Water consumption research of Minervahaven, Amsterdam

C

Explore technical opportunities for water and housing. What is the benefit of having water near?

GROUP B - TEAM 4 (Matthias, Nick, Reto, Wenhan)

01

KEY CONSIDERATIONS FOR TECHNICAL SOLUTIONS

i

SCALE & CONTEXT INDIVIDUAL OR SYSTEM? - ARCHITECTURE OR URBAN DESIGN WHAT IS FEASIBLE AT MINERVAHAVEN?

ii

INTEGRATION INSIDE OR OUTSIDE DEVELOPMENT AT MINERVAHAVEN?

iii

COMBINATION TO WHAT DEGREE CAN WE COMBINE INDIVIDUAL & SYSTEM BASED SOLUTIONS TO CREATE LAYERS OF RESILIANCE?

C2

CONTEXT

LOCATION: WHAT TECHNOLOGY IS FEASIBLE ON THE SITE?

AREA: 214,000 m2

1

TOTAL AREA: 284,440 m2

2

WATER AREA: 78,203 m2

C2

TOTAL SITE CAPACITY?

CONTEXT 1

CUBIC METRES CAPTURED WITH 25%, 50% & 100% SITE COVERAGE: 50% 25% 41,000m3

83,000m3

100% 166,000m3

TOTAL RAINFALL ON THE SITE PER YEAR: 166,000m3 per month

C2.1

1 PERSON WATER USE CALCULATIONS CATCHMENT 100% OF TOTAL AREA

C2.1

PEAK RAINFALL AND STORAGE CAPACTIY

TYPICAL DWELLING

STORAGE

1

DEFICIT

DEFICIT SURPLUS

STORAGE NEEDED TO COMPENSATE FOR OVERFLOW IN PEAK MONTHS = 2.13 x 2.13 x 2m

HOW MUCH IS ONE CUBIC METRE?

C2.1

ABOVE: One cubic metre in various relatable forms 1

2

3

TOTAL WATER USE PER HOUSEHOLD/PER MONTH: 8.04m3 per month TOTAL WATER USE PER PERSON/PER MONTH: = 8.04m3 per month / 2.2 persons per household = 3.66m3 per person per month

CONTEXT - SITE CAPACITY 25% SITE CATCHMENT/COVERAGE

• • • • •

98 baths 106 washing machine loads 212 showers 250 dishwasher loads 841toilet flushes

• • • • •

44 baths 48 washing machine loads 96 showers 113 dishwasher loads 383 toilet flushes

=

=

MINERVAHAVEN HAS POTENTIAL TO SUPPORT THE WATER NEEDS OF A DENISTY OF: = (total water use per person / month) / (average rainfall / month) = 3.66 m3 per month / 3.46m3 per month = 1.05 persons per m3.

DISCLAIMER*** It should be very clear that a person needs more than a cubic meter to live (let alone store the water). However this shows how abundant rainwater is on the site - and underlines its significant potential for capture & reuse

C2.1

INDIVIDUAL WATER USE IN THE CATCHMENT AREA H’hold Block

H’hold. Water Storage Needed

Apart. Block

Apart. Water Storage Needed

C2.1

HOW MANY INHABITANTS CAN THE CATCHMENT AREA SUPPORT? FLOOR ASPECT RATIO COMPARISON TO HONG-KONG & HUTONG

Total rain water on the area: 240.750 m3/year Enough to support 25 apartment complexes with 5496 people F.A.R = 0.87

C2.1

HOW MANY INHABITANTS CAN THE CATCHMENT AREA SUPPORT? ONLY USING RAINWATER FOR GREYWATER

Total rain water on the area: 240.750 m3/year When only used for greywater Greywater use for 1 person: 17.9 m3/year Potential to provide 13449 persons with greywater F.A.R = 2.14

C2.1

HOW MANY INHABITANTS CAN THE CATCHMENT AREA SUPPORT? FLOOR ASPECT RATIO 0.21 COMPARISON TO TYPICAL AMSTERDAM BLOCK

Total rain water on 25% area: 71.110 m3/year Enough to support 736 houses F.A.R = 2.14

OPTIONS

WHAT ARE THE OPTIONS/OPPORTUNITIES TO COMBINE WATER & TECHNOLOGY?

C4.0

HOUSEHOLD SCALE - RE-USE & CONSUMPTION GREYWATER & DESALINATION FOR DRINKING OR HOUSEHOLD USE C4.1 C4.2 C4.3 C4.4 C4.5 C4.6

C5.0

HOUSEHOLD SCALE - TRANSFORMATION TRANSFORMING WATER TO ENERGY C5.1 C5.2 C5.3 C5.4 C5.5 C5.6

C6.0

GREYWATER & NATURAL WATER OPPORTUNITIES FILTERING RAINWATER SURFACE WATER TREATMENT USING SEAWATER SMALL-SCALE DESALINATION LARGE-SCALE DESALINATION

HEATING SYSTEMS COOLING SYSTEMS HOT/COLD ENERGY SYSTEMS SURFACE WATER EXAMPLE - MAASTOREN SUMMARY MATRIX - HOT/COLD ENERGY SYSTEMS SCENARIO - HYPOTHETICAL SITUATION

SYSTEM-WIDE SCALE - STORAGE & CONTAINMENT CAPTURING & HOLDING FOR LATER USE OR REDISTRIBUTION C6.1 C6.2 C6.3 C6.4

FLOODABLE DEVELOPMENTS WATERSQUARES/HOLDING POOLS RE-ENGINEERING DIKES COMBINATIONS OF SOLUTIONS

INFO

ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF DUTCH HOUSEHOLDS 2014

GREYWATER & NATURAL WATER OPPORTUNITIES

C4.1

RAINWATER

Heating up spaces 58% 01

Electricity + Lighting 12% Cooking 6% Warm Water 24%

DAILY USEAGE OF WATER PER PERSON INFO

04 03

02

05 01 02 03 04 05

Rainwater catchment Sea water catchment Filtrating rainwater Desalination of seawater Grey water usage

SEAWATER

C4.2

FILTRATING RAINWATER 01 FRESH RAIN WATER OVERTOPS FILTER LIP

01

01 02

02 pre cleaning through cascades 03 second filter, mesh size 0.5mm 04 clean water to collecting system 05 dirt goes to the sewer

02

03 04

03

05

05

04

Precipitation (mm)

Average Rainfall Days

Total site; 20000m3 per month

52m2

= 210m3

x

90

= 5500

Dec

Nov

Oct

Sept

Aug

July

June

May

1 FILTRATION BOX FILTERS ROOF AREAS UP TO 3000M2/ DAY

April

C

Mar

B

Feb

A

Jan

Precipation (mm)

A = 67cm B = 54cm C =120cm

Average Rainfall = 70.5l per m2 /month Average Rainfall Days

01 INLET RAINWATER 02 CLEANED WATER 03 COLLECTING SYSTEM 04 OVERFLOW 05 OUTLET WASTEWATER

C4.3

SURFACEWATER TREATMENT

pH Analyzing & Correction Injection of Coagulant

Raw Water

Sedimentation/ Flocculation

Deep Slow Media Filtr. with a High Multi Media Pressure Filter

Salts Removal by Reverse Osmosis

groundwater riverbank water surface water - infiltration surface water - direct

Storage of Treated Water in Flexible Reservoir

Dosage Disinfection & Control of Residual Chlorine

DRINKING WATER TREATMENT PLANT

Turbidity Analyzing & Control

INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT

2.50

13.0

16m3 /h - 384m3 /day - 140160m3 /year x 3200

(one person = 43.8m3/year)

3.0

22m3 /h - 528m3 /day - 192720m3 /year x 15000 (one person = 12.7m3/year)

x 5 for 15500 people

x 2 for 20000 people

75kwH/ units per year

35kwH/ unit per year

x 20000 - (5500)

The treatment plants can be used for any water sources – wells, drill holes, river, side and shore wells, sea, contaminated water during natural disasterS

C4.4

USING SEAWATER

Radial collector that provides toilet flush sys-

8.0

pumping station

35000L /hour $ $

35L /day

$

scoarse screening

x 20000 = 700000l (20h of pumping) As soon as a short of drinking water supply turns up it becomes lucrative to use seawater for flushing toilet. Yet, the high costs of having a second pumping system for the seawater can be covered by the surplus of gaining drinking water.

Production of

Energy Consumption (kWh/m3)

collector wells, water intake Seawater toilet flush

freshwater supply

reclaimed water

seawater desalination

0.013-0.025

0.05

0.2 - 1

2.5-4.0

2x

10x

100x

Comparison with Seawater Toilet Flushing

CLEANING SEAWATER WITH SANITATION PROCESS $

$

$

SEAWATER TO FLUSH TOILET

$

DRINKING WATER

Since the bacteria growing process in seawater is 12x slowlier than in normal - No sedimentation tanks - No excess sludge wastage - 36% less CO2 emission - saves 50% cost

C4.5

SMALL SCALE - DESALINATION AT 25% SITE COVERAGE 4.5a

METHOD 1

• product name Fcubed • By 20°C on 1m2 = 5 litres of drinking water/ day • By 30°C on 1m2 = 7 litres of drinking water/ day x 3000

85L/day

17m2

50,000m2

WOULD NEED 23 UNITS TO SUPPLY FOR 1 HOUSE 4.5b

• •

METHOD 2

product name Aquamate solar still By 20°C on 1m2 = 2 litres of drinking water/ day x 450

85L/day

42m2

20,000m2

WOULD NEED 59 UNITS TO SUPPLY FOR 1 HOUSE 4.5c

• •

METHOD 3

Potential to link to nearby industry (thermal desalination) By 100°C on 1m3 = 10 litres of drinking water/ day x 2,200

85L/day

8.5m2

20,000m2

WOULD NEED 11 UNITS TO SUPPLY FOR 1 HOUSE

LARGE SCALE - DESALINATION

C4.6

4.6a

VAPORIZING THROUGH SOLUTION AND LEAVING WATER BEHIND

FORWARD OSMOSIS CAPACITY: 40‘000m3 per day 40’000m2

osmotic pressure

10’000 (one person 43.8m3/year ) pure water semi- permeable membrane salt water

4.6b

1kwh/ 1000 L = 1m3

REVERSE OSMOSIS CAPACITY: 80‘000m3 per day

Force

25’000m2

20’000 (one person 43.8m3/year ) Pure water Semi- permeable membrane Salt water

3kwh/ 1000 L = 1m3

MEMBRANE ELEMENT INSIDE PRESSURE VESSEL

C5.1

HEAT PUMP (GENERIC)

APPLICATION: • Heat pump converts ‘low-grade heat’ from heat source to useful heat in residential and commercial buildings.

• This device can also be used for cooling.

WORK PRINCIPLE: • The heat pump works like a ‘reverse refrigerator.’

• This closed circuit is filled with a cold medium. This medium is heated by means of a heat exchanger with low-grade heat from the source and evaporated.

• The compressor changes the air pressure - changing air pressure changes the temperature through evaporation or condensation.

• Heat pumps are most efficient when the temperature difference (output-input across the heat pump) is small.

COMFORT: • Because a heat pump is a low temperature heating system, a uniform temperature distribution can be realized. (see low temperature heating system.)

ARCHITECTURAL ASPECTS: • The architectural aspects depends on different type systems.

In general the source for heat pumps are: earth, surface water, outdoor air, drained ventilation air, solar heat, waste heat from industries.

ABOVE: Schematic diagram of heat pump SOURCE: Architectuur als Klimaatmachine, Dobelsteen et. al, 2012.

OPTION

e.g. SINGLE DWELLING

ABOVE: Individual heatpump (model: Viessmann Vitocal 300-G) with for low rise dwellings. In most times, the heat pump will be placed at the cellar, but modern systems can also placed just in the living room.

SOURCE: Viessmann.co.uk

OPTION

e.g. MULTI-RESIDENTIAL USE

ABOVE: Heatpump Model: Viessmann Vitocal 300-G PRO (collective/master system) for high rise appartmentcomplex or larger commercial building. This units should be placed on the ground floor or cellar of a appartmentblock.

SOURCE: Viessmann.co.uk

C5.1

= €110 euros per year saved! *according to current prices

HEAT REGENERATION SHOWER SYSTEMS

APPLICATION AND WORK PRINCIPLE: • In Holland we use about 60-80 liters of 40 degree water for showering • This water is discharged directly into our sewers.

• The heat of the shower water can be reused again.

WORK PRINCIPLE: • Heat regeneration by shower is a heat exchanger that waste heat from shower water regenerates and is reused.

• This system can be applied to stand-alone dwellings, apartments and utility buildings.

• High efficiency - will save approx. 65 % heat energy to normal shower. There are two type of this ‘heat regeneration shower systems’: Shower-pipe system and shower-tray system. Both system will save about 160~200m3 gas per year - €110 in todays prices

5.1a

Shower pipe system: The waste water runs through a pipe downwards and in the meantime the residual heat back to the line connecting the shower water to the boiler. The heat exchanger is positioned vertically so that it can be applied only to the upper floor.

5.1b

Shower tray system: The shower tray has a heat exchanger which is positioned beneath the shower tray.

In contrast to the shower pipe system this system can be applied everywhere.

Furthermore, the performance is about the same as in the shower pipe variant.

Heat from the used water cycled/added back into the system and delivered through a heat exchanger to mix with, either the cold tap in the shower or back to the boiler.

• High efficiency because heat can be used in two ways.

•

COMFORT: • Higher degree of comfort than hot water directly from the boiler.

• More hot water is available for the users.

SOURCE: http://www.duurzaamthuis.nl/

C5.1

LOW TEMPERATURE HEATING IN-FLOOR HEATING COILS

APPLICATION AND PRINCIPLE: HEATING: • Used in combination with a heat pump &/or solar.

• Water pumped through coils • The inlet water temperature should be not higher than 55C and the maximum temperature of return water is 45C. • The distribution of temperature of this low heating system is more uniform than high temperature heating system. This applies in particular for floor- RIGHT: Details (unscaled) of and wall heating. floor heating that uses low tem• In order to make the system work efficiently, maintaining a constant tem- perature heating concept (left) perature in the house is crucial.

• To achieve this, the influence of extreme outdoor condition should be limited as much as possible. For example, by using of good thermal insulation and controlled ventilation.

COMFORT: • Home climate with low temperature heating systems is generaly comfortable.

• This is the result of a more uniform temperature distribution, more pleasant air temperatures, fewer dust mites, dust combustion and less draft ARCHITECTURAL ASPECTS: • Requires a large amount surface.

• Floor heating or wall heating demand specific architectural modification.

• It’s necessary to insulate the house better than the usual standards, because the system is very slow the react to the temperature change in the house.

HEAT FROM FLOOR RISES TO HEAT ROOM

ABOVE: Section of floor heating as low temperature heating system

ABOVE: Installation of floor heating

C5.2

HIGH TEMPERATURE COOLING IN-CEILING COOLING COILS

APPLICATION: • High temperature cooling is suitable for both residential and commercial building.

• High temperature cooling can be combined with heat pump, LTH-system, heat/cool storage system.

WORK PRINCIPLE: High temperature cooling is a cooling system with the coolant temperature of at least 16 °C (so higher than the usual 6 °C). This form cooling is often used in systems with a bottom collector or thermal storage combined with low temperature heating system: when cooling is desired, it allows water of approximately 16 degrees runs from the LTH system to the heat from the space receives and transmits via a heat exchanger to cool groundwater. It is a form of passive cooling and not an active one such as an air conditioner and, therefore, less energy is used.

COMFORT: This system does not offer cold airflow ( which can cause to health problems), while still provide adequate cooling.

ARCHITECTURAL ASPECTS: In order to use high temperature cooling system, a large amount surface is required to achieve good cooling performance. Because the cold air is descending, using a cool ceiling is the most efficient. In the most case, this system is combined with the low temperature heating system.

CONSIDERATIONS AND ISSUES: This cooling system is mainly used for basic cooling. If the temperature of the house get too high, additional active cooling system such as air conditioning is required.

COOL AIR FROM CEILING FALLS TO COOL ROOM ABOVE: Section of diagram of cooling system

RIGHT: In Dutch dwellings, ceiling cooling used much less because the temperature of The Netherlands is relative low compare to other countries.

Climate ceiling is most often used in high rise offices, with great amount glass facades where more heat is generated in the summer.

C5.3

HEAT/COLD ENERGY STORAGE (CLOSED SYSTEM, SOIL HEAT EXCHANGER)

APPLICATION: • In a closed system of hot/cold storage, pipes are placed vertically or horizontally in the ground with the aim of absorbing or releasing heat/cold to the ground.

• This system is suitable for whole residential areas, commercial buildings and individual projects.

• This system is often used in combination with low temperature heating system (Floorheating) and high temperature heating (Radiator)system for general heating of the building.

WORK PRINCIPLE: • This system uses non-toxic antifreeze as medium to transfer heat and cold.

• In winter, a heat pump pumps the cool liquid down, when colder than the soil. The cold liquid takes the heat from the soil and passes it off to the circuit in the building.

• During the winter the ground is getting more colder by the absorption of heat.

• Due to the cooling demand in the summer, the cold from winter will be directly absorbed by heat exchange.

• In this way, heat from the building will be released in to the soil. Through the use of SUMMER AUTUMN/WINTER the dual heat exchange plates.

Schematic diagram of closed heat/cold storage system (soil heat exchanger) in • The system is less effective than open heat/cold storage system. In general a soil summer and autumn/winter. heat exchanger can be used as heat source for low temperature heating or it can be combined with heat pump.

ARCHITECTURAL ASPECTS: • There are two types of soil heat exchanger, vertical and horizontal one.

• Vertical soil heat exchanger will go deep as 20-50 meters and doesn’t require large amount of footprint.

• The horizontal one will to deep till 25 meters and require more a lot more footprint.

VERTICAL HEAT/COLD STORAGE

HORIZONTAL HEAT/COLD STORAGE

ABOVE: Heat/Cold Storage installation in combination with heatpump (1) that is connected to domestic hotwater system (2) for heating up the water to provide warm water for shower and general warm water use. Heat pump also connects to the heat water buffer for radiators and floor heating system. The main advantage of vertical system is that they have the best efficiency and they need less floor space than a horizontal system, but the cost is higher because you need dig deeper (usually more than 30m). The horizontal system is cheaper but less efficient and the main disadvantage is that you need large floor space (such as a backyard).

ABOVE: A recent project of using vertical heat/cold storage installation in Delftse Bomenwijk.

ABOVE: Horizontal heat/cold storage installation, a much cheaper solution but takes a lot of spaces.

C5.3

HEAT/COLD ENERGY STORAGE (OPEN SYSTEM)

APPLICATION AND WORK PRINCIPLE: • In an open heat/cold storage system, excess heat or cold from a building is stored in an aquifer in the ground and re-used it again when there is demand.

• This system is suitable for residential areas from 50 dwellings or more and large utility buildings.

• Because the balance of heat and cold demands, an area with mixed-use is preferred - Minervahaven is ideally suited.

• Heat/Cold storage system is often used in combination with low and high temperature heating system and cooling system for general heating of the building.

• In the summer there is an excess of heat that in the winter can be used for heating buildings, while there is enough cold in the winter that is available for cooling in the summer.

• With this heat/cold storage system, groundwater is used as a storage medium.

• The energy storage will take place in the space formed by the natural sand layers in the bottom (aquifers). In special cases, existing or landscaped buffer basins can also be used.

• Dehydration and infiltration occurs on depth of 20-150 meters and is depends on from where a suitable aquifer is located.

SUMMER

COMFORT: • Because this system is a low temperature heating system, a uniform temperature distribution can be realized.

ARCHITECTURAL ASPECTS: • There are different solutions of the principle of energy storage with an open system.

• The sources often lie outside the buildings.

• A system that monitors the source will be applied.

• In a frost-free place in the building there is a heat exchanger that heat or cold absorbs.

• The typical ground water temperatures at the beginning of the summer is 8 degrees and 16 degrees at the end of the summer.

AUTUMN/WINTER ABOVE: Schematic diagram.

DIAGRAM: Open Heat/Cold Storage installation in combination with heatpump (1) that is connected to domestic hotwater system (2) for heating up the water to provide warm water for shower and general warm water use. Heat pump also connects to the heat water buffer for radiators and floor heating system. In general, a open heat/cold storage system works the same as the closed system. The main difference is that closed systems doesn’t release to nor absorb the groundwater from the ground, this system does.

C5.3

SURFACE WATER AS (EXTRA) SOURCE FOR HEATING AND COOLING

APPLICATION AND WORK PRINCIPLE: • This system is suitable for residential building as well larger (utility) buildings.

• In the summer there is an excess of heat that in the winter can be used for heating buildings, while there is enough cold in the winter that is available for cooling in the summer.

• In this system heat is extracted from the surface water.

• This is done by making use of a temperature difference between the surface of the heat exchanger and a second medium (for example, central heating water, ground water etc.)

• This system of using surface water as source can also be used as supplementary heat source to increase the efficiency of the open heat/storage system which energy is stored in aquifers of in the ground.

COMFORT: • This system can be widely used for different kind of heating/cooling applications such as low temperature heating system and high temperature cooling system.

ARCHITECTURAL ASPECTS: • There are different solutions of the principle of energy storage with this system - but in the most case this system is used in combination with the open heat/cold storage system in the ground to achieve much higher efficiency.

A disadvantage of extracting water from surface water is that the plate heat exchanger is quite sensitive to contamination, and the surface water which drawn in to the system should be filtered. The surface water can be frozen which can cause delivery problems, but in urban environment such as Amsterdam, this should be not a big problem.

SUMMER AUTUMN/WINTER Schematic diagram of surface water as extra source for open heat/cold storage system

C5.4 •

•

•

•

•

•

EXAMPLE: MAASTORREN, ROTTERDAM SURFACE WATER FOR HEATING/COOLING

One of the example of using surface water for heating and cooling is Maastoren (The Maas Tower).

This building is a 44-storey, 165 m office skyscraper complex in Rotterdam, Netherlands.

The building was designed by Dam & Partners in cooperation with Odile Decq Benoit Cornette and it is the tallest in the Netherlands.

The building is mainly used as office space. The tower’s parking garage comprises 10 stories above ground and 2 stories below with 634 office spaces.

The river Maas plays an active part in the building: all of the heating and cooling for the tower is provided through diverse technologies and ingenious use of the ground and the river water flowing by.

Due this application the CO2 footprint is strongly reduced.

ABOVE: River Maas as source of Energy for Maastoren

ABOVE: Schematic diagrams how heating and cooling works

C5.5

SUMMARY MATRIX - HOT/COLD STORAGE SYSTEM

MATRIX TABLE OF DIFFERENT HEAT/COLD STORAGE SOLUTIONS • • • •

•

In general the efficiency of the systems are much better than standard HR kettle (30~50%) and they all require high investment. (source: http://www. duurzaamthuis.nl/) For Minervahaven, the best solution is to use the open heat/cold energy system because its the most economical solution, takes only vertical space and has good efficiency.

The Closed horizontal system will take a lot spaces in order to achieve good performance, therefore its only appliable with individual dwellings with a backyard.

The energy system that using surface water is not often used in The Netherlands because the low efficiency and it’s quite risky (source: http://www. warmtepomp-info.nl/bron/#openwater) because the inlet of this system requires good filtering because this system requires constant flows. If the pipes are blocked by the dirt, the flow will drop and in the winter the pipes will be frozen.

Surface water have potentials for Minervahaven if it will used in combination of open heat/cold energy system. Keep mind that The IJ-water is very dirty and therefore, a very good filtering is needed if you want to use the water from the IJ for heating/cooling.

C5.6

LOCATION OF WATER AQUIFERS IN MINERVAHAVEN

ABOVE: According to WKO-Tool (an official web application of Dutch Central Government for heat/cold storage system, http://www.wkotool.nl/) on our plan site, Minervahaven, Heat/ cold storage system are already in use. All of them are open system. This web application can calculate cost, payback time, energy efficiency and CO2 reduction compare to standard HR-boiler systems according to different inputs and scenarios in an easy way.

C5.6

SCENARIO MINERVAHAVEN CURRENT SITUTATION

B C

A

• • •

To create scenarios for the Minervahaven we will compare two types of dwelling: row houses for simuation of low density and apartments for simulation of high density.

For our plan site, we took to two different scenarios for calculation: Low rise housing and High rise apartments. We divided the site in 3 different part: A. B. C. Furthermore we will use the standard specification of each type dwellings, see the specifications of the types in next page.

C5.6

GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS OF THE DWELLINGS HYPOTHETICAL SITUTATION

SPECIFICATION OF ROW HOUSE (1 UNIT): • • • • •

100 m2 area to heat or cool Required thermal energy for heating per year: 7 MWh Required thermal energy for cooling per year: 2 MWh Heating capacity of system: 6 kW Cooling capacity of system: 2 kW

COST OF THE SYSTEM FOR ROW HOUSE

GENERAL PRICE AND COST BENEFITS:

SPECIFICATION OF APARTMENT (1 UNIT) • • • • •

45m2 area to heat or cool Required thermal energy for heating per year: 6 MWh Required thermal energy for cooling per year: 2 MWh Heating capacity of system: 5 kW Cooling capacity of system: 2 kW

COST OF THE SYSTEM FOR APARTMENT

C5.6

SIMULATION OF LOW-DENSITY SCENARIO HYPOTHETICAL SITUTATION

B

C

A

A

256 Row houses

B

626 Row houses

C

796 Row houses

C5.6 5.6

SIMULATION OF LOW-DENSITY SCENARIO HYPOTHETICAL SITUTATION

* The soil of our site is very suitable for heat/cold storage, with aquifer transmissivity (KD): > 600m2/day

Cost/running time charts

Site A

Site B

Site C

C5.6

SIMULATION OF HIGH-DENSITY SCENARIO HYPOTHETICAL SITUTATION

B

C

A

A

975 APARTMENTS

B

2445 APARTMENTS

C

2705 APARTMENTS

C5.6

SIMULATION OF HIGH-DENSITY SCENARIO HYPOTHETICAL SITUTATION

* The soil of our site is very suitable for heat/cold storage, with aquifer transmissivity (KD): > 600m2/day

Cost/running time charts

Site A

Site B

Site C

C5.6

CONTEXTUAL INFORMATION WATER TEMPERATURE & IT’S ENERGY POTENTIAL

C6.1

CONTAINMENT & STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURAL IMPROVEMENTS

New Orleans: Network of strategically placed collection stations and pump stations to hold floodwater safely temporarily & then dispose of from the area. These systems act as a second wall of defence after the main coastal levee.

FLOODABLE DEVELOPMENTS What it is: Structures that are designed to withstand flooding or to retain stormwater.

2-Step Approach: 1. Design buildings and infrastructure to resist damage by occasional or even periodic flooding (could also be a backup strategy in case shoreline armoring fails.)

2. Create retention areas for ocean surges or heavy rainfall.

• Capture water - release later • Connect to recieving waters, or to the wastewater system, when flood waters recede.

Low Impact Development (LID): • Beneficially reuse stormwater by infiltrating it into the ground, creating green space and habitat while reducing the demands on urban wastewater treatment systems.

•

New floodable development built to handle sea level rise may be designed to manage stormwater, both salt and fresh.

Examples U.S.A: • LID tools are widely used in Seattle and Portland and San Francisco & have been planed for New Orleans.

•

•

They include swales or contoured ground, rain gardens, trees, constructed wetlands, green roofs, and permeable pavement. They also include large cisterns to store water for future use.

Floodable development, at a larger scale, is being pioneered with ideas such as landscape-scale flood parks, floodable streets — possibly channeled by temporary flood walls — and water plazas where flood water rushes in to create an interesting feature in otherwise dry public space.

NETHERLANDS: •

Rotterdam: a large underground parking garage under construction will hold water instead of cars during peak floods.

•

Rotterdam: Watersquares

Rotterdam: Short cloudbursts will create streams, brooklets and small ponds in the watersquare that allows children to play in and around the water Rotterdam Carpark: Capacity - 10 million L

10 Million L/m3

C6.1

FLOODABLE DEVELOPMENT ROTTERDAM CARPARK

DISADVANTAGES: ADVANTAGES: • Potentially hazardous. Stormwater, partic• Small-scale toolbox can be ularly at the seaward end of a watershed, deployed on a mass scale is usually polluted with heavy metals and • It may best be thought of as a organic chemicals, in addition to sedisuite of tools (including LID) that ment and bacteria. Large quantities of can be selected based on which stormwater sitting on the surface, or in work best at a given site. underground storage facilities, could pose • Some tools may be better for a public health hazard during a flood or fresh water or salt water, or a leave contamination behind. mix.

• Particular problem in areas with combined sewer systems, where wastewater and UNKNOWNS: street runoff go to the same treatment system.

• Floodable development is rele- • Wastewater treatment systems that tively untested. We don’t know if commonly treat the hazards of combined buildings and infrastructure can sewer effluent do not work well with salt be designed or retrofitted to acwater mixed in. commodate occasional flooding • If floodable development strategies are in a cost-effective way. designed to hold and release brackish water, new treatment methods will be • It is not clear exactly how much needed for the released water to meet volume new floodable developwater quality standards. ment tools will hold and how they • Finally, emergency communication tools will react when full. and extensive public outreach and management would be required to prevent people from misusing or getting trapped in flooding zones.

FLOODABLE C6.2 DEVELOPMENT WATERSQUARES Watersquare Benthemplein Credit: DEURBANSTEIN Year: Design 2011-2012, completed 2013 Location: Rotterdam, NL Client: Rotterdam Climate Initiative, City of Rotterdam supported by the Waterboard Schieland & Krimpenerwaard Status: Final design, built Three basins collect rain water: •

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Two shallow basins for the immediate surroundings will receive water whenever it rains.

One deeper basin receives water only in heavy rain.

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Here the water is collected from the larger area around the square.

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Rainwater is transported via large stainless steel gutters into the basins.

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The gutters are multi-purpose, they are oversized steel elements fit for skaters (multiuse).

C6.2

BASIC PRINCIPAL

C6.2

CATCHMENT RUNOFF AREA FOR WATERSQUARES

ABOVE: Use over the year & ability to combine with existing infrastructure Credit: De-Urbanstein

ABOVE: Example - watersquare runoff area (catchment area) at Bethemplein Credit: De-Urbanstein ABOVE: Options to manipulate the ground plane to hold excess water Credit: De-Urbanstein

C6.3

RE-ENGINEERING DYKE SYSTEM

ABOVE: Different ways to manipulate existing or new dikes to perform functions more than purely as a water barrier Credit: De-Urbanstein

ABOVE: Criteria to consider in re-engineering of dikes.

Credit: De-Urbanstein

C6.4

FLOODABLE DEVELOPMENTS DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS- FLOODABLE DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

Watersquare Rainwater Harvesting Soft garden surfaces Permeable roads

Bio-wells Rainwater Gardens & underground carparks

Enlarged capacity of open water

ABOVE: Sample section of a development depicting different opportunities for floodable developments integrated within the one system.

Credit: De-Urbanstein

OPTIONS

ARCHITECTURAL POTENTIALS FOR WATER CATCHMENT

ROOF

WALLS

SOUND, ATMOSPHERE

COOLING

ISOLATION CAVITY

COOLING

SHADOW

OPTIONS

ARCHITECTURAL POTENTIALS FOR WATER CATCHMENT

AQUARIUM

SKYLIGHT

LIGHT DISPENSER

C6.4

MULTI-LAYERED APPROACH SYSTEM-DEFENCE

ABOVE: Diagram depicting a development area adopting multiple technological and infrastructural strategies to combat excess water. e.g. green roofs, facades, underground water storage and creative use of dikes. These strategies can be combined with small scale interventions discussed below.

Credit: De-Urbanstein