Effect of adding crude glycerol to broiler diets on the performance and yield characteristics of car

Journal of Research in Ecology

Journal of Research in Ecology

ISSN No: Print: 2319 –1546; Online: 2319– 1554

An International Scientific Research Journal

Original Research

Effect of adding crude glycerol to broiler diets on the performance and yield characteristics of carcass Authors: Jasim RK and Mousa BH Institution: Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, University of Anbar, Iraq.

Corresponding author: Mousa BH

ABSTRACT: The present study was conducted to determine the effect of adding crude glycerol as an energy source to broiler's diets on growth performance, carcass yield and internal organ weights. Two Hundred-forty chicks, one-day-old (unsexed), were distributed in a completely randomized design that were divided to five treatments (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6% crude glycerol from 1 to 42 days), with four replicates (12 chick / replicate). All diets were formulated to meet the same requirements. Broiler were fed with water and food ad libitum. The data of Body Weight Gain (BWG), and Feed Consumption (FC) were recorded weekly and Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) was also calculated. Birds fed diets with crude glycerol did not differ significantly in performance from those fed the control diet without crude glycerol. Birds receiving crude glycerol 3% for initially two weeks showed highest body weight gain and the better feed conversion ratio during all over the experimental period, whereas supplementation of 6% crude glycerol recorded lowest values of body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. Glycerol inclusion at 3% of diet can be used as an effective source of energy in broilers, especially from 0 to 21 days of age. Glycerol inclusion had no effects on the internal organ weights or carcass yield of broilers except for the abdominal fat weight.

Keywords: Glycerol, Production performance, Internal organs, Broiler.

Article Citation: Jasim RK and Mousa BH Effect of adding crude glycerol to broiler diets in performance and yield characteristics of carcass Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 1838-1845 Dates: Received: 22 July 2018 Web Address: http://ecologyresearch.info/ documents/EC0613.pdf Journal of Research in Ecology An International Scientific Research Journal

Accepted: 05 August 2018

Published: 23 August 2018

This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1838-1845| JRE | 2018 | Vol 6 | No 2

www.ecologyresearch.info

Jasim and Mousa, 2018 INTRODUCTION

(Rosebrough et al., 1980). This study aimed to deter-

Glycerol is a by-product of biodiesel produc-

mine the effect of crude glycerol supplementation on the

tion, derived from vegetable oils and animal fats

growth performance and internal organ weights of broil-

(Rivaldi et al., 2007). The gradually increasing biodiesel

er chickens (Ross 308).

production poses a problem of the utilization of glycerol as a by-product of this technology, this production of

MATERIALS AND METHODS

crude glycerol above the market demand, which drives

Experimental design and feeding

the researchers to seek new uses of this by-product. Due

This study was conducted at the poultry farm be-

to the lack of legislation to dispose the crude glycerol

longing to Animal production, College of Agriculture,

produced in excess, this by-product can become in this

University of Anbar from 20/9/2017 to 1/11/2017 (42

way, an environmental problem, as crude glycerin may

days). The objective of this study was to compare the

be considered a good source of dietary energy for poul-

effect of adding different levels of crude glycerol to

try and pigs (Cerrate et al., 2006; Dozier et al., 2008). It

broiler diets on productive performance and carcass

is also possible to include in animal diet, which is a via-

characteristics. Two Hundred-forty broiler chicks (Ross

ble and environmentally sustainable alternative to allo-

308) with an average body weight 38 gm were obtained

cate a part of this by-product on the market, as it may

from a commercial hatchery. At hatch, broilers were

prevent the over production from having inadequate

weighed, wing-banded, and allotted to pens and dietary

destinations and contaminating the environment.

treatments so that the initial mean weight was similar

Glycerol is a small molecule that plays a vital

among the treatment groups and placed in 48 floor pens

role in the metabolism. It is an important structural com-

(12 birds/pen), and randomly assigned to five dietary

ponent of triglycerides and phospholipids. Glycerol is a

treatments (four replicates/treatment). The experiment

precursor to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, an intermedi-

lasted for 42 days. Temperature was controlled and

ate in the lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis pathways,

gradually decreased from 35°C on the first day to 22°C

and yields energy through the glycolytic and tricarbox-

at 21 days of age. Broilers were fed a starter diet (0 to

ylic-acid path-ways (Brisson et al., 2001). Krebs et al.

(1966) mentioned that liver has the ability to convert

Table 1. Characteristics of crude glycerol fed to broiler (as is basis)*

glycerol component to glucose providing energy for

S. No

Characteristics

metabolism. Also, Krebs and Lund (1966) reported that

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Glycerol Dry matter (%) Crude protein (%) pH FFA Moisture (%) Ash (%) Methanol (%) Crude fat (%) Sodium (%) Sodium chloride (%) Metabolizable energy kcal/kg

glycerol component could be converted to glucose by oxidization for energy. When the body uses body fat reserves as a source of energy, glycerol and fatty acids are released into the bloodstream.

During digestion, pancreatic lipase hydrolyzed triglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol (Brody, 1994). Glycerol is water soluble and freely enters the blood portal and the residual glycerol enters the liver, which can be converted to glucose (Emmanuel et al.,

% 86.95 73.68 0.41 5.33 0.29 96.9 3.19 0.028 0.12 1.26 3.13 3625

1983) via. gluconeogenesis or oxidized for energy pro- * Chemical analysis of crude glycerol, were determined accord-

ing to the procedures outlined by Association of Official Analyt-

duction via glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle ical Chemists (AOAC, 2000).

1839

Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 001–008

Jasim and Mousa, 2018 Table 2. Ingredient and calculated analysis of the starter diets during 1-14 days S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Ingredient % Yellow corn Soybean meal, (48%) Protein concentrate * Glycerol Plant oil Limestone Dicalcium phosphate DL-methionine L-lysine Salt Total

0

Glycerol supplementation (%) 1.5 3 4.5 6

59 92 5 0 665 665 069 0659 0665 0662 600

51669 9269 5 665 665 665 069 0659 066.

0662 600

5565 926.

5 9 665 665 069 0659 066.

0666 600

5965 99 5 565 665 6698 069 0655 066.

0666 600

566.5 9969.

5 .

665 6698 069 0655 066.

066 600

Chemical composition (calculated**) 12 13 14 15 16 17

ME, kcal/kg CP, % Crude fibre Met. + Cys. Lysine Ca

2998 2265 261 6602 1.41 0.97

2998 2265 2.97 0688 1.18 0.89

2998 2265 2.57 068.

1.25 0.88

2998 2265 3.2 6606 1.29 0.90

2998 2265 2.65 6606 6609 0.92

18

Available phosphorus

0655

0655

0655

0.46

0.46

* Protein concentrate contains: 40% CP, 5% Ca,3.7% Methionine, 4.12% Methionine and Cystine, 3.85% Lysine, 4.68% AP, Metabolizable Energy 2107 Kcal kg-1, 2.50 mg Sodium, 1.70 mg threonine, 0.42mg Tryptophan, 4.20 mg choline and each 1 kg of this concentrate contain: 100000 IU vitamin A, 33000; IU vitamin D3, 100 mg; vitamin E, 2.55 mg; vitamin K3, 25 mg; vitamin B1, 10 mg; B2, 50 mg; vitamin B6, 24 mg vitamin B12; 51 mg niacin; 1.5 mg folic acid; 15 mg; biotin,500 µg and 13.5 mg pantothenic acid. **Calculated based on feed consumption Tables of NRC (1994).

14 d of age), grower diet (15 to 28 d of age) and a fin-

(BWG) were subsequently calculated based on the per-

isher diet (29 to 42 d of age). Diets were formulated to

formance values. On day 42 of trial, eight birds repre-

be adequate in all nutrients (NRC, 1994) for young

senting treatment were randomly selected, allowed to

broilers and were fed in mash form. The crude glycerol

fast for 12h and slaughtered. The weight of digestive

was obtained from a commercial facility (Turkey) that

organs proventriculus (empty), gizzard (empty), pancre-

used plant oil as an primary substrate and is analyzed in

as, liver, heart, spleen and abdominal fat were recorded

a nutrition laboratory (commercial) to determine com-

and expressed as percentage of live weight according to

position Table 1. Each pen was equipped with manual

Al–Fayadh et al. (2009).

plastic feeder and an automatic nipple drinker. Water

Statistical analysis

and experimental diets were provided ad libitum. The

Data generated from the present experiment was

ingredients and chemical composition of the diets are

subjected to statistical analysis using the GLM proce-

presented in Table 2, 3 and 4. Crude glycerol used at the

dure of Statistical Software Package SAS (2001). Pens

level 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6% in diets. All chicks were indi-

were treated as the experimental unit. Significant differ-

vidually weighed and Feed Intake (FI) was recorded at

ences among treatment groups were further analyzed

weekly intervals. Based on the recorded data, FI, Feed

using Duncan’s multiple-range test (Duncan, 1955). A

Conversion Ratio (FCR), and Body Weight Gain

significant level of (P<0.05) was implemented.

Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 001–008

1840

Jasim and Mousa, 2018 Table 3. Ingredient and calculated analysis of the grower diets during 15-28 days S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Ingredient %

Glycerol supplementation (%)

0 1.5 3 .5618 .9 .6661 Yellow corn 2.

2.62.

2.6.

Soybean meal, (48%) 5 5 5 Protein concentrate * Glycerol 0 665 9 266 266 266 Plant oil 6695 6692 6692 Limestone 066 066 066 Dicalcium phosphate 0695 065 065 DL-methionine 0661 0661 0661 L-lysine 0665 0665 0665 Salt Total 600 600 600 Chemical composition, Calculated** ME, kcal/kg 9600 9600 9600 CP, % 2060 2060 2060 Crude fibre 265 2651 26.5 Met. + Cys. 0698 1.01 1.01 Lysine 6625 6609 6621 Ca 0689 0689 0688 Available phosphorus 0656 0652 0655

4.5 59691 2.69 5 565 266 6692 066 065 0661 0665 600

6 5165 21621 5 .

266 6692 069 065 0668 0669 600

9600 2060 2.91 0.88 6620 0690 0655

9600 2060 9602 0.8.

6609 0692 0655

* Protein concentrate contains: 40% CP, 5% Ca, 3.7% Methionine, 4.12% Methionine and Cystine, 3.85% Lysine, 4.68% AP, Metabolizable Energy 2107 Kcal kg-1, 2.50 mg Sodium, 1.70 mg Threonine, 0.42mg Tryptophan, 4.20 mg Choline and each 1 kg of this concentrate contain: 100000 IU vitamin A, 33000; IU vitamin D3, 100 mg; vitamin E, 2.55 mg; vitamin K3, 25 mg; vitamin B1, 10 mg; B2, 50 mg; vitamin B6, 24 mg vitamin B12; 51 mg niacin; 1.5 mg folic acid; 15 mg; biotin,500 Âľg and 13.5 mg pantothenic acid. **Calculated based on feed consumption Tables of NRC (1994).

RESULTS

recorded highest feed intake compared to control or the

The effects of the dietary treatments on produc-

other treatments during 28 days of age. The high levels

tion performance are shown in Table 5. Results showed

of feed intake for birds feeding diets containing glycerol

that at 14 days of age, the birds fed the diets with 3%

may be due to the sweet taste of the glycerol, which is

crude glycerol has significantly increased in the body

easily and efficiently absorbed in the gastrointestinal

weight and body weight gain than birds in the control

tract of animals (Min et al., 2010). In addition, glycerol

treatment. Also the results showed birds fed diets with

could affect the passage rate of feed in gastrointestinal

1.5% crude glycerol, recorded the highest values of feed

tract by interfering with other nutrients and reducing

intake compared with the bird fed diet with 4.5 and 6%

nutrient utilization (Barteczko and Kaminski, 1999).

crude glycerol at 28 days of age. However, at 42 days of

Birds could compensate the lack of energy uptake by

age birds fed diets with 3% crude glycerol showed best

increase feed intake. Also, at 42 days of age it is noticed

values in feed conversion ratio compared with birds fed

that body weight gain , feed intake and feed conversion

diets 1.5, 4.5 and 6% crude glycerol. No significant dif-

ratio for treatments were almost comparable. The pre-

ferences in average values of body weight gain or feed

sent findings are analogous with the findings of

conversion ratio were noted at 28 days of age between

Waldroup (2007) also with Abd-Elsamee et al. (2010)

birds fed diets with different levels of glycerol. Moreo-

who found that the crude glycerin content of the rations

ver, the inclusion of 1.5% crude glycerol in broiler dies

did not affect body weight gain or feed conversion ratio.

1841

Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 001â&#x20AC;&#x201C;008

Jasim and Mousa, 2018 Table 4. Ingredient and calculated analysis of the finisher diets during 29-42 days S. No

Ingredient %

0

Glycerol supplementation (%) 1.5 3 4.5 6

.569 2968 5

.9685 25605 5

.2605 25695 5

.0625 256.5 5

5865 25 5

0 965 6625 066 0695 0666 0609 600

665 965 6625 069 0695 0666 0609 600

9 965 6625 069 0695 0662 0608 600

565 965 6625 069 0695 0662 0608 600

.

965 6625 069 0695 0662 0608 600

9200 6960 265 0696 666.

0681 0655

9200 6960 26.

0692 6661 0688 0651

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Yellow corn Soybean meal, (48%) Protein concentrate * Glycerol Plant oil Limestone Dicalcium phosphate DL-methionine L-lysine Salt Total

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Chemical composition, Calculated** ME, kcal/kg 9200 9200 9200 CP, % 6960 6960 6960 Crude fibre 262 265 265 Met. + Cys. 0689 0690 0690 Lysine 6666 6665 6665 Ca 0685 068.

0681 Available phosphorus 0650 0659 0655

* Protein concentrate contains: 40% CP, 5% Ca,3.7% Methionine, 4.12% Methionine and Cystine, 3.85% Lysine , 4.68% AP, Metabolizable Energy 2107 Kcal kg-1 , 2.50 mg Sodium, 1.70 mg threonine, 0.42mg Tryptophan, 4.20 mg choline and each 1 kg of this concentrate contain: 100000 IU vitamin A, 33000; IU vitamin D3, 100 mg; vitamin E, 2.55 mg; vitamin K3, 25 mg; vitamin B1, 10 mg; B2, 50 mg; vitamin B6, 24 mg vitamin B12; 51 mg niacin; 1.5 mg folic acid; 15 mg; biotin,500 Âľg and 13.5 mg pantothenic acid. **Calculated based on feed consumption tables of NRC (1994).

Also, they showed that using five or 10% crude glycerol

studies. The inclusion of crude glycerol in the diets did

in broiler diets instead of corn starch had no adverse

not affect the internal organ weights of broiler, except

effects. The economic evaluation of the use of glycerol

for the abdominal fat Table 6. The current study con-

is rather problematic due to the varying prices of indi-

cluded that adding 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6% of crude glycerol

vidual feed components. The price of crude glycerol is

to the broiler's diet had no negative effects on the

likely to decrease with the over production of glycerol

weights of liver, proventriculus, gizzard and spleen of

generated in the production of methyl-ester. The use of

birds. Studies reported that the relative weights of some

crude glycerol in diets will therefore become very inter-

internal organs such as heart may be related to the

esting from an economic point of view. It follows from

weight of the live body. Therefore, the significant dif-

our results data that the optimum level of crude glycerol

ferences between different treatments in the relative

in feed for broiler is 3%. If the diet programmed is de-

weight are not based on feeding glycerol. Abd-Elsamee

signed properly, it is possible to use 6% of crude glycer-

et al. (2010) observed that broilers consuming feeds

ol in a diet without a negative effect on the performance

with different levels of crude glycerol did not differ

indicators of animals. However, there are still many

significantly from birds fed the control diet for percent-

issues associated with the use of glycerol in the nutrition

age of most internal organs, or weight of immune or-

of poultry that have to be addressed in future research

gans. Similar results were reported by Topal and

Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 001â&#x20AC;&#x201C;008

1842

Jasim and Mousa, 2018 Table 5. Effect of crude glycerol on body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of broilers+ * Glycerol Supplementation (%) 1.5 3 4.5

S. No

Items

1 2 3

14 day 28 day 42 day

339.92b 1290.50 2435.46

356.25ab 1312.21 2398.29

4 5 6 7

0-14 day 15-28 day 29-42 day 0-42 day

301.91b 950.57 1144.96 2397.46

318.25ab 955.95 1086.08 2360.29

8 9 10 11

0-14 day 15-28 day 29-42 day 0-42 day

400.85c 1526.2ab 2260.54 56816.5

422.58b 1544.23a 2267.51 5295696

12 13 14 15

0-14 day 15-28 day 29-42 day 0-42 day

1.32 1.60 1.97ab 1.75

1.33 1.61 2.09a 1.79

0

368.29a 1327.10 2482.88 BWG (g) 330.29a 958.80 1155.76 2555688 FI (g) 436.29a 1520ab 2223.09 561965.

FCR 1.32 1.59 1.92b 1.71

6

SEM

P-value

357.12ab 1339.25 2507.15

353.02ab 1327.04 2443.27

8.37 28.24 36.34

BW (g) 0.4836 0.3096 0.0510

319.12ab 982.12 1167.89 25.9665

315.02= 974.02 1116.23 2505621

8.41 26.67 36.05 36.31

0.4714 0.2417 0.5217 0.0514

431.45a 1510.08b 2334.17 5215616

425.79ab 1491.08b 2297.83 5265616

6.92 17.88 23.27 35.72

0.0621 0.6269 0.7858 0.7262

1.35 1.54 2.00a 1.73

1.35 1.53 2.06a 1.75

0.03 0.03 0.04 0.01

0.4532 0.1634 0.5430 0.0172

* Data represent mean values of 4 replicates per treatment; a–c means in the same row with different superscripts differ (P<0.05).

Ozdogan (2013) who observed that inclusion of glycerol

an increase in the dietary crude glycerol that may be due

40 or 80 g of glycerol/kg in the diets did not affect the

with the rate of fatty acid synthesis and lipogenic en-

internal organ weights of broilers (females or males).

zyme activities in the liver (Lin et al., 1976). Moreover,

Our results in this study differed with the find-

in rats when glycerol and fat are fed together, they can

ing of Coşkun et al. (2007), who observed that relative

reduce plasma cholesterol and liver lipids and the esteri-

weights of liver, gizzard, and heart of broilers fed a diet

fication of fatty acids in rat fat tissue (Narayan and

with 50 g of glycerol/kg were lower than those for con-

Ross, 1987).

trol group. Furthermore, the researchers reported that broilers fed 100 g of glycerol in the diets recorded liver

CONCLUSION

weights higher than control group. Also, the results in

From the present study it can be concluded that

Table 6 showed that birds fed diets with different levels

inclusion of glycerol at 3% in the broiler diet can be an

of crude glycerol recorded significant differences with

effective source of energy especially from 0-21 days

Table 6. Effect of adding crude glycerol to diets on carcass yield and internal organ weights (%) of broiler * S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Organs (weight in percent) Hot carcass Liver Proventriculus Gizzard Heart Pancreas Abdominal fat Spleen

Glycerol Supplementation (%) 0 202560b 9602 06528 66858 06521ab 062.6a 1.27 b 06099

1.5 26..6.ab 26.6 06590 66900 06529ab 06265ab 1.52ab 06625

3 229860a 2659 06505 66116 065.9a 06202ab 1.98 ab 06081

4.5 208.6.b 9606 06561 66951 06950b 06696b 2.25 a 06629

6 2618a 2656 06991 66.20 06551a 06689b 2.29 a 06092

SEM

P-value

0.73 0.13 0.06 0.12 0.03 0.061 0.29 0.05

0.239 0.828 0.907 0.924 0.998 0.935 0.36 0.68

* Data represent mean values of 4 replicates per treatment; a–c: means in the same row with different superscripts differ (P<0.05).

1843

Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 001–008

Jasim and Mousa, 2018 old chicks. Glycerol inclusion in the broiler diets, did

TE and Bregendahl K. 2008. Apparent metabolizable

not show any negative impact on carcass yield as well

energy of glycerin for broiler chickens. Poultry Science,

as internal organs weight.

87(2): 317–322.

Duncan DB. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F-tests.

REFERENCES Abd-Elsamee MO, Abdo ZMA, El-Manylawi MAF

Biometerics, 11(1): 1-42.

and Salim IH. 2010. Use of crude glycerin in broiler

Emmanuel B, Berzins R and Robblee AR. 1983.

diets. Egyptian Poultry Science Journal, 30: 281–295.

Rates of entry of alanine and glycerol and their contri-

Al–Fayadh HA, Naji SA and AL-Hajo NNA. 2009.

Poultry products technology. 2nd ed. Ministry of Higher

bution to glucose synthesis in fasted chickens. British Poultry Science, 24(4): 565–571.

Education and Scientific Research. Baghdad Universi-

Krebs HA and Lund P. 1966. Formation of glucose

ty .

from hexoses, pentoses, polyols and related substances

AOAC.

2000.

Official methods of analysis of

AOAC. International 17th ed. Gaithersburg, MD, USA Association of Analytical Communities.

Barteczko J and Kaminski J. 1999. The effect of glycerol and vegetable fat on some physiological indices of

in kidney cortex. The Biochemical Journal, 98(1): 210– 214.

Krebs HA, Brenda M. Notton and Hems R. 1966.

Gluconeogenesis in mouse liver slices. Biochemical Journal, 101(3): 607–617.

the blood and over fatness of broiler carcass. Annals of

Lin MH, Romsos DR and Leveille GA. 1976. Effect

Warsaw Agricultural University - Animal Science, 36:

of glycerol on enzyme activities and on fatty acid syn-

197–209.

thesis in the rat and chicken. Journal of Nutrition, 106

Brisson D, Vohl MC, St-Pierre J, Hudson TJ and

(11): 1668-1677.

Gaudet D. 2001. Glycerol: a neglected variable in met-

Min YN, Yan F, Liu FZ, Coto C and Waldroup PW.

abolic processes. Bioessays, 23(6): 534-542.

2010. Glycerin - a new energy source for poultry.

Brody T. 1994. Nutritional biochemistry. Academic Press Inc, San Diego, CA. 1006 p.

Cerrate S, Yan F, Wang Z, Coto C, Sacakli P and Waldroup PW. 2006. Evaluation of glycerine from biodiesel production as a feed ingredient for broilers.

International Journal of Poultry Science, 9(1): 1–4.

Narayan KA and Ross EW. 1987. The interactive effect of glycerol and the type and level of fat on rat tissue lipids. Nutrition Reports International, 36: 335343.

International Journal of Poultry Science, 5(11): 1001–

[NRC] National Research Council. 1994. Nutrient

1007.

Requirements of Poultry. 9th revised ed. National Aca-

Coşkun B, Şehu A, Küçükersan S and Köksal HK.

demic Press, Washington, DC. 176 p.

2007. The use of glycerol as a byproduct of biodiesel in

Rivaldi JR, Sarroub BF, Fiorilo R and Silva SS.

poultry rations. In IV National Animal Nutrition Con-

2007. Glicerol de biodíesel. Biotecnologia Ciência and

gress, Uludağ University, Bursa, Turkey. 24-31 p

Desenvolvimento, 37: 44-51.

Dozier III WA, Kerr BJ, Corzo A, Kidd MT, Weber

Rosebrough RW, Geis E, James P, Ota H and

Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 001–008

1844

Jasim and Mousa, 2018 Whitehead J. 1980. Effects of dietary energy substitutions on reproductive performance, feed efficiency and lipogenic enzyme activity on large white Turkey hens.

Poultry Science, 59(7): 1485–1492.

SAS Institute. 2001. SAS/STAT User’s guide for personal computer. Relesse 6.12 SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA. Topal E and Ozdogan M. 2013. Effects of glycerol on the growth performance, internal organ weights, and drumstick muscle of broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 22(1): 146–151.

Waldroup

PW.

2007.

Biofuels

and

Broilers-

competitors or cooperators? Proceedings of the 5 th MidAtlantic Nutrition Conference, 25-34 p.

Submit your articles online at ecologyresearch.info Advantages

     

Easy online submission Complete Peer review Affordable Charges Quick processing Extensive indexing You retain your copyright

submit@ecologyresearch.info www.ecologyresearch.info/Submit.php.

1845

Journal of Research in Ecology (2018) 6(2): 001–008