A look at the geological attractions of south east of Iran in order to achieve the sustainable devel

Journal of Research in Ecology

Journal of Research in Ecology

An International Scientific Research Journal

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

A look at the geological attractions of south east of Iran in order to achieve the sustainable development Authors: Abdollah Yazdi1 Zahra Shafei 2 and Fatemeh Shabani 3

Institution: 1. Young Researchers and Elite Club, Kahnooj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kahnooj, Iran.

2. Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.

ABSTRACT: If an area has geological attractions and necessary infrastructures prepared for tourism, geotourism can have a direct effect on sustainable development, employment and improvement of the local economy situation.

Geological attractions and sustainable economic development are some branches of geotourism. Therefore, South East of Iran (Sistan and Baluchistan Province) is selected for study because of having valuable geological heritage and lack of necessary economic development. Including unique geological phenomenon, this area showed novel sights of geomorphologic attractions in an accessible range. Attractions like semi-active volcanoes of Taftan and Bazman, standing the bulk of Iran’s mud volcanoes in this area with variant beautiful shapes, huge sand dunes of Loot desert, Chabahar Bay, Miniature Mountains, Ladiz cave, Khaje Mountain and tens of other natural landscapes convert this area to one of the most unique geotourism areas in the world. Introducing the above attractions, this article tries to attract the attention of responsible persons and researchers more towards the importance and role of geotourism in this area. Providing guidelines to develop the geotourism in this area, we hope that some steps are taken towards overall development of this province.

3. Department of Geology, Ferdowsi University of Keywords: Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.

Geotourism, Sistan and Baluchistan Province, mud volcanoes, miniature mountains.

Corresponding author: Abdollah Yazdi

Email Id

Article Citation: Abdollah Yazdi, Zahra Shafei and Fatemeh Shabani A look at the geological attractions of south east of Iran in order to achieve the sustainable development Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136 Dates: Received: 25 May 2016

Accepted: 23 June 2016

Published: 22 July 2016

Web Address: http://jresearchbiology.com/ documents/EC0105.pdf

Journal of Research in Ecology An International Scientific Research Journal

This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

124-136 | JRE | 2016 | Vol 4 | No 1

www.ecologyresearch.info

Yazdi et al., 2016 INTRODUCTION Iran has a beautiful nature, diverse climates and

Figure 2. Taftan volcano’s morphology in four main areas rich in unique phenomenon of the earth science and directions (Source: Google Earth) surveying these attractions are necessary for more identification of them as well as geotourism development

phenomenon as well as understanding the way of their

(Yazdi, 2012). Therefore, according to this matter Sistan

forming and evolution (Amrikazemi, 2009).

and Baluchistan Province (South East of Iran) are one of

As far as the given definitions, geotourism is not

the prone areas in geotourism field that include a

only a novel section in the tourism market, but also

complex of geological unparalleled attractions; we

considering a guideline for serving the maintenance of

surveyed and introduce these attractions in this article.

the nonliving life and ecological development. Most of

Undoubtedly, principal development of tourism in this

geotourism spectators are not just geologists but also

province will have direct effect on economic growth.

they are helpers of the nature. Therefore, geotourism attempts to make the land stay-in besieged via formation

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

and defining geosites (a place that has unusual shapes

The methodology used in the present article is

and thought-provoking geological and geomorphological

descriptive and analytic. Different library specimens and

manners) and geoparks (a place that has one or numerous

satellite images were interpreted and analyzed for the

exclusive geological phenomenon as well as substantial

studied areas and fields that are used for this purpose.

natural and cultural fascinations) and prevent the

Geotourism concept

geological heritage via. humans (Yazdi et al., 2014).

Geotourism has a specific periphery in-which

Geotourism and sustainable development

geological tourism is on its center of attraction

World

Commission

on

Environment

and

(Newsome and Dowling, 2006) and is surveying the

Development was held on 1987 in the conference of

complications related with the ground, geomorphological

“Our

situation, geostructural phenomena and their tourism

development as: “a development that meets the needs of

capability. From the assumption of Gates (2006),

the current generation without harming the future

geotourism means “tourism in geological landscapes”.

generation’s

Therefore, it can be said that geotourism is an important

development is the most important accessories that have

and conscious tourism in the nature with the objective of

the main role of tourism programming since the most of

visiting and recognizing the geological functions and

tourism’s development projects are according to the

common

attractions

future”

needs”

and

and

(Raftar,

activities

defined

2012).

related

to

sustainable

Sustainable

the

natural

environment, geosites, cultural works and heritage.

Therefore,

countries

that

has

diverse

geological

phenomenon can be more successful in economic incomes and sustainable development if they proceed to attract geotourists and universal registration of geosites and geoparks.

Sistan and Baluchistan Figure 1. Situation of Sistan and Baluchistan province in Iran country (AITO, 2016 ) 125

The vast province of Sistan and Baluchistan are located in the South East of Iran with more than 11% of Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136

Yazdi et al., 2016

Figure 3. Removal of sulfur steams and gas in southeastern part of Taftan volcano (GSMEI, 2016; Banki.ir, 2016) the total area of the country with 187,502 square kilometers. Regarding geological coordinates, it is Figure 5. Public appearance of Miniature Mountains between 25°.3ꞌ and 31°.9ꞌ latitude and 58°.9ꞌ and 63°.20ꞌ (dl3.upload.ir .com) longitude. This is the largest province in Iran and is

is increased from the north to the south and reaches to its

adjacent with the provinces of South Khorasan, Kerman,

maximum amount between Iranshahr-Koohak (Bootorab,

Hormozgan, Oman Sea and countries of Afghanistan and

2006).

Pakistan. Water boarder of this province with Oman Sea

Geotourism potentials of the studied area

is 320 Km and land border of it with Afghanistan and

According to the specific geology and climate

Pakistan (1100 Km) (Figure 1).

condition, the studied area has a diverse morphology that

Overview of the geology and physical geography of

converts it to one of the country’s geotourism poles.

Sistan and Baluchistan province

Having these attractions besides the protected areas,

In geology studies, Iran’s East area is usually

cultural and historical centers, ecological situation of the

surveyed as an independent unit. This area was isolated

area etc. increase the richness of the province tourism

from the sea in the late of third geological era because of

and all of these matters convert it to an uncommon place.

organic movements and Lime scale build of marine that

The following geological attractions were surveyed.

type are stacked in it at first and then sediments with

Mountains

relatively coarse and fine materials are stacked in it. The

Taftan volcano

southern part of the province (Makran) is one of the

Taftan volcano peak is placed in 50 Km of

areas that is under the gradual subsidence because of

Kash’s north in geographical coordinates 28°.36ꞌ latitude

large thickness of sandy clay sediments that its depth

and 61°.36ꞌ longitude. Its height from the sea level is

reaches to 1 Km. Accordingly, the Indian Ocean’s crust

3940 m and 2000 m towards adjacent plains (Figure 2).

slope into the ground under this area that is one of the causes for creating a lot of mineral water springs and mud volcanoes in this area. Heights of Sistan and Baluchistan belonged to the second and third periods of geology and its stones are often Lime and plaster.

According to the geologists, some mountains of this province (like Taftan volcano) belong to the late third era and early fourth era. Width of the province’s mountains

Figure 4. Bazman volcanoes morphology in four main directions (Source: Google Earth) Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136

Figure 6. Khaje Mountain and its surrounding monuments (ANOBAININ, 2007) 126

Yazdi et al., 2016 surrounding lands is about 2100 m. Its main cone is Stratovolcano that its lavas exit from several craters. The basement of this volcano is too complex and belongs to Jazmorian old block. Bazman volcano is considered as Figure 7. Garashkhan Mountain (Face Mountain) in Sistan and Baluchistan near Taftan hillside.

one of Iran’s semi-active volcanoes like Taftan and

Taftan is placed on a sedimentary and igneous basis that

conditions cause Taftan and Bazman to convert one of

belongs

the tourism attractions of this area and attract a lot of

to

upper

cretaceous

and

eocene.

The

Damavand (Emami, 2000). The above mentioned

sedimentary section of the volcano basis includes flysch

researchers and interested ones (Figure 4).

and limes containing Alveolin and Nummulite and its

Miniature Mountains

igneous parts are formed by ultrabasic (ophiolite) stones.

In Chabahar road towards Gowatr port, in a

Taftan volcanic activity was principally explosive at first

distance of 40 Km, one of the most beautiful mountain

and finally lava (Emami, 2000).

scenery and Iran roads can be seen with the names of

Taftan includes numerous peaks. The name of its

Merrikhi, Miniature, Aria, Calani and Bad land. These

northern peak is Ziarat mountain, the name of eastern

heights include gypsum-bearing marls, sandstone layers

peak is Sobh mountain, the southern peak is Madar

and aquatic fossils. Because of the loose marl units and

mountain and the western peak is Nar mountain. There is

severe performance of wind erosion as well as seasonal

a semi-active crater in the south east of Taftan peak that

showers, beautiful shapes are created in them and the

some sounds like blasting are heard of it and constantly

most beautiful ones can be seen in the area of Lipar-

steam and sulfur gases are released of it. Moreover, in

beris, Konarak- Chabahar road towards Parak-e Hutan

other places of Taftan peak, sulfide and hydrogen gas are

and near kambel village and Gurankash (Figure 5). These

released intangibly (Figure 3).

mountains are Iran’s most prominent geomorphological

Bazman Volcano

effects since there is no sample of it in other area of Iran

Bazman volcano mountain is located in the north of Jazmorian ditch in the geographic coordinates of

with this volume and beauty.

Khaje Mountain

28°.40ꞌ latitude and 60° longitude in 120 Km of Khash’s

The main basaltic mountain in the distance of 30

west and Bazman city is located in southeastern hillside.

Km of Zabol south west within a smooth plain

Its height from the sea level is 3490 m and from the

influences the flat topography of this area and is famous

Figure 8. Condition of Gowatr and Chabahar Gulfs Figure 9. Condition of Gowatr Gulf towards Pakistan and Oman coast (Source: Google Earth) in the south of Iran (Source: Google Earth) 127

Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136

Yazdi et al., 2016

Figure 10. The appearance of Omega or Horseshoe Figure 12. Iranian short-snout alligator (Gando) Bay of Chabahar in Oman Sea’s coast (Google Earth) (NCMS, 2016) with the name of Khaje, Rostam and Owsheyda

Gulfs

mountain. Its approximate height is 609 m; within

Gowatr Gulf

Hirmand lake as an island in fruitful seasons (Tavakoli

It is a semicircular gulf in the extreme south-east

and Hedayati, 2008), (Figure 6).

of Iran, alongside a small village called Gowatr with the

Garashkhan Mountain (Face Mountain)

approximate area of 435 Km that 165 Km of it belongs to

Garashkhan Mountain with approximate height

Iran and the rest of it belong to Pakistan. Gowatr

of 400 m from the surrounding lands are located near

appellation is from “Gowat” term that in local language

Taftan Mountain. This mountain is one of the most

means “Wind” since this area was faced with monsoon

important heights of Iran for climbing sport. It is

winds from different directions and gradually was called

especially easy to access and is near the road. The length

Gowatr. Several rivers enter to Gowatr like Bahookalat,

of its wall for climbing is near 200 m and because of its

Dashtyari and Bahoor in Iran as well as Nahrdasht in

high roughness that is like semi-profile of human, it is

Pakistan (Figures 8 and 9).

known as Face mountain (Figure 7).

One of the unique specifications of Gowatr gulf

Other heights of this province are Beyrak

is that a part of its southwestern margin forms the

Mountain (tribes regional), Malek Siahkooh (joint border

southern ground part of Iran country and Pasabandar

of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan), Bamposht Mountain

village is located on it. Other geomorphological

and Pirsooran mountains (separating Lut desert and

phenomena of this area are small gulfs with the names of

Baluchistan).

Bahoo, Kalani and Gowatr in southwestern of Gowatr

Figure 11. Bahookalat River and area (EWC, 2016) Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136

Figure 13. Some parts of Hirmand River (Danakhabar, 2016; GT, 2016; NB, 2016; AT, 2016) 128

Yazdi et al., 2016

Figure 14. Hirmand catchment (TP, 2016)

Figure 16. Created bubble in outgoing flowers of Tang mud volcano (TJ, 2015)

gulf that locally named Khoor (Negaresh, 2005). This is

Rivers

probably due to collision of river and sea waves and it

Bahookalat River

has caused erosion that created a beautiful landscape.

This is one of the most important and rich of

According to its temperate climate, it is a suitable habitat

water in Baluchistan area that causes biological

for migratory birds.

prosperity and development. This river is created by

Chabahar Gulf

connection of three rivers of Sarbaz, Kaju and Gorgoroo

The length of Chabahar gulf is 17 Km with the

and passes Bahookalat fields with north-south direction

width of 20 Km and maximum depth of 20m in the gulf’s

and enters to Bahoo bay and then Gowatr gulf near

crater and it is the biggest gulf in Oman sea coast

Gowatr port (Figure 11).

(Mohamadi et al., 2006). Commercial and transit gulfs of

One of the specifications of this river is the

Chabahar and Konarak in the east and west of Chabahar

existence of Iranian short-snout alligators with the name

gulf are the biggest Iranian gulfs of Oman sea, too.

of Gando in the ponds alongside the rivers of Kaju and

Moreover, chabahar is connected to the eastern point of

Sarbaz that makes this area as a safe habitat for living of

Iran Gowatr port via an asphalted road with 50 Km

these animates (Figure 12). Its scientific name is

length (Figures 8 and 10). Natural geysers and flattened-

Crocodylus palustris and now it is the biggest creeping

bodies trees of temples’ fig are another attraction of this

of Iran that is the surviving of Mesozoic era crocodiles

area, too.

with some changes (Negaresh, 2006).

Figure 15. Napag mud volcano crater (WN7W, 2016) 129

Figure 17. Image of one of Pirgel mud volcano’s crater (TJ, 2015) Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136

Yazdi et al., 2016

Figure 18. Satellite picture of the maximum area of Figure 20. Diverse appearance of Jazmuriyan Lake in rainy and dry seasons (FBM, 2016; BB, 2013) Hamoon Lake in rainy season ) MN, 2016) today flower therapy has a special status and a lot of

Hirmand River Since Hirmand field has no groundwater;

physicians find its effectiveness. Besides tourism, mud

Hirmand river is the only agricultural water source of

volcanoes are important in the field of treatment and can

Sistan area. This river originated from Babayaghma and

be useful in treating diseases of muscle, skin,

Hendookosh heights in Afghanistan and after 1050 Km

gastrointestinal etc. (Yazdi et al., 2012). Baluchistan

enters to Iran (Figures 13 and 14) and divides to two

mud volcanoes are young and their existence backed

branches around the border. This river pours to Hamoon

from 30 to 40 thousands years ago (Negaresh, 2001).

lake in Sistan and Baluchistan finally.

Mud volcanoes of this area are about 13 ones and their

Other important rivers of this province are

most important ones are Pirgel, Napag, Ain, Tang and

Bampoor, Kahir, Mashkid, Rabech (Fonuj) and Talkhab.

Balbolok (Figures 15, 16 and 17).

Mud Volcanoes

Lakes

One of the unique Iran’s geomorphology phenomena that are mainly located in the south of Sistan and Baluchistan province is mud volcanoes.

Hamoon Lake Sistan plain with the largest freshwater lake of

These

Iran’s east plateau has a unique condition. This lake

effects are cone-like shapes similar to volcano that

includes Hirmand Hamoons, Saberi and Poozak that are

instead of lava, flower according with hydrocarbon gases

located in the west, north and northeastern parts. The

(like Methane), di oxide carbon and petroleum materials

major part of Saberi and Poozak’s Hamoon is in

exit from its crater (Yazdi et al., 2012). According to the

Afghanistan and just a part of Saberi’s Hamoon is in Iran

existence of substrates in the flower of mud volcanoes,

(Figure 18).

Figure 19. Hamoon Lake ( RA, 2016) Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136

Figure 21. Ladiz Cave (Tishineh, 2016) 130

Yazdi et al., 2016

Figure 22. Garbudar Cave (ID, 2016) The total area of Hamoon is 5660 square kilometer at the time of high water that 3830 square

Figure 24. Vast sand plains of Lut Desert (RM, 2016) Caves Ladiz Cave

kilometer of it belongs to Iran (Negaresh, 2006). The

It is in 10 Km of Mirjave and is considered one

water volume of this lake is equal to the total volume of

of the attractive areas of province according to its

water in the reservoir dam of Dez, Sefidrood, Lar,

surrounding beautiful herbal landscapes. According to

Zayanderood, Karaj, Latyan, Zarrine Rood and Minab

the good quality of its water, it has been used as an

(Zabol university, 2001) (Figure 19). Hamoon lake is

aqueduct from the past (Figure 21).

considered as a permanent settlement for some birds and

Garbudar Cave

animals and a temporary one for others.

Jazmuriyan Lake

This cave is located in 12 Km of Bazman city around Garbudar village. Garbudar cave is not horizontal

Jazmuriyan lake is located in 150 Km of Iran

and becomes underground with a gentle slope and after

Shahr’s west and the height of 350 m from open water

about 55 m divides to two parts. Its body includes

and is considered a young tectonic subsidence. Its extent

metamorphic rocks (Figure 22).

is 3300 square kilometer in rainy seasons; and because of

Pose Cave

specific climatic conditions, most part of it converts to

It is in 114 Km of Zahedan’s south alongside

salt pan and clay pan in the most time of the year (Figure

Pose village. This cave shapes mainly in the sequence of

20). Bampoor and Halilrood are more important rivers

shale and sandstone and its ceiling are surrounded by

that pour to Hamoon.

young conglomerates. This cave is an interesting sample of non-karst caves (Negaresh, 2006). Its main channel is

Figure 23. Pose Cave (namnak.com ) 131

Figure 25. Beautiful ripple marks and dune of Lut (ytimg.com ) Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136

Yazdi et al., 2016

Figure 26. Erosional shapes known as Dudkesh-e Jen

Figure 28. Hara jungle (Around the Gowatr Gulf) (TM, 2016)

about 32 m and its sub-channel is about 2 m and

Some believes that these sand pyramids are the

approximately 20 m of its length is located under the

biggest sand pyramids of the world but indeed they are in

underground water and the rest of cave’s length is above

third degree of the world since Chero Blanco sand plains

the underground water’s level (Figure 23).

in Peru with the height of 1176 m and Badian Jaran in

Lut Desert

Mongolia with the height of 550 m from the plain bottom

The widest interior plateau hollow of Iran is Lut

are longer (Yazdi, 2012). Beautiful ripple marks are seen

desert that its east part is in Sistan and Baluchistan

in the surface of these plains that are created because of

province.

the wind (Figure 25).

This

plain

is

full

of

the

desert’s

geomorphological effects and its universal records add

Erosional Forms

on its attractions. Largest Kaluts of the world, largest

In the south and coast areas of the province,

Nebkhas of the world, warmest point of the ground and

beautiful volumes are created because of wind erosion

etc., located in Lut desert. There is a large part of sand

performance, seasonal showers, floodwater etc. that are

plain more than 10763 square kilometer in the east

too attractive. These shapes are mainly created in

margin of central Lut that a vast part of it is located in

sandstone and carbonate parts and sometimes created

Sistan and Baluchistan province (Yazdi and shafiee,

columns till the height of 64 m (known as Dudkesh-e

2012). The heights of these plains are diverse and

Jen) and beautiful shapes known as Takht-e Div (Figures

sometimes reach to 500 m (Figure 24).

26 and 27).

Figure 27. Erosional shapes known as Takht-e Div Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136

Figure 29. sample of Oman coast in Sistan and Baluchistan (INIOAS, 2016) 132

Yazdi et al., 2016 Hara Jungle (Mangro)

CONCLUSION

Hara trees are expanded in Oman coasts

According to the studies in this article, it is

especially around Gowatr, Khoors and Bahookalat

determined that contrary to the impression, South East of

estuaries. The name of its kind is Avicenia Marina that

Iran (Sistan and Baluchistan province) has a lot of

their height reaches from 6 to 9 m. The leaves of these

geotourism and ecotourism capacities for attracting

trees act as refinery and pass the salts (Negaresh, 2005).

interior and exterior tourists. New geology phenomena

These trees grow mainly on fine sediment of the coast,

are seen in this area that some of them are unique in Iran.

estuaries and coastal marshes that are influenced by tidal

In other side, an element that causes lack of tourism

currents (Momeni, 1991). Hara jungles with sea lanes

growth in this province up to now is non-providing of

between them create beautiful landscapes (Figure 28).

necessary infrastructures for implementing this important

Baluchistan coast

matter like lack of settlement centers around geosites,

Generally, Oman coast divides to two groups of rocks

and

fine-grained

sediments.

lack of expert human resources in geotrourism, weak

Fine-grained

advertising, cultural- social barriers, security problems,

sediments are mainly seen in Gowatr and Chabahar

political unrests, transportation costs, etc. According to

Bays, Khoors and Hara jungle. Rock coast are often wall

the privation of this province as well as existence of

-shapes and high. Their heights are from 1 to 100 m with

valuable geotourism capabilities, we can use it as a new

low cut (Figure 29).

and advantageous opportunity for access to sustainable

Specifications of Oman coast

economic, social, environmental development as well as

 The specifications of about 300 Km of beautiful

employment for a large range of people. Therefore, the

rock and low coast that are sometimes decorated

relevant authorities should create employment and

with green alga.

sustainable development with principal programming

 Too high waves due to strong monsoon winds in summer that is ideal for surfing sport.  The only marine Inselberg of Iran is located between Konarak and Pozm.  The only Tombolo of Iran is around Tang port.  The Raised Beaches from Jask, to krachi of Pakistan (yearly 1 to 3 mm) in Iran is just in this area.  The existence of 13 mud volcano in the coastal plain of Oman sea.  The existence of Hara jungles in Gowatr Bay’s coast.  Beautiful landscapes of dissolution cavities due to the waves’ hitting and erosion of sedimentary rocks in the coast.  Too beautiful landscape of orange color of sun in

and activate geotourism’s capabilities of this area to prevent

problems

such

s

crimes,

immigration,

unemployment, etc.

Suggestions 

Along with the growth of geotourism industry in Sistan and Baluchistan province and access to different dimensions of sustainable development, the following guidelines are provided:

 Providing a comprehensive plan for geotourism development of Sistan and Baluchistan province.  Classifying the geotourism centers according to their importance and act towards registering geosite as well as universal or national geopark.  Creating equipped amenities and residential centers besides geosites.

sunrise and sunset in Oman Sea’s coast

133

Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 4(1): 124-136

Yazdi et al., 2016  Expanding advertising programs for introducing and

Bayat M. (2010). Surveying tourism potentials of salt

identifying the area’s geotourism attractions and

domes with emphasis on medical tourism. proceedings of

attract tourists.

twenty-seventh

 Using guide signs for scientific describing of geosites.  Designing suitable ways for access to geosites.  Training and encouraging local people around these attractions to maintain the province’s geotourism

meeting

of

Earth

Science,

State

Geological and Mineral Exploration, Tehran.

Bootorab S, Fotovat Roodsari H and Mir Kazemian M. (2006). Geotourism atlas of Sistan and Baluchistan, Geology Department of the State Geological and Mineral Exploration, 1-60.

values.  Protecting local people for holding fairs for  Using expert forces and training local people for revival of the area’s geotourism capabilities. authorities

towards

EWC. (2016). Earth Watcher center©2016.[Cited 2016 July 22]. Available from:http://www.earthwatchers.org/

 Holding expert geotourism conferences and gaining from

(2016). Banki.ir©2016.[Cited 2016 July 22].

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supplying local crafts around geosites.

support

BI.

images/bahu/p7.jpg.

geotourism Dowling RK and Newsome D. (2006). Geotourism’s

development.

issues and challenges, Geotourism, Chapter Thirteen, Elsevier, Oxford, 242-254.

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