Influence of organic selenium and nano-selenium particles on broiler chicks (Ross 308)

Journal of Research in Ecology

Journal of Research in Ecology

ISSN No: Print: 2319 –1546; Online: 2319– 1554

An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

Influence of organic selenium and nano-selenium particles on broiler chicks (Ross 308) Authors: Zahra Mohammed Kadhim Al-Jaafari, Saad Mohsen Al-Jashamy and Nihad Abdel Latif Ali

ABSTRACT: This investigation was done in the poultry field of Animal Production Department at the College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University. The effect of organic selenium and nano-selenium on chicks (Ross 308) utilizing 225 one day old unsexed chicks was analyzed. The treatments of the investigation were as per the following: First treatment (control) without including the organic selenium or nanoInstitution: selenium particles to the feed. Second and third treatment: Organic selenium was Department of Animal added to the feed (0.4 and 0.5 mg.kg -1 feed respectively) and the fourth and fifth Production, College of -1 Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green treatment: 0.4 and 0.5 mg.kg feed of nano-selenium particles was added to the feed with 45 birds per treatment (each treatment had three replicates i.e. 15 birds per University, Iraq. replicate). Various blood parameters and the relative weight of lymphatic organs viz: bursa of fabricia, thymus gland and spleen were analyzed and recorded. The reports Corresponding author: demonstrated that there were no significant changes between the experimental Zahra Mohammed factors in the blood traits. For lymphatic organs except control, all other treatments Kadhim Al-Jaafari recorded the best relative weight of fabricia and fabricia index, with significant changes (P<0.05). The fifth treatment demonstrated a significant change (P<0.05) in the relative weight of thymus gland compared with control, while there was no significant difference in the relative spleen weight between the treatments.

Keywords: Organic selenium, Selenium nanoparticles, Blood traits, Lymphatic organs, Broiler chicks.

Article Citation: Zahra Mohammed Kadhim Al-Jaafari, Saad Mohsen Al-jashamy and Nihad Abdel Latif Ali Influence of organic selenium and nano-selenium particles on broiler chicks (Ross 308) Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 1999-2006 Dates: Received: 12 July 2018 Web Address: http://ecologyresearch.info/ documents/EC0612.pdf Journal of Research in Ecology An International Scientific Research Journal

Accepted: 20 August 2018

Published: 19 Sep 2018

This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1999-2006| JRE | 2018 | Vol 6 | No 2

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Al-Jaafari et al., 2018 birds Mahan (1995) and Surai (2002) reported that 0.1

INTRODUCTION It is the most important traits that are of interest

to 0.5 mg.kg-1 feed of selenium gives great protection to

to breeders of broiler chicks, which should be available

animals including poultry. Several studies have been

in the hybrid broiler chicks that showed rapid growth,

conducted on the effect of dietary supplementation of

optimal consumption of food and benefits such as,

selenium in both production and physiological traits.

weight gain and the efficiency of food conversion, as

Payne and Southem (2005) observed in their study of

well as the vitality and its resistance to diseases. One of

broiler chicks that there was a significant improvement

the new challenges in the poultry industry is to seek

in daily weight gain, feed consumption and dietary con-

about natural additions of water and feed to improve

version efficiency to the treatments that selenium is

poultry production efficiency, especially when the Euro-

added to the it with a concentration of 0.30 ppm com-

pean Union in 2006 prevented the use of growth-

pared with the control treatment.

stimulating antibiotics. These additions are mineral ele-

Robert et al. (2008) found significant improve-

ments, which are essential nutrient elements for the

ment in the body weight and dietary conversion effi-

growth and production of poultry birds such as selenium

ciency in organic selenium treatment with a 0.2 ppm

that is one of the rare mineral elements of high im-

concentration added to broiler chicks compared with

portance to human and animal health through its associ-

control the treatment. Visha et al. (2017) found that the

ation with selenocysteine. It is present in many proteins

use of organic selenium at a concentration of 0.3 mg.kg -

as selenoprotein which are usually important in en-

1

zymes that interfere with many metabolic pathways in

Malondiadehyde (MDA) in serum for broiler chicks

the body, including Glutathione peroxidase, which is

compared to control treatment and treatment containing

present in most of the body tissues (Brown and Arthur,

inorganic selenium. Nano-selenium has become a new

2001).

source of selenium with special properties such as large

feed

led

to

the

significant

reduction

of

Selenium is found in two types: The first repre-

surface area, high surface activity, high catalyst effi-

sents organic selenium, which is in the form of selenite

ciency, high absorbability and low toxicity (Wang et al.,

or selenate. The other type is organic selenium, it is

2007) compared to organic and inorganic selenium

usually found in combination with the amino acids or

(Zhang et al., 2001). which increased the interest on this

with yeast and such as Se-enriched yeast, Selenomethio-

element and spread rapidly because of its high biologi-

nine. This type is absorbed into the animal body with

cal presence (Zhang et al., 2001). However, there have

high efficiency compared to inorganic diets. In birds fed

been few studies of the effect of nano-selenium on poul-

on inorganic selenium, the equivalent of 4.25 mg.kg

-1

try

production

and

physiological

performance,

selenium is compared with 22.1 mg.kg-1 organic seleni-

Mahmoud et al. (2016) studied the effect of nano-

um (Payne and Southern, 2005). Selenium is a very im-

selenium, with a concentration of 0.3 mg.kg-1 feed on

portant component of a healthy immune system and a

the production performance and on antioxidants and

good immune response, as it plays a role in increasing

immunity of broiler chicks subjected to thermal stress.

the immune susceptibility of the body (Kim et al.,

There was a significant improvement in the

2003). Selenium-rich foods enhance the immune re-

treatment of nano selenium in dietary conversion effi-

sponse in poultry (Beek, 1999). Selenium is an im-

ciency, immunological traits, glutathione peroxidase

portant component in improving the productive and

enzyme, decreased malondiadehyde (MDA) compared

reproductive performance of field animals and poultry

to the control treatment when birds are exposed to tem-

2000

Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 1999-2006

Al-Jaafari et al., 2018 peratures at 35°C. Visha et al. (2017) found significant

days as shown in Table 1. The treatments of the experi-

-1

ment were as follows: First treatment (control treat-

feed) for MDA trait compared to the control treatment

ment) without adding the organic selenium or nano-

of broiler chicks. Based on the above, this study aimed

selenium particles to ration, second and third treatment:

to demonstrate the effect of adding two levels of organic

Organic selenium was added to the feed (0.4, 0.5

selenium and selenium nanoparticles to the ration on

mg.kg-1 feed) and the fourth and fifth treatment: addi-

some blood and lymphatic organs of broiler chicks

tion (0.4, 0.5 mg.kg-1 feed) of nano-selenium particles to

(Ross 308). This study is the latest of its kind in Iraq in

feed. The study included the following traits: red and

the use of nano-selenium molecules in poultry ration.

white blood cell count, hemoglobin concentration, per-

reductions in nano-selenium (0.15, 0.3 and 0.6 mg.kg

centage of haematocrit, differential white blood cell MATERIALS AND METHODS

count, the ratio of heterophile cells / lymphocytes cells,

This experiment was conducted in the poultry

the relative weight of bursa of fabricia, relative index of

field belonging to the Animal Production Department at

bursa of fabricia, relative weight of thymus gland and

the College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University

the relative weight of spleen. The blood was collected

for the period from 31/1/2018 to 13/3/2018 using 225

during the sixth week of the experiment from six birds

broiler chicks with one day years old chicks (unsex). It

of each treatment (2 birds per replicate) randomly and

was randomly divided into four treatments with 45 birds

blood was collected after the slaughter of birds where

per treatment, each treatment consisted of three repli-

container tubes were used on the anticoagulant Potassi-

cates (15 birds per replicate). Feed was provided freely

um EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic acid) to pre-

for birds, two feeds were provided viz., initiator ration,

vent blood clotting. Haematocrit was calculated using

at age of 1-21 days and the end ration, at age of 22 to 42

special capillary tubes containing a coagulant, as indi-

Table 1. The percentage of feed materials in the composition of the initiator ration and the end ration used in the experiment with the calculated chemical composition of both rations S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Feed materials Yellow corn Local wheat Soybeans (44% protein) Proteins center* Plant oil Lime stone Food salt Total

The initiator ration (1-21 day)% 48.2 8 28.5 10 4 1 0.3 100% The calculated chemical analysis** Representative energy (kCal/kg) 3079 Crude protein (%) 22.06 Lysine (%) 1.21 Methionine + Cysteine (%) 0.82 Raw fiber 3.54 Calcium (%) 1.2 Phosphorus availability (%) 0.44

The growth ration (22-42 day)% 58.7 7.5 20.5 10 2.5 0.5 0.3 100% 3102.6 19.37 1.03 0.75 3.2 0.95 0.42

*A protein center with Belgian origin; one kilogram gives 2200 Kcal of energy with 40% crude protein; 8% fat, 3.5% fiber; 25% ash; 8% calcium; 1.2% lysine; 1.2% methionine; 1.8% methionine + 70 mg; cysteine 2%; 12 mg folic acid; 120 mg pantothenic acid; 400 mg niacin; 70 mg iron amalgam; 600 mg copper; 600 Îźg biotin; 750 mg manganese; 5 mg iodine; 1 mg cobalt and 1 mg selenium. **According to the chemical composition as per the analysis of feed materials in NRC (1994).

Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 1999-2006

2001

2002

cated by Archer (1965). Hemoglobin concentration was

6

Significance level

N.S

N.S

N.S

N.S

N.S

N.S

N.S

estimated, according to Campbell (1995). The number of red blood cells was estimated according to the methFirst treatment (control): free of any addition; Second and third treatment: Two levels of organic selenium were added to the ration (0.4, 0.5 mg.kg-1 feed), respectively; Treatment 4 and 5: Two levels of nano selenium particles were added to the ration (0.4, 0.5 mg.kg-1 feed), respectively.

0.41±0.003 50.69±0.617 21.15±0.298 10.38±0.193 31.15±0.583 22.55±1.216 2.36±0.024 Fifth treatments 5

2.37±0.037 2.37±0.029 2.35±0.026 2.38±0.020

23.42±0.583 24.13±0.892 22.71±0.890 24.58±1.181

31.45±0.558 30.25±0.318 30.82±0.401 30.67±0.304

10.48±0.185 10.08±0.106 10.27±0.135 10.22±0.100

20.82±0.867 20.35±0.604 20.39±1.199 19.31±1.459

47.19±1.516 49.13±1.762 51.72±1.199 51.50±2.042

0.43±0.023 0.41±0.026 0.39±0.015 0.37±0.043 Treatments

First treatments Second treatments Third treatments Fourth treatments 1 2 3 4

H/L ratio Heterophile cell ratio (%) Lymphocyte cells ratio (%) Hemoglobin (g/100 mL blood) Haematocrit (%) White blood cells count (103 / mm3 ) Red blood cells count (106 / mm3 ) Traits S. No

Table 2. Effect of adding two levels of organic selenium and nano-selenium particles to the ration on some blood traits (arithmetic mean ± standard error) at six weeks age.

Al-Jaafari et al., 2018

od indicated Natt and Herrick, (1952). White blood cells was estimated based on Campbell (1995). the ratio of heterophile cells / lymphocytes cells is assessed using glass slides where a drop of blood is placed on the glass slide and carefully spread to another glass slide placed above the drop of blood and pulled over the first slide at a 45°C without pressing strongly and leaving to dry for 10 min. The slides are stained with a mixture of WrightGiemsa stains according to Shen and Patteron (1983).

The count is done using a light microscope under a magnification force of 1000 by placing a drop of oil on the slide according to Burton and Guion (1968) method.

The ratio of heterophile cells / lymphocytes cells is then calculated. As for the lymphatic organs, they were separated from the body at the end of the experiment at the laboratory of the phaslega (Animal Production Department - College of Agriculture, University of Qasim Green) at six weeks age, which included thymus gland with all its lobes and on both sides of the neck and bursa of fabricius and spleen from the carcasses of six birds for each treatment of experimental treatments after cutting the connective tissue around these organs. It was weighed by a sensitive balance of four decimal digit. By calculating the weight of these organs relative to the weight of the living body according to Lucio and Hitchner (1979) fabricius index was also calculated, it is the relative weight of the gland in the experimental treatment relative to the relative weight of the gland in the control treatment, as reported by Lucio and Hitchner (1979). The complete randomized design was used to study the effect of different treatments in the studied traits. The differences between the averages were compared with the use of the Dunkin Multidimensional Test Duncan (1955) and using SAS Statistical Analysis Program (SAS, 2010).

Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 1999-2006

Al-Jaafari et al., 2018 were significantly excelled on the first treatment

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 2 shows no significant differences be-

(control) and the second treatment (adding organic sele-

tween the groups of birds fed with two levels of organic

nium with a concentration of 0.4 mg.kg-1 feed) by

selenium and nano-selenium on each of red blood cells

recording them the highest relative weight of 0.109% in

6

3

3

count (10 / mm blood), white blood cells count (10 /

the body weight respectively. Followed by the third

mm3 blood), hemoglobin (g/100 ml blood), haematocrit

treatment (the addition of organic selenium at a concen-

(%), lymphocyte cells ratio (%), heterophile cell ratio

tration of 0.5 mg.kg-1 feed), where the relative weight of

(%) and the ratio of heterophile cells / lymphocytes cells

this trait amounted of 0.106% in the body weight while

(H / L). The results showed that the role of selenium and

the first treatment and the second treatment recorded the

nano-selenium molecules in maintaining the stability of

lowest relative weight of the fabricia of 0.07 and 0.09%

the body functions, and it seems that the concentrations

in the body weight respectively. As for the index of the

used were within the limits of natural and did not affect

fabricia gland, it is noted that the second, third, fourth

some of the functions of the body. These results are

and fifth treatments significantly (P<0.05) excelled on

consistent with Alidad et al. (2015) which states that

the first treatment and the values of this trait were 1.00,

there are no significant differences in the red blood cells

1.31, 1.45, 1.49, 1.48% in the body weight, respectively.

count, haematocrit, hemoglobin and are not consistent

As for the relative weight of thymus gland, the fifth

with white blood cell count and the percentage of lym-

treatment was significantly excelled on the first treat-

phocytes and H/L ratio, which had significant differ-

ment (control) by recording it 0.71% in the body

ences for both treatments of organic selenium and nano-

weight. The second, third, and fourth treatments record-

selenium compared to the control treatments. While the

ed the values 0.66, 0.66 and 0.68% in the body weight

results of the statistical analysis in the relative weight of

respectively. Without having significant differences

lymphatic organs of body weight (%) in Table 3 showed

between them and the first treatment on the one hand

significant differences (P<0.05) between experimental

and the fifth treatment on the other, there were no sig-

treatments and control treatments at the age of six

nificant differences in the relative weight of spleen be-

weeks. For the relative weight of fabricia, the fourth

tween the addition of selenium and nano-selenium to the

treatment (adding nano-selenium with a concentration

ration compared to the first treatment (control) which

-1

of 0.4 mg.kg feed) and the fifth treatment (adding nano

recorded the relative weights viz., 0.10, 0.09, 0.10, 0.11

-selenium with a concentration of 0.5 mg.kg-1 feed)

and 0.10% for the first, second, third, fourth and fifth

Table 3. Effect of adding two levels of organic selenium and nano-selenium particles to the ration on lymphatic organs (arithmetic mean±standard error) at six weeks age Traits S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6

Treatments First treatments Second treatments Third treatments Fourth treatments Fifth treatments Significance level

Relative weight of bursa of fabricia (%) 0.07±0.003c 0.09±0.007b 0.106±0.001ab 0.109±0.000a 0.109±0.001a *

Relative index of bursa of fabricia (%) 1.00±0b 1.31±0.113a 1.45±0.079a 1.49±0.074a 1.48±0.083a *

Relative weight of thymus gland (%) 0.58±0.016b 0.66±0.021ab 0.66±0.31ab 0.68±0.058ab 0.71±0.028a *

The relative weight of spleen (%) 0.10±0.003 0.09±0.005 0.10±0.002 0.11±0.012 0.10±0.000 N.S

* The averages with different letters within the same column differ significantly (P<0.05) between them; First treatment (control): free of any addition; Second and third treatment: two levels of organic selenium were added to the ration (0.4 and 0.5 mg.kg -1 feed respectively); Fourth and fifth treatment: two levels of nano-selenium particles were added to the ration (0.4 and 0.5 mg.kg -1 feed respectively).

Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 1999-2006

2003

Al-Jaafari et al., 2018 treatments respectively. The relative weight of fabricia

gland) for broiler chicks with 42 days age. The results

and the relative index of the gland in the selenium and

of this experiment were also not consistent with the

nano-selenium treatments as well as the relative im-

study of Rao et al. (2013), who did not observe any sig-

provement in the relative weight of thymus gland for the

nificant differences between organic selenium treat-

fifth treatment of nano-selenium compared to the first

ments and control treatment in the weight of lymphatic

treatment to role of selenium and nano-selenium as an

organ (spleen, fabricia and thymus gland) for broiler

effective oxidative agent known as free radicals and

chicks with 42 days age.

thus maintain the metabolic processes in the body and continue to maintain vital functions. It is also maintain-

CONCLUSION

ing the physical balance of the body the enjoyment of

It is concluded from the present experiment that

birds health, safety from diseases and also has a role in

the addition of organic selenium and selenium nanopar-

improving the efficiency of immune system (Sevcikova

ticles to the ration can improve the immunity of the

et al., 2006). It also contributes the synthesis of the glu-

broiler chicks.

tathione peroxidase (Mills, 1957), which shows that selenium and nanoparticles have worked to provide im-

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