Journal of Research in Ecology
ISSN No: Print: 2319 –1546; Online: 2319– 1554
An International Scientific Research Journal
Short Communication
Journal of Research in Ecology
The determination of crude protein degradation of fruit and vegetable wastes using different mathematical models Authors: Mahmood Hamedi Institution: Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Maragheh Branch, Technical and Vacational University (TVU), Maragheh, Iran.
ABSTRACT: The aim of this research is to analyze the crude protein degradation of fruit and vegetable wastes. Two fistulated wethers (35±1.8 kg) were utilized as a part of the nylon bag technique. The crude protein disappearance were measured at 0, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. CP (Crude Protein) degradability of carrot wastes at 96 h was 64.56 which was higher than the vegetable waste showing significant differences (P<0.05). The gas generation of carrot wastes at 72 h was higher than the vegetable wastes. Reports of this investigation revealed that model 4 for carrot wastes and model 2 for vegetable wastes were the best fitted models.
Corresponding author: Mahmood Hamedi
Keywords: Carrot wastes, Vegetable wastes, Crude protein.
Email ID:
Article Citation: Mahmood Hamedi The determination of crude protein degradation of fruit and vegetable wastes using different mathematical models Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(1): 1372-1376 Dates: Received: 19 July 2017 Accepted: 25 Oct 2017 Published: 18 Jan 2018
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1372-1376 | JRE | 2018 | Vol 6 | No 1
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Hamedi, 2018 tions led by Ă&#x2DC;rskov and McDonald (1979), are very
INDRODUCTION The vast majority of the developing nations
much acknowledged in many nations for evaluating the
have been battling to give enough feed to their animals,
level of ruminal CP (Crude Protein) degradation of
as a result of lacking production of customary ingredi-
feedstuffs (Koelen et al., 1992; Cottrill, 1993; Hunting-
ents for domesticated animals feeding. So the shortage
don and Givens, 1995; Michalet-Doreau and Nozière,
of feed sources frequently forces a noteworthy chal-
1998). In situ measures can be utilized to acquire assess-
lenge in livestock farming in these nations (Ezeldin et
ments of UDP estimations of feedstuffs inside a general-
al., 2016). The test can be eased by the utilization of
ly brief timeframe yet this technique requires cannulated
unconventional feedstuffs in animal feeding relying
animals and there is a proceeding requirement for less
upon their nutrient, accessibility and palatability to ani-
complex research facility strategies to estimate the pro-
mals; which should also be economical nourish fixings.
tein estimation of feeds. There is a revived concentrated
Keeping in mind the end goal to compensate for
discussion about the accuracy and importance of the
feed deficiencies and to decrease feeding costs, endeav-
estimation of soluble CP portions to anticipate the ru-
ors have been made to utilize agricultural and food
men CP degradation of feedstuffs. The solvent utilized
industrial by-products as feed ingredients. In developing
must enhance solubilization and degradation in the ru-
nations, the usage of agricultural and food industry by
men as reasonably as expected. The protein degradation
products for animal feeding could be viewed as an
in the rumen depends on the soluble and insoluble pro-
answer. As of late, high feed expenses and accessibility
teins as well as on the degree of the gradually digestible
restrictions have constrained livestock breeders to
and indigestible proteins. A wide range of strategies to
utilize rural and food processing by-products and resi-
decide soluble and insoluble nitrogen or CP in
dues as animal feed encourage (Karkoodi et al., 2012).
feedstuffs have been reported (e.g. Crawford et al.,
This won't just diminish the interest for cereal grains
1978; Crooker et al., 1978; Krishnamoorthy et al.,
utilized as feeds, enabling the grain to be utilized by
1982), yet no single strategy has so far been acknowl-
people, however may likewise tackle the monetary and
edged as being dependably precise for anticipating the
environmental issues of FVR and waste disposal. Fruit
rumen CP degradation in feedstuffs. The goal of this
and vegetable production is a critical part of the total
investigation was to analyze in situ CP degradability of
agricultural products delivered in Iran; 3-5 million tons
fruit and vegetable utilizing nylon bag method and over-
of leafy foods are lost every year, in any case, in light of
view to utilize this feed as animal feedstuffs.
deficiencies in preparing and preservation facilities in this nation (Nagashi et al., 2008). In situ process, like the fundamental investigaTable 1. In situ CP (Crude Protein) degradability Incubation time (h) Feeds Carrot wastes
a,b
0
4
8
12
16
24
36
48
72
96
13.31a
12.12a
16.80a
21.20a
25.65b
36.69a
39.81
46.65
61.39a
64.56
b
62.31 1.643
Vegetable wastes
9.99
b
10.48
b
12.42
b
17.56
b
30.43
a
33.60
b
37.84
43.80
54.82
SEM
0.213
0.480
0.340
0.300
0.644
0.744
0.856
0.950
0.761
Values within a row with different superscripts differ significantly at P<0.05
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Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(1): 1372-1376
Hamedi, 2018 Table 2. Measurement of CP (Crude Protein) degradation characteristics of fruit and vegetable wastes using different mathematical models Model
a
b
c
L
d
k
SSM
CSST
R-Square
1
10.069
71.489
0.0158
-
-
-
9813.0
10024.1
0.9789
2
12.717
63.345
0.0193
4.061
-
-
9870.3
10024.1
0.9846
3
10.998
60.317
0.0293
-
-
0.285
9826.1
10024.1
0.9802
4
12.717
76.353
0.0071
5.484
0.0723
-
9875.3
10024.1
0.9851
Carrot wastes
Vegetable wastes 1 2
7.605 9.993
64.952 58.481
0.0184 0.022
3.587
-
-
9196.8 9230.7
9473.4 9473.4
0.9708 0.9744
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1- Ørskov and Mc Donald (1979) without leg phase, 2- Ørskov and Mc Donald (1979) with leg phase 3- France et al. (1999) and 4- Danoa et al. (2004) a= Fastly soluble fraction; b = slowly soluble fraction c= insoluble fraction L = leg phase d and k = Model Constants MATERIALS AND METHODS
(monomolecular, Mitscherlich, or first-order kinetics
In situ degradation
model) with and without a lag phase (Ørskov and
In situ procedures were done in light of the
McDonald, 1979). Model III is Gompertz curve, asym-
methodology by Nocek et al. (1988) and reviewed by
metrical around an inflection point M, which can be
Palangi et al. (2012), the ground tests (5g) were put in
figured from K=exp (cm) (France et al., 1999). Model
Dacron packs (5.5×10 cm; 47-µm pore measure) and
IV is Generalized Mitscherlich, speculation of the mod-
were closed utilizing gum. Each feed sample was incu-
el I (results in the model I for d = 0), with the addition
bated in 6 repeats (2 duplicates for each climate) in the
of a square root time dependence component (Dhanoa et
rumen. The incubation times were 0, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24,
al., 1995).
48, 72 and 96 h. Nylon bags were suspended in the ru-
Statistical analysis
men in a polyester mesh bag (25×40 cm; 3mm pore
The yield of ruminal CP degradation of fruit and
measure) and were expelled from the rumen in the
vegetable wastes were investigated utilizing SAS
meantime with the goal that all packs could be washed
(1999).
at the same time. The nylon bags were then expelled from the mesh bag and washed until the point when the
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
rinsed water stayed clear. Samples were then dried in a
In situ ruminal degradability
stove at 55˚C until the point that a consistent weight was
The degradability parameters of CP are given in
accomplished before evaluation of CP disappearance.
Table 1. Carrot wastes indicated high values for the
Mathematical models
soluble portion of CP contrasted with vegetable wastes.
Two diminishing returns and two sigmoidal
The accomplished information for CP degrada-
models were utilized to assess ruminal degradation of
tion of this work was lower than that reported by
the CP of fruit and vegetable wastes. The models, I and
Palangi et al. (2012).
II, are Simple negative exponential curve models Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(1): 1372-1376
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Hamedi, 2018 mental model to describe for age degradation kinetics
Statistical models output The examination of different fitted models for crude protein degradability of fruit and vegetable wastes
during incubation in polyester bags in the rumen. British Journal of Nutrition, 73(1): 3-15.
2
in light of the coefficient of determination (R ) demonstrated that model 4 was the best fit to the carrot wastes, and model 2 for vegetable wastes, respectively (Table 2). It might be presumed that the models with lag time were the best models for depiction of degradability drifts in CP of the fruit and vegetable wastes.
Elizalde JC, Merchen NR and Faulkner DB. 1999. In situ dry matter and crude protein degradation of fresh forages during the spring growth. Journal of Dairy Science, 82(9): 1978-1990. Ezeldin I, Elbashier OM and Omer SA. 2016. Evalu-
The CP soluble and insoluble part for carrot
ation of some vegetable wastes as feedstuff for rumi-
wastes was more than the vegetable wastes. The results
nants. International Journal of Science and Research,
in this analysis indicated high values for insoluble part
5(3): 628-631.
contrasted with that reported by Taghizadeh et al., (2002), however its solvent part concurs with their findings. The resultant data for CP solvent part was lower than that detailed by Elizald et al. (1999), however the CP insoluble part was concurrent with their information. Fruits and vegetable wastes indicated high ruminal degradation of CP as same as other economical
France J, Hanigan MD, Reynolds CK, Dijkstra J, Crompton LA, Maas JA, Bequette BJ, Metcalf JA, Lobley GE, MacRae JC and Beever DE. 1999. An isotope dilution model for partitioning leucine uptake by the liver of the lactating dairy cow. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 198(1):121–133.
feedstuffs, and these can be utilized rather than different
Huntingdon JA and Givens DI. 1995. The in situ tech-
feedstuffs. It must likewise be noticed that models 3 and
nique for studying the rumen degradation of feeds: a
4 did not accomplish convergence in vegetable wastes.
review of the procedure. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews. Series B, 65: 63-93.
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Hamedi, 2018 and Blumberg RS. 2008. CEACAM1 and the regulation of mucosal inflammation. Mucosal Immunology, 1 (Supp 1): S39-S42. Nocek JE 1988. In situ and other methods to estimate ruminal protein and energy digestibility. Journal of Dairy Science, 71(8): 2051-2069. Palangi V, Khoshvaghti H, Sharafi Y and Eivazi P. 2012. Determination of nutritive value of Sallow and Service leaves using nylon bags and gas production techniques. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 46(4): 361-365. SAS. 1999. Statistical Analysis System User’ Guide Statistics. SAS Institute Inc. Cary NC 27513 USA. Taghizadeh A, Shoja J, Mogaddam G, Janmohammady H and Yasan P. 2002. Degradability of characteristics of dry matter and crude protein of Iranian forages in ruminants. Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science, York, Uk, 1444 p. Van der Koelen CJ, Goedhart PW, Van Vuuren AM and Savoini G. 1992. Sources of variation of the in situ nylon bag technique. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 38(1): 35-42. Φrskov ER and McDonald I. 1979. The estimation of protein degradabilitly in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 92(2): 499-503.
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