file/0007/653875/34648_AusPlay_summary_report_accessible_FINAL_ updated_211216.pdf
–Victorian – Minnow Sailing Association. (2017). Class Overview. Retrieved from Victorian Minnow Sailing Association: http://websites.sportstg.com/assoc_page.cgi?c=110535-0-0-0&sID=336410
–Austrailian – sailing. (2018). An Instructor and Coaches Guide to the Sailing Pathway. Retrieved from Austrailian sailing: http://www.sailing.org.au/an-instructor-andcoaches-guide-to-the-sailing-pathway/
Chapter 2 References –Bic. – (2017). Retrieved from Open Bic Class: http://www.openbic.org.au/ –Fithian, – H. (n.d.). Chris Dey Story. Retrieved from http://gregunit.tripod.com/Gallery/ chrisdey.html# –Flying – Eleven Sailing Association of Australia. (2015). Flying Eleven constitution. Retrieved from Flying Eleven Sailing Association of Australia: http://websites.sportstg. com/assoc_page.cgi?c=1-10059-0-0-0&sID=336089
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–Manly – Junior Association of NSW. (2017). Retrieved from Manly Junior Association of NSW: http://websites.sportstg.com/assoc_page.cgi?c=1-10053-0-0-0
–Harmsen, – P. (2013). Optimist Australian Championship at Sandy Bay Sailing Club - Day 2. Retrieved from Yachts and Yachting: http://www.yachtsandyachting.com/ news/167435
–Yachting – Australia. (2017). Australian Sailing team. Retrieved from http://www. australiansailing.org/team-members/?sort=boat
Chapter 4 References –State – Government of Victoria. (2017). Growth charts. Retrieved from Victoria State government: http://www.education.vic.gov.au/childhood/parents/mch/Pages/charts. aspx
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Image References –AECIO. – (2014, Setpember). Campeonato de España por equipos clase Optimist, día 1. Retrieved from http://www.juanpanews.com/2014/09/campeonato-de-espana-porequipos-clase-optimist-dia-1/#more-32257 –AllWallpaper. – (2018). Ocean Wallpaper. Retrieved from All wallpaper: https://www. allwallpaper.in/ocean-wallpaper-5259.html –Australian – sailing team. (2018). Will Ryan. Retrieved from Australian sailing team: http://www.australiansailing.org/team-members/will-ryan/ –Begley, – D. (2017, October). This Weekend’s Events – 8th October. Retrieved from Humpybong Yacht club: http://hyc.net.au/2017/10/05/spring-series-weekend/ –BODA. – (2018). Retrieved from Bermuda Optimist Dinghy Assocation: http://www. boda.bm/ –Capizzano, – M. (2011). 2011 Optiworlds NZ. Retrieved from Sail World: https:// capizzano.photoshelter.com/gallery/2011-Optiworlds-NZ/G0000n0Vn_wFoeFQ/ C0000uYVlhlLM.iw –Capizzano, – M. (2017, Setemper). Highest ranked NZ Opti Sailor this season George Lee Rush CREDIT Matias Capizzano. Retrieved from Australian sailing: http://www. sailing.org.au/sail-sydney-launch-pad-olympic-campaigns/highest-ranked-nz-optisailor-this-season-george-lee-rush-credit-matias-capizzano/ –Clarey, – C. (2017, Februray). Four Years After America’s Cup Loss, Team New Zealand Is Not Over It. Retrieved from The new york times: https://www.nytimes. com/2017/02/28/sports/sailing/americas-cup-emirates-team-new-zealand.html –Downundersail. – (2017, June). Aussie International Cadet team gets set for Dutch worlds. Retrieved from Downundersail: http://www.downundersail.com/2017/06/08/ aussie-international-cadet-team-gets-set-dutch-worlds/ –Ingiosi, – D. (2016). 29er: lo skiff da iniziazione. Retrieved from David Ingiosi: http://www. davidingiosi.com/29er-skiff-da-iniziazione/ –Live – Sail Die. (2014, April). NZ Opti Nationals: Day 3. Retrieved from Live Sail Die: https://livesaildie.com/nz-opti-nationals-day-3/
–Napper, – H. (2018, Januray). Photos from the Nationals. Retrieved from Flying Eleven Sailing Association of Australia: http://websites.sportstg.com/assoc_page. cgi?client=1-10059-0-0-0&sID=300327&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=61033828 –O’Loughlin, – D. (2017, Novemeber). 2017 Sabot State Championship Results. Retrieved from Sabot sailing Accociation: http://blog.sabot.com.au/2017-sabot-statechampionship-results/ –Outteridge, – B. (2016, December). Rob Greenhalgh wins Bermuda Mothfest. Retrieved from Scuttlebutt sailing news: https://www.sailingscuttlebutt.com/2016/12/09/robgreenhalgh-wins-bermuda-mothfest/ –Peter – Royle. (2017, March). Iconic South Australian junior regatta celebrates 50 years of history. Retrieved from Down under sail: http://www.downundersail. com/2017/03/06/iconic-south-australian-junior-regatta-celebrates-50-years-history/ –RQYC. – (2018). Tell Tales. Retrieved from Royal Queensland Yacht squadron: https:// www.rqys.com.au/publications/tell-tales/ –RYA. – (2016, August). British Youth Sailing Coaching Opportunity: Optimist Programme Lead Coaches. Retrieved from Royal Yachting Associtation: http://www.rya.org.uk/ newsevents/news/Pages/optimist-coach-opportunity.aspx –Tino – Armas & Alberto Sánchez Photography. (2013). Optimist AECIO Trophy 2013. Retrieved from Gran Canaria sail in winter: http://www.gcsiw.com/project/optimistaecio-trophy-2013/ –Tomlinson, – R. (2015, Setemper). Historien om Team SCA ute i bokform. Retrieved from Pakryss: http://pakryss.se/historien-om-team-sca-ute-i-bokform/ –Vidotto, – J. (2013). ISAF Sailing World Cup. Retrieved from Weekend notes: https:// www.weekendnotes.com/isaf-sailing-world-cup/ –VR – sport.tv. (2017). All Datchet Water Sailing Club Videos. Retrieved from VR sport.tv: https://vrsport.tv/destination/united-kingdom/datchet-water-sailing-club/ –VRsport.tv. – (2018). International 14. Retrieved from VRsport.tv: https://vrsport.tv/skiff/ international-14/
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