Report1 sp

( m\iXef&fkf f )''.

I<GFIK I\m`jkX [\ I\peX\ij 8cld`e`ld gXiX Xihl`k\Zkfj

C<M<EK B8EPFE @dgi\j`feXek\ Xihl`k\ZkliX \e <jkXdYlc <E=FHL< 8cld`e`f jfjk\e`Yc\

GIF<Q8 FCÝDG@:8 CX kfii\ d}j XckX [\ HXkXi

#1

‰ CS 38-SL el perfil más estrecho de Reynaers (página 58)

Editor responsable: Olivier Trop Producción: RSM co-publishers

UN SOLO MUNDO

N

os enorgullece presentarle el primer número de nuestra nueva publicación, denominada Report. Una revista nueva, un formato nuevo y un concepto nuevo, que sirve de ventana para ofrecerle una visión del carácter polifacético de la arquitectura internacional contemporánea. Nuestro objetivo es inspirar a los lectores, a partir de proyectos arquitectónicos que ven la luz gracias a la estrecha colaboración entre un promotor, un arquitecto, un fabricante de aluminio y Reynaers: una asociación de éxito basada en la creatividad, la innovación técnica y la profesionalidad.

En la era actual de la globalización, la arquitectura tiene un carácter marcadamente internacional. Una característica que también define a las actividades de nuestra empresa, que se extienden por gran parte del planeta, tal y como se ilustra en la revista Report, que muestra proyectos de numerosos países. La globalización se suele considerar sinónimo de uniformidad, pero si hay algo que demuestra este primer número de Report es que la arquitectura actual es precisamente todo lo contrario y conoce una gran diversidad.

Al mismo tiempo, somos cada vez más conscientes de que formamos parte de un sólo mundo. Esto no se aplica sólo a la arquitectura, sino también a un contexto más amplio. Un mundo al que tenemos que tratar con mucho cuidado. El cambio climático y el agotamiento de las fuentes de energía fósil nos obligan a prestar atención a una arquitectura sostenible y que haga un uso eficaz de la energía. Este es uno de los temas principales de nuestra investigación y desarrollo, así como un asunto que se trata de forma específica en este número.

Para Reynaers Aluminium el desarrollo y la investigación juegan un papel importante. Nuestro lema es la innovación continua para seguir siendo considerados, por todos los actores de la construcción, como su socio en las soluciones arquitectónicas de aluminio. La nueva revista Report es otro ejemplo de este objetivo y espero que le guste tanto como nuestras soluciones arquitectónicas totales. Le deseo mucho placer en su lectura y consulta, y espero recibir sus comentarios al respecto.

Martine Reynaers, Reynaers Aluminium

EN ESTE NÚMERO

4

58

ENFOQUE ENFOQU E

INNOVACIIONES INNOVAC

Aluminio sostenible

Transparencia

12

60

PROYE PROY ECTOS

REFER REFE RENC ENCIIAS

n Escuela ’Forum ’t Zand‘, Utrecht 12 n Campus del INSEAD, Fontainebleau 22 n De Zaat, Temse 26 n Torre Aspire, Qatar 34 n Terminal de salidas, Brno 40 n White Sails, Odessa 46 n Levent Kanyon, Istanbul 50

Una visión de diferentes proyectos

<E=FHL<

+

E8KLI8C$ D<EK< JFJK<E@9C<

<E<I>Ý8 DÚJ C@DG@8# 8GC@:8:@FE<J DÚJ <=@:8:<J

K\okf1 B`ijk\e ?Xee\dX

,

-

<E=FHL<

C

X jfjk\e`Y`c`[X[ \j lef [\ cfj k\dXj d}j `dgfikXek\j [\ cX XZklXc`[X[# p# Zfe kf[X gifYXY`c`[X[# kXdY` e [\c ]lklif% I\peX\ij 8cld`e`ld pX cc\mX X fj gi\jkXe[f Xk\eZ` e X \jk\ k\dX% CX \dgi\jX ef j cf j\ \j]l\iqX gfi i\[lZ`i \c gifg`f Zfejldf \e\i^ k`Zf p cX \d`j` e [\ ^Xj\j `em\ieX[\ifj# j`ef hl\ ^iXZ`Xj Xc [\jXiifccf [\ ZfeZ\gkfj [\ ]XZ_X[X ZXiXZk\i`qX[fj gfi jl \ÑZXZ`X \e\i^ k`ZX# I\peX\ij 8cld`e`ld kXdY` e Zfeki`Yl$ p\ X cX [`jd`elZ` e [\c Zfejldf \e\i^ k`Zf [\ cfj \[`ÑZ`fj el\mfj p [\ cfj pX \o`jk\ek\j% Ef \j le j\Zi\kf hl\ cfj `em`\iefj jfe XZklXcd\ek\ d}j Z}c`[fj# p cfj m\iXefj# [\g\e[`\e[f [\ cX cXk`kl[# d}j j\Zfj f# Xc ZfekiXi`f# d}j _ d\[fj% <c e`m\c [\c dXi XjZ`\e[\% :X[X m\q \j dXpfi \c e d\if [\ \og\ikfj hl\ \jk}e Zfem\eZ`[fj [\ hl\ \jkfj ZXdY`fj Zc`d}k`$ Zfj# gifmfZX[fj gfi \c \]\Zkf `em\ieX[\if# Xj Zfdf cX iXg`[\q Zfe cX hl\ j\ gif[lZ\e# jfe \c i\jlckX[f [\ cX XZZ` e [\c j\i _ldXef% P gXi\Z\ hl\ cfj gfc k`Zfj kXdY` e _Xe XY`\ikf cfj fafj% <e jl [fZld\ekXc ÅLeX m\i[X[ `eZ df[XÆ# hl\ i\Z`Y` Xk\eZ` e dle[`Xc p ]l\ `eZcljf gi\d`X[f Zfe le FjZXi# \c gfc k`Zf p \o$m`Z\gi\$ j`[\ek\ \jkX[fle`[\ej\ 8c >fi\ gljf jfYi\ \c kXg\k\ \c k\dX [\ cX Zi`j`j Zc`d}k`ZX% G\if ef kf[f \jk} g\i[`[f% LeX [ ZX[X [\jgl j [\ cX ÑidX [\c KiXkX[f [\ Bpfkf# \c d\j [\ dXiqf gXjX[f cX gfc k`ZX \lifg\X [`f le gXjf [\ ^`^Xek\1 cX Le` e <lifg\X cXeq gcXe\j el\mfj p XdY`Z`fjfj gXiX i\[lZ`i \c :F)% CX L< hl`\i\ i\[lZ`i cXj \d`j`fe\j [\ :F) \e le m\`ek\ gfi Z`\ekf Zfe i\jg\Zkf Xc X f (00'# \c X f [\ i\]\i\eZ`X [\c KiXkX[f [\ Bpfkf [\ (00.% J\^ e cfj

<E )')'# C8 L< HL@<I< ?89<I I<;L:@;F C8J <D@J@FE<J ;< :F) <E LE M<@EK< GFI :@<EKF

fYa\k`mfj [\ Bpfkf# \e )'()# cX L< [\Y\i} _XY\i i\$ [lZ`[f cXj \d`j`fe\j [\ :F) \e le fZ_f gfi Z`\ekf Zfe i\jg\Zkf Xc X f (00'% <e cfj el\mfj XZl\i[fj m`eZlcXek\j kXdY` e j\ _X [\k\id`eX[f hl\ \e )')' j\ _XYi} XcZXeqX[f le X_fiif \e\i^ k`Zf [\c m\`ek\ gfi Z`\ekf Zfe i\jg\Zkf Xc gife jk`Zf XZklXc gXiX [`Z_f X f# p# X[\d}j# le m\`ek\ gfi Z`\ekf [\ cX \e\i^ X [\Y\i} gifZ\[\i [\ ]l\ek\j jfjk\e`Yc\j jfc# m`\ekf# X^lX % <e cX ZfejkilZZ` e p cX Xihl`k\ZkliX# cX jfj$ k\e`Y`c`[X[ pX cc\mX X fj j`\e[f lef [\ cfj k\dXj gi`eZ`gXc\j% <jkf ef \j [\ \okiX Xi# gl\jkf hl\ cfj \[`ÑZ`fj Xjld\e le ZlXi\ekX p le gfi Z`\ekf [\c Zfejldf \e\i^ k`Zf [\ cX Le` e <lifg\X# p \c j\Z$ kfi \lifg\f [\ cX ZfejkilZZ` e gif[lZ\ ZlXkifZ`\e$ kfj d`ccfe\j [\ kfe\cX[Xj [\ i\j`[lfj Xc X f# cf hl\ \hl`mXc\ X le ZlXi\ekX gfi Z`\ekf [\ cX kfkXc`[X[ [\ i\j`[lfj hl\ ^\e\iXe cfj j\i\j _ldXefj% <e cfj ck`dfj X fj# j\ _X `em\ik`[f dlZ_f \e el\mXj k Ze`ZXj p k\Zefcf^ Xj [\ [`j\ f [\ \[`ÑZ`fj \e ZfdY`eXZ` e Zfe leX gcXe`ÑZXZ` e `ek\^iX[X [\ cX ^\jk` e \e\i^ k`ZX% <c \e]fhl\ kXdY` e j\ Z\ekiX \e cX i\lk`c`qXZ` e [\ cfj \[`ÑZ`fj p [\c dXk\i`Xc [\ ZfejkilZZ` e# Xj Zfdf \e cfj dXk\i`Xc\j i\Z`ZcXYc\j à le [\jXiifccf hl\ ef j cf Y\e\ÑZ`X Xc d\[`f Xd$ Y`\ek\# j`ef hl\ kXdY` e g\id`k\ X_fiiXi [`e\if% JFCL:@FE<J @EK<>I8C<J <c Xcld`e`f pX j\ i\Z`ZcX [\j[\ cXj gi`d\iXj ]\Z_Xj [\ gif[lZZ` e [\ \jk\ d\kXc# gfi ZXljXj gi`eZ`gXcd\ek\ \Zfe d`ZXj% <c Xcld`e`f \j ]}Z`c [\ ]le[`i# gi\Z`jXe[f `eZcljf le efm\ekX p Z`eZf [\ \e\i^ X d\efj hl\ cX e\Z\jXi`X gXiX gif[lZ`i \c d`jdf Xcld`e`f X gXik`i [\ cX YXlo`kX% 8[\d}j# \j le d\kXc Z`\e gfi Z`\e i\Z`ZcXYc\# j`e g i[`[X [\ ZXc`[X[% 8ZklXcd\ek\# pX j\ i\Z`ZcX le efm\ekX gfi Z`\ekf [\c Xcld`e`f gifZ\[\ek\ [\ cX ZfejkilZZ` e p [\ii`Yf# p le j\j\ekX gfi Z`\ekf [\c dXk\i`Xc ljX[f \e kf[f \c dle[f \j Çj\Zle[Xi`fÈ% <c Xcld`e`f kXdY` e j\ ZXiXZk\i`qX gfi j\i le dXk\i`Xc dlp i\j`jk\ek\ hl\ ef gi\Z`jX kiXkXd`\ekf p Xg\eXj e\Z\j`kX dXek\e`d`\ekf% <j le d\kXc c`^\if Zfe leX k\dg\iXkliX [\ ]lj` e YXaX# cf ZlXc j`^e`ÑZX hl\ j\ gi\Z`jX i\cXk`mXd\ek\ gfZX \e\i^ X gXiX ]XYi`ZXi gif[lZkfj# Zfdf g\iÑc\j cXd`eX[fj p [\ \okilj` e# p hl\ cfj ^Xjkfj [\ kiXejgfik\ jfe YXafj% <c dXk\i`Xc kXdgfZf j\ fo`[X# \m`k}e[fj\ hl\ cXj dXk\i`Xj d\k}c`ZXj j\Xe XiiXjkiX[Xj gfi \c X^lX gclm`Xc p ZfekXd`e\e \c jlYjkiXkf f cXj X^lXj jlg\iÑZ`Xc\j% <c Xcld`e`f \j le dXk\i`Xc hl\ j\ gl\[\ [\ef$ d`eXi kiXehl`cXd\ek\ jfjk\e`Yc\% G\if cX ZfejkilZ$ Z` e jfjk\e`Yc\ ef j cf j`^e`ÑZX hl\ j\ [\Y\e Xgif$ m\Z_Xi Xc d}o`df cXj ]l\ek\j [\ \e\i^ X jfjk\e`Yc\j p cfj gifZ\jfj [\ gif[lZZ` e p [\ kiXkXd`\ekf [\ YXaf Zfejldf \e\i^ k`Zf% J\ kiXkX# jfYi\ kf[f# [\ hl\ cfj gif[lZkfj ]XYi`ZX[fj Zfeki`YlpXe X cf^iXi \[`ÑZ`fj [\ YXaf Zfejldf \e\i^ k`Zf% ÅCX Xihl`k\ZkliX jfjk\e`Yc\Æ# \ogc`ZX <i`b

.

<E=FHL<

<C 8CLD@E@F <J LE D<K8C :@<E GFI :@<E I<:@:C89C<# J@E GyI;@;8 ;< :8C@;8;

IXjb\i# ;`i\Zkfi k Ze`Zf [\ I\peX\ij 8cld`e`ld# Å\j lef [\ cfj Xjg\Zkfj gi`eZ`gXc\j [\ kf[fj cfj [\$ jXiifccfj hl\ el\jkiX \dgi\jX _X `[f `ekif[lZ`\e[f p X cfj hl\ efj [\[`ZXdfj XZklXcd\ek\% Kf[f Zf$ d\eq Zfe cX Zi`j`j \e\i^ k`ZX [\ cfj X fj j\k\ekX# X iX q [\ cX ZlXc jli^` cX e\Z\j`[X[ [\ X`jcXi d\afi cfj \[`ÑZ`fj% <e \jXj ]\Z_Xj# pX j\ d\afiXife \efid\d\ek\ cXj gifg`\[X[\j [\ X`jcXd`\ekf [\ el\jkifj g\iÑc\j% 8ZklXcd\ek\# pX ef j\ kiXkX j cf [\ cXj ZXiXZk\i jk`ZXj [\ cfj dXk\i`Xc\j# j`ef [\c i\e[`d`\ekf kfkXc [\c \[`ÑZ`f%Æ IXjb\i1 ÅCX ZfejkilZZ` e jfjk\e`Yc\ kXdY` e cX Xgc`ZXdfj X efjfkifj d`jdfj% El\jkif el\mf XcdXZ e# hl\ j\ Zfejkil`i} X gi`eZ`g`fj [\ )''/# [`jgfe[i} [\ gXe\c\j jfcXi\j \e \c k\Z_f# hl\ gif$ [lZ`i}e XelXcd\ek\ lefj ,''%''' bN_ [\ \e\i^ X i\efmXYc\ cf hl\ \hl`mXc\ Xc Zfejldf XelXc [\ (-- m`m`\e[Xj % CX `ejkXcXZ` e \m`kXi} cX \d`j` e XelXc [\ )/' kfe\cX[Xj [\ :F)%Æ :FE:<GKF KFK8C Cfj g\iÑc\j [\ X`jcXd`\ekf k id`Zf hl\ I\p$ eX\ij 8cld`e`ld [\jXiifcc kiXj cX gi`d\iX Zi`j`j

Æ M\ekXeXj ZfekifcX[Xj gfi fi[\eX[fi hl\ j\ XYi\e \e gXiXc\cf gXiX ]XZ`c`kXi cX m\ek`cXZ` e efZklieX%

[\c g\ki c\f i\gi\j\ekXe \c `e`Z`f [\ le \e]fhl\ fi`\ekX[f [\ ]fidX Zi\Z`\ek\ \e cXj jfclZ`fe\j \e\i^ k`ZXd\ek\ \ÑZXZ\j% <jk\ gifZ\jf ef j\ _X [\k\e`[f# Zfdf [\dl\jkiX \c [\jXiifccf p d\afiX# gfi \a\dgcf# [\ j`jk\dXj [\ gifk\ZZ` e jfcXi `ek\$ ^iX[fj# g\iÑc\j [\ \c\mX[f X`jcXd`\ekf p jfclZ`fe\j [\ [fYc\ ]XZ_X[X% Cfj gif[lZkfj jfjk\e`Yc\j el\mfj jfe \e gXik\ le i\jlckX[f [`i\Zkf [\ cX `em\jk`^X$ Z` e gifg`X% Cfj i\hl`j`kfj [\ cfj gifdfkfi\j p Xihl`k\Zkfj# p cXj el\mXj [`i\Zki`Z\j p efidXk`mXj ^lY\ieXd\ekXc\j kXdY` e i\gi\j\ekXe le dfk`mf gXiX `ekif[lZ`i gif[lZkfj jfjk\e`Yc\j% <a\dgcfj i\Z`\ek\j [\ \jkf jfe cfj j`jk\dXj [\ gl\ikXj p m\ekXeXj [\ \c\mX[f X`jcXd`\ekf :J /-$?@ mXcfi L] _XjkX (#+ N&d)B p cX i\efmXZ` e [\c j`jk\dX [\ ]XZ_X[X :N -'% I\peX\ij 8cld`e`ld hl`\i\ `ejg`iXi p j\im`i X cfj gifdfkfi\j# Xihl`k\Zkfj p ljlXi`fj Zfe jfclZ`f$ e\j [\ ]XZ_X[X kfkXc\j1 ]XZ_X[Xj `ek\^iX[Xj hl\ g\id`k\e cf^iXi le Zfej`[\iXYc\ X_fiif% IXjb\i1 ÅEfj Z\ekiXdfj \e \c kfkXc1 cX ]XZ_X[X# cX gifk\ZZ` e jfcXi# cX m\ek`cXZ` e p cX i\]i`^\iXZ` e# cX `cld`eX$ Z` e% CXj gfj`Y`c`[X[\j hl\ \jkf f]i\Z\ j\ \jkl[`Xe [`i\ZkXd\ek\ \e i\cXZ` e Zfe el\jkifj gif[lZkfj#

0

Y`\e j\ kiXk\ [\ le j`jk\dX [\ m\ekXeX j\eZ`ccf f Y`\e leX ]XZ_X[X [fYc\ \ `ek\iXZk`mX%Æ CX ]XZ_X[X al\^X le gXg\c ZilZ`Xc \e cX jfjk\e`Y`$ c`[X[ [\ le \[`ÑZ`f# pX hl\ i\^lcX \e ^iXe d\[`[X cX \ekiX[X [\ ZXcfi# clq p X`i\# Xj Zfdf cXj m`jkXj% <jkfj ]XZkfi\j [\k\id`eXe \c XdY`\ek\ `ek\i`fi [\c \[`ÑZ`f# \c Y`\e\jkXi [\c ljlXi`f p cX i\cXZ` e [\c \[`ÑZ`f Zfe i\j$ g\Zkf Xc Zc`dX \e \c \ok\i`fi# kXekf m`jlXcd\ek\# Zfdf [\j[\ \c glekf [\ m`jkX [\c Zfejldf \e\i^ k`Zf% Le Zfii\Zkf X`jcXd`\ekf k id`Zf p XZ jk`Zf [\ cX ]XZ_X[X \j leX [\ cXj d\[`[Xj d}j `dgfikXek\j hl\ g\id`k\e i\[lZ`i [i}jk`ZXd\ek\ cX \e\i^ X e\Z\jXi`X gXiX cX Zc`dXk`qXZ` e [\ le \[`ÑZ`f# f gi\jZ`e[`i [\ cX d`jdX# p fgk`d`qX \c e`m\c [\ Zfe]fik \e \c \[`ÑZ`f% CX \ekiX[X jlÑZ`\ek\ [\ clq [`lieX c`d`kX cX e\Z\j`[X[ [\ clq Xik`ÑZ`Xc p# [\g\e[`\e[f [\ cX fi`\ekXZ` e [\ cXj ]XZ_X[Xj# gl\[\ Zfeki`Yl`i X[\d}j X leX ZXc\]XZZ` e gXj`mX [\c \[`ÑZ`f% CX `ek\^iXZ` e [\ cfj [`jgfj`k`mfj [\ m\ek`cXZ` e alekf Zfe \c j`jk\dX [\ gifk\ZZ` e jfcXi p X cX iX[`XZ` e \e \c [`j\ f [\ cX ]XZ_X[X# g\id`k\ Xgifm\$ Z_Xi cXj Zfii`\ek\j eXkliXc\j [\ X`i\ ZXc`\ek\ p ]i f% 8[\$ d}j# \c \e]fhl\ `ek\^iXc gi\m`\e\ cXj Zfe\o`fe\j \eki\ dXk\i`Xc\j [\ [`jk`ekX eXkliXc\qX# hl\ gl\[\e gifmfZXi Ç]l^Xj [\ \e\i^ XÈ \e cX ]XZ_X[X%

8@JC8D@<EKF I\peX\ij 8cld`e`ld pX \jkl[`X jfclZ`fe\j `eefmX[fiXj \e \jkfj ZXdgfj# hl\ k`\e\e Zfdf i\jlckX[f cfj [`jk`ekfj j`jk\dXj% ;\j[\ le j\eZ`ccf j`jk\dX [\ gl\ikXj p m\ekXeXj# _XjkX le Zfdgc\af j`jk\dX [\ ]XZ_X[X Zfe le \c\mX[f mXcfi [\ X`jcXd`\ekf% Cfj gif[lZkfj [\ I\peX\ij ZfdY`eXe le \c\mX[f mXcfi [\ X`jcXd`\ekf Zfe g\iÑc\j [\c^X[fj [\ [`jk`ekf \]\Zkf \jk k`Zf% >iXZ`Xj X cX `ek\^iXZ` e [\ cfj j`jk\dXj [\ gifk\ZZ` e jfcXi# cXj ]XZ_X[Xj f]i\Z\e cX fgfikle`[X[ [\ ZfekifcXi cX \ÑZXZ`X \e\i^ k`ZX [\ le \[`ÑZ`f# p c`d`kXi \c ljf [\c X`i\ XZfe[`Z`feX[f# hl\ kXekX \e\i^ X Zfejld\% <c j`^l`\ek\ gXjf hl\ I\peX\ij mX X [Xi X \jk\ i\jg\Zkf \j cX `ek\^iXZ` e [\ le j`jk\dX [\ \e\i^ X jfcXi \e cX ]XZ_X[X% Å<o`jk\ dlZ_X mXi`\[X[ \e \c k\ii\ef Xihl`$ k\Zk e`ZfÆ# X X[\ <i`b IXjb\i% Å<c Xcld`e`f \j le dXk\i`Xc hl\ j\ gl\[\ \okilj`feXi Zfe i\cXk`mX ]XZ`c`[X[ gXiX fYk\e\i kf[f k`gf [\ ]fidXj% <o`jk\e g\iÑc\j [\c^X[fj# g\iÑc\j XeZ_fj# g\iÑc\j [\ [`j\ f \jg\Z`Xc p \e kf[fj \ccfj j\ gl\[\ `ek\^iXi kf[f k`gf [\ Zi`jkXc f \c\d\ekfj [\ ]XZ_X[X Z\iiX[fj# Zfdf gXe\c\j% CX `ek\^iXZ` e [\ d [lcfj ]fkfmfc$ kX`Zfj f j`jk\dXj [\ gifk\ZZ` e jfcXi [\ \ok\i`fi f [\ `ek\i`fi kXdY` e \j fkiX [\ cXj gfj`Y`c`[X[\j% 8ZklXcd\ek\# cfj Xihl`k\Zkfj jl\c\e [`j\ Xi leX

]XZ_X[X ljXe[f [`jk`ekfj \c\d\ekfj% I\peX\ij hl`\i\ [\jXiifccXi ZfeZ\gkfj \e cfj hl\ kf[Xj \jkXj jfclZ`fe\j j\ i\]l\iZ\e dlklXd\ek\% <jkf j cf j\ Zfej`^l\ j` j\ Zf$ cXYfiX Zfe cfj fkifj XZkfi\j%Æ Gfi \ccf# I\peX\ij Xjld\# Zfe dXpfi ]i\Zl\eZ`X# le gXg\c [\ Xj\jfi# gfi \a\dgcf# [\ ZXiX X cfj Xihl`k\Zkfj% GXiX \ccf# cX \dgi\jX [\jXiifcc le gXhl\k\ [\ jf]knXi\ hl\ g\id`k\ ZXcZlcXi j\eZ`ccX$ d\ek\ cX `eÒl\eZ`X [\c j`jk\dX [\ gifk\ZZ` e jfcXi \e \c Zfejldf \e\i^ k`Zf [\ cfj \[`ÑZ`fj%Æ C@9<IK8; Le Xjg\Zkf `^lXc [\ `dgfikXek\ \j hl\ cX ]XZ_X[X [\k\id`eX \e ^iXe d\[`[X \c Xjg\Zkf [\ le \[`ÑZ`f# \j [\Z`i jl `[\ek`[X[% 8 cXi^f gcXqf# cX ]XZ_X[X \j le ]XZkfi ZilZ`Xc X cX _fiX [\ [\k\id`eXi j` le \[`ÑZ`f j\ gi\j\imX d\[`Xek\ jl i\jkXliXZ` e f i\_XY`c`kXZ` e f j` j\ [\ii`YX% GXik`\e[f [\ \jkX XÑidXZ` e# j\ gl\[\ [\Z`i hl\ \j `dgfikXek\ hl\ leX ]XZ_X[X j\X [liX[\iX# g\if ef j\ gl\[\ ]fidlcXi# \e df[f Xc^lef# leX jfclZ` e [\Ñe`k`mX gXiX fYk\e\i leX ]XZ_X[X Çhl\ mXc^X cX g\eX gi\j\imXiÈ# pX hl\ jfYi\ ^ljkfj eleZX _lYf eX[X \jZi`kf# e` cf _XYi}% 8hl j\ \jZfe[\ fkif [\ cfj Xjg\Zkfj [\ cX jfj$ k\e`Y`c`[X[ [\ cfj j`jk\dXj [\ ]XZ_X[X [\ I\peX\ij1 jfe j`jk\dXj hl\ j\ X[XgkXe X le j`e] e [\ \jk`cfj p ]fidXj j`e ÑaXi leX `dX^\e gi\[\k\id`eX[X% >iXZ`Xj X \ccf# cfj Xihl`k\Zkfj [`jgfe\e [\ leX dXpfi c`Y\ikX[ [\ [`j\ f p cX jfjk\e`Y`c`[X[ j\ Zfem`\ik\ \e le Zfdgfe\ek\ eXkliXc

('

<E=FHL<

[\ cX Xihl`k\ZkliX# kXekf \e gifp\Zkfj [\ i\_XY`c`kXZ` e Zfdf [\ fYiX el\mX% Cfj \[`ÑZ`fj jfjk\e`Yc\j p \Zfc ^`Zfj j\ gi\j\ekXYXe _XjkX _XZ\ gfZf Zfdf \jZXgXiXk\j# \e cfj hl\ cX jfjk\$ e`Y`c`[X[ [\k\id`eXYX \c Xjg\Zkf e`Zf [\c \[`ÑZ`f% 8Z$ klXcd\ek\# cX jfjk\e`Y`c`[X[ _X [X[f le gXjf d}j2 \e cX `dgc\d\ekXZ` e [\ cXj jfclZ`fe\j jfjk\e`Yc\j \e \c gif$ Z\jf [\ [`j\ f p [\jXiifccf# \e cX Xihl`k\ZkliX ÇefidXcÈ p# gfi \ccf# \e cX m`[X [`Xi`X# j\ gl\[\e cf^iXi Zfej`[\iXYc\ X_fiifj# p cf^iXi# [\ \jk\ df[f# Y\e\ÑZ`fj%

Å J`jk\dX gXiX m\ekXeXj p gl\ikXj :J /-$?@ [\ Xckf X`jcXd`\ekf k id`Zf Zfe mXcfi L] d}o% [\ (#+ N&d)&B%

((

Ç I<PE8<IJ HL@<I< ;<J8IIFCC8I :FE:<GKFJ <E CFJ HL< KF;8J C8J JFCL:@FE<J J< I<=L<I:<E DLKL8D<EK<È

Dlif Zfik`eX Zfe gXe\c\j jfcXi\j `ek\^iX[fj GXihl\ [\ @eefmXZ` e CX JXcc\# 9XiZ\cfeX %

LKI<:?K# ?FC8E;8 K\okf1 B`ijk\e ?Xee\dX =fkf^iXÑX1 IfY ?f\bjkiX Cllb BiXd\i

CB

()

<C 8IHL@K<:KF KFE M<E?F<M<E ?8 ;@J<z8;F LE8 <J:L<C8 G8I8 <C J@>CF OO@

GIFP<:KF

<J:L<C8 Ç=FILD ÈK Q8E;È (*

C

X \ej\ XeqX _X jl]i`[f `dgfikXek\j ZXdY`fj [liXek\ cX ck`dX [ ZX[X% Cfj gif]\jfi\j pX ef `dgXik\e jlj ZfefZ`$ d`\ekfj \e ZcXj\j Zfe glg`ki\j g\i]\ZkXd\ek\ Xc`e\X[fj% <e \c d kf[f [\efd`eX[f El\mX <ej\ XeqX \c Xcldef al\^X le gXg\c Z\ekiXc p \c gif]\jfi Xjld\ \c gXg\c [\ Xj\jfi% CXj \jZl\cXj gi`dXi`Xj p j\Zle[Xi`Xj _Xe i\Xc`qX[f cX kiXej`$ Z` e X \jkX Ç\ej\ XeqX Z\ekiX[X \e \c [\jXiifccfÈ# \e cX hl\ kf[f ^`iX \ekfief X cX `e`Z`Xk`mX g\ijf$ eXc# cX `e[\g\e[\eZ`X p cX gifg`X i\jgfejXY`c`[X[ [\ cfj Xcldefj% @ek\ie\k \j# X \jk\ i\jg\Zkf# leX ]l\ek\ el\mX \ `dgfikXek\ [\ ZfefZ`d`\ekfj# Xj Zfdf leX _\iiXd`\ekX gXiX [\jXiifccXi Xgk`kl[\j gi}Zk`ZXj% FkiX k\e[\eZ`X Zi\Z`\ek\ \j cX X^ilgXZ` e [\ cXj \jZl\cXj# Zfe fkiXj \jZl\cXj p j\im`Z`fj g Yc`Zfj% <c X^ilgXd`\ekf g\id`k\ X_fiiXi \e ^Xjkfj [\ ZfejkilZZ` e [\ \[`ÑZ`fj p jl ^\jk` e# p f]i\Z\ el\mXj gfj`Y`c`[X[\j gXiX [\jXiifccXi i\cXZ`fe\j [\ ZfcXYfiXZ` e% 8[\d}j# \jkXj \jZl\cXj [\efd`eX[Xj Ç[\ Xdgc`f \jg\ZkifÈ \a\iZ\e leX `dgfikXek\ cXYfi jfZ`Xc%

I?

<C <;@=@:@F I<:L<I;8 8 C8 >L<II8 ;< C8J >8C8O@8J# F 8 LE8 98CC<E8 <c Xihl`k\Zkf Kfe M\e_f\m\e \ogc`ZX1 ÅEl\jkif fY$ a\k`mf ef \iX Zi\Xi le d\if \jgXZ`f [`[}Zk`Zf# j`ef kXdY` e le \jgXZ`f gXiX \c fZ`f p \c i\Zi\f% ;\Y X XgfikXi Xc^f [\ ZlckliX m`jlXc Xc YXii`f%Æ <c \[`ÑZ`f dlck`]leZ`feXc# hl\ XcY\i^X [fj \jZl\cXj gi`dXi`Xj# le Z\ekif [\ fZ`f# leX ^lXi[\i X p le gfc`[\gfik`mf dle`Z`gXc# j\ Xj\d\aX X leX [\ cXj eXm\j \jgXZ`Xc\j [\ cX >l\iiX [\ cXj >XcXo`Xj f X leX YXcc\eX% <jkX \jZl\cX ef \j le d\if \ekfief \[lZXk`mf gifk\^`[f# j`ef hl\ `em`kX X cfj Xcldefj X \ogcfiXi \c \jgXZ`f% CX ifYljk\q [\ cX Xihl`k\ZkliX ZfekiXjkX Zfe \c

Æ <c \[`ÑZ`f \jZfcXi j\ gi\j\ekX Zfdf le ^iXe al^l\k\ hl\ `em`kX X j\i \ogcfiX[f%

B

(+

DLCK@=LE:@FE8C <jkfj [fj [\jXiifccfj _Xe i\jlckX[f \e leX el\$ mX ^\e\iXZ` e [\ \[`ÑZ`fj \jZfcXi\j# hl\ ef j\ Xj\$ d\aXe \e eX[X X cXj \jZl\cXj kiX[`Z`feXc\j [\ cXi^fj gXj`ccfj# XlcXj p jXc e [\ XZkfj% CX fi^Xe`qXZ` e [\ cfj cfZXc\j [\ \ej\ XeqX p \jkl[`f `e[`m`[lXc# Ò\o`Yc\j p XY`\ikfj# ef \j \c e`Zf glekf hl\ [`Ñ\i\# \e ^iXe d\[`[X# [\c df[\cf _XY`klXc# j`ef hl\ kXd$ Y` e cf \j \c Xjg\Zkf [\ \jkXj \jZl\cXj% CX \jZl\cX [\ Xdgc`f \jg\Zkif =fild ¡k QXe[ \e cX cfZXc`[X[ _fcXe[\jX [\ Lki\Z_k \j le Yl\e \a\dgcf [\ \ccf%

(,

É <jZXc\iXj hl\ Zfe[lZ\e Xc gXk`f \e \c k\aX[f%

Æ ;\ `qhl`\i[X X [\i\Z_X j`^l`\e[f cXj X^laXj [\c i\cfa1 ]XZ_X[Xj Efik\# <jk\# Jli p F\jk\% È CX `ek\^iXZ` e [\ cfj j\im`Z`fj k Ze`Zfj \e cX ]XZ_X[X jlYiXpX cX `dX^\e mXi`X[X# Zfe gcXZXj [\ Xcld`e`f g\i]fiX[f p Z\cfj Xj%

CB

(-

I?

\ekfief# le gXihl\ Xihl\fc ^`Zf Zfe i\jkfj ifd}$ e`Zfj# p \e \c hl\ kXdY` e j\ \eZl\ekiXe i\jkfj [\ le gXjX[f X^iXi`f d}j i\Z`\ek\1 cXj Z_`d\e\Xj [\ cfj _fiefj [\ cfj `em\ieX[\ifj p }iYfc\j ]ilkXc\j% GXiX gi\j\imXi \jk\ \ekfief \e cX d\[`[X [\ cf gfj`Yc\# cXj [`jk`ekXj ]leZ`fe\j j\ _Xe Xg`cX[f \e le mfcld\e ZfdgXZkf hl\ j\ c\mXekX \e jlj \oki\dfj% CXj XlcXj [\ cXj \jZl\cXj j\ _Xe j`klX[f \e cfj [fj \oki\dfj# ZfekXe[f ZX[X \jZl\cX Zfe jl gifg`X \e$ kiX[X p le gXk`f \e \c k\Z_f% <e \c Z\ekif# j\ j`k Xe cfj j\im`Z`fj Zfdle\j# fi^Xe`qX[fj [\ kXc df[f hl\ cX dlck`]leZ`feXc`[X[ j\X d}o`dX% <c i\Z`Y`[fi j\ _X [`j\ X[f X df[f [\ _l\ikf# hl\ ]leZ`feX Zfdf \jgXZ`f [\ i\Zi\f \e ZXjf [\ dXc k`\dgf# Xj Zfdf [\ _Xcc [\c jXc e [\ XZkfj p [\c Z\ekif [\ fZ`f% <c

I?

CB

<c ljf [\ d kf[fj [\ gif[lZZ` e Zfdglk\i`qX[fj efj _X g\id`k`[f [`j\ Xi gcXZXj [\ Xcld`e`f X d\[`[X [\ekif [\ le gi\jlgl$ \jkf c`d`kX[f%

jXc e [\ XZkfj p \c gfc`[\gfik`mf j\ gl\[\e le`i p cXj gXi\[\j \eki\ cfj cfZXc\j p cfj \jgXZ`fj [\ ki}ej`kf j\ gl\[\e [\jgcXqXi% <=<:KF M@JL8C <c ljf [fYc\ [\c \jgXZ`f p cX Yl\eX i\cXZ` e \eki\ g`jf p ]XZ_X[X _Xe i\jlckX[f \e le X_fiif Zfej`[\$ iXYc\# ^iXZ`Xj X cf ZlXc j\ [`jgfe X [\ [`e\if gXiX \c _l\ikf p cX ]XZ_X[X \jg\Z`Xc% M\e_f\m\e1 Å:fd\eqXdfj [\k\id`eXe[f \c \]\Zkf m`jlXc# gXiX jfg\jXi cl\^f \c j`jk\dX `e[`ZX[f% <c Xcld`e`f i\jgfe[ X kXekf Xc \]\Zkf m`jlXc hl\ YljZ}YXdfj# Zfdf X cX XdY`Z` e [\ Zi\Xi le \[`ÑZ`f jfjk\e`Yc\% <j le dXk\i`Xc [\ ^iXe ZXc`[X[ Z`\e gfi Z`\e i\Z`ZcXYc\% LeX gcXZX [\ Xcld`e`f [\ le Z\e$ k d\kif p d\[`f \j Xc^f Y`\e [`]\i\ek\ X leX gXi\[ [\

(/

CB

Cfj g\iÑc\j [\ Xcl$ d`e`f [\ I\peX\ij j\im Xe gXiX ÑaXi kXekf cfj gXe\c\j [\ Xcld`e`f Zfdf cXj m\ekXeXj p gl\ikXj Zfii\[\iXj \e cX gcXekX YXaX p \e cXj ]XZ_X[Xj [\ cfj \oki\dfj%

CB CB

Ç <C 8CLD@E@F I<JGFE;Ý8 8C <=<:KF M@JL8C HL< 9LJ:Ú98DFJÈ

(0

<c j`jk\dX gXiX ]XZ_X[Xj :N ,' `eZclp\ leX Xdgc`X f]\ikX [\ g\iÑc\j# hl\ g\id`k\ i\gif[lZ`i kf[Xj cXj \jkilZkliXj *; gfj`Yc\j% CX Xlj\eZ`X [\ dfekXek\j [fYc\j \e cfj el[fj ^XiXek`qX le kiXqX[f Zfej\Zl\ek\% <c j`jk\dX :N ,' j\ jl\c\ \c\^`i [\Y`[f X jlj gfj`Y`c`[X$ [\j \jk k`ZXj p cX kiXejgXi\eZ`X hl\ j\ fYk`\e\ ^iXZ`Xj Xc ljf [\ g\iÑc\j [\ dXiZf \jg\Z`Xc\j p leX XeZ_liX m`j`Yc\ [\ ,' dd% CX m\ij` e j\d`\jkilZkliXc i\]l\iqX `eZcljf \jkX kiXej$ gXi\eZ`X% 8[\d}j# cfj dfekXek\j [`jgfe\e [\ leX ^fdX <G;D [\ ^iXe ZXc`[X[ X df[f [\ alekX f Z`\ii\# p cfj kiXm\jX fj j\ ]XYi`ZXe Zfe le g\iÑc [\ dXiZf \e ]fidX [\ \c`gj\ p i\]fiqX[f# X Ñe [\ jlYiXpXi \c kiXqX[f _fi`qfekXc% <c X`jcXd`\ekf k id`Zf [\c j`jk\dX j\ jld`e`jkiX \e [`jk`ekXj ^iX[XZ`fe\j _XjkX le mXcfi L `e]\i`fi X )#' N&d)B%

@E=FID8:@áE JF9I< GIF;L:KF

<c :J -/ \j le j`jk\dX [\ gl\ikXj p m\ekXeXj ifYljkf [\ I\peX\ij# \jg\Z`Xcd\ek\ [`j\ X[f gXiX jXk`j]XZ\i cfj i\hl`j`kfj ZX[X m\q d}j \o`^\ek\j Zfe i\jg\Zkf X cX \jkXY`c`[X[# \c X`jcXd`\ekf k id`Zf p cX j\^li`[X[% ;\Y`[f X cX \c\mX[X i`^`[\q [\ cfj g\iÑc\j# \jk\ j`jk\dX [\ ki\j Z}dXiXj \j `[\Xc gXiX cX i\Xc`qXZ` e [\ m\ekXeXj p gl\ikXj [\ ^iXe[\j [`d\ej`fe\j% <jkX j\i`\ f]i\Z\# X[\d}j# [`jk`ekfj e`m\c\j [\ gifk\ZZ` e Xek`YXcXj p Xek`iifYf fgZ`feXc\j% <c X`jcX[fi Xgc`ZX[f g\id`k\ ]XYi`ZXi ZfejkilZZ`fe\j ZlimXj p f]i\Z\ cX gfj`Y`c`[X[ [\ \c\^`i Zfcfi\j [`jk`ekfj gXiX \c dXiZf `ek\i`fi p \ok\i`fi%

)'

<c j`jk\dX KG (*/ \j le j`jk\dX [\ gl\ikXj Zfii\[\iXj jfjk\e`Yc\ hl\ j\ ZXiXZk\i`qX gfi jlj gi\j$ kXZ`fe\j k Ze`ZXj p [\ j\^li`[X[% ;\Y`[f X jl gif]le[`[X[ [\ dfe$ kXa\ [\ (*/ dd# \c j`jk\dX f]i\Z\ jlÑZ`\ek\j gfj`Y`c`[X[\j gXiX dfekXi le Z`\ii\ [\ j\^li`[X[ X[`Z`feXc# Zfdf leX Z\iiX[liX [\ ki\j glekfj% 8[\d}j# cXj g\jX[Xj gl\ikXj Zfii\[\iXj f]i\Z\e ^iXe \jkXY`c`[X[# \jkXY`c`[X[ [`d\ej`feXc p [liXY`c`[X[ \e jl ljf% <c mXcfi d}o`df [\ )'' b^ gfi _faX g\id`k\ i\Xc`qXi ^iXe[\j gl\ikXj Zfii\[\iXj kiXejgXi\ek\j% :fdf ZfdY`eXZ` e [`]\i\ek\ \o`jk\# X[\d}j [\ cX m\ij` e [\ [fj# ki\j f ZlXkif ^l Xj _XY`klXc\j# leX ZfejkilZ$ Z` e \e dfef^l X% <e \jk\ ck`df ZXjf# ef j\ lk`c`qX le g\iÑc [\ gl\ikX gXiX \c \c\d\ekf Ñaf# j`ef hl\ \c Zi`jkXc j\ ZfcfZX [`i\ZkXd\ek\ \e \c dXiZf \ok\ief# fYk\e` e[fj\ leX dXpfi kiXejgXi\eZ`X p leX dXpfi Xk\eZ` e _XZ`X cX Zfii\[\iX%

cX[i`ccf% 8[\d}j# cfj cX[i`ccfj j cf j\ gl\[\e i\Z`ZcXi Zfdf Z`d`\ekfj [\ ZXii\k\iXj%Æ =LKLIF CX ]XZ_X[X j\ Xj\d\aX X leX g`\c X\if[`e}d`ZX hl\ kXdY` e `eZfigfiX ]leZ`fe\j Zfdf cXj i\a`ccXj [\ m\ek`cXZ` e# cfj [\jX^ \j p cX `cld`eXZ` e d\[`Xek\ C<;% <ccf _X i\jlckX[f \e leX `dX^\e mXi`X[X p cc\eX [\ ]XekXj X1 leX Zfdgfj`Z` e \e ZXgXj p XgXi\ek\$ d\ek\ XiY`kiXi`X [\ gXe\c\j [\ Xcld`e`f p gcXZXj [\ Xcld`e`f g\i]fiX[f# p Xg\ikliXj [\ cX ]XZ_X[X c`jXj p jXc`\ek\j% M\e_f\m\e1 ÅCXj \jZl\cXj gi\Z`jXe ^iXe[\j m\ekXeXc\j% GXiX gi\j\imXi cX `dX^\e [\ \jk\ Zf_\k\# jkfj ef gf[ Xe j\i `[ ek`Zfj% ?\dfj al^X[f Zfe cX \jZXcX# Zfe cX c\^`Y`c`[X[ [\c \[`ÑZ`f% <c kiXYXaf Zfe d kf[fj [\ gif[lZZ` e Zfdglk\i`qX[fj \jg\Z`X$ c\j efj _X g\id`k`[f [`j\ Xi ZX[X gcXZX gfi j\gXiX[f [\ekif [\ le gi\jlgl\jkf iXqfeXYc\% J\ kiXkXYX gi}Zk`ZXd\ek\ [\ g`ekXi Zfe Xcld`e`f%Æ Cfj g\iÑc\j [\ I\peX\ij ]XZ_X[X :N ,'# m\e$ kXeXj p gl\ikXj :J -/ p gl\ikXj Zfii\[\iXj KG (*/ ljX[fj jlYiXpXe \jk\ ZfeZ\gkf1 j\im Xe kXekf gXiX ÑaXi cfj gXe\c\j [\ Xcld`e`f# Zfdf gXiX cX `ek\^iXZ` e [\ m\ekXeXj p gl\ikXj Zfii\[\iXj [\ [`jk`ekXj [`d\e$ j`fe\j# \e cfj hl\ cX gi\j\eZ`X [\ dfekXek\j [fYc\j \e cfj el[fj i\gi\j\ekXe le `dgfikXek\ Xgfik\ Xc Xjg\Zkf [\ cX ]XZ_X[X% G\if \c Xjg\Zkf ]lkli`jkX# \c ZfeZ\gkf [\ \jZl\cX [\ Xdgc`f \jg\Zkif p cX el\mX ]fidX [\ \[lZXZ` e ef jfe cXj e`ZXj ZXiXZk\i jk`ZXj hl\ [\k\id`eXe cX fi`\ekXZ` e Xc ]lklif [\ \jkX \jZl\cX% M\i_f\m\e \o$ gc`ZX hl\ X g\jXi [\ hl\ cX ]XZ_X[X j\ gl\[\ kXZ_Xi# ^iXZ`Xj X jl gk`df X`jcXd`\ekf p le j`jk\dX [\ Zc`$ dXk`qXZ` e `ek\^iX[f# [\ jfjk\e`Yc\# \c \[`ÑZ`f gl\[\ j\i fYjfc\kf [\ekif [\ lefj ZlXi\ekX X fj% <c \[`ÑZ`f k`\e\ \e Zl\ekX \jkX gifYXY`c`[X[% Å<e \j\ dfd\ekf# \c Xcld`e`f j\ gl\[\ ]le[`i j\eZ`ccXd\ek\ gXiX ]XYi`$ ZXi le gif[lZkf el\mf p cX ]XZ_X[X j\ gl\[\ jljk`kl`i hl`q}j gfi leX g`\c hl\ gif[lqZX \e\i^ X%Æ =FILD ÈK Q8E; 8ihl`k\Zkf1 M\e_f\m\e :J :c`\ek\1 8plekXd`\ekf [\ Lki\Z_k# ;\gXikXd\ekf [\ ;\jXiifccf JfZ`Xc <cXYfiX[fi1 MXe [\i C`e[\e J`jk\dXj I\peX\ij1 :N ,'# :J -/# KG (*/

È ;\kXcc\ _fi`qfekXc [\ leX \jhl`eX1 Zfe\o` e \eki\ le gXe\c [\ cX ]XZ_X[X p \c XZi`jkXcXd`\ekf Zfe gifk\ZZ` e jfcXi% Å

CB

CX `cld`eXZ` e p cXj `ejkXcXZ`fe\j j\ _Xe `ek\^iX[f \e cfj k\Z_fj [\ Xcld`e`f g\i]fiX[f%

CB

)(

))

=FEK8@E<9C<8L# =I8E:@8 K\okf1 Jfg_`\ Iflc\k =fkf^iXÑX1 =XYi`Z\ 8p^Xc\eh

GIFA<:K

:8DGLJ ;<C @EJ<8; LE8 EL<M8 @D8><E G8I8 LE8 ;< C8J <J:L<C8J ;< ><JK@áE <DGI<$ J8I@8C DÚJ GI<JK@>@FJ8J ;<C DLE;F

)*

?

XZ\ ZXj` Z`eZf [ ZX[Xj# j\ ]le[ \e cX Z`l$ [X[ ]iXeZ\jX [\ =fekX`e\Yc\Xl \c `ejk`klkf @EJ<8;# hl\ \j# _fp \e [ X# leX [\ cXj \jZl\cXj [\ ^\jk` e \dgi\jXi`Xc [\ dXpfi i\glkXZ` e [\c dle[f% <c ZfiXq e [\ \jk\ `dgi\j`feXek\ ZXdglj _X j`[f i\efmX[f gfi cfj Xihl`k\Zkfj C\_flo p G_`cp% CX Z`l[X[ [\ =fekX`e\Yc\Xl j\ jl\c\ XjfZ`Xi Zfe \c ZXjk`ccf [\c i\p =iXeZ`jZf @# jlj Yfjhl\j p cX \jZXcX[X \e Ycfhl\% G\if# \c @EJ<8;# Zfdf Zfdgfe\ek\ [\c gXki`dfe`f [\ \jkX Z`l[X[ [\ cXj X]l\iXj [\ GXi j# kXdY` e i\gi\j\ekX le `Zfef \oZ\gZ`feXc [\ cX gfZX XZklXc% :fe jl \efid\ ZXdglj# \c @ejk`klk <lifg \e [È8[d`e`jkiXk`fe [\j 8]]X`i\j @ejk`klkf \lifg\f [\ X[d`e`jkiXZ` e [\ \dgi\jXj k`\e\ ]XdX [\ \c`k`jkX [\Y`[f X cX gf[\ifjX i\[ `ek\ieXZ`feXc ]fidX[X gfi Å <c j`jk\dX :N /- XgfikX le X`i\ e\fdf[\ief%

)+ \o$Xcldefj [\c `ejk`klkf \e gfj\j` e [\ le [`gcfdX# hl\ fZlgX# j\^ e \c [`Xi`f Yi`k}e`Zf =`eXeZ`Xc K`d\j# cX fZkXmX gfj`Z` e dle[`Xc% ;\j[\ jl ]le[XZ` e \e cX [ ZX[X [\ cfj j\j\ekX# \c ZXdglj [\ =fekX`e\Yc\Xl j\ _X `[f Xdgc`Xe[f Zfe el\mfj \[`ÑZ`fj# X Ñe [\ i\jgfe[\i X jl ZfejkXek\ Zi\Z`d`\ekf% <c [\jgXZ_f [\ Xihl`k\Zkfj ÇC\_flo \k G_`cpÈ _X j`[f \c\^`[f gXiX \cXYfiXi le `e\m`kXYc\ gcXe dX\jkif p i\[`j\ Xi \c k\ii\ef [\ ZXj` *'%''' d)% <D9C<D8 8IHL@K<:KáE@:F <e \c dXiZf [\ cX i\efmXZ` e [\ cX kfkXc`[X[ [\c ZXdglj# cfj Xihl`k\Zkfj ef j cf _Xe [`j\ X[f \[`ÑZ`fj el\mfj# Zfdf \c ÇGc\jj`j DfieXpÈ# j`ef hl\ kXdY` e _Xe i\_XY`c`kX[f \c gi`d\i \[`ÑZ`f [\c @EJ<8;# \c ÇKfli$ >Xc\i`\È% Å<jkX ZfdY`eXZ` e [\ Zi\XZ` e [\ el\mfj \[`ÑZ`fj [\ fÑZ`eXj p [\ le [`j\ f kfkXc [\ cX qfeX [\ m`Xe[Xek\j efj f]i\Z` cX gfj`Y`c`[X[ [\ kiXYXaXi \e le \ekfief liYXef if[\X[f [\ Yfjhl\j \e \c j\ef [\ le gi\jk`^`fjf `ejk`klkf# i\ZfefZ`[f \e kf[f \c dle[f gfi cX ZXc`[X[ [\ jl \ej\ XeqXÆ# jlYiXpXe cfj Xihl`k\Zkfj [liXek\ cX gi\j\ekXZ` e [\ cX i\_XY`c`kXZ` e kXekf j`dY c`ZX# Zfdf \a\dgcXi [\c \[`ÑZ`f Kfli$>Xc\i`\% <c \[`ÑZ`f ZfejkX [\ [fj gXik\j à cX kfii\ ]fidX[X gfi ki\j gcXekXj p cX ^Xc\i X ]fidX[X gfi [fj gcXekXj Ã# k`\e\ leX jlg\iÑZ`\ kfkXc [\ d}j [\ *%''' d) p ]fidX \c ZfiXq e [\ @EJ<8;% Kfli$>Xc\i`\ \j \c \[`ÑZ`f gi`eZ`gXc [\ cX \jZl\cX p jl ]leZ` e \j cX [\ i\Z`Y`i X

cXj g\ijfeXj# p# [\Y`[f X hl\ \j le \[`ÑZ`f hl\ [XkX [\ gi`eZ`g`fj [\ cX [ ZX[X [\ cfj j\j\ekX# ZlXe[f j\ ]le[ @EJ<8;# j`dYfc`qX gi\Z`jXd\ek\ cX _`jkfi`X [\c `ejk`klkf% <e \c dXiZf [\ cX i\efmXZ` e [\c \[`ÑZ`f# cfj Xihl`k\Zkfj C\_flo p G_`cp [\Z`[`\ife dXek\e\i \c gcXe [\ fYiX \o`jk\ek\# Zfe \c fYa\k`mf [\ \eki\^Xi# X gi`eZ`g`fj [\c Zlijf \jZfcXi )''-# le \[`ÑZ`f kfkXcd\ek\ i\efmX[f p j`dY c`Zf% CXj fYiXj [\ i\efmXZ` e j\ `e`Z`Xife \e \e\if [\ )'', Zfe cX \c`d`eXZ` e [\ cfj dlifj Zfik`eX \o`jk\ek\j% GXiX gifk\^\i \c \[`ÑZ`f cf Xek\j gfj`Yc\ ZfekiX cX cclm`X# cfj Xihl`k\Zkfj fgkXife gfi \c j`j$ k\dX [\ gXe\c\j [\ I\peX\ij ]XZ_X[Xj :N /- <=# k`gf M<G % <jk\ k`gf [\ XZi`jkXcXd`\ekf \ok\i`fi Zfe alehl`ccfj \iX cX d\afi jfclZ` e gXiX i\jgfe[\i X cfj i\hl`j`kfj [\c gc`\^f [\ Zfe[`Z`fe\j Zfe i\jg\Zkf X cfj )%/'' d) [\ ]XZ_X[X% ?FD<E8A< 8C DLIF :FIK@E8 GXiX fYk\e\i leX g\iÑc\i X dlp \jki\Z_X \e cX ]XZ_X[X p le Xjg\Zkf _fdf^ e\f \eki\ cXj gXik\j ÑaXj p cXj XYXk`Yc\j# cfj Xihl`k\Zkfj \c`^`\ife cX \jk k`ZX [\ le j`jk\dX [\ dlif Zfik`eX \e Xcld`e`f% J`e [`]\i\eZ`X m`j`Yc\# kf[fj cfj gXe\c\j :N /-$<= f]i\Z\e# kXekf [\j[\ \c `ek\i`fi Zfdf [\c \ok\i`fi# le ÇXjg\Zkf `[ ek`ZfÈ# [\Y`[f X hl\ cfj dfekXek\j p cfj kiXm\jX fj k`\e\e leX XeZ_liX m`j`Yc\ le`]fid\ [\ /- dd% 8[\d}j [\ jl Xjg\Zkf ]fidXc# \jk\ j`jk\dX f]i\Z X leX `ejkXcXZ` e i}g`[X \e \c \[`ÑZ`f# ^iXZ`Xj X leX gi\]XYi`ZXZ` e Zfdgc\kX \e \c kXcc\i [\ cfj ^iXe[\j \c\d\ekfj [\ Zi`jkXc# `ek\^iXe[f kf[fj cfj Zfdgfe\ek\j \jkilZkliXj# dXk\i`Xc\j [\ i\cc\ef p gXik\j XYXk`Yc\j % <jk\ gifZ\[`d`\ekf _X g\id`k`[f ^XiXek`qXi leX d\afiX [\ cX ZXc`[X[ ^cfYXc# Xj Zfdf leX [`jd`elZ` e jljkXeZ`Xc [\c k`\dgf [\ `ejkXcX$ Z` e jfYi\ \c k\ii\ef% Cfj dXiZfj Zfe g\iÑc\j Zfe ifkliX [\ gl\ek\ k id`Zf p alehl`ccfj \jk}e kfkXcd\ek\ `ek\^iX[fj \e cX \jkilZkliX gfikXek\ p i\jgfe[\e X kf[fj cfj i\hl`j`kfj [\ X`jcXd`\ekf% CXj eld\ifjXj alekXj [\ <G;D ^XiXek`qXe cX `dg\id\XY`c`[X[ p d\afiXe \c i\e[`d`\ekf k id`Zf p \c X`jcXd`\ekf XZ jk`Zf# hl\ \e \jk\ ZXjf# [\Y X Zldgc`i le i\hl`j`kf [\ [`jd`elZ` e [\c il`[f [\ *, [9% 8 g\k`Z` e [\ cfj Xihl`k\Zkfj# cXj ]XZ_X[Xj j\ _Xe [fkX[f [\ [fj [`jk`ekfj k`gfj [\ Xg\ikliXj1 \e cX ]XZ_X[X fZZ`[\e$ kXc m\ekXeXj gifp\ZkXYc\j p \e cXj ]XZ_X[Xj Efik\ p Jli m\ekXeXj X cX `e^c\jX# gfi dfk`mfj [\ j\^li`[X[ XZZ\jf [\ cfj YfdY\ifj % Cfj gXe\c\j [\ Zi`jkXc ZcX$ if# dXk\ f m`[i`X[f k`\e\e [`jk`ekfj dXk`Z\j [\ ^i`j# hl\ f]i\Z\e Xc XefZ_\Z\i le \jg\ZkXZlcXi al\^f [\ clZ\j# X cX m\q hl\ Xj\^liXe [liXek\ \c [ X cX `ek`$

d`[X[ e\Z\jXi`X \e \c cl^Xi [\ kiXYXaf% CXj fÑZ`eXj [\ cX [`i\ZZ` e p [\c [\ZXef [\ \jk\ gi\jk`^`fjf Z\ekif j\ _XpXe \e \c g`jf jlg\i`fi [\ \jk\ \[`ÑZ`f _`jk i`Zf% <c gXk`f Z\ekiXc [`j\ X[f gfi le gX`jXa`jkX aXgfe j# f]i\Z\ cX e\Z\jXi`X kiXehl`c`[X[ gXiX ^\j$ k`feXi \c [ X X [ X [\ @EJ<8;# X Ñe [\ Xj\^liXi hl\ \e \c ]lklif kXdY` e j`^X g\ik\e\Z`\e[f X cX \c`k\ [\ cXj \jZl\cXj \dgi\jXi`Xc\j% @EJ<8; 8ihl`k\Zkfj1 C\_flo p G_`cp :c`\ek\1 @ej\X[ :fekiXk`jkX gi`eZ`gXc1 C\fe >ifjj\ <cXYfiX[fi1 Jk`d K\Z_e`YXk J`jk\dXj I\peX\ij1 :N /-$<= M<G

Å

È

Ç

<e \c j`jk\dX [\ ]XZ_X[X \c\^`[f cfj g\iÑc\j [\ cXj gXik\j ÑaXj p [\ cXj d m`c\j jfe `^lXc [\ \jki\Z_fj%

CX ]XZ_X[X i\efmX[X f]i\Z\ cX d`jdX \j$ k k`ZX hl\ cfj dlifj Zfik`eX [\ cfj X fj j\j\ekX# g\if Zfe leX dXpfi \ÑZXZ`X \e\i^ k`ZX%

Cfj \jki\Z_fj g\iÑc\j i\]l\iqXe cX Zfek`el`[X[ \eki\ \c `ek\i`fi p \c \ok\i`fi%

),

)(+

K<DJ<# 9yC>@:8 K\okf 1 M\ife`hl\ 9ffe\ =fkf^iXÑX1 PmXe >cXm`\

GIFP<:KF

<;@=@:@FJ I<J@;<E$ :@8C<J P LE <;@=@:@F ;< F=@:@E8J LE 8EK@>LF 8JK@CC<IF J< ?8 I<:FE$ M<IK@;F <E LE8 QFE8 ;< M@M@<E;8J P F=@:@E8J

).

C

X Z`l[X[ [\ K\dj\ Zl\ekX pX Zfe le [`jki`kf el\mf% >iXZ`Xj X cX i\Zfem\i$ j` e [\c 9f\cn\i] \e le gi\jk`^`fjf gifp\Zkf [\ m`m`\e[Xj p fÑZ`eXj# \c m`\af Xjk`cc\if ZXdY`X [\ j\dYcXek\ kiXj d}j [\ Z`\ekf Z`eZl\e$ kX X fj [\ XZk`m`[X[ dXi k`dX% Le k\ii\ef [\ fZ_\ekX _\Zk}i\Xj p \c Xek`^lf Z\ekif X[d`$ e`jkiXk`mf [\c Xjk`cc\if j\ kiXej]fidXi}e# \e \c kiXejZlijf [\ hl`eZ\ X fj# \e le YXii`f i\j`[\e$ Z`Xc kfkXcd\ek\ el\mf# le gXihl\ `e[ljki`Xc p le el\mf Z\ekif X[d`e`jkiXk`mf gXiX \c dle`Z`g`f [\ K\dj\% <c el\mf YXii`f i\j`[\eZ`Xc [\ leXj ki\`ekX _\Zk}i\Xj j\ [\efd`eXi} Ç[\ QXXkÈ# \c k id`ef cfZXc gXiX [\j`^eXi le Xjk`cc\if eXmXc# p \j leX `e`Z`Xk`mX [\ EM E`\ln K\dj\# Zi\X[X gfi @E> I\Xc <jkXk\# \c ^ilgf ZfejkilZkfi :fi[\\c p cX \dgi\jX ZfekiXk`jkX 8\ikjj\e% <e \jki\Z_X ZfcXYfiXZ` e Zfe \c dle`$ Z`g`f# hl\ kiXj cX hl`\YiX [\c Xjk`cc\if# X[hl`i` cfj

XckliX% <e \c cX[f [\ XZZ\jf Xc `ek\i`fi# cfj \[`ÑZ`fj k`\e\e leX ]XZ_X[X [\ cX[i`ccf [\ Zfdgfj`Z` e i kd`ZX# kiXj cX ZlXc j\ j`k Xe cfj [fid`kfi`fj2 \e cX gXik\ gfjk\i`fi# Zfe m`jkXj Xc gXihl\ eXkliXc j`klX[f \e]i\ek\ p Xc i f JZ_\c[\# cfj XgXikXd\ekfj [`jgfe\e [\ le Xdgc`f c`m`e^ Zfe m\ekXeXc\j fZlgXe[f kf[X cX XckliX [\c g`jf p ^iXe[\j YXcZfe\j [\ [fYc\ XckliX% GXiX \jkfj m\ekXeXc\j j\ lk`c`q \c j`jk\dX [\ gl\ikXj Zfii\[\iXj [\ \c\mX[f X`jcXd`\e$ kf :G (,,% Å<jk\ j`jk\dX j\ [\jZi`Y` Xc [\kXcc\ \e cX d\dfi`X [\ ZXc`[X[\j# gl\jkf hl\ ef \eZfekiXdfj fkif g\iÑc hl\ gf[ X jfclZ`feXi Zfe leX XeZ_liX kXe d e`dX cX \jkilZkliX \eki\ cfj XZi`jkXcXd`\ekfjÆ# \ogc`ZX Clb D\i$ k\ej# Xihl`k\Zkf [\ Af :i\gX`e \eZXi^X[f [\c gifp\Zkf [\ cfj \[`ÑZ`fj i\j`[\eZ`Xc\j% Å<jkX \j cX iXq e gfi cX hl\ i\Z_XqXdfj leX gifgl\jkX Xck\ieXk`mX [\c ZfejkilZkfi# pX hl\ \e \j\ ZXjf [\Y Xdfj i\eleZ`Xi X cX \jk k`ZX%Æ <e \c `ek\i`fi [\ cfj dfekXek\j j\ \eZl\ekiXe cfj jfgfik\j klYlcXi\j [\ Xcld`e`f# Xci\[\[fi [\ cfj ZlXc\j j\ ZfcfZXe cfj g\iÑc\j :G (,,% <jkf g\id`k\ fZlckXi cX \jkilZkliX \e cXj ]XZ_X[Xj [\ Zi`jkXc# p \m`kX hl\ cfj g\iÑc\j [\ cXj m\e$

Å =XZ_X[Xj [\cXek\iX p kiXj\iX [\ cfj \[`ÑZ`fj i\j`[\eZ`Xc\j# [`j\ X[fj gfi Af :i gX`e%

)/ k\ii\efj [\c m`\af \[`ÑZ`f [\ fÑZ`eXj# j\ [\jXiifcc le gcXe dX\jkif hl\ [\Y X ZfdY`eXi m`m`\e[Xj Xc cX[f [\c X^lX# cX `e[ljki`X \e Zfe\o` e Zfe \c i f JZ_\c[\ p cX eXkliXc\qX% Gfi jl gifo`d`[X[ Xc Z\ekif [\ K\dj\# \c Xek`^lf \[`ÑZ`f [\ fÑZ`eXj [\c Xjk`cc\if [\Y X XcY\i^Xi cfj j\im`Z`fj dle`Z`gXc\j p cX gfc`Z X cfZXc# p ]fidXi Xj \c Zfi[ e ldY`c`ZXc \eki\ cf el\mf p cf m`\af%

kXeXj p cfj jfgfik\j klYlcXi\j [\ Xcld`e`f j\ k\e^Xe hl\ [\j[fYcXi% J\ fYk`\e\ Xj leX ]XZ_X[X [\ Zi`jkXc d}j c`^\$ iX# hl\ ]fidX \e ZX[X gcXekX le kiXp\Zkf gifg`f \eki\ cX k\iiXqX p \c c`m`e^% CXj gcXZXj [\ Xcld`e`f hl\ j\ lk`c`qXe Zfdf XZXYX[f [\ cfj g`jfj p [\ cXj k\iiXqXj# i\]l\iqXe cX [`jki`YlZ` e _fi`qfekXc alekf Zfe \c ZXi}Zk\i Çc`Yi\È [\ cX gXi\[ [\ Zi`jkXc# \e ZfekiXglekf X cXj m\ekXeXj m\ik`ZXc\j \e cXj ]XZ_X[Xj [\ cX[i`ccf%

KI<J <;@=@:@FJ I<J@;<E:@8C<J Ki\j \[`ÑZ`fj i\j`[\eZ`Xc\j# [`j\ X[fj gfi \c Xi$ hl`k\Zkf [\ 8dY\i\j Af :i\gX`e# ]fidXe \c gi`d\i gifp\Zkf i\j`[\eZ`Xc [\c YXii`f% CX qfeX i\j`[\eZ`Xc \jkXi} ]fidX[X gfi leX ZfdY`eXZ` e [\ \jkfj ki\j \[`ÑZ`fj i\j`[\eZ`Xc\j# Zfe m`jkXj Xc i f JZ_\c[\ p j`klX[fj cf d}j Z\iZX gfj`Yc\ [\c Z\ekif [\ K\dj\# leX j\i`\ [\ \[`ÑZ`fj [\ XgXikXd\ekfj Z\iZX [\c JZ_\c[\# p leX qfeX [\ aXi[ e Zfe gXiZ\cXj% Cfj \[`ÑZ`fj i\j`[\eZ`Xc\j# ki\j mfc d\e\j [\ cX[i`ccfj ZfifeX[fj gfi ki\j g\ek_flj\j X df[f [\ \jZlckl$ iXj [\ Xcld`e`f# Zfek`\e\e m\`ek` e XgXikXd\ekfj [\ claf# p jlj jlYk\ii}e\fj \jk}e Zfe\ZkX[fj gfi le XgXiZXd`\ekf gi`mX[f% Cfj ki\j \[`ÑZ`fj \jk}e j`klX$ [fj \e le aXi[ e j\d`g Yc`Zf hl\ j\ \ok`\e[\ _XjkX \c [`hl\% Cfj XgXikXd\ekfj k`\e\e leX jlg\iÑZ`\ [\ (/' d) p leX [`jki`YlZ` e j\eZ`ccX% Cfj XjZ\ejfi\j p cXj \jZXc\iXj j\ j`k Xe \e \c Z\ekif [\c \[`ÑZ`f p j\ XZZ\[\ X \ccfj X kiXm j [\ le i\Z`Y`[fi [\ [fYc\

:<EKIF 8;D@E@JKI8K@MF <c \[`ÑZ`f [\ fÑZ`eXj \o`jk\ek\ j\ \dg\q X ljXi \e (0-0 p kXdY` e k\e X leX ]leZ` e X[d`e`jkiXk`mX gXiX \c Xjk`cc\if% ;\Y`[f X jl [`jki`YlZ` e iXZ`feXc# \c \[`ÑZ`f j\ X[XgkXYX dlp Y`\e X jl ]leZ` e ]lkliX [\ j\[\ [\ cfj j\im`Z`fj dle`Z`gXc\j# g\if# [\Y`[f X jlj ]XZ_X[Xj [\ cX[i`ccf Z\iiX[Xj# ZXi\Z X [\ ZXi}Zk\i gXiX \a\iZ\i [\ \jcXY e% <c el\mf Z\ekif X[d`e`jkiXk`mf [\Y X j\i le \[`ÑZ`f XY`\ikf p XZZ\j`Yc\ gXiX cfj _XY`kXek\j [\ K\dj\# p j\i le `Zfef i\gi\j\ekXk`mf gXiX \c dle`Z`g`f p gXiX cfj ]lklifj _XY`kXek\j [\c YXii`f Ç[\ QXXkÈ% <c [\jgXZ_f [\ Xihl`k\Zkfj [\ 8dY\i\j Jkfid\ MXe IXejk# hl\ _XY X ^XeX[f \e )'') \c ZfeZlijf gXiX cX i\Zfem\ij` e# Zfd$ gi\e[` \jk\ i\hl`j`kf X cX g\i]\ZZ` e# p [`j\ le \[`ÑZ`f ÇXY`\ikfÈ# kXekf gXiX cfj m`j`kXek\j# Zfdf gXiX cfj gifg`fj \dgc\X[fj% <c \[`ÑZ`f j\ [\jdfek _XjkX jl \jhl\c\$ kf1 j\ \c`d`eXife cXj ]XZ_X[Xj [\ cX[i`ccf# cXj \jZXc\iXj [\ _fid`^ e# cXj ZfcldeXj [\ cX[i`ccf# j\ i\k`iXife cXj gXi\[\j `ek\i`fi\j hl\ ZXi\Z Xe [\ lk`c`[X[# _XjkX hl\

È

Ç

Ç

<c Xek`^lf \[`ÑZ`f [\ fÑZ`eXj _X j`[f i\efmX[f gfi Jkfid\ mXe IXejk p Zldgc\ XZklXcd\ek\ cX ]leZ` e [\ Z\ekif X[d`e`jkiXk`mf%

M\jk Ylcf Zfe [`j\ f Xki`f [\c Z\ekif X[d`e`jkiXk`mf%

?Xcc

LE8 :FD9@E8:@áE ;< M@M@<E;8J# F=@:@E8 P E8KLI8C<Q8

)0

@qhl`\i[X1 j\ZZ` e m\ik`ZXc Zfe [\kXcc\ [\ cXj ]XZ_X[Xj [\ Zi`jkXc [\ cfj \[`ÑZ`fj i\j`[\eZ`Xc\j [`j\ X[fj gfi :i gX`e% ;\i\Z_X1 [\kXcc\ m\ik`ZXc [\ cX Zfe\o` e [\ cXj ]XZ_X[Xj [\ Zi`jkXc X cfj YXcZfe\j%

Æ 8ofefd\ki X [\ le \[`ÑZ`f i\j`[\eZ`Xc Af :i gX`e %

*'

Å Cfj \ogi\j`mfj YXcZfe\j Zfem`\ik\e X cfj \[`ÑZ`fj i\j`[\eZ`Xc\j \e \jZlckliXj [\ Xcld`e`f%

Æ LeX jXcX [\ i\le`fe\j gXefi}d`ZX ZfifeX \c Z\ekif X[d`e`jkiXk`mf%

*( Æ CXj ]XZ_X[Xj [\ cX[i`ccf [\c \[`ÑZ`f [\ fÑZ`eXj _Xe j`[f jljk`kl`[Xj gfi XZi`jkXcXd`\e$ kfj hl\ fZlgXe kf[X cX XckliX [\ cX gcXekX%

*)

É CX gifk\ZZ` e jfcXi [\k\id`eX \c i\c`\m\ p cXj c e\Xj [\ cX el\mX ]XZ_X[X%

j cf g\idXe\Z` \e g`\ leX Xdgc`X \jkilZkliX [\jel[X% CXj ]XZ_X[Xj [\ Zi`jkXc p leX \ekiX[X gi`eZ`gXc [\ [fYc\ XckliX p [\ Zi`jkXc \iXe cX gi`d\iX dl\jkiX [\ \jkX Xej`X [\ Xg\ikliX% ;\ \jk\ df[f# cfj Xihl`k\Zkfj hl\i Xe ^XiXek`qXi cX XZZ\j`Y`c`[X[ [\c gXjf [\c \ok\i`fi Xc `ek\i`fi% 8[\d}j# cfj \dgc\X[fj kXdY` e k`\e\e leX Yl\eX i\cXZ` e m`jlXc Zfe \c \ekfief \ok\i`fi# le Yfe`kf gXihl\ eXkliXc X cXj i`Y\iXj [\c JZ_\c[\% CXj ]XZ_X[Xj [\ Zi`jkXc kXdY` e g\id`k\e hl\ \c \[`ÑZ`f j`imX [\ YXc`qX% <e \c `ek\i`fi [\c \[`ÑZ`f j\ fgk gfi ljXi# \e cX d\[`[X [\ cf gfj`Yc\# jXcXj [\ fÑZ`eXj Xdgc`Xj# p hl\ cXj [`jk`ekXj j\gXiXZ`fe\j j\ i\Xc`qXj\e \e gXiXc\cf X cfj dlifj d}j cXi^fj% ;\ \jk\ df[f# \c \[`ÑZ`f j\ _`qf Zfdgi\ej`Yc\ i}g`[Xd\ek\ [\j[\ \c glekf m`jlXc# \e ]leZ` e [\ cX fi^Xe`qXZ` e [\ cfj [`jk`ekfj \jgXZ`fj% CXj ]XZ_X[Xj [\c \[`ÑZ`f j\ _Xe i\Xc`qX[f Zfe \c g\iÑc :N ,'% J\ kiXkX [\ le XZi`jkXcXd`\ekf j\d`\$ jkilZkliXc# Zfe dfekXek\j m\ik`ZXc\j gfikXek\j# \e cfj hl\ Zl\c^Xe gXjXi\cXj gXiX \c dXek\e`d`\ekf p XZZ\jf# p c`jkfe\j [\ Zi`jkXc _fi`qfekXc\j% CXj ]XZ_X[Xj j\ [`j\ Xife Zfe g\iÑc\j [\ Xcld`e`f g`ekX[fj \e ^i`j ZcXif dXk\# hl\ ]fidXe# alekf Zfe cfj \c\d\ekfj [\ cX ]XZ_X[X [\ q`eZ p [\c d`jdf Zfcfi ^i`j# cfj cX[i`ccfj fjZlifj p cX dX[\iX ljX[X \e \c `ek\i`fi# le Zfealekf jfYi`f p Z}c`[f% GXiX cXj ]XZ_X[Xj [\ Zi`jkXc cX Zfd$ gc\a`[X[ [\ cfj [\kXcc\j pX j\ [\jXiifcc _XjkX \c d}j d e`df [\kXcc\ [liXek\ cX ]Xj\ [\ [`j\ f% ÅJ\ \c`^`\ife cfj g\iÑc\j [\ Xcld`e`f [\ I\peX\ij [\Y`[f X cX Xdgc`X ^XdX [\ \c\d\ekfj Xlo`c`Xi\j hl\ _XZ\e gfj`Yc\ \jkX [`] Z`c [\Ñe`Z` eÆ# \ogc`ZX \c Xihl`k\Zkf A\Xe$G`\ii\ MXe C`\]]\i`e^\ [\ Jkfid\ MXe IXejk p a\]\ [\ gifp\Zkf gXiX \c Z\ekif X[d`e`jkiXk`mf% Å<c \jgXZ`f c`Yi\ [\ cX \ekiX[X k`\e\ gfi \a\dgcf ^iXe[\j gXe\c\j [\ Zi`jkXc ZlpX XckliX j\ \c\mX mXi`Xj gcXekXj% CX `ejkXcXZ` e [\ [`jk`ekXj gXjXi\cXj [\ dXek\e`d`\ekf \e cX gXik\ `ek\i`fi g\id`k\ [`jki`Yl`i d\afi cX ZXi^X [\c m`\ekf# cf ZlXc Y\e\ÑZ`X Xc \jZXjf XeZ_f [\ cfj g\iÑc\j% GXiX cfj c`jkfe\j _fi`qfekXc\j [\ Zi`jkXc j\ [`j\ Xife g\iÑc\j Zfe le i\]l\iqf [\ Xcld`e`f \e jl `ek\i`fi% CX le` e [\ cfj i\hl`j`kfj Xihl`k\Zk e`Zfj# cfj i\hl`j`kfj k Ze`Zfj p ZfejkilZk`mfj# Zfdf [\jX^ \ p X`jcXd`\ekf# p cfj i\hl`j`kfj \jkilZkliXc\j j\ gl[`\ife jXk`j]XZ\i ^iXZ`Xj X cfj [`jk`ekfj \c\d\ekfj Xlo`c`Xi\j hl\ jld`e`jkiX I\peX\ij%Æ Cfj j\im`Z`fj dle`Z`gXc\j j\ dl[Xife \e ale`f [\ )''- Xc el\mf \[`ÑZ`f X[d`e`jkiXk`mf% Cfj _XY`kXek\j [\ cfj ki\j \[`ÑZ`fj i\j`[\eZ`Xc\j kXdY` e m`m\e pX \e jlj ZXjXj% CX ZfejkilZZ` e [\ cXj [\d}j m`m`\e[Xj kXd$ Y` e \jk} \e gc\eX dXiZ_X1 le el\mf p \oZclj`mf YXii`f i\j`[\eZ`Xc \jk} X[hl`i`\e[f ]fidX% ;< Q88K 8ihl`k\Zkf1 Af :i\gX`e \[`ÑZ`fj i\j`[\eZ`Xc\j # Jkfid\ MXe IXejk Z\ekif X[d`e`jkiXk`mf :c`\ek\&gifdfkfi1 EM E`\ln K\dj\ @E> I\Xc <jkXk\# :fi[\\c# 8\ikjj\e <cXYfiX[fi\j1 ;\ N`kk\# >ifm\e " J`jk\dXj I\peX\ij1 :N ,'# :G (,,

**

Ç C8 8DGC@8 >8D8 ;< <C<D<EKFJ 8LO@C@8I<J ?8:<E GFJ@9C< C8 ;@=Ý:@C ;<=@E@:@áEÈ

Ç <oZclj`mf1 k\iiXqX gXiX i\le`fe\j \e \c }k`Zf%

*+

;F?8# H8K8I

LE ?@KF <E H8K8I

K\okf1 ?Xej @Y\c`e^j =fkf^iXÑX1 A8G

GIFP<:KF

KFII< 8JG@I<

C

X i\^` e [\ Fi`\ek\ D\[`f \og\i`d\ekX# XZklXcd\ek\# le \jg\ZkXZlcXi [\jX$ iifccf \e \c ZXdgf [\ cX Xihl`k\ZkliX% ;\j[\ )''+# I\peX\ij [`jgfe\ [\ leX jlZlijXc \e 9X_i\`e# ^iXZ`Xj X cX ZlXc cX \dgi\jX al\^X le gXg\c Zi\Z`\ek\ \e \jkX i\^` e% Le _`kf \e kf[fj cfj j\ek`[fj [\ cX gXcXYiX \j cX gXik`Z`gX$ Z` e [\ I\peX\ij \e cX ZfejkilZZ` e [\ cX Z`l[X[ [\gfik`mX Kfii\ HXkXi \e ;f_X# HXkXi% :fe leX XckliX d}o`dX [\ *)' d\kifj# \jkX kfii\# kXd$ Y` e ZfefZ`[X gfi \c efdYi\ [\ Kfii\ 8jg`i\# \j# XZklXcd\ek\# \c \[`ÑZ`f d}j Xckf [\c gX j% CX kfii\ XcY\i^X leX ^iXe [`m\ij`[X[ [\ ]leZ`f$ e\j# Zfdf le _fk\c \e cXj [`\Z`j`\k\ gcXekXj `e]\i`f$ i\j# le Z\ekif [\ Y`\e\jkXi Zfe g`jZ`eX [\jYfi[Xek\# jXcXj [\ Zfe]\i\eZ`Xj# leX jl`k\ gi\j`[\eZ`Xc X (,' d\kifj [\ XckliX# le dlj\f [\ cfj [\gfik\j Zfe d`$ iX[fi X (/+ d\kifj p X [fjZ`\ekfj d\kifj [\ XckliX le i\jkXliXek\ ^`iXkfi`f% <c \[`ÑZ`f _X j`[f [`j\ X[f gfi \c Xihl`k\Zkf ?X[` J`dXXe# \e ZfcXYfiXZ` e Zfe 8ilg GXike\ij# 9li\Xl ?Xggfc[ p DXG*% <c ZfekiXk`jkX gi`eZ`gXc \iX D`[dXZ$J`o :fejkilZk% CX kfii\ k`\e\ leX jlg\iÑZ`\ [\ ZlXi\ekX d`c d\kifj

LE Eå:C<F ;< ?FID@>áE IF;<8;F ;< LE DLIF :FIK@E8 ZlX[ifj p \jk} ]fidX[X gfi le e Zc\f [\ _fid`^ e if[\X[f [\ le dlif Zfik`eX [`j\ X[f p ]XYi`ZX[f gfi I\peX\ij% Cfj `e^\e`\ifj [\c I\peX\ij @ejk`klk\ i\Xc`qXife gXiX \jk\ gifp\Zkf leX `em\jk`^XZ` e X ]fe[f [\ cXj gifg`\[X[\j ] j`ZXj p ZfejkilZk`mXj [\ cX ]XZ_X[X [\ \jk\ \[`ÑZ`f% CX ]fidX X\if[`e}$ d`ZX \ `eljlXc [\ cX kfii\# \e ZfdY`eXZ` e Zfe cX Zc`dXkfcf^ X \oki\dX# \o`^ Xe le Xe}c`j`j gi\Z`jf [\ cX ]XZ_X[X# hl\ ZfejkX [\ g\iÑc\j [\ Xcld`e`f# hl\ j\ _Xe \okilj`feX[f# \e 8iXY`X JXl[`kX# j\^ e cXj \jg\Z`ÑZXZ`fe\j [\ I\peX\ij# Zfe XZi`jkXcX[f p dX$

*,

ccX `efo`[XYc\% <e \c I\peX\ij @ejk`klk\ j\ i\Xc`qXife gil\YXj gXiX ZfdgifYXi cX i\j`jk\eZ`X X cX ZXi^X [\c m`\ekf p cX \jkXehl\`[X[ Xc X^lX [\ cX ]XZ_X[X# p gXiX gf[\i `eZfigfiXi Xc [`j\ f cfj \]\Zkfj [\ cX ZXi^X [\c m`\ekf% 8[\d}j# \jkX ]XZ_X[X `ek\^iX le XmXeqX[f j`jk\dX [\ clq Xik`ÑZ`Xc gif^iXdXYc\% CÝD@K< 8 cX Xdgc`X Zfdgc\a`[X[ [\ \jk\ gifp\Zkf# j\ X X[` cX `e\m`kXYc\ gcXe`ÑZXZ` e% CX kfii\ [\Y X j\im`i Zfdf `Zfef [\ cfj [\Z`dfhl`ekfj Al\^fj 8j`}k`Zfj# Z\c\YiX[fj \e HXkXi X ÑeXc\j [\ )''-% ;liXek\ cfj Al\^fj# cX kfii\ XcY\i^XYX leX ccXdX fc dg`ZX [\ [`\q d\kifj [\ XckliX \e jl k\Z_f% ;\Y`[f X \jk\ XZfek\Z`d`\ekf# cX ZfejkilZZ` e [\ cX kfii\ j\ k\e X hl\ i\Xc`qXi \e le gcXqf Ñaf# hl\ j\ Zldgc` Zfe Zi\Z\j% FeZ\ [ Xj Xek\j [\ cX `eXl^l$ iXZ` e [\c \m\ekf# \c \[`ÑZ`f \jkXYX c`jkf p j\ gl[f \eZ\e[\i leX ccXdX X )/. d\kifj [\ XckliX# Xc XYi`$ ^f [\c m`\ekf ^iXZ`Xj X leX ]XZ_X[X hl\ j\ XcqXYX

*-

C8 =@E8C@Q8:@áE ;<EKIF ;<C GC8QF GI<M@JKF J< GL<;< :FEJ@;<I8I LE8 GI<JK8:@áE FCÝDG@:8 _XjkX cfj *)' d\kifj% <e dXpf [\ )''. j\ ÑeXc`q \c gifp\Zkf p j\ Zfd\eqXife X ljXi cXj `ejkXcXZ`f$ e\j% CX ccXdX fc dg`ZX _X [X[f gXjf X leX clq c}j\i hl\ j\ m\ [\j[\ mXi`fj b`c d\kifj X cX i\[fe[X% CX ÑeXc`qXZ` e [\ cX Kfii\ 8jg`i\ [\ekif [\c gcXqf gi\m`jkf j\ gl\[\ Zfej`[\iXi leX gi\jkXZ` e fc dg`ZX# pX hl\ I\peX\ij 8cld`e`ld ef i\Z`Y` \c \eZXi^f gXiX cX ]XZ_X[X _XjkX \e\if [\ )''-% <c i}g`[f i`kdf [\ \okilj` e [\c kfkXc [\ ki\jZ`\ekXj Z`eZl\ekX kfe\cX[Xj [\ Xcld`e`f g\id`k` `e`Z`Xi \c jld`e`jkif X cX \dgi\jX Y\c^X A8G# \eZXi^X[X [\ cX ZfejkilZZ` e [\ cX ]XZ_X[X% JFCL:@FE<J CX YXj\ [\ cX ]XZ_X[X jfe cfj j`jk\dXj :N ,' p :N /-# Zfe le ^iXe e d\if [\ g\iÑc\j [`j\ X[fj X d\[`[X% Kf[fj cfj g\iÑc\j [\ Xcld`e`f \jk}e gif$ m`jkfj [\ cXZX d\k}c`ZX \e gcXkX# \e ZfejfeXeZ`X Zfe cX dXccX `efo`[XYc\% ÅI\peX\ij _X jld`e`jkiX[f leX jfclZ` e kfkXc gXiX \c dlif Zfik`eX% ?\dfj [`j\ X[f g\iÑc\j [\ Xcld`e`f hl\ jXk`j]XZ\e cfj i\hl`j`kfj [\ \jkX Xihl`k\ZkliX p [\ \jk\ gifp\Zkf% J\ _X [\jXiif$ ccX[f leX jfclZ` e \jg\Z`Xc gXiX \c [\jX^ \# hl\ j\ _X jfd\k`[f X gil\YXj \o_Xljk`mXj p hl\ jXk`j]XZ\ el\jkiXj \jki`ZkXj efidXj [\ g\id\XY`c`[X[ Xc X`i\# \jkXehl\`[X[ Xc X^lX p i\j`jk\eZ`X X cX ZXi^X [\c m`\ekfÆ# XÑidX =iXeb >fl[dXe# [`i\Zkfi [\ \ogfikXZ` e [\ I\peX\ij 8cld`e`ld% ;\Y`[f X hl\

Cfj *)' d\kifj [\ XckliX [\ cX kfii\ \jZfe[\e *,' kfe\cX[Xj [\ Xcld`e`f%

*.

*/ Æ CX `cld`eXZ` e Xik`ÑZ`Xc gif^iXdXYc\ j\ _X `ek\^iX[f \e \c [`j\ f X\if[`e}d`Zf [\ cX ]XZ_X[X%

È Cfj j`jk\dXj [\ dlif Zfik`eX [\ I\peX\ij ljX[fj# :N,' `qhl`\i[X p :N/- [\i\Z_X %

cX fcX [\ ZfejkilZZ` e j\ dXek\e[i} gifYXYc\d\e$ k\ [liXek\ X fj# Fi`\ek\ D\[`f \j le `dgfikXek\ d\iZX[f [\ Zi\Z`d`\ekf gXiX I\peX\ij% CX \dgi\jX _X cXeqX[f pX el\mfj gif[lZkfj \e \jk\ d\iZX[f# Zfdf \c J`jk\dX <Zf p \c :J /-$?@ p cXj gl\ikXj Zfii\[\iXj kfkXcd\ek\ [\ Zi`jkXc >G ,( Zfe dXiZfj [\ Xcld`e`f# p j`e dfekXek\j m\ik`ZXc\j% KFII< 8JG@I< 8ihl`k\Zkf1 ?X[` J`dXXe :c`\ek\1 K_\ Jgfik :`kp Gifa\Zk :fdd`kk\\ :fekiXk`jkX gi`eZ`gXc1 D`[dXZ$J`o :fejkilZk <cXYfiX[fi1 A8G J`jk\dXj I\peX\ij1 :N ,'# :N /-

*0

GIFP<:KF

K<ID@E8C ;< J8C@;8J

GG

+'

<E <C 8<IFGL<IKF ;< 9IEF ?8 8K<II@Q8;F LE 8C@<EÝ><E8 8D89C<

9IEF# I<Gå9C@:8 :?<:8 K\okf1 AXe BiXkfZ_m c =fkf^iXÑX1 AXifjcXm ;i}gXc# G\ki ?Xdgc G\ki GXifc\b

+(

Æ CX ]fidX i\[fe[\X[X [\ cXj \jhl`eXj j\ i\g`k\ \e cX \jkilZkliX gi`eZ`gXc%

+)

Å

A;

J\ZZ` e kiXejm\ijXc

C

X ^\ek\ hl\ g\ejXYX hl\ 9ief j\^l`i X j`\e[f j`\dgi\ le YXjk` e [\c ]leZ`f$ eXc`jdf# [\Y\i X i\ZXg`klcXi# gl\j cX Xihl`k\ZkliX [\ 9ief X]ifekX le ZXdY`f iX[`ZXc X dXefj [\ le afm\e p gifd\k\[fi Xihl`k\Zkf ccXdX[f G\ki GXifc\b *+ % Jl el\mX k\id`eXc [\ jXc`[Xj [\c X\ifgl\ikf KliXep XYi\ le el\mf ZXg klcf \e cX _`jkfi`X [\ cX Xihl`k\ZkliX Z_\ZX% ?XjkX \c )''+# \jk\ X\ifgl\ikf# Zfejkil`[f \e cX [ ZX[X [\ cfj Z`eZl\ekX p ljX[f Zfe Ñe\j d`c`kXi\j# jl]i` gfZfj ZXdY`fj% 8 gi`eZ`g`fj [\ cfj efm\ekX j\ Zfem`ik` \e le X\ifgl\ikf Z`m`c% J`e \dYXi^f# \c m\i[X[\if Xl^\ [\c d`jdf ef cc\^ _XjkX \c )''+# Xc ZXdY`Xi [\ dXefj cX ^\jk` e [\c X\ifgl\ikf% <c el\mf gifg`\kXi`f \iX cX i\^` e [\ DfiXm`X [\c Jli# hl\ Zfd\eq X Zl`[Xi \c X\ifgl\ikf [\ KliXep Zfe gXki`fk`jdf% Le X f d}j kXi[\# j\ `e`Z`Xife cfj ml\cfj i\^lcXi\j X Cfe[i\j# Dle`Z_ p GiX^X% <c e d\if [\ gXjXa\ifj Xc X f jfYi\gXj i}g`[Xd\ek\ cX YXii\iX [\ cfj ki\jZ`\ekfj d`c# p cX ZXgXZ`[X[ [\c \[`ÑZ`f \o`jk\ek\ [\c X\ifgl\ikf [\a [\ Zldgc`i cfj i\hl`j`kfj% 8[\d}j# \c XZl\i[f [\ JZ_\e^\e Zfecc\m lefj ZXdY`fj ]le[Xd\e$ kXc\j gXiX \c ]leZ`feXd`\ekf [\ cfj X\ifgl\ikfj \lifg\fj# hl\ gi\Z`jXYXe leX gifekX i\jgl\jkX% CX [`i\ZZ` e [\ X\ifgl\ikf [\ 9ief [\Z`[` Zfejkil`i leX el\mX k\id`eXc [\ jXc`[Xj p Zfem\ik`i \c \[`ÑZ`f XZklXc \e cX k\id`eXc [\ cc\^X[Xj% G\ki GXifc\b# le `e^\e`\if p Xihl`k\Zkf XÑeZX[f \e 9ief# ]l\ \c\^`[f Zfdf Xihl`k\Zkf [\ cX el\mX k\id`eXc% GXifc\b pX _XY X gi\jkX[f Xk\eZ` e Xc X\ifgl\ikf [\ 9ief \e jlj X fj [\ \jkl[`Xek\ p [`j\ \c gcXe ^\e\iXc XZ$ klXc [\c X\ifgl\ikf% <jk\ _\Z_f kXdY` e Zfeki`Ylp X cX m\cfZ`[X[ [\ i Zfi[ Zfe cX hl\ j\ k\id`e \c gifp\Zkf [\ cX el\mX k\id`eXc [\ jXc`[Xj% Å8EK@:8A8Æ Kf[Xj cfj XZkfi\j `emfclZiX[fj gXik`Z`gXife \e cX ZfcfZXZ` e [\ cX gi`d\iX g`\[iX \e j\gk`\dYi\ [\ )'',% CX k\id`eXc [\ jXc`[Xj ]l\ `eXl^liX[X gfi \c gi\j`[\ek\ [\c gX j \oXZkXd\ek\ le X f d}j kXi[\# \c (/ [\ j\gk`\dYi\ [\ )''-% CX \a\dgcXi i\cXZ` e \eki\ gifdfkfi# Xihl`k\Zkf p ZfekiXk`jkX ef ZfefZ\ gi\Z\[\ek\j% <c \[`ÑZ`f ]l\ [`j\ X[f p Zfejkil`[f \oZclj`mXd\ek\ gfi \dgi\jXj [\ 9ief% <c _\Z_f [\ hl\ e`e^lef [\ cfj XZkfi\j `emfclZiX[fj [`jgfe X

[\ \og\i`\eZ`X gi\m`X \e le gifp\Zkf j`d`cXi `ejg`iX le i\jg\kf X e dXpfi% CX [`i\ZZ` e [\c X\ifgl\ikf hl\ii X hl\ \c \[`ÑZ`f el\mf ]l\j\ e`Zf p ]}Z`cd\ek\ i\ZfefZ`Yc\ gfi cfj m`Xa\ifj% ;\ cXj j\`j Xck\ieXk`mXj gi\j\ekX[Xj# \c`^`\ife cX fgZ` e [\efd`eX[X ÅXek`ZXaXÆ% GXifc\b [\jZi`Y\ cX ^ e\j`j [\c k\id`eXc Zfdf le [\j\f [\ i\Ò\aXi cX Xk$ d j]\iX [\ cfj Xm`fe\j \e leX ]fidX j\eZ`ccX# iXq e gfi cX ZlXc i\[fe[\f X\if[`e}d`ZXd\ek\ le j\eZ`ccf ZlYf% CX ]fidX i\jlckXek\ [\c \[`ÑZ`f i\Zl\i[X X cX \jk k`ZX [\ cfj [`i`^`Yc\j# X cX m\q hl\ i\gi\j\ekX leX gl\ikX [\ \ekiX[X j`dY c`ZX X cX i\^` e [\ DfiXm`X [\c Jli% Cfj ^iXe[\j XiZfj XZi`jkXcX[fj [\ cXj ]XZ_X[Xj \mfZXe cfj k\dXj [\ cc\^X[X p gXik`[X% CXj ]XjZ`eXek\j m`jkXj efZklieXj [\c i\clZ`\ek\ gfikXc [\ \ekiX[X jfe d}^`ZXj p j\ gl\[\e m\i [\j[\ Z`\ekfj [\ d\kifj [\ [`jkXeZ`X% GXifc\b jlYiXpX \c ]XZkfi ZilZ`Xc [\c [`j\ f à cX Z\iZXe X [\c cl^Xi Xc ZXdgf [\ YXkXccX [\ 8ljk\ic`kq% CX ]fidX [\ cX el\mX k\id`eXc ]fidX le j`dY c`Zf dfeld\ekf [\ g`\[iX \e _fefi [\ EXgfc\ e% ;\ _\Z_f# \c Xihl`k\Zkf _X `ej`jk`[f \e hl\ \c \[`ÑZ`f j\ [\Y\i X [\ ccXdXi K\id`eXc 9ief EXgfc\ e# gl\jkf hl\ Zi\\ hl\ \jk\ efdYi\ gf[i X Xpl[Xi X Xld\ekXi \c `ek\i j [\ cfj kli`jkXj gfi 8ljk\ic`kq p ]fd\ekXi \c XkiXZk`mf [\c X\ifgl\ikf [\ 9ief% <jkX gifgl\jkX kf[Xm X ef j\ _X i\]i\e[X[f p# gfi \ccf# \e cXj gXekXccXj [\c X\ifgl\ikf cfe[`e\ej\ [\ JkXejk\[ j cf XgXi\Z\ 9ief$KliXep Zfdf `e]fidXZ` e gXiX cfj m`Xa\ifj% <OG<I@<E:@8 @EFCM@;89C< CX Xihl`k\ZkliX [\ cX el\mX k\id`eXc [\ jXc`[Xj \j g`fe\iX% 8 g\jXi [\ hl\ \e fkifj cl^Xi\j kXdY` e j\ Xgi\Z`Xe k\e[\eZ`Xj j`d`cXi\j p [\ hl\ cX Xihl`k\ZkliX fi^}e`ZX Zfe \jk k`ZX [\ XckX k\Zefcf^ X \j ljX[X# gfi \a\dgcf# gfi \c Xihl`k\Zkf Yi`k}e`Zf [\ gifZ\[\eZ`X Z_\$ ZX AXe BXgc`Zbp p gfi fkifj Xihl`k\Zkfj Yi`k}e`Zfj# Zfdf G\k\i :ffb p E`Z_fcXj >i`dj_Xn# \c el\mf X\ifgl\ikf [\ 9ief ef k`\e\ gXiXe^ e [\ekif [\ cX I\g Yc`ZX :_\$ ZX% Jl Xl[XZ`X k Ze`ZX cf \hl`gXiX X cXj \oZ\c\ek\j Zfej$ kilZZ`fe\j [\c :\ekif [\ <ogfj`Z`fe\j [\ 9ief p i`e[\ le ki`Ylkf c\aXef Xc A\ kğ[ \e C`Y\i\Z% CcXdX cX Xk\e$ Z` e hl\ \c Xe}c`j`j \jkilZkliXc [\c X\ifgl\ikf [\ 9ief ]l\j\ ZXcZlcX[f gfi [fj `e^\e`\ifj Z`m`c\j [\ i\Z`\ek\ ^iX[lXZ` e à G\ki DXq}e\b p Clb} G\c}e\b à XdYfj [\ d\efj [\ ki\`ekX X fj [\ \[X[% CXj \jkilZkliXj [\ XZ\if ]fidXe le \c\d\ekf \ogi\j`mf [fd`eXek\ \e \c `ek\i`fi% Cfj clZ\ieXi`fj j\ XYi\e Zfdf cXj YiXehl`Xj [\ leX Zi`XkliX ^`^Xek\# g\id`k`\e[f hl\ cX ^cfi`fjX clq [\c

G?

C8 =FID8 ;<C <;@=@:@F I<:L<I;8 8 CFJ ;@I@>@9C<J

+*

Ê CX jlg\iÑZ`\ ZlimX [\ cXj ]XZ_X[Xj p [\c k\Z_f \jk} ]fidX[X gfi gcXZXj _\oX^feXc\j [\ q`eZ%

K<ID@E8C 9IEF KLI8EP 8ihl`k\Zkf1 G\ki GXifc\b :c`\ek\1 I\^` e Jli [\ DfiXm`X <cXYfiX[fi1 ;fjk`e^# 9ief J`jk\dXj I\peX\ij1 :N ,'# :J -/

GG

++

LE8 >I8E 8CDF?8;8 <c XZi`jkXcXd`\ekf [\ cfj clZ\ieXi`fj \og\i`d\e$ k le `ek\i\jXek\ [\jXiifccf \eki\ cXj ]Xj\j [\ [`j\$ f p [\ `dgc\d\ekXZ` e% 8c `^lXc hl\ cXj ]XZ_X[Xj# \c Xihl`k\Zkf _XY X gcXe`ÑZX[f leX \jkilZkliX [\ XZ\if gXiX jfgfikXi cfj clZ\ieXi`fj% J`e \dYXi^f# cXj ZfejlckXj Zfe \c ZfekiXk`jkX [\c XZi`jkXcXd`\ekf [\dfjkiXife hl\ \jkX \jkilZkliX ef \iX e\Z\jXi`X% Cfj g\iÑc\j [\ Xcld`e`f [\c dlif Zfik`eX :N ,' [\ I\peX\ij gf[ Xe Xjld`i kf[X cX XckliX [\ cX ]XZ_X[X% GXiX cXj gXik\j XYXk`Yc\j [\c XZi`jkXcXd`\e$ kf j\ lj \c j`jk\dX :J -/ [\ I\peX\ij% CXj cleXj k`\e\e le ]XZkfi [\ i\Ò\o` e [\ cX clq dlp i\[lZ`[X gXiX \m`kXi [\jcldYiXi X cfj g`cfkfj ZlXe[f \jk}e Xk\ii`qXe[f% ;FJK@E># le `ejkXcX[fi [\ XZi`jkXcXd`\ekf Zfe j\[\ \e 9ief# [\dfjki leX m\i[X[\iX dX\jki X \e cX `ejkXcXZ` e [\c XZi`jkXcXd`\ekf [\ cfj clZ\ieXi`fj% D`\ekiXj hl\ cX \jkilZkliX [\ XZi`jkXcXd`\ekf [\ cX ]XZ_X[X \j i\cXk`mXd\ek\ j\eZ`ccX# ZX[X \c\d\ekf [\ cfj clZ\ieXi`fj \j [`]\i\ek\% :X[X cleX k`\e\ leX cfe^`kl[ [`jk`ekX# leX ]fidX [`jk`ekX# f \jk} \e leX gfj`Z` e [`jk`ekX% <c j`jk\dX I\peX\ij Xpl[ X j`d$ gc`ÑZXi cXj \jkilZkliXj [\ Zi`jkXc# [`jd`elp\e[f# gfi Zfej`^l`\ek\# \c k`\dgf [\ `ejkXcXZ` e% <c Xihl`k\Zkf i\jg\k cXj gifgl\jkXj [\c ZfekiXk`jkX p i\ZfefZ` hl\ _XY Xe i\jlckX[f \e leX d\afi \ogi\j` e m`jlXc hl\ cX jfclZ` e gifgl\jkX \e \c \jkl[`f% <c Xjg\Zkf ÑeXeZ`\if [\c ]leZ`feXd`\ekf ]lklif kXdY` e ]fidXYX gXik\ `dgfikXek\ [\ cXj \jg\Z`Ñ$ ZXZ`fe\j [\c gifdfkfi% <c j`jk\dX I\peX\ij Zldgc X jlj \og\ZkXk`mXj% Cfj dXiZfj k`\e\e le Zf\ÑZ`\ek\ [\ kiXejd`j` e k id`ZX L] ¨ )#+. N&d)B p cXj le`[X$ [\j [\ [fYc\ Zi`jkXc L^ 4 (#( N&d)B% CX ]XZ_X[X [\c \[`ÑZ`f j\ `ek\^iX [\ ]fidX Òl`[X \e \c k\Z_f% <c Xjg\Zkf \jZXdfjf [\ cXj c}d`eXj [\ d\kXc hl\ ]fidXe cX ZlY`\ikX# i\Zl\i$ [X X cX g`\c [\ le i\gk`c% CX ]fidX i\[fe[\X[X i\Ò\aX jlXm\d\ek\ cX clq p ZXcdX cfj fafj [\j[\ cX [`jkXeZ`X% ;\j[\ c\afj# cX el\mX k\id`eXc gXi\Z\ leX ^iXe Xcdf_X[X jfYi\ leX giX[\iX \e cXj X]l\iXj [\ 9ief% CX ccXdXk`mX ]fidX XkiX\ ef j cf X cfj m`Xa\ifj p kli`jkXj# j`ef kXdY` e X cfj _XY`kXek\j [\ 9ief p [\ cfj Xci\[\[fi\j# hl\ XZl[\e Åd\iXd\ek\Æ gXiX m\i \jk\ i\dXiZXYc\ \[`ÑZ`f% 9ief j\ \eZXd`eX Zfe Xl[XZ`X X <lifgX%

GG

[ X g\e\ki\ \e \c `ek\i`fi% <c k`\dgf hl\ cfj gXjXa\$ ifj gXjXe [\ekif [\ cX el\mX k\id`eXc [\ jXc`[Xj j\ Zfem`\ik\ Xj \e leX \og\i`\eZ`X `efcm`[XYc\%

+,

Æ

A;

A;

J`klXZ` e Zfe cX Zfe\o` e X cX k\id`eXc \o`jk\ek\%

GIFP<:KF

:FDGC<AF ÇN?@K< J8@CJÈ

+-

>C8DFLI <E F;<JJ8

F;<JJ8# L:I8E@8 K\okf1 ?Xej @Y\c`e^j

+.

<C :FDGC<AF J< C<M8EK8 <E <C ?FI@QFEK< :FDF LE <EFID< M<C<IF +/

N

_`k\ JX`cj \j \c efdYi\ [\ le Zfdgc\af [\ XgXikXd\ekfj [\ Xckf jkXe[`e^# lY`ZX[f \e F[\jjX p Zfe Xdgc`Xj m`jkXj jfYi\ \c DXi E\^if% 8[\d}j [\ g`jfj p }k`Zfj# Zfe jlg\iÑZ`\j hl\ mXi Xe [\j[\ cfj ., d) X cfj )'' d)# N_`k\ JX`cj kXdY` e `eZclp\ le ^`deXj`f# le Z\ekif [\ Y`\e\jkXi# le gXib`e^# ZXdgfj [\gfik`mfj# le gXihl\ `e]Xek`c p leX qfeX gXiX YXiYXZfXj% G8I<:@;F <c efdYi\ N_`k\ JX`cj# hl\ j`^e`ÑZX m\cXj YcXeZXj \e `e^c j# \j \jg\Z`Xcd\ek\ Xgifg`X[f gXiX cX ]XZ_X[X hl\ [X Xc X^lX% D`iXe[f [\j[\ \c DXi E\^if \c Zfdgc\af j\ c\mXekX \e \c _fi`qfek\ Zfdf le \efid\ m\c\if% Cfj Zfcfi\j ZcXifj [\ cXj ]XZ_X[Xj p cXj ]fidXj XYfdYX[Xj i\jXckXe jl gXi\Z`[f Zfe cXj m\cXj YcXeZXj% <c \[`ÑZ`f N_`k\ JX`cj ef j cf j\ XjfZ`X Xc dle[f e}lk`Zf# j`ef hl\ kXdY` e i\Zl\i[X X cX Xihl`k\ZkliX fe[lcXek\ p X\if[`e}d`ZX [\ [`j\ X[fi\j Zfdf Cl`^` Dfi\kk`# le Xihl`k\Zkf [\ cfj X fj j\j\ekX Xlkfi# \eki\ fkifj \[`ÑZ`fj# [\c NXk\i^Xk\# le \[`ÑZ`f Zfe k`ek\j gfc k`Zfj lY`ZX[f \e cX Z`l[X[ \jkX[fle`[\ej\ [\ NXj_`e^kfe% N_`k\ JX`cj _X j`[f [`j\ X[f gfi 9\c\kX^\# le [\jgXZ_f Zfe fÑZ`eXj \e F[\jjX p B`\m p Zfe gifp\Zkfj [\ekif p ]l\iX [\ LZiXe`X% <c [\jgXZ_f k`\e\ le ZXi}Zk\i gfc`]XZ k`Zf p [\jkXZX gfi cX mXi`\[X[ [\ \jk`cfj Zfe cfj hl\ kiXYXaX# [\j[\

Ç

Æ

;\kXcc\j [\ cfj kiXm\jX fj jlg\i`fi \ `e]\i`fi p [\ cfj dfekXek\j [\ cXj m\ekXeXj%

CX ]fidX \jZlckliXc [\ cX ]XZ_X[X j\ m\ i\]fiqX[X gfi \c _\Z_f [\ hl\ cfj XZi`jkXcXd`\ekfj \jk}e ZfcfZX[fj _XZ`X [\ki}j jfYi\ cfj Xek\g\Z_fj%

]lebp df[\ief _XjkX Zc}j`Zf XZklXc`qX[f% N_`k\ JX`cj j\ ZXiXZk\i`qX gfi jl \jk`cf df[\ief p dfeld\ekXc% CX ]XZ_X[X [\c \[`ÑZ`f# Zfe XckliXj hl\ mXi Xe [\ cXj j`\k\ X cXj m\`ek\ gcXekXj# k`\e\ leX jlg\iÑZ`\ [\ *)%''' d)# cX d`kX[ [\ cfj ZlXc\j jfe [\ Zi`jkXc% <c \[`ÑZ`f ZfdY`eX leX ]fidX fe[lcXek\ p X\if[`e}d`ZX Zfe lefj [\kXcc\j \oki\dXd\ek\ i\Zkfj p jfYi`fj# [\Y`[f X cf ZlXc N_`k\ JX`cj gXi\Z\ ZfejkXi [\ leX jfcX g`\qX% Cfj dXiZfj _fi`qfekXc\j [\ cXj ]XZ_X[Xj [\ Zi`jkXc j\ X[XgkXe j`e gifYc\dXj X cXj ]fidXj Z eZXmXj p Zfem\oXj [\c \[`ÑZ`f% CXj ]XZ_X[Xj \jk}e ]fidX[Xj gfi leX mXi`Xek\ [\c j`jk\dX gXiX gl\ikXj p m\ekXeXj :J .. \jg\Z`Xcd\ek\ ]XYi`ZX[f X d\[`[X gXiX \jk\ gifp\Zkf# Zfe _faX fZlckX% <jk\ j`jk\dX pX _X [\dfjkiX[f jl `[fe\`[X[ gXiX le Zc`dX dXi k`df kXe \oki\df Zfdf \c [\ :i`d\X% Pli`p 9\c`bfm# gi`eZ`gXc Xihl`k\Zkf [\ N_`k\ JX`cj# [\jkXZX cX ZfcXYfiXZ` e Zfe I\peX\ij# hl\ ]l\ g\i]\ZkX# gfi cX hl\ j\^ e jlj gifg`Xj gXcXYiXj ef _Xp eX[X e\^Xk`mf hl\ [\Z`i Xc i\jg\Zkf% KiXj `ej`jk`i le iXkf# XÑidX cf j`^l`\ek\1 Å>iXZ`Xj X cX ^iXe ZXc`[X[ p gi\Z`j` e [\ cXj [`d\ej`fe\j [\ cfj j`jk\dXj [\ ]XZ_X[X [\ I\peX\ij cX ZfejkilZZ` e [\ N_`k\ JX`cj XmXeq X le i`kdf ZfejkXek\%Æ N?@K< J8@CJ 8ihl`k\Zkf1 >ilgf [`j\ f 9\c\kX^\# F[\jjX Pli`p 9\c`bfm# Fc\^ Clkj\ebf# <bXk\i`eX <i\d\eb :c`\ek\1 JcXmXc# F[\jjX :fekiXk`jkX gi`eZ`gXc1 9l[`ek\Z_# F[\jjX :fekiXk`jkX \jkilZkliX ]XZ_X[X1 ?Xim\jk @e[ljki`Xc\j# QXgfifq_m\ JlYZfekiXk`jkX \jkilZkliX ]XZ_X[X1 Fjkn`e[ Jkifpj\im`Z\# ;e\gifg\kifmjb J`jk\dXj I\peX\ij1 :J .. ?M ?`[[\e M\ek

Ë J\ZZ` e kiXejm\ijXc [\ cfj fZ_f _l\Zfj [\ cXj \jZXc\iXj hl\ f]i\Z\e XZZ\jf X cfj XgXikXd\ekfj%

+0

,' (+

CFJ :<EKIFJ :FD<I:@8C<J <JKÚE KI8EJ$ =FID8;F <C G8@J8A< LI98EF ;< <JK8D9LC

GIFP<:KF

C<M<EK B8EPFE ,(

<JK8D9LC# KLIHLÝ8 K\okf1 Fd\i BXe`gXb =fkf^iX] X1 @qq\k B\i`YXi

:

fe leX gfYcXZ` e XZklXc [\ ZXkfiZ\ d`ccfe\j [\ _XY`kXek\j# g\if \e Zfej$ kXek\ Xld\ekf# <jkXdYlc \j# alekf Zfe Cfe[i\j p GXi j# leX [\ cXj ki\j Z`l[X[\j d}j gfYcX[Xj [\ <lifgX# g\if \c e[`Z\ [\ gfYcX$ Z` e [\ cX gi`d\iX [fYcX Xc [\ cXj fkiXj [fj% <jk\ \j lef [\ cfj glekfj ZilZ`Xc\j hl\ j\ [\Y\ k\e\i \e Zl\ekX X cX _fiX [\ kiXkXi cfj gif$ Yc\dXj liYXefj [\ [`Z_X Z`l[X[% CX \okiXfi[`eXi`X kfgf^iX] X [\ cX Z`l[X[ p jl [`m`j` e \e [fj gfi \c \jki\Z_f [\c 9 j]fif jfe cXj gi`eZ`gXc\j ZXiXZk\i j$ k`ZXj hl\ Zfem`\ik\e X <jkXdYlc \e leX Z`l[X[ e`$ ZX# X cX m\q hl\ Zfecc\mXe \efid\j [`ÑZlckX[\j X cX _fiX [\ [\jXiifccXi el\mfj j`jk\dXj [\ kiXejgfik\ liYXef% CX k\e[\eZ`X [\ cX \Zfefd X [\c c`Yi\ d\i$ ZX[f \j liYXe`qXi cX Z`l[X[ \e \c \a\ Jli$Efik\# X cf cXi^f [\ cX fi`ccX fZZ`[\ekXc [\c 9 j]fif# X g\jXi [\ hl\ \jkf jlgfe\ leX Xd\eXqX gXiX cfj Yfjhl\j p cXj i\j\imXj [\ X^lX lY`ZX[Xj Xc Efik\ [\ <jkXd$ Ylc% Gfi \ccf# \c Zfej\af dle`Z`gXc d\kifgfc`kXef `ek\ekX df[`ÑZXi \jkX k\e[\eZ`X fi`\ekXe[f \c \a\ [\ Zi\Z`d`\ekf \e cX [`i\ZZ` e F\jk\$<jk\ X cf cXi^f [\ cX ZfjkX Jli [\ <jkXdYlc% Cfj ck`dfj Zfe$ Zlijfj i\jki`e^`[fj gXiX \c [\jXiifccf [\ el\mfj jlYZ\ekifj \e cfj [fj \oki\dfj [\ \jk\ \a\ ]l\ife ^XeX[fj gfi QX_X ?X[`[ p B\e P\Xep \e )''-% J`e

\dYXi^f# \c i\jlckX[f [\ \jkX [\Z`j` e kf[Xm X ef \j m`j`Yc\ p kf[Xm X j\ \jk}e `eXl^liXe[f Zfek`elXd\ek\ \[`ÑZ`fj [\ fÑZ`eXj p Z\ekifj Zfd\iZ`Xc\j \e \c [`jki`kf \dgi\jXi`Xc [\c Efik\ [\ <jkXdYlc# gifdfm`\e[f le dXpfi [\jXiifccf liYXef \e [`Z_X [`i\ZZ` e% 8C 8@I< C@9I< C\m\ek BXepfe \j lef [\ \jkfj \[`ÑZ`fj dlck`]le$ Z`feXc\j [\ i\Z`\ek\ `eXl^liXZ` e% :fejkX [\ le Ycfhl\ [\ fÑZ`eXj [\ m\`ek`j `j gcXekXj# (.' g`jfj [\ Xckf jkXe$ [`e^ p le ^iXe Z\ekif Zfd\iZ`Xc Zfe }i\Xj [\ ki}ej`kf Xc X`i\ c`Yi\% Cf hl\ Zfem`\ik\ X BXepfe \e le cl^Xi e`Zf \j \c k\dX ÅXc X`i\ c`Yi\Æ ljX[f \e \c }i\X Zfd\iZ`Xc% <c gi`d\i ^iXe Z\ekif Zfd\iZ`Xc [\ <jkXdYlc j\ `eXl^l$ i \e (0//% ;\j[\ \jX ]\Z_X# j\ _Xe Zfejkil`[f fkifj m\`ek`ZlXkif ^iXe[\j Z\ekifj Zfd\iZ`Xc\j# Xc^lefj [\ cfj ZlXc\j XcY\i^Xe \[`ÑZ`fj i\j`[\eZ`Xc\j f [\ fÑZ`eXj% <jkfj \[`ÑZ`fj j\ _Xe Zfem\ik`[f \e cfj el\mfj \jgXZ`fj g Yc`Zfj [\ <jkXdYlc# leX Z`l[X[ hl\ [`jgfe\ [\ gfZfj \jgXZ`fj g Yc`Zfj hl\ \jk e i\Xcd\ek\ Xc X`i\ c`Yi\% Kf[fj \jkfj \[`ÑZ`fj j\ [`j\ Xife \e c e\X Zfe le \jk`cf Xihl`k\Zk e`Zf dlp ZXiXZk\i jk`Zf p# [\j[\ X fj# XZ\g$ kX[f \e kf[f \c dle[f1 cX ÅZXaXÆ Z\iiX[X Zfe k`\e[Xj Xc`e\X[Xj \e cfj gXj`ccfj f ^Xc\i Xj% J`e \dYXi^f# C\m\ek BXepfe j\ XgXik [\ \jkX k\e[\eZ`X \jgXZ`Xc _XY`klXc# p ef j cf \e le j\ek`[f# gl\j \c gifp\Zkf j`^e`ÑZXYX leX `em\ij` e [\ ^iXe i`\j$

,)

C8 J<EJ8:@áE HL< ;8 <JK< <JG8:@F <J DLP <O:@K8EK<

Å <c gXk`f Z\ekiXc [\c Z\ekif Zfd\iZ`Xc [\ ]fidXj fe[lcXek\j%

,*

Æ Gl\ek\j \eki\ \c Z\ekif Zfd\iZ`Xc p \c \[`ÑZ`f [\ fÑZ`eXj%

Æ CXj qfeXj m\i[\j ]fd\ekXe \c \]\Zkf [\ ZX e \e \c Z\ekif [\c Zfdgc\af%

,+

^f% <c gi`eZ`gXc [`j\ f ZfeZ\gklXc [\c Zfdgc\af [\ ),'%''' d) ]l\ [\jXiifccX[f gfi A\i[\ GXike\ij_`g# leX ^iXe ÑidX `ek\ieXZ`feXc [\ Xihl`k\ZkliX# Zfe fÑZ`eXj Z\ekiXc\j \e Cfj Úe^\c\j% A\i[\ ZfcXYfi Zfe KXYXec`f^cl 8iZ_`k\Zkj# Zfe j\[\ \e <jkXdYlc# \e cX \cXYfiXZ` e [\c [`j\ f ZfeZ\gklXc% <c e Zc\f gi`eZ`gXc [\c Zfdgc\af `eZclp\ \c }i\X Zfd\iZ`Xc p [\ fZ`f% <c }i\X [\ ki\j g`jfj [\ XckliX [`jgfe\ [\ ^Xc\i Xj j\ig\Xek\j Xc X`i\ c`Yi\ Zfe m`jkXj X le cXi^f aXi[ e Z\ekiXc j\ig\Xek\% Cfj cfZXc\j [\ fZ`f j\ j`k Xe [\ekif [\ leX ^iXe \j]\iX# leX gXik\ [\ cX ZlXc ]fidX le ^iXe [fj\c jfYi\ cX qfeX [\ ki}ej`kf gi`eZ`gXc% CX j\ejXZ` e ^\e\iXc [\ \jk\ \jgXZ`f à leX kfgf^iX] X gi}Zk`ZXd\ek\ Xik`ÑZ`Xc à \j dlp \oZ`kXek\ p f]i\Z\ leX \og\i`\eZ`X e`ZX gXiX cfj

Ç

<C :FE:<GKF ;< :<EKIF :FD<I:@8C 8C 8@I< C@9I< <J :8;8 M<Q DÚJ ?89@KL8C Z`l[X[Xefj [\ <jkXdYlc# hl\ \jkXYXe XZfjkld$ YiX[fj X ZfdgiXi \e Z\ekifj gXi\Z`[fj X ZXaXj% J`e \dYXi^f# Xek\j [\ cX Xg\ikliX# \o`jk Xe dlZ_Xj [l[Xj jfYi\ j` \c ZfeZ\gkf Xc X`i\ c`Yi\ gXiX le \j$ gXZ`f g Yc`Zf [\ \jk\ k`gf i\Xcd\ek\ ]leZ`feXi X \e <jkXdYlc# [\Y`[f Xc `dgXZkf hl\ cfj Zil[fj d\j\j [\ `em`\ief p \c ZXclifjf m\iXef k`\e\e \e cX m`[X [`Xi`X% G\if# cX ZfdgiX Xc X`i\ c`Yi\ ef \j ZfeZ\gkf el\mf gXiX cX dXpfi X [\ _XY`kXek\j [\ <jkXdYlc% 8 g\jXi [\ hl\ cX dXpfi gXik\ [\ cX XZk`m`[X[ Zfd\iZ`Xc j\ [\jXiifccX XZklXcd\ek\ \e cfj Z\ekifj Zfd\iZ`Xc\j# X cfj _XY`kXek\j [\ <jkXdYlc kf[Xm X c\j ^ljkX gXj\Xi gfi mXi`fj [`jki`kfj Zfe eld\ifjfj Zfd\iZ`fj p XYle[Xek\ ZXc`[X[# Zfdf cX ZXcc\ 9X^$ [X[ f \c [`jki`kf [\ E`jXekXj` f [\ 9\pf^cl% Gfi \ccf# \c Z\ekif Zfd\iZ`Xc [\ C\m\ek BXepfe ]l\ XZ\gkX[f i}g`[Xd\ek\ gfi cX gfYcXZ` e [\ <jkXdYlc p i\Z`Y` # \e cfj gi`d\ifj ZlXkif d\j\j# cX m`j`kX [\ ZXj` [fj d`ccfe\j [\ g\ijfeXj% DLCK@=LE:@FE8C <c ZfeZ\gkf [\ Z\ekif Zfd\iZ`Xc Xc X`i\ c`Yi\ j\ \jk} \ok\e[`\e[f [\ ]fidX Zi\Z`\ek\ gfi \c gcXe\kX# Zfdf [\dl\jkiX \c _\Z_f [\ C\m\ek BXepfe ef j\X \c e`Zf \[`ÑZ`f [\ \jk\ k`gf Zi\X[f gfi A\i[\ GXike\ij_`g% <e :fi\X# :_`eX# Gfcfe`X p <<%LL% j\ gl\[\e X[d`iXi [`j\ fj j`d`cXi\j [\ \jk\ ^ilgf% <e cX qfeX Xj`}k`ZX [\ <jkXdYlc# j\ \jk} Xgc`ZXe[f le \e]fhl\ gXi\Z`[f g\if [\ekif [\ le ZfeZ\gkf Xihl`k\Zk e`Zf [`]\i\ek\ gXiX \c Z\ekif Zfd\iZ`Xc D\p[Xe# [`j\ X[f gfi \c ]Xdfjf \jkl[`f [\ Xihl`$ k\ZkliX Yi`k}e`Zf =F8%

È

GXefi}d`ZX [\ cX ]XZ_X[X%

J\ZZ` e kiXejm\ijXc [\ cX ]XZ_X[X Jli Zfe gifk\ZZ` e jfcXi%

,,

8ZklXcd\ek\# \c k id`ef Z\ekif Zfd\iZ`Xc j\ ljX ZX[X m\q Zfe d\efi ]i\Zl\eZ`X% ;\Y`[f Xc Xld\ekf Zi\Z`\ek\ [\c gi\Z`f [\ cfj k\ii\efj j`klX[fj \e \c Z\ekif [\ cXj Z`l[X[\j# cfj \[`ÑZ`fj el\mfj `eZfigf$ iXe leX d\qZcX [\ mXi`Xj ]leZ`fe\j# Zfem`ik` e[fj\ \e \[`ÑZ`fj XY`\ikfj cXj )+ _fiXj [\c [ X% CX el\mX k\e[\eZ`X \j d\qZcXi cXj k`\e[Xj Zfd\iZ`Xc\j Zfe \c fZ`f# cXj fÑZ`eXj p cXj m`m`\e[Xj% C\m\ek BXepfe ]fidX le Yl\e \a\dgcf [\ \jkX el\mX k\e[\eZ`X# hl\# \e <jkXdYlc# pX j\ `e`Z` _XZ\ lefj [`\q X fj Zfe fkif Z\ekif Zfd\iZ`Xc# \c 8bd\ib\q% 8 g\jXi [\ hl\ cX ZXc`[X[ Xihl`k\Zk e`ZX [\ \jk\ Z\ekif ef \iX dlp jXk`j]XZkfi`X# \c ZfeZ\gkf dlck`]leZ`feXc X^iX[ \efid\d\ek\ X cfj gifdfkfi\j% C\m\ek BXepfe \j le \a\dgcf \oZ\gZ`feXc [\c mXcfi [\c Yl\e [`j\ f p [\ le ZfeZ\gkf Xihl`k\Zk e`Zf Y`\e [`j\ X[f# Zfe le Y\e\Ñ$ Z`f `e[`i\Zkf g\if dlp `dgfikXek\ gXiX \c Zc`\ek\%

,-

LE8 D<Q:C8 ;< yO@KF 8 g\jXi [\ hl\ C\m\ek BXepfe _XY X j`[f Zi`k`ZX$ [f gfi jl Zfejldf gfk\eZ`Xc [\ ^iXe[\j ZXek`[X[\j [\ \e\i^ X# e\Z\jXi`Xj gXiX ZXc\ekXi f i\]i`^\iXi \jkXj qfeXj Zfd\iZ`Xc\j Xc X`i\ c`Yi\# j\ _X gf[`[f [\dfjkiXi hl\ \jkfj \[`ÑZ`fj Zfejld\e [\ _\Z_f d\efj \e\i^ X hl\ cfj Z\ekifj Zfd\iZ`Xc\j Z\iiX$ [fj% 8[\d}j [\ cfj j`jk\dXj [\ Zfekifc Zc`d}k`Zf gXj`mfj Xdgc`Xd\ek\ ljX[fj# \c \[`ÑZ`f [\ fÑZ`eXj [\ m\`ek`j `j gcXekXj à hl\ k`\e\ cX dXpfi jlg\iÑZ`\ [\ kf[fj cfj \[`ÑZ`fj [\c Zfdgc\af à j\ _X [`j\ X[f [\ kXc df[f hl\ ZfejldX d\efj \e\i^ X% CX gifk\ZZ` e

jfcXi ljX[X \e cX ]XZ_X[X Jli k`\e\ le ^iXe `dgXZkf# kXekf ]leZ`feXc# Zfdf \jk k`Zf% CXj m\ekXeXj# hl\ fZlgXe kf[X cX XckliX [\c g`jf# f]i\Z\e leXj \oZ`kXe$ k\j m`jkXj [\ <jkXdYlc X cfj ljlXi`fj [\ cXj fÑZ`eXj% CXj qfeXj m\i[\j [\ekif [\c Z\ekif Zfd\iZ`Xc p \e cfj k\aX[fj [\ cfj \[`ÑZ`fj i\j`[\eZ`Xc\j i\]l\iqXe cX ^iXe[\qX [\c gifp\Zkf p ]fd\ekXe \c \]\Zkf [\ ZX e Zi\X[f \e \c Z\ekif [\c Zfdgc\af% <c gifp\Zkf C\m\ek BXepfe lk`c`qX \c j`jk\dX [\ ]XZ_X[X :N ,' p cfj j`jk\dXj [\ gl\ikXj p m\ekXeXj :J -/ p :J ..# Zfe leX jlg\iÑZ`\ kfkXc [\ ))%'''d) [\ \jkilZkliXj [\ Xcld`e`f gXiX m\ekXeXj p ]XZ_X[Xj% <c \[`ÑZ`f d}j Xckf [\ C\m\ek BXepfe \j le Ycfhl\ [\ fÑZ`eXj# Zfe leX XckliX kfkXc [\ (,' d\kifj% <c \[`ÑZ`f [\Y X j\i dlp i\j`jk\ek\ X cfj k\ii\dfkfj# iXq e gfi cX hl\ ljX le j`jk\dX \jg\Z`Xcd\ek\ [`j\ X[f p YXjX[f \e \c j`jk\dX [\ dlif Zfik`eX :N /-% <jk\ j`jk\dX g\id`k\ ZfcfZXi cfj \c\d\ekfj df[lcXi\j [\ cX ]XZ_X[X \e le dXiZf [\ \jkilZkliX Zc}j`ZX :N /- # Xj Zfdf ]XYi`$ ZXi cfj gXe\c\j `e[`m`[lXc\j :N /-$<= \e cX ]}Yi`ZX% C\m\ek BXepfe j\ gl\[\ Zfej`[\iXi ]}Z`cd\ek\ Zfdf lef [\ cfj el\mfj \jgXZ`fj g Yc`Zfj [\ <jkXd$ Ylc2 \j \c i\jlckX[f [\ d\qZcXi le [`j\ f ZfeZ\gklXc iX[`ZXc Zfe dXk\i`Xc\j [\ XckX k\Zefcf^ X# leX Xk\e$ Z` e gfi \c [\kXcc\# leX gfc k`ZX d`efi`jkX `ek\c`^\ek\ p le Xl[Xq gifdfkfi% C<M<EK B8EPFE 8ihl`k\Zkf1 K_\ A\i[\ GXike\ij_`g& KXYXecèf^cl D`dXic`b :c`\ek\1 <ZqXZèYXjè >iflg# @j I\Xc <jkXk\ @em\jkd\ek :fekiXk`jkX1 K\g\ <cXYfiX[fi1 =\e`j J`jk\dXj I\peX\ij1 :N /-# :N ,'# :J -/# :J ..

<C <;@=@:@F ;<9Ý8 J<I DLP I<J@JK<EK< 8 CFJ K<II<DFKFJ LeX ZXiXZk\i jk`ZX [\c gifp\Zkf BXepfe \j hl\ \c [`j\ f [\ cX ]XZ_X[X _X k\e`[f \e Zl\ekX cX gifYXY`c`[X[ [\ hl\ fZliiX le k\ii\dfkf% CX \jkXehl\`[X[ Xc X^lX# cX g\id\XY`c`[X[ Xc X`i\ p cX i\j`jk\eZ`X X cX ZXi^X [\c m`\ekf [\c j`jk\dX [\ dlif [\ Zfik`eX [\ Xcld`e`f :N/- gXiX \c \[`$ ÑZ`f [\ fÑZ`eXj [\ (,' d\kifj [\ XckliX _X j`[f Xdgc`Xd\ek\ gifYX[f# kXekf \e j`klXZ` e \jk}k`$ ZX Zfdf [`e}d`ZX# Zldgc`\e[f cXj efidXj d}j \jki`ZkXj% Le j\^le[f ]XZkfi [\ Zfdgc`ZXZ` e \j cX e\Z\jXi`X Ò\o`Y`c`[X[ [\ cX ]XZ_X[X% :lXe[f j\ gif[lZ\ le k\ii\dfkf# cfj jl\cfj j\ [\jgcXqXe c`^\iXd\ek\ \e j\ek`[f _fi`qfekXc# p cXj ]XZ_X[Xj [\Y\e gf[\i XYjfiY\i \jk\ [\jgcXqXd`\ekf% <jkX j`klXZ` e j\ _X i\gif[lZ`[f \e le dXhl\kX p j\ _X gifYX[f Zfe mXcfi\j hl\ jlg\iXe \e le )' \c k\ii\dfkf [\ dXpfi ]l\iqX hl\ ZXYi X \jg\iXi \e <jkXdYlc%

,.

KI8EJG8I<E:@8

<o`jk\e dlZ_Xj iXqfe\j gfi cXj hl\ cfj Xihl`k\Zkfj p Zc`\ek\j Xjg`iXe X cf^iXi cX kiXejgXi\eZ`X \e cX Xihl`k\ZkliX% CX kiXejgXi\eZ`X fkfi^X le ZXi}Z$ k\i XY`\ikf p XZZ\j`Yc\ X le \[`ÑZ`f# \jkXYc\Z\ leX i\cXZ` e \eki\ \c `ek\i`fi p \c \ok\i`fi# p f]i\Z\ cX gfj`Y`c`[X[ [\ _XZ\i [\jXgXi\Z\i ZXj` gc\eXd\ek\ cfj c d`k\j% I\peX\ij 8cld`e`ld f]i\Z\ leX Xdgc`X ^XdX [\ jfclZ`fe\j hl\ jXk`j]XZ\e \c [\j\f hl\ \c ]Xdfjf Xihl`k\Zkf Xc\d}e Cl[n`^ D`\j mXe [\i If_\ [\jZi`$ Y` Zfe gXcXYiXj Z\ik\iXj Zfdf \c ÇZXj` eX[XÈ%

@EEFM8:@FE<J >G ,(# LE @EEFM8;FI J@JK<D8 ;< :FII<;<I8J KFK8CD<EK< ;< :I@JK8C c el\mf j`jk\dX >cXjj GXk`f >G ,( ZfejkX [\ gXe\c\j [\jc`qXek\j [\ Zi`jkXc `e[`m`[lXc\j j`e dXiZfj m\ik`ZXc\j% <jk\ j`jk\dX e`Zf \j cX jfclZ` e df$ [lcXi `[\Xc gXiX \c XZi`jkXcXd`\ekf [\ YXcZfe\j p k\iiXqXj# f gXiX cX j\gXiXZ` e [\ fÑZ`eXj \e `ek\i`fi\j% <c j`jk\dX >G,( _X j`[f [`j\ X[f gXiX jXk`j]XZ\i cXj e\Z\j`[X[\j [\ cX Xihl`k\ZkliX df[\ieX# c`^\iX p kiXejgXi\ek\% ;\Y`[f X cX Xlj\eZ`X [\ dXiZfj m\ik`ZXc\j# \c j`jk\dX >G,( [\ I\p$ eX\ij f]i\Z\ leXj m`jkXj kiXejgXi\ek\j p c`Yi\j [\ dXiZfj g\id`k`\e[f hl\ cfj ljlXi`fj [`j]ilk\e [\ jl \ekfief p [\c gX`jXa\ [liXek\ kf[f \c X f%>iXZ`Xj X cX ^l X `e]\i`fi `em`j`Yc\ p cX Xlj\eZ`X [\ le ldYiXc# cXj g\ijfeXj dXpfi\j p cfj [`jZXgXZ`kX[fj f cfj ljlXi`fj [\ j`ccXj [\ il\[Xj ef k\e[i}e gifYc\dXj gXiX XZZ\[\i X jl k\iiXqX% 8[\d}j# \c XZi`jkXcXd`\ekf [\ cfj YXcZfe\j kXdY` e Xld\ekX Zfej`[\iXYc\d\ek\ \c Zfe]fik [\c ljlXi`f% Ef jfcf gfihl\ gi\m`\e\ cXj dfc\jk`Xj ZXljX[Xj gfi cX cclm`X p \c m`\ekf# j`ef kXdY` e gfihl\ [`jd`elp\ \c il`[f gifZ\[\ek\ [\c \ok\i`fi% <c j`jk\dX j\ gl\[\ `ejkXcXi kXekf \e \[`ÑZ`fj el\mfj# Zfdf \e cfj pX \o`jk\ek\j%

<

,/

(X :G ,( Zfdf j\gXiXZ` e \eki\ YXcZfe\j% (Y CXj Zfii\[\iXj [\ Zi`jkXc >G ,( j\ ljXe gXiX [\c`d`kXi fÑZ`eXj%

@JK<D8 ;< DLIF :FIK@E8 :N -' J KFK8CD<EK< I<EFM8;F X \o`kfjX j\i`\ [\ dlif Zfik`eX :N -' Zfe leX XeZ_liX m`j`Yc\ [\ -' dd f]i\Z\ c`Y\ikX[ Xc Xihl`k\Zkf gXiX [`j\ Xi ]XZ_X[Xj Zfe ^iXe[\j mXefj% Gfi jl ZXi}Zk\i \oki\dXd\ek\ \jkXYc\ p \c dXpfi ^ifjfi [\ cXj gXi\[\j# \c el\mf :N -' \j cX jfclZ` e `[\Xc gXiX cX \a\ZlZ` e [\ ^iXe[\j XZi`jkXcXd`\ekfj _XjkX cleXj [\ +,' B^ # fYk\e` e[fj\# [\ \jk\ df[f# leXj ]XZ_X[Xj dlp cld`$ efjXj p kiXejgXi\ek\j% CXj gfj`Y`c`[X[\j [\ ZfdY`eXZ` e [\c j`jk\dX Zfe cfj dlifj Zfik`eX [\ cX j\i`\ :N ,' p cfj j`jk\dXj [\ gl\ikXj p m\ekXeXj :J jfe `c`d`kX[Xj% CX j\i`\ :N -' kXdY` e f]i\Z\ cX gfj`Y`c`[X[ [\ `ek\^iXi jfclZ`f$ e\j [\ \ÑZXZ`X \e\i^ k`ZX# Zfdf d [lcfj ]fkfmfckX`Zfj

C

p gifk\ZZ` e jfcXi% 8[\d}j [\ cX m\ij` e \jk}e[Xi# \c j`jk\dX :N-' kXdY` e \jk} [`jgfe`Yc\ \e leX m\ij` e [\ \c\mX[f X`jcXd`\ekf mXcfi L] _XjkX '#., N&d)B # Xj Zfdf \e leX m\ij` e J: JkilZkliXc :cXdg\[$8Zi`jkXcX$ [f \jkilZkliXc g`eqX[f p J> JkilZkliXc >cXq\[$8Zi`jkX$ cX[f \jkilZkliXc %

) <c j`jk\dX :N -' f]i\Z\ c`Y\ikX[ gXiX [`j\ Xi ]XZ_X[Xj Zfe ^iXe[\j mXefj%

@J8>I8 @EM@J@9C<1 9 <JKyK@:F P GIÚ:K@:F Xj Y`jX^iXj X cX m`jkX m`j`Yc\j g\ik\e\Z\e Xc gXjX[f% I\peX\ij 8cld`e`ld f]i\Z\ leX ^XdX kfkXcd\ek\ el\mX [\ Y`jX^iXj `em`j`Yc\j# ^iXZ`Xj X cX ZlXc cXj gl\ikXj p m\ekXeXj kXdY` e f]i\Z\e le Xjg\Zkf jfYi`f \e jl gXik\ `ek\i`fi% CXj Y`jX^iXj fZlckXj j\ gl\[\e `ejkXcXi kXekf \e m\ekXeXj fjZ`cfYXk`\ek\j# Xj Zfdf \e m\ekXeXj YXk`\ek\j p fjZ`cXek\j% <c ljf [\ Y`jX^iXj fZlckXj ef j cf f]i\Z\ le XZXYX[f d}j \jk k`Zf X cX le` e m\ekXeX$gXi\[# j`ef hl\ kXdY` e `dg`[\ hl\ jkXj j\ \ejlZ`\e f [X \e%

C

*X M\ekXeX hl\ ^`iX _XZ`X [\ekif Zfe leX Y`jX^iX efidXc%

*Y M\ekXeX hl\ ^`iX _XZ`X [\ekif Zfe leX Y`jX^iX _le[`[X%

<I=@C<J ;< M<EK8E8 G <OKI<D8D<EK< <JKI<:?FJ X Xihl`k\ZkliX XZklXc ZfdY`eX cX kiXejgXi\e$ Z`X Zfe cX \ÑZXZ`X \e\i^ k`ZX% :fe \c j`jk\dX Jc`d C`e\ :J */$JC p :J )+$JC # I\peX\ij 8cld`e`ld [`jgfe\ [\ leX f]\ikX e`ZX [\ g\iÑc\j [\ gl\ikXj p m\ekXeXj [\ Xcld`e`f [liX[\ifj p \jki\Z_fj# `e[`ZX[fj kXekf gXiX fYiX el\mX# Zfdf gXiX gifp\Zkfj [\ i\_XY`$ c`kXZ` e% <c Xjg\Zkf \jki\Z_f# \c \c\mX[f X`jcXd`\ekf mX$ cfi L] _XjkX )#.+ N&d)B p cX j\^li`[X[ [\c :J */$JC p [\c :J )+$JC j\ ZfdY`eXe f]i\Z`\e[f le ZXi}Zk\i e`Zf p leXj \c\mX[Xj gi\jkXZ`fe\j ] j`ZXj p ZfejkilZk`mXj \e ZX[X ]XZ_X[X% >iXZ`Xj X jlj [`d\ej`fe\j d e`dXj# cfj g\iÑc\j JC jfe leX Xck\ieXk`mX `[\Xc gXiX cXj m\ekXeXj [\ XZ\if% 8[\d}j# jfe `e[`ZX[fj gXiX jlg\iÑZ`\j XZi`j$ kXcX[Xj ^iXe[\j p g\hl\ Xj% :J )+$JC \j le j`jk\dX [\ m\ekXeX [\ Xcld`e`f \oki\dXd\ek\ \jki\Z_f gXiX m\ekXeXj XYXk`Yc\j Xc \o$ k\i`fi p cleXj ÑaXj Ñafj% >iXZ`Xj X jl g\iÑc# cXj m\ekXeXj jfe `e[`ZX[Xj kXekf gXiX i\efmXZ`fe\j Zfe Xjg\Zkf [\ XZ\if# Zfdf gXiX fYiX el\mX% <c \jki\Z_f g\iÑc :J */$JC \j `e[`ZX[f gXiX kf[Xj cXj mXi`Xek\j [\ Xg\ikliX _XY`klXc\j# Zfdf XYXk`Yc\j# fjZ`cfYXk`\ek\j# fjZ`cXek\ p [\ [fj _faXj% @eZclj`m\ gl\ikXj j`dgc\j p [fYc\j _XZ`X X[\ekif p _XZ`X ]l\iX% [\ Xg\ikliX `ek\i`fi p \ok\i`fi% <c j`jk\dX \j Xek`iifYf ZcXj\ ) p [`jgfe\ [\ leX ZcXj`ÑZXZ` e [\ i\j`jk\eZ`X Xc ]l\^f <$*' j\^ e cX efidX \lifg\X E<E$<E (-*+$( %

C

+ Cfj \jki\Z_fj g\iÑc\j JC%

)) (X

*X

(Y

*Y *Y

+

I<=<I<E:@8J 98I:<CFE8# <JG8z8

-'

<jg\ZkXZlcXi \c\^XeZ`X \e le el\mf _fk\c Z\iZXef Xc X\ifgl\ikf [\ 9XiZ\cfeX%

?FK<C I<E8@JJ8E:< 8ihl`k\Zkf1 :lXki`]fc`f :c`\ek\1 DXii`fk @ek\ieXk`feXc <cXYfiX[fi1 Afj =iXeZ`jZf ÚcmXi\q J`jk\dXj I\peX\ij1 :J -/# :J -/ ?M# :N ,' ?C# :J ,0 :;

QN<M<Q<C<# 9yC>@:8 Le ccXdXk`mf \[`ÑZ`f \dgi\jXi`Xc% <;@=@:@F <DGI<J8I@8C ;<>IFFK< 8ihl`k\Zkf1 8iZ_`k\bkliY if ;\cX]fekX`e\ :c`\ek\1 ;\^iffk\ <cXYfiX[fi1 =DG J`jk\dXj I\peX\ij1 :N ,'

K8C8 @JC8E;# 98?I<@E

KXcX @jcXe[ XcY\i^X +/ m`ccXj dXi k`dXj# +) m`ccXj [\ kXdX f d\[`f [\ [fj gcXekXj# Xj Zfdf +(' XgXikX$ d\ekfj i\gXik`[fj \e *( Ycfhl\j `eZcl`[fj () g\e$ k_flj\j p fkifj (+/ XgXikXd\ekfj [\ d\efi kXdX$ f% <c gifp\Zkf kXdY` e `eZclp\ le gXihl\ XZl}k`Zf# }i\Xj Zfd\iZ`Xc\j# le Z\ekif [\gfik`mf# le ZclY [\ k\e`j p i\jkXliXek\j p ZX]\k\i Xj%

K8C8 @JC8E; 8ihl`k\Zkf1 ;Xm\egfik$ :XdgY\cc :c`\ek\1 8c B_Xc\\a ;\m\cfgd\ek :fdgXep# Fjj`j Gifg\ikp ;\m\cfg\ij <cXYfiX[fi1 8Y[lc 8q`q 8cld`e`ld J`jk\dXj I\peX\ij1 :J ,0GX# :G +,GX# I9 ('

-(

I<=<I<E:@8J 98E>BFB# K8@C8E;@8 Ki\j kfii\j i\j`[\eZ`Xc\j [\ *- g`jfj X cXj fi`ccXj [\c i f :_Xf G_pX% I@M<IJ@;< >8I;<E D8I@E8 8ihl`k\Zkf1 B`d Pff J\e^ :c`\ek\1 :`kp I\Xckp :f% Ck[% <cXYfiX[fi1 BXjbXc :f% Ck[% J`jk\dXj I\peX\ij1 :N ,'# :G +,GX# :J ,0GX

-)

>@E<9I8# JL@Q8

Le \[`ÑZ`f [\ fÑZ`eXj Zfe leX kiXejgXi\eZ`X ^\fd ki`ZX p leX j\eZ`cc\q gliX [\ cfj [\kXcc\j%

<;@=@:@F ;< F=@:@E8J CL;@E G<KIFC<LD 8ihl`k\Zkf1 D\`\i \k 8jjfZ` \j 8iZ_`k\Zk\j :c`\ek\1 Cl[`e F`c J\im`Z\j <cXYfiX[fi1 J\iili\i`\ )''' J`jk\dXj I\peX\ij1 :N ,'# :J ..

G?@C@GG< D<@<I1 ÅC8 8IHL@K<:KLI8 <J LE8 <J:I@KLI8# HL< 8C @>L8C HL< C8 C@K<I8KLI8 K@<E< @;@FD8J GIFG@FJ HL< J< ?8E @;F ;<J8IIFCC8E;F :FE <C G8JF ;< CFJ J@>CFJ% J@E <D98I>F# KF;F <C DLE;F ?89C8 ÇC8 8IHL@K<:KLI8ÈÆ

-*

9I<KK<E$ >{CQ?8LJ<E# 8C<D8E@8

Le \[`ÑZ`f \dgi\jXi`Xc [\ Xjg\Zkf df[\ief%

;@=@:@F <DGI<J8I@8C IFK8=FID 8ihl`k\Zkf1 ;`cc " ?Xl] :c`\ek\1 IfkX]fid <cXYfiX[fi1 8cld`e`ld$M\iXiY\`kle^ E\l\eY i^ J`jk\dXj I\peX\ij1 :N ,'# :N ..

;@CC " ?8L=1 ÅC8 J@D9@FJ@J <EKI< 8CK8 K<:EFCF>Ý8 P :FE:@<E:@8:@áE D<;@F8D9@<EK8C J< :FII<J$ GFE;< GC<E8D<EK< :FE EL<JKI8J @;<8J JF9I< <C ;@J<zF P C8 =LE:@FE8C@;8; ;< CFJ <;@=@:@FJÆ

I<=<I<E:@8J

-+

CFE;I<J# I<@EF LE@;F

Le gXihl\ [\ YfdY\ifj# le Z\ekif Zfdle`kXi`f p (., m`m`\e[Xj [\ gi\Z`f iXqfeXYc\ \e \c YXii`f cfe[`e\ej\ [\ ;fZbcXe[j%

9PE> JKI<<K 8ihl`k\Zkf1 ?CD 8iZ_`k\Zkj Gifdfkfi1 :Xk_\[iXc ;fZbcXe[j <cXYfiX[fi1 :cXgkfe >cXjj J`jk\dXj I\peX\ij1 :N ,'# :J -/# :J ..# :G (,,# M`j`fe ,'

?CD1 Å;< EL<JKIF GC8E ;< ;@J<zF I<JG<KLFJF :FE <C D<;@F 8D9@<EK< J< ;<JGI<E;< HL< <C KFK8C GL<;< J<I D8PFI 8 C8 JLD8 ;< C8J G8IK<JÆ

;8M@; IF><IJ ;< K?< A<I;< G8IKE<IJ?@G1 ÅQCFK< K8I8JP <J C8 G@<;I8 <E <C <JK8EHL<% C8J FE;8J HL< GIFMF:8IÚ <C GIFP<:KF J< <OK<E;<IÚE DLP C<AFJÆ

M8IJFM@8# GFCFE@8 Le Z\ekif Zfd\iZ`Xc [fiX[f \e \c Z\ekif [\ MXijfm`X% QCFK< K8I8JP 8ihl`k\Zkf1 K_\ A\i[\ GXike\ij_`g&<gjk\`e Gifdfkfi1 @E> I\Xc <jkXk\ ;\m\cfgd\ek <cXYfiX[fi1 8cld\e# GfqeXe J`jk\dXj I\peX\ij1 :N ,'$?C# :N ,'$J:

-,

I<=<I<E:@8J B8C@E@E>I8;F# ILJ@8 8BIFGFC 8ihl`k\Zkf1 <9B B :c`\ek\1 @E> I\Xc <jkXk\ ;\m\cfgd\ek Gifdfkfi1 Dlcc\i B <cXYfiX[fi1 Jk\bcf Clo J`jk\dXj I\peX\ij1 :N ,'# :N ,'$J:# 9J (''# :J -/

--

<@E;?FM<E# G8ÝJ<J 98AFJ <c `Zfef [\ <`e[_fm\e# \c \[`ÑZ`f [\ fÑZ`$ eXj [\ G_`c`gj# ZfefZ`[f YXaf \c efdYi\ [\ Çc`Z_kkfi\eÈ kfii\ cld e`ZX j\ \jk} i\_XY`$ c`kXe[f p i\Z`Y`i} leX el\mX ]leZ` e i\j`$ [\eZ`Xc p Zfd\iZ`Xc% <c ljf [\ cfj g\iÑc\j \jki\Z_fj \jg\Z`Xc\j [\ I\peX\ij g\id`k\ gi\j\imXi \c d`jdf Xjg\Zkf dfeld\ekXc \ok\i`fi% Gi\d`X[f Zfe \c Gi\d`f I\efmX$ Z` e Zfe 8cld`e`f )''.% I<EFM8:@áE <;@=@:@F ;< F=@:@E8J G?@C@GJ 8ihl`k\Zkf1 8N> \e ?f\e 8iZ_`k\Zk\e :c`\ek\1 ;\ E`\ln\ :fdY`eXk`\ <cXYfiX[fi1 Ifklclo J`jk\dXj I\peX\ij1 :J */$JC

8N>1 Å:FEJKIL@I <J :I<8I IL@E8J @EK<C@><EK<J% CFJ <;@=@:@FJ ;<9<E JF9I<M@M@I M8I@8J ><E<I8:@FE<JÆ

8IFJ8# JL@Q8

Le Zfdgc\af [\ Y`\e\jkXi# hl\ ]fidX gXik\ [\c >iXe ?fk\c KjZ_l^^\e p hl\ j\ ]le[\ Zfe \c gX`jXa\ dfekX fjfj [\ K`Z`ef%

<EI@:F :8EF

D8I@F 9FKK81 Å:FEJKIL@I ;<EKIF ;< CFJ CÝD@K<J E8KLI8C<JÆ

KJ:?L>><E 9<I>F8J< 8ihl`k\Zkf1 DXi`f 9fkkX :c`\ek\1 KjZ_l^^\e >iXe[ ?fk\c <cXYfiX[fi1 IlZ_ >i`\j\d\i J`jk\dXj I\peX\ij1 :N ,'# :J ..

-.

N< 9I@E> 8CLD@E@LD KF C@=<

I<PE8<IJ 8CLD@E@LD E%M% Fl[\ C`\ij\YXXe )-- Ô 9$),.' Ô ;l]]\c k "*) ' (, *' /, '' Ô ] "*) ' (, *' /- '' nnn%i\peX\ij%Zfd Ô `e]f7i\peX\ij%Zfd

I<PE8<IJ 8CLD@ELD <JG8z8 =fid\ek\iX# () Ô Gfc% @e[% Jlif\jk\ Ô <$'/(0) Ô JXek Hl`iq\ [\c MXcc j Ô <jgX X k "*+ ' 0* .)( 0, ,0 Ô ] "*+ ' 0* .)( *( ,0 `e]f%jgX`e7i\peX\ij%Zfd