Journal of Research in Ecology
Journal of Research in Ecology
ISSN No: Print: 2319 –1546; Online: 2319– 1554
An International Scientific Research Journal
Original Research
Variation analysis of phenological traits in the potatoes of Iran Authors: Bahram Dehdar1, Jaber Panahandeh2 and Alireza Motallebi Azar2 Institution: 1. Ardebil Agricultural and Natural Resources Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Ardebil, Iran. 2. Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Islamic Republic of Iran.
ABSTRACT: The potato production requires earliness and late maturity cultivars, depending on the type of culture and environment. Hence this research was made to find out the genotypic and phenotypic variances, heritabilities and genetic advance for phenological traits. In the following, General Combining Ability (GCA) of parents and Specific Combining Ability (SCA) from each crosses was calculated. Moderate and low phenotypic coefficient of variation was observed for all of the traits except the flowering period. The heritability estimates were found higher for all the characters studied and varied from 77% to 58% indicating that the characters are less influenced by environmental factors. The AS692, AS72,HS and Stbr2 cultivars may be good combiners for earliness and in return, Agria, UT43 and UT42 may be good combiners for late maturity breeding programs. Agria×UT42, AS72×Caeser, Daifela×Stbr2, Luca×UT43, Satina×AS12, Satina×AS14, Satina×AS692 and Satina×Stbr2 were the best crosses because of the most negative SCA effects of the studied traits. Keywords: GCA, potato, physiological traits, SCA.
Corresponding author: Bahram Dehdar
Email ID:
Article Citation: Bahram Dehdar, Jaber Panahandeh and Alireza Motallebi Azar Variation analysis of phenological traits in the potatoes of Iran Journal of Research in Ecology (2017) 5(2): 1156-1165 Dates: Received: 26 May 2017
Web Address: http://ecologyresearch.info/ documents/EC0378.pdf
Journal of Research in Ecology An International Scientific Research Journal
Accepted: 15 July 2017
Published: 01 Oct 2017
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
1156-1165| JRE | 2017 | Vol 5 | No 2
www.ecologyresearch.info
Dehdar et al., 2017 INTRODUCTION
ity to different environments. Attaining this needs un-
Preliminary crossing of parents possessing com-
derstanding the method of heredity conditioning of this
plementary traits based on the phenotype followed by
Attribute (El-Bramawy and Shaban, 2007). It will be
selection in subsequent clonal generations is one of the
great to define if the gene action for earliness is due to
potato breeding methods (Sleper and Poehlman, 2006).
additive, non-additive, dominant or epistatic effects and
Identifying of clones for release as new varieties of po-
their interaction with the environment. To evaluate the
tato, can be done with selection is based on phenotype
efficiency of a given parent in hybrid combinations,
values (Lynch and Walsh, 1998; Bradshaw and
combining abilities (General Combining Ability (GCA)
Bonierbale, 2010). Since the selection of parents are
and Specific Combining Ability (SCA)) are used in
pertained on their performance, it is difficult to prognos-
plant breeding (Haydar et al., 2009). In a hybrid combi-
ticate the segregation template of the F1 progeny
nation, GCA determines the average efficiency of a pa-
because the potato is a highly heterozygous crop
rental line and as the same way, SCA is the portion of
(Wolfgang et al., 2009). Successful breeding is attained
an inbred line to hybrid efficiency in a cross with a de-
through incorporating the eligible alleles into a single
termined inbred line in relation to its portions in crosses
genotype and testing their stability and adaptation
with a domain of distinctive inbred lines (Sleper and
(Acquuah, 2007). Dominance and epistatic effects con-
Poehlman, 2006; Panhwar et al., 2008). SCA dedicate
tribute to clone performance, therefore potatoes are
conditions were specified crosses do better or worse
highly heterozygous. However, the value of the cross
than anticipated based on the efficiency of the parent
should not be assumed unless the progeny has been test-
captive (Panhwar et al., 2008). SCA is due to non-
ed (Muthoni et al., 2012). Breeding of potato has been
additive gene effects while GCA is mainly imputed to
used to develop genotypes for persistence to biotic and
additive gene action (Shattuck et al., 1993). In potato
abiotic stresses, earliness and high yield (Razukas and
breeding, both general and specified combining abilities
Jundalas, 2006; Azhar et al., 2007). Among these attrib-
are fundamental in conditioning traits and they are both
utes, earliness is important in areas with land paucity,
constants in the F1 generation because there is no subse-
multiple cropping systems or short rainy concise. Such
quent segregation with clonal breeding supplies. For
genotypes would be good for highlands in Iran and else-
tuber yield and quality attributes in crosses between non
where where genotypes would need to mature quickly
- related parents GCA seems to be significantly larger
making land readily accessible for other crops for the
than SCA whereas SCA appears to be more substantial
next cropping season thus increasing agricultural
among related parents (Ortiz and Golmizaie, 2004). In
productivity. Earliness in shorter rainy seasons simpli-
regard to crop maturity, GCA effects regard to be more
fies drought escape, a trait that is decisive in climate
significant than SCA effects (Johansen et al., 1967).
change conditions of diminished or disordered rainfall
Moreover, additive and non additive effects manage the
templates (Banziger et al., 2000). Breeding for earli-
total yields of tuber and puberty (Buso et al., 2006).
ness has also been considered advantageous, so its guid-
This study was to determine the combining ability ef-
ance to release from some diseases that become visible
fects for phenological traits of selected potato clones
late in the season such as late blight (Razukas and
and their crosses. Selected parental clones and promis-
Jundalas, 2006). However, in potato breeding for earli-
ing families will be used for further breeding in Iran and
ness has not been deliberately followed in Iran for rea-
similar agro-ecologies.
sons of producing versatile genotypes mighty of stabil1157
Journal of Research in Ecology (2017) 5(2): 1156–1165
Dehdar et al., 2017 orded for 50% flowering, days to stolen appearance,
MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven high-yielding commercial cultivars of
growing period, flowering period and number of days to
potato (Agria, Savalan, Picasso, Caesar, Daifla, Satina
tuber formation for five random plant basis in each rep-
and Luca) and eleven progressive potato clones, (UT42
lication.
and UT43 which were obtained from the cross of
Variance analysis of controls and varieties were
S. tuberosum L. ssp. andigena; three advanced and high
performed on the basis of complete block design using
-yielding clones of S. tuberosum designated AS10,
SPSS 22 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago). The effect of
AS12, AS14, AS20, AS72 and AS692, and HS, Stbrkz
each block for each treatment was calculated and each
and Stbr2 were obtained from the cross of
S. tu-
treatment was corrected based on the block effect. The
berosum × S. Stoloniferum) were crossed reciprocally,
analysis of design allowed us to estimate the genetic
in the Ardabil Natural Resources and Agricultural Re-
variances of the response variables.
search Station (located in 47° and 59‘ North, 39° and
The phenotypic and genotypic variances of each
22’ East, 1390 m above sea level) during the summer of
trait were estimated from the RCBD analysis of vari-
2012 and the best cultivars and clones were determined
ance. The expected mean squares under the assumption
when they were selected as the female or male parent.
of a random effects model was computed from linear
By pushing petals aside and removing anthers,
combinations of the main squares and the phenotypic
the flower buds of parent were castrated. The castrated
and genotypic coefficient of variations were computed
flower buds placed in bags. The next day, flower buds
as per the methods suggested (Burton and Devane,
were pollinated and labeled. The ripe and fallen berries
1953).
were collected after about six weeks. The ripened berries were processed by cutting them and emptying the seeds into a basin containing clean water. The harvested
where, MSg = mean square due to genotype; MSe =
seeds were washed and spread on filter papers and
environmental variance (error mean square) and r =
placed to air-dry overnight. To break dormancy, the
number of replication.
seeds were soaked in 1500 ppm GA3 solution for 24 hours and thereafter they were rinsed and immediately sown (Jackson and Hanneman, 1999). Weathering was done and the seedlings were sprayed against pests and diseases as required and seedlings were transplanted to the field four weeks later. In the next year, to appraise
Broad sense heritability was estimated based on the
the genetic parameters (GCA, SCA and H2b), 30 seed-
formula given by (Allard 1960) as follows:
lings from each family (54 cross) and 18 parents (control) were planted in the augmented design with 5fivereplications. The distance between seedlings lines
Genetic advance as a percent of the mines were estimat-
were 75 cm. Agricultural operations include weeding,
ed as descriptively by (Allard,1960) as:
ridging and pest control were done as per recommendations for potato production in Iran. Estimation error and effect of block were evaluated using control observations. Observations were recJournal of Research in Ecology (2017) 5(2): 1156–1165
where, K= the standardized selection differential of 5 % (2.063); VP = phenotypic standard deviation and H2B=broad sense heritability. 1158
Dehdar et al., 2017 Phenotypic variance was relatively greater than the genotypic variance in magnitude for all characters considth
The GCA and SCA effects of ijk observation
ered. Phenotypic coefficient of variation ranged from
were estimated by adopting the following model.
4.47% for growing period to 23.69% for flowering peri-
Xijk = μ + gi + gj + sij
od. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of varia-
where, μ= population mean; gi= GCA effect of ith feth
male parent; gj= GCA effect of j male; sij= SCA effect th
th
of hybrid of i female with j male.
tion values can be categorized as low (<10%), moderate (10-20%), and high (>20%) as indicated by Robinson and Barry (1966). Moderate and low phenotypic coeffi-
The individual effects of GCA and SCA were
cient of variation were observed for all of the traits
estimated from the data obtained from two way tables of
except of flowering period. The traits which exhibited
female vs. male as given below. In this each data was
high estimates of genotypic and phenotypic coefficient
totaled over replications.
of variations had a high probability of improvement
Two way table for female vs. male:
through selection while traits with low estimates the
Male
1
2 3 ...............
n Total
improvement through selection is difficult or virtually impractical due to the masking effect of environment on
Female 1 2 3 . . n Total
Xij . . . . . X.j.
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... ...............
. . . . . . .
Xi.. . . . . . X…
the genotypic effect (Singh,1990). The heritability estimates were found higher for all the characters studied from 77% to 58% indicating that the characters are less influenced by environmental factors. The flowering period and growing period recorded highest and lowest genetic advance as a percentage of the mean (37.64 and 5.63 respectively). Genetic advance
where, X… = Total of all hybrid combination; Xi.. = Toth
in general was low for all of the characters studied,
tal of i female over ‘t’ male and ‘r’ replications; X. j. =
which showed a moderate genetic advance as a percent-
Total of jth male over ‘l’ female and ‘r’ replication and
age of the mean. The low value of genetic advance for
th
th
Xij. =Total of the hybrid between i female and j male
these traits showed that these characters are not governed
over ‘r’ replications (Choudahry, 2002)
by additive genes and selection could not be rewarded for the improvement of these traits. In general, it has been
RESULTS
accepted that the genetic coefficient of variation was not
Analysis of variance
sufficient to test heritable variation, so more reliable pro-
Significant differences among parents for all
cedures need to estimate the heritability and the genetic
studied traits were observed with analysis of variance
advance. GCV, H2B and GA estimates would be effective
(Table 1). Finding of significant difference between of
during the use of election in the breeding programs. In
parents indicated the presence of genetic variation
making for these decisions, H2B estimated by the variance
among them that could be used in selection for favora-
components method would be effective. Mishra et al.
ble traits.
(2006) also derived that high GA would be valuable in
Genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation
selection schedules. H2B estimates based on the growing
Estimates of the genetic parameters (VG, VP,
genotypes at several environments (locations and years)
H b, GCV, PCV, GA and GAM) are shown in Table 2.
will help to breeders in deciding about the breeding pro-
2
1159
Journal of Research in Ecology (2017) 5(2): 1156–1165
Dehdar et al., 2017 Table 1. Mean squares for the 18 parents 50% F DSA GP FR
Df Replication
4
Cultivars Error
69.66
12.57
**
17 68
46.84 **
1.56 **
NDTF
24.23 **
15.29
349.7 77.24
68.06 16.10
163.9 68.6
4.09 0.991
283.6 64.32
49.07** 16.89
16
8
7
14
25
7
CV%
**
FP
50% F: 50% Flowering, DSA: Days to stolen appearance, GR: Growing period, FR: Flowering rate, FP: flowering period, NDTF: Number of days to tuber formation **:Significant at 1% grams. Due to their stabile genetic structure in clones of
4.63, -4.43 -4.03 (Stbr2 F, HS M, As692 and Stbr2 M).
potato, additive, dominant and epistatic type of genetic
For growing period GCA effects varied from12.99,
variability could be observed. For these reason, Ozturk
10.99 and 8.66 (UT43 M, F and UT42 M) to -8.51, -
and Yildirim, (2014) Concluded that estimation of broad
7.01, -7.81 and -8.01 (AS692 M and F, Stbr2 M and F).
sence heritability by using the variance components
For flowering rate GCA effects varied from 0.92 and
method might be dependable in potatoes in comparison
0.66 (UT43 F and AS10 F) to -0.83, -0.73and -0.68
with the generatively producing crops .
(AS72 F, AS692 M andAS12 F). For Flowering period
GCA Effects and mean performance of the parents
GCA effects varied from 8.5 and 6.5 (Stbrkz F and
GCA and SCA effects of the selected parents as
UT43 F) to -9.5 and -7 (Agria F and AS692 M).Finally
combined with other genotypes were estimated in this
for number of days to tuber formation GCA effects var-
study. Estimates of GCA effects varied from 14.8, 11.9,
ied from 7.44,6.94, 6.44 and 6.27 (Agria F, UT43 M,
10.3 and 10.3 (Caesar F, HS F, HS M and Agria F
UT43 F and UT42 M) to -5.16, -4.56 and -4.23 (Stbr2
respectively) to -10.2, -7.53, -7.45, -6.2, -6.03 (AS72 F,
M, AS692 M and Stbr2 F). Based on these estimates, it
Savalan M, AS14 M, AS14 F and Satina M) to50%
seems that, AS692 and Stbr2 cultivars with the least
flowering (Table 3). For days to stolen appearance,
GCA value (in most of the traits) were considered to be
GCA effects varied from 7.32, 6.57, 6.57 and 5.74
an appropriate parent for hybridization as a negative
(UT43 M, Agria F, UT 43 F and UT42 M) to -4.76, -
combiner to reduce this traits. The highest GCA values
Table 2. Estimate of genotypic and phenotypic variance, heritability of 11 evaluated variables in 18 potato parents S.No.
50% F
DSA
GP
FR
FP
NDTF
1
VG
54.496
10.386
19.062
0.6198
43.86
6.436
2
VP
69.94
13.606
32.78
0.818
56.72
9.814
3
2
H
B
0.78
0.76
0.58
0.76
0.77
0.76
4
GCV
13.48
6.54
3.59
11.23
20.84
4.47
5
PCV
15.27
7.48
4.71
12.9
23.69
5.52
6
GA (5%)
13.46
5.78
6.85
1.42
11.96
4.91
7
GAM%
24.57
11.74
5.63
20.23
37.64
8.66
50% F: 50% Flowering, DSA: Days to stolen appearance, GR: Growing period, FR: Flowering rate, FP: flowering period, NDTF: Number of days to tuber formation VG: Genotypic variance; VP: Phenotypic variance; H2B: Broad Since heritability; GCV: Genotypic coefficient variation; PCV: Phenotypic coefficient variation; GA: Genetic advance; GAM: Genetic advance as percent of mean. Journal of Research in Ecology (2017) 5(2): 1156â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1165
1160
1161 10.3 -1.2 1.52 14.8 -6.03 -0.87 -2.2 3.55 -7.53 0.9 2.3 1.3 -1.7 -5.7 -3.7 -1.7 6.3 -5.2 -2.7 11.9 10.3 -5.7 -5.2 -2.3 0.3
F F M F M F M F M F M F F M F M F M F M F M F M F
61±3.7 61±2.8 75±4.3 75±2.8 51±1.2 51±1.8 47.2±4.1 47.2±2.6 60.8±2.5 60.8±1.8
47.6±3.4 47.6±2.9
48.2±4.9 56.4±3.7 56.4±1.2 55.2±5
58.8±2.2 51±4.8 61±5.1 61±5.3 50±3.1 50±1.7 54.6±1.1 54.6±4.2 48.2±1.7
-1.43 2.57 -4.43 -2.76 -4.63 -.343 -1.43 0.07 -4.03 -4.76
-1.43 1.07
1.97 0.9 -2.18 1.97
6.57 -2.31 0.12 4.07 1.24 0.4 -1.93 0.57 -2.26
54.6±4 54.6±0.4 47.2±5.1 47.2±3.1 46.8±4.1 46.8±2.3 52.6±2.9 52.6±3.4 43.4±3.4 43.4±2.8
52.2±1.7 52.2±1.2
47±1.8 46±0.9 46±4.1 56.8±2.2
47±2.4 45±3 52±1.5 52±2.1 49±4.3 49±2.7 48±2.2 48±3.1 47±2.4
-2.01 0.01 -8.51 -7.01 -3.61 -3.51 -3.01 -0.01 -7.81 -8.01
-0.01 -3.01
5.39 4.66 0.99 2.99
5.99 -0.01 -3.79 2.99 1.32 -0.18 -6.01 -3.76 1.99
127.8±1.2 127.8±2.5 117.8±0.6 117.8±0.8 113.6±2.6 113.6±4.1 120.6±3.1 120.6±5.1 111±2.3 111±2.6
124.6±1.3 124.6±2.3
128±1.8 125±3.2 125±2.8 131.6±4.1
120.8±2.1 120.4±3.2 118.2±4.1 118.2±0.9 122±0.6 122±1.9 114.2±4.2 114.2±4.8 128±1.3
0.02 -0.68 -0.73 -0.32 0.2 -0.33 0.42 0.42 -0.4 -0.58
0.02 -0.63
0.6 0.62 0.39 0.66
-0.38 -0.05 -0.64 0.07 -0.05 -0.15 0.09 -0.08 0.33
7.88±0.6 7.88±1.4 6.66±0.1 6.66±0.5 6.24±0.7 6.24±0.9 7.18±0.6 7.18±0.4 5.34±0.6 5.34±0.7
7.14±0.3 7.14±0.4
7.96±0.7 7.76±0.6 7.76±1.1 8.82±0.6
5.84±0.6 6.78±0.1 6.04±0.2 6.04±0.4 6.64±0.2 6.64±0.6 6.94±0.8 6.94±1 7.96±0.2
1.5 -0.5 -7 -4.5 -0.1 -1.5 -4.5 8.5 -3.3 -3.83
-2.5 -0.5
3.9 3.5 -0.5 5.7
-9.5 -5.25 -1.17 1.5 3.5 0 -1 1 4.5
34.2±2.6 34.2±2.1 24.6±2.1 24.6±2.3 22.8±1.8 22.8±2.1 26±2 26±2.3 16.2±1.9 16.2±1.7
32.4±2.1 32.4±1.8
42.8±1.5 38.8±3.2 38.8±2.3 42.8±2.7
26±2.2 27.2±1.8 34.4±1.7 34.4±2.2 38.2± 38.2±2.3 35.4±1.8 35.4±1.5 42.8±1.6
-1.56 1.44 -4.56 -2.56 -3.16 -2.56 -2.56 -0.56 -5.16 -4.23
-1.06 0.94
1.44 1.11 -1.06 1.44
7.44 -1.18 -0.34 3.44 0.77 0.11 -2.31 -0.81 -1.06
61±4.2 61±3.7 55.6±1.8 55.6±2.6 47.2±2.4 47.2±2.1 57.8±2.7 57.8±3.8 51.8±2.4 51.8±1.6
61.2±3 61.2±2.7
57.8±1.8 55.6±1.5 55.6±2.1 63.8±2.4
57.4±4.2 53.8±3.9 59±2.8 59±4.1 57.2±3.2 57.2±1.6 55±3.8 55±2.6 57.8±3
AS14
M -7.45 46±2.8 -0.93 53±0.6 0.49 128.4±3.1 0.14 7.7±0.5 3 39.6±3.6 -0.81 61.2±0.8 F -6.2 46±3.2 0.32 53±±0.1 1.24 128.4±1.4 0.07 7.7±0.2 3.75 39.6±2.8 0.44 61.2±0.9 M 6.3 60.8±4.1 5.74 49.4±4.2 8.66 118.6±2.3 0.35 7.14±0.4 -2.17 24.2±2.2 6.27 56.2±2.4 UT42 M 5.55 58.8±1.8 7.32 50.4±2.2 12.99 128.2±2.5 0.52 7.9±0.5 3.25 33.6±2.3 6.94 56.2±2.6 UT43 F 0.3 58.8±0.7 6.57 50.4±3.1 10.99 128.2±3.4 0.92 7.9±0.3 6.5 33.6±1.9 6.44 56.2±2.3 F -10.2 37±2.8 -3.43 45±0.8 -0.51 121.6±1.8 -0.83 5.96±0.9 -2 27.1±1.8 -2.56 53.4±3.1 AS72 50% F: 50% Flowering, DSA: Days to stolen appearance, GR: Growing period, FR: Flowering rate, FP: flowering period, NDTF: Number of days to tuber formation F and M: Female and Male respectively
Stbr2
Stbrkz
HS
AS692
AS12
AS20
AS10
Daifla
Savalan
Picasso
Satina
Caesar
Agria Luca
Table 3. Estimates of mean and general combing ability of 11 evaluated variables in 18 potato parents (female and male) Parent 50% F DSA GP FR FP NDTF GCA Mean GCA Mean GCA Mean GCA Mean GCA Mean GCA Mean
Dehdar et al., 2017
of traits was observed in Agria, UT43 and UT42 (Table
Agria, UT43 and UT42 may be good combiners for late
3). These parents could be use in hybridization pro-
maturity breeding programs according to the result of
grams for improving and enhancing of these traits. The
this research. Information on combining abilities of the
results of this study indicated that the AS692, AS72, HS
potential parents enables the breeder recognition of bet-
and Stbr2 cultivars may be good combiners for earliness
ter parental forms, next introducing them into crossing
and containing positive alleles for them and in return,
programs in order to generate genetic variation in new
Journal of Research in Ecology (2017) 5(2): 1156–1165
Dehdar et al., 2017 Female*male Daifela×AS20 Daifela×Stbr2 Daifela×HS Daifela×UT42 Luca×AS14 Luca×AS692 Luca×AS20 Luca×StbrKz Luca×Stbr2 Luca×HS Luca*UT42 Luca×UT43 Satina×AS12 Satina×AS14 Satina×AS692 Satina×Stbr2 Satina×UT42 Satina×UT43 Picasso×AS14 Picasso×Stbr2 Picasso×HS Picasso×UT42 Caeser×HS Caeser×UT43 Agria×UT42 Savalan×AS14 Savalan×Stbr2 Savalan×HS Savalan×UT42 Savalan×UT43 AS72×Savalan
Table 4. Estimates of mean and specific combing ability of 11 evaluated variables in 54 potato cross 50% F DSA GP FR FP SCA Mean SCA Mean SCA Mean SCA Mean SCA Mean 0.29 52±2.5 -0.51 50±2.1 0.08 126±5.2 0.08 7.3±0.61 0.81 34±1.1 -8.41 47±3.6 -1.3 45±2.4 0.48 120±4.6 -0.04 7±0.72 -1.12 30±1.3 -1.51 66±4.2 0.34 47±3.1 0.86 123±3.7 0.24 7.7±0.62 1.11 35±1.8 0.29 63±1.8 -1.43 55±1.7 -1.08 135±4.3 0.022 7.9±0.25 0.48 33±2.1 0.41 47±4 1.28 50±1.2 0.54 126±2.8 0.022 7.1±0.46 0.69 32±2.2 2.54 52±2.3 1.57 47±1.6 1.17 118±4.6 -0.04 6.4±0.75 1.81 24±2.6 -0.71 48±3.5 1.15 50±2.5 0.92 124±4.3 0.23 6.9±0.56 1.56 28±1 2.04 50±3.1 1.65 50±2.1 -1.08 122±2.7 0.11 7.5±0.43 -0.94 29±2.2 2.59 55±2.7 0.37 45±2.3 0.32 117±4.1 0.02 6.5±0.52 -1.37 23±2.1 -0.51 64±3.1 -3.99 41±2.7 -0.03 121±3.5 0.09 7±0.28 1.86 29±1.5 0.29 60±2.2 0.23 55±3.1 0.75 134±3.7 -0.02 7.3±0.54 2.23 28±1.4 3.66 60±3 -0.97 55±1.2 1.42 138±3.1 -0.09 7.6±0.7 0.19 33±2 0.54 54±1.5 -2.72 50±2.4 -1.16 123±2.1 0.51 7.1±0.81 -0.44 35±0.9 4.66 49±1.8 -1.85 50±2.8 -3.03 123±2.5 -0.03 7±0.52 -0.31 38±0.8 1.79 49±1.2 -1.56 47±1.3 -2.41 115±2. -0.09 6.3±0.63 -0.19 29±1.2 5.84 56±3.1 -2.76 45±1.9 -3.26 114±2 0.07 6.5±0.29 -1.37 30±1.4 3.54 61±2.7 1.11 59±2.5 1.17 135±2.6 0.13 7.4±0.53 1.23 34±0.9 5.91 60±1.5 0.9 60±2.4 1.84 139±2.9 -0.34 7.3±0.46 -4.81 35±2. 2.54 51±1.2 0.65 51±2.8 2.42 123±5.1 -0.03 7.1±0.49 -0.56 36±0.7 -1.28 53±1.9 4.74 51±1.4 2.19 114±3.7 -0.14 6.4±0.63 6.38 36±0.5 4.61 71±2.3 1.38 48±2.6 1.84 118±4.3 0.24 7.2±0.62 0.61 33±2.1 0.41 62±2.8 1.61 58±3.4 1.62 130±5.2 -0.08 7.3±0.51 1.98 33±1.4 1.13 75±3.7 0.6 50±2.7 -0.62 120±3.8 0.33 7±0.74 0.45 33±1.8 0.3 66±4.1 0.63 61±2.6 -0.19 136±3.4 -0.16 7.3±0.41 -1.23 37±2.1 -5.21 66±3.4 -5.64 58±2.1 -8.24 131±5. 0.26 6.7±0.29 2.48 24±2.3 1.53 46±2.9 0.12 51±1.6 0.84 130±5.1 0.11 7.7±0.49 -0.76 40±2.4 5.7 56±4.2 4.21 51±1.7 0.62 121±4.9 0.01 7±0.35 -1.82 32±2.5 -0.39 62±4.1 0.84 48±2.5 0.27 125±4.2 0.08 7.5±0.51 0.41 37±2.1 2.4 60±3.7 1.07 58±2.9 0.05 137±3.1 0.16 8±0.9 0.78 36±2.3 4.78 59±3.5 0.87 59±2.5 -1.28 139±3.6 -0.01 8.2±0.74 -0.26 42±1.9 -26.29 43±2.9 -0.76 47±3 -0.78 127±5 0.14 6.8±0.65 -1.37 34±1.4
NDTF SCA Mean -0.38 59±2.1 -0.75 54±2.3 -0.58 56±1.5 -0.71 65±1.8 -0.05 58±2.3 0.33 55±2.5 -0.17 58±0.9 0.33 57±3 0.46 54±3.1 -0.37 55±2.5 0.5 65±2.7 0.08 65±2.2 -1.8 58±2.6 -1.67 58±2.4 -1.23 55±2.5 -1.16 54±2.1 -0.13 66±2.3 0.45 67±2.3 1.33 59±2.4 0.84 54±2.8 1 56±2.6 1.87 66±2.5 -0.11 58±1.9 0.34 68±1.8 -6.13 67±2 0.58 60±0.7 1.09 56±3 0.25 57±2.5 0.12 66±2 -0.3 66±2.6 -0.05 57±1.8
AS72×Caeser -4.57 48±2.8 -1 49±2.1 -1.69 122±2.9 -0.2 5.7±0.25 -2.35 29±2.1 -1.41 57±2.8 AS10×Savalan 2.4 52±3.4 -0.16 53±2.7 0.72 132±3.6 -0.24 7.9±0.6 -1.09 42±1.6 0.95 62±2.6 AS10×Picasso 0.41 54±2.8 0.38 53±2.2 1.295 124±3.8 0.11 7.8±0.28 -0.89 38±1.9 0.7 60±2.4 AS10×Caeser -2.07 59±4 -0.4 55±1.3 -1.19 126±3.1 -0.09 7.3±0.48 -2.051 37±2.3 -0.41 62±2.3 AS10×Satina 1.54 51±3.1 -0.12 54±1.4 -0.16 128±2.5 0.02 7.6±0.56 -1.64 39±2.8 -0.3 61±2.5 AS10×Daifela -0.71 54±4.2 -0.66 52±5.2 -0.41 130±4.2 -0.09 8.1±0.34 -0.39 40±2.5 -0.88 60±2 AS14×Savalan 1.53 46±1.9 0.12 51±2.3 0.84 130±4 0.31 7.9±0.74 -0.76 40±2.3 0.58 60±2.3 AS14×Picasso 2.54 51±2.8 0.65 51±2.2 2.42 123±2.6 -0.13 7±0.36 -0.56 36±2.1 1.33 59±2.2 AS14×Caeser -3.94 52±2.7 -0.12 53±1.2 -0.06 125±5.1 -0.14 6.7±0.54 -1.73 35±2.6 0..22 61±3 AS14×Satina 4.66 49±2.6 0.15 52±1.8 0.96 127±4.7 -0.02 7±0.67 -0.31 38±2.8 0.33 60±1.9 AS692×Savalan 1.65 49±3.2 0.41 48±4 1.47 122±5.3 -0.06 6.9±0.63 0.36 32±1.5 0.95 57±2.4 AS692×Picasso 1.66 53±3.4 0.94 48±1.3 3.04 115±4.2 0.9 7.4±0.52 0.56 28±1.7 1.7 56±3.1 AS692×Caeser -1.82 57±1.6 0.17 50±2.6 0.56 117±4.2 -0.21 6±0.46 -0.6 27±2.5 0.59 58±2.7 AS12×Caeser -3.07 62±1.4 0.004 54±2.1 1.81 125±4 -0.01 6.4±0.47 -0.85 33±2.1 0.09 61±2.4 AS20×Caeser -3.07 55±1.7 -0.25 53±2.7 -2.69 120±1.9 -0.03 6.4±0.62 0.15 32±2 0.09 61±2.5 AS20×Satina 2.54 49±2.2 0.03 52±1 0.34 124±3.6 -0.11 6.5±0.34 0.56 34±3.1 0.2 60±2 Stbrkz×Savalan 0.15 46±2.6 -0.51 50±1.6 3.22 130±3.8 0.09 8±0.71 7.61 47±1.9 0.95 59±2.6 Stbrkz×Caeser -2.32 55±2.4 0.25 53±2.4 -2.69 120±2.5 0.155 7±0.29 1.65 37±2.5 -0.41 59±2.4 Stbr2×Savalan 2.7 53±2.8 -0.79 46±3.1 0.62 121±2.9 0.01 7±0.56 -0.82 33±2.8 1.09 56±1.5 Stbr2×Picasso 1.71 56±2.7 -0.26 46±2.3 2.19 114±4 -0.04 6.5±0.35 -1.62 28±1.9 0.84 54±1.9 Stbr2×Caeser -2.77 59±3.6 -1.03 48±2.1 -0.29 116±2.6 -0.24 6±0.49 -1.78 28±2.1 -0.27 56±1.5 HS×Caeser -5.87 68±2.8 -0.4 49±2.8 -0.64 120±4.8 -0.17 6.5±0.5 0.45 33±2 -0.11 58±2.6 HS×Daifela -3.51 64±4 0.34 47±2.4 -0.86 123±3.5 -0.46 7±0.27 -2.89 31±1.5 -0.58 56±3.2 UT43×Daifela -3.33 56±1.5 0.36 58±1.7 -3.41 136±2.6 -0.24 8±0.51 0.44 40±1.7 -0.13 66±2.1 50% F: 50% Flowering, DSA: Days to stolen appearance, GR: Growing period, 3.8 FR: Flowering rate, FP: flowering period, NDTF: Number of days to tuber formation
breeding populations. Combining ability of a genotype
binations and indicates additive genetic effects (direct
showed its capableness in cross combination with other
measurement of the breeding value of a parent).
genotypes and helps in selection of best parents for
SCA effects and mean performance of the crosses
crossing and selecting a proper breeding program.
The specific combining ability (SCA) for study-
Sprague (1966) reported that GCA estimates the mean
ing the traits for all the parental crosses was shown in
performance of a parent relatively to all its hybrid com-
table 4. For 50% flowering the most negative SCA val-
Journal of Research in Ecology (2017) 5(2): 1156–1165
1162
Dehdar et al., 2017 ues
were
obtained
crosses
between
selection programs is not effective for breeding of them.
Daifela×Stbr2
(-8.41),
It seems that, AS692 and Stbr2 cultivars were consid-
Agria×UT42 (-5.21) and HS×Caeser (-5.87). In return,
ered to be suitable parents, with the least GCA value,
positive SCA values were obtained from the crosses
for hybridization as negative combiner to reduce the
between Satina×Stbr2 (5.84), Satina×UT43 (5.91) and
earliness attributes. The results of this study indicated
Savalan×Stbr2 (5.7). For days of stolen appearance neg-
that the AS692, AS72, HS and Stbr2 cultivars may be
ative SCA values were obtained from the crosses be-
good combiners for earliness and containing positive
tween Agria×UT42 (-5.64) and Luca×HS (-3.99) and
alleles for them and in return, Agria, UT43 and UT42
positive SCA were obtained between Picasso×Stbr2
may be good combiners for late maturity breeding pro-
(4.74) and Savalan×Stbr2 (4.21).For growing period
grams according to the result of this research. Accord-
negative SCA values obtained from the crosses between
ing
Agria×UT42 (-8.24) and UT43×Daifela (-3.41) and as
Daifela×Stbr2,
the same way positive SCA values observed from the
na×AS14, Satina×AS692 and Satina×Stbr2 were the
crosses
and
best hybrids because of the most negative SCA effects
Stbrkz×Savalan (3.22). For flowering period negative
for earliness attributes. In general, it has been admitted
SCA values were obtained from the cross between Sati-
that the GCV was not adequate to assay heritable varia-
na×UT43 (-4.81) and positive SCA values were ob-
tion, so more dependable methods need to estimate the
tained from the crosses between Stbrkz×Savalan (7.61)
H2B and the GA. Estimates of H2B, GCV and GA
and Picasso×Stbr2 (6.38).For number of days to tuber
would be useful to the breeder during the application of
formation negative SCA values were achieved from
selection in the breeding programs. Mishra et al. (2006)
cross between Agria×UT42 (-6.13) and positive SCA
also derived that high H2B and GA would be valuable
values
were obtained from crosses between Picas-
in selection programes. Potato clones could have the
so×UT42 (1.87), AS692×Picasso (1.7), Picasso×AS14
additive, dominant and epistatic type genetic variability
(1.33) and AS14×Picasso (1.33). According of the re-
due to their constant genetic structure. For that reason,
sults,Agria×UT42, AS72×Caeser,Daifela×Stbr2, Lu-
estimation of heritabilities by using the variance compo-
ca×UT43,Satina×AS12,
Satina×AS14,Satina×AS692
nents method might be more reliable in potatoes in com-
and Satina×Stbr2 were the best crosses because of the
parison to the generatively producing crops (Ozturk and
most negative SCA effects of the studied traits.
Yildirim, 2014).Information on combining abilities of
AS72×Savalan
from
(-26.29),
between
the
AS692×Picasso
(3.04)
of
the
results,
Agria×UT42,
Luca×UT43,
AS72×Caeser,
Satina×AS12,
Sati-
the potential parents enables the breeder recognition of DISCUSSION
better parental forms, next introducing them into cross-
The heritability estimates in this research were
ing programs in order to generate genetic variation in
found moderate to high for all the characters studied
new breeding populations. In F1 hybrid breeding, analy-
indicated that the characters are less influenced by envi-
sis of combining ability has been used in practical plant
ronmental factors. High estimates of the coefficient of
improvement programs to determine the relative im-
variability, heritability and genetic advance for plant
portance of General Combining Ability (GCA), Specific
traits indicated that traits are largely controlled by addi-
Combining Ability (SCA) of the parents in the perfor-
tive gene action and that strength selection for them
mance of F1 hybrids, and superior parents for crossing
would be effective. In return, low estimates indicate that
in hybridization programs (Yoshioka et al., 2010). Gen-
these traits are influenced by environmental factors and
eral combining ability is the manifestation of the addi-
1163
Journal of Research in Ecology (2017) 5(2): 1156–1165
Dehdar et al., 2017 tive gene action for the selection of parents and SCA
El-Bramawy MAS and Shaban WI. (2007). Nature of
represents the non-additive gene action (Raghvendra et
gene action for yield, yield components and major dis-
al., 2011).
ease resistance in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 3(6): 821-826.
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