City Atlas - Tilburg through the Eyes of a Man

AR1U090 R&D Studio

Tilburg

through the

Eyes of a Man Analysis and Design of Urban Form

Name

Reza Ambardi Pradana

Tutor

Ir. Els Bet

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1 Introduction Preface 1.1 Table of Content 1.2 Intention 1.3 Abstract

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1.1 Table of Content

1 Introduction

3 4

1.1 Table of Content

4

4.1 Conclusion

90

1.2 Intention

5

4.1.1

90

1.3 Abstract

6

4.2 Prediction

92

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4.2.1

Open(ing) City

92

2.1 City Metaphor

10

4.2.2

Potential Areas

94

2.2 Framework

4.3 Focus Areas

15 5

96

3 Investigation

12

3.1 City Context

16

5.1 City Portrait

3.1.1 Positioning

16

5.1.1

Ideas Development

100

3.1.2

City Branding

17

5.1.2

Final City Portrait

102

3.2 Tilburg Formation

20

5.2 Recommendation

106

3.2.1

The Analogy: City as a Zoo

20

5.3 Reflection

107

3.2.2

City Expansion

22

3.2.3

Homogenous Areas

28

3.2.4

Urbanized Landscape

42

3.2.5

The Portrait: City as a Zoo

48

2

Approach

3.3 Tilburg Today

54

3.3.1

The Analogy: City as a Dynamic Ecosystem

54

3.3.2

Tilburg City Life

56

3.3.3

Tilburg as Open City

64

3.3.4

Tilburg as Complex System

76

3.3.5

The Portrait: City as a Dynamic Ecosystem

82

4

Hypothesis Transformative Power

Deduction

6 Bibliography

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99

100

108

1.2 Intention

Urban population worldwide is predicted to be double in 2050, making urbanization one of the most transformative powers in modern history (UN-Habitat, 2016). Cities are transforming to cope with this massive urbanization challenge by governing their development with a form of city plans. In creating the city plan, city planners/designers/builders tend to overlooked the intangible aspect i.e. people’s use of cities – public life (Gehl, 2013) thus resulting in various city problems to the extent of implementation failure of the city plan.

In response to such issues tracing back to modern era, public life studies have been developed by Lynch (1960), Jacobs (1961), Rapaport (1977), Montgomery (2013), and Gehl (2013) showing the importance of understanding the public life in relation to the city transformation.

This study is intended to investigate a particular city, Tilburg with a given theme: Typomorphology, City as Urbanized Landscape, Open City concept, and City as Complex System. Apart from those themes, my personal intention is aligned with the above presumption, to also see it from human’s perspective – as a designer, as a user, as the government, and others, to fully understand the city and to be able to interpret it in my personal way.

RA Pradana 04 November 2016

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1.3  Abstract

This is a study about analysis and design of Tilburg urban form. Apart from the given theme: Typomorphology, City as Urbanized Landscape, Open City concept, and City as Complex System, the intention is to also see it from human’s perspective. This study is approached with a city metaphor theory (Ungers, 1982) as the underlying theory and bridging the link between investigating the physical aspect of a city and interpreting it into the portrait of a city. The study is done with following investigations: Tilburg city context, positioning and city branding; Tilburg formation, city expansion, city typomorphology, and urbanized landscape; and Tilburg today, Tilburg city life, open city concept, and complex

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system concept. City metaphor are used in the two investigation, Tilburg formation: City as Zoo, and Tilburg today: City as dynamic ecosystem.

The conclusions of the study are the transformative power of each investigation. This transformative powers are used to predict Tilburg future development to be the open(ing) city. The basic idea of the prediction is using the landscape as the main structure that can blend the city together. As final products, the investigations are interpreted in the three-city portrait in a form of video portraying the dynamic of Tilburg formation, Tilburg today, and Tilburg future.

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This chapter explained about the use of city metaphor theory (Ungers, 1982) as the underlying theory of this study and bridging the link between investigating the physical aspect of a city and interpreting it into the portrait of a city. Derived from the theory, two major steps to investigate the physical phenomena are done: exploration and internalization. As products, the investigation is presented in in two ways: as a conceptualization in a dynamic city portrait and as a narration in a city atlas.

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2 Approach Urbanist’s Image of the City 2.1 City Metaphor 2.2 Framework

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2.1 City Metaphor

Figure 1. Examples of City Metaphor: Articulation, Ungers (1982)

Aligned with my intention to understand Tilburg as a city from a human’s perspective, the study is approached using the theory of city metaphor as morphological design concept (Ungers, 1982). This theory is applied as a bridge from investigating the physical aspect of a city i.e. formation, structure, function, typology, to the effort of interpreting it into the portrait of a city. Contrary with Lynch’s intention in the Image of the City (Lynch, 1961) on seeking the ‘pubic images’ of a city – though later reconsidered had ‘a diametrically opposite result’ (Rodwin, 1984), this city metaphor approach is intended to seek the personal image of a city, specific to this study: urbanist’s image of a city.

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Derived from Ungers’s city metaphor theory, the fundamental steps in investigating the physical phenomena can be divided into two major steps: Exploration – pure physical facts Internalization – inner-self psychological impact and presenting it in two ways: Conceptualization – imaginative discovery and reconstruction Narration – rationalization of the discovery

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“The consciousness that catches the reality through sensuous perception and imagination is the real creative process because it achieves a higher degree of order than simplistic method of testing, recording, proving, and controlling. This is why all traditional philosophy is a permanent attempt to create a wellstructured system of ideas in order to interpret, to perceive, to understand the world, as other sciences have done. “ (p.8)

“If, however, the physical reality is understood and conceptualized as an analogy to our imagination of that reality, then we pursue a morphological design concept, turning it into phenomena which, like all real concepts, can be expanded or condensed; they can be seen as polarities contradicting or complementing each other, existing as pure concepts in themselves like a piece of art.“ (p.9)

“This imaginative process of thinking applies to all intellectual and spiritual areas of human activities though the approaches might be different in various fields. But it is always a fundamental process of conceptualizing an unrelated, diverse reality through the use of images, metaphors, analogies, models, signs, symbols, and allegories.” (p.9)

Ungers (1982)

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2.2  Framework

Figure 2.  Study Framework

The framework is made to structure the relationship between investigating Tilburg as a city through exploration and internalization, narrating it in a city atlas, and conceptualizing it as a city portrait. Investigation of Tilburg through exploration is done through specific themes; first, its formation i.e. typomorphology and urbanized landscape; second, Tilburg as it is today i.e.

Tilburg as open city and Tilburg as complex system; lastly, through its predictive future.

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Each exploration is seeking to internalize the transformative powers, guiding principles, and correlation basis. As products, the investigation is presented in in two ways: as a conceptualization in a dynamic city portrait and as a narration in a city atlas.

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“Therefore this study will tend to pass over individual differences, interesting as they might be to a psychologist.

The first order of business will be what might be called the “public images”, the common mental pictures carried by large numbers of a city’s inhabitants: areas of agreement which might be expected to appear in the interaction of a single physical reality, a common culture and a basic physiological nature.” (p.7) Lynch (1961)

“What was not foreseen, however, was that this study, whose principal aim was to urge on designers the necessity of consulting those who live in a place, had at first a diametrically opposite result. It seemed to many planners that here was a new technique – complete with the magical classifications of node, landmark, district, edge, and path – that allowed a designer to predict the public image of any existing city or new proposal…There was no attempt to reach to reach out to actual inhabitants, because that effort would waste time and might be upsetting.” (p.156) “Last, perhaps, I would criticize our original studies because they have proved so difficult to apply to actual public policy. This difficulty is strange, because the principal motive of the whole affair was to change the way in which cities were shaped: to make them more responsive to their inhabitants.” (p.158) Rodwin (1984) - Reconsidering Image of the City by Lynch

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From the city context understanding, it is presumed that the city positioning and branding played a major role in the city transformation. From the Tilburg Formation understanding, the formation is investigated with two themes: typomorphology, based on the mixture of building age and urbanized landscape, based on the landscape role. From the Tilburg Today understanding, the city is investigated on the way it is used with two concept: Tilburg as Open City, which defined ‘Play’ activity as the democratic space of Tilburg, ad Tilburg as Complex System, which defined Occupancy as the main resilience factor of Tilburg city development.

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3 Investigation Exploration and Internalization 3.1 City Context 3.2 Tilburg Formation 3.3 Tilburg Today

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3.1 City Context 3.1.1

Positioning

Figure 3. Tilburg positioning

Leveraging on its central position in North Brabant province, Tilburg is positioned to be ‘the heart of Brabant’. Internationally, Tilburg is positioned to be the logistic and economic hub, connecting the East-West corridor between the ports of Rotterdam, Antwerp, and European Hinterland. This positioning affected the way the government planning of future Tilburg. One of the strategies in the future plan is to develop seven Hubs around the city, six of them related to the current branding of Tilburg as Modern Industrial City.

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Apart from external based positioning, Tilburg also positioned to be a ‘City in Balance’ accommodating all live, work, and play activities, also balance between People, Planet, and Profit (Gemeente Tilburg, 2013).

This future plan will be further analysed especially the relevance with Tilburg transformation and Tilburg as it is today.

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3.1.2

City Branding

Icon source: Knitting by Sitara Shah, Essay by Oliviu Stoian, Factory by Chanut, building by Rflor, Community by Milky - Digital innovation, Truck by Dániel Aczél from the Noun Project

Figure 4. Tilburg branding over time

Aligned with the fact that Tilburg was once the capital of textile industry in the whole Netherlands, Tilburg has long associated with an industrial city branding. Apart from that association, Tilburg city branding has changed overtime. When the textile industry was becoming less important around 1980s, the idea of selling Tilburg as ‘education city’ aroused. After Tilburg awarded the status of stedelijk knooppunt (‘urban node’), Tilburg economic growth become the attention and the branding of Tilburg Moderne Industriestad (TMI; ‘Tilburg Modern Industrial City’) aroused replacing the ‘education city’ brand (Dormans, 2008). This branding has its fluctuation but can still be seen until now. Other than these two

branding, Tilburg also has ‘Tilburg model’ for the entrepreneur type of city governance, and the latest branding of becoming the ‘Complete city’.

This industrial branding is important to further investigate the effect on physical and non-physical formation of Tilburg. Physical in the sense of city building typology and morphology, spread and type of development expansion, and infrastructure procurement. Nonphysical in the sense of separation and pattern of activities around the city, i.e. living, working, and playing.

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City Context From the city context understanding, it is presumed that the city positioning and branding would play a major role in defining the transformation of Tilburg overtime, physically and non-physically. Three important things that should be considered for further investigation: 1. Tilburg positioned to be the ‘Heart of Brabant’, 2. Tilburg visioned to be the ‘City in Balance’ 3. Tilburg branded to be a ‘Modern Industrial City’.

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Tilburg Formation The investigation is continued with the Tilburg city formation: reconstruction of the current city state.

The city formation investigation will be started with the analogy of City as Zoo, aligned with the idea of city as mechanism, as preliminary findings shows the ‘planned diversity’ of the city. This analogy is guiding further analysis comprising of city formation analysis, typomorphology analysis, and urbanized landscape analysis. Based on the city context understanding, distinction of industrial typology, uses, and spatial extent is critical to investigate the city formation.

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3.2 Tilburg Formation 3.2.1

The Analogy: City as a Zoo

Figure 5. City as Zoo analogy, Zoo (left) and City (right)

“ The presence of animal figures in his book (Ungers, 1982) emphasizes how the knowledge that has been created in the zoo entered our everyday life, both physical and lyrical.

This book takes his methods to the zoo, a place rich in metaphors and analogies, and visualizes the architecture of the city to that of the zoo, morphologically and/or metaphorically.”

Hartog (2015) Image source: http://tilburg.com/nieuws/11-shots-van-tilburg-vanuit-een-drone/ (right) http://www.chesterzoo.org/~/media/islands%20images/mp-blog/aerialshot.jpg?la=en (left)

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Fundamental Question

City Expansion How is the zoo growth and what was the trends? How is the city formed and what was the causes?

Typomorphology What are the exhibits? What are the homogeneous areas?

Urbanized Landscape How is the landscape inside the zoo influence the How is the surrounding landscape influence the shaped of the zoo? transformation of the city?

This analogy is chosen as the conceptualization of the investigation of Tilburg city formation. This analogy considered a city as mechanism, rather than organism e.g. ‘City as Jungle’ (Rodwin, 1984:4) reflecting to the preliminary findings of ‘planned diversity’ of the city.

Zoo analogy is not a new concept as it is recently done

by Hartog (2016) also referring to the city metaphor theory (Ungers, 1982). The analogy is interpreted to questions related to: growth of the zoo and related trends; variations of exhibits – animals and its artificial habitat; and landscape features as part of zoo attraction.

First, the city expansion and transformation analysis, comprises of city area expansion and changes in building typology caused by changes of needs and trends.

Second, the typomorphology and homogeneous areas analysis of Tilburg. Based on the analysis, the homogeneous areas are derived from the mixed of building ages areas.

Third, the analysis of Tilburg as an urbanized landscape.

Based on the analysis, the landscape inside and outside the city are classified to its role on the city transformation.

In urbanist’s point of view, these three questions are interpreted into guidance of: Tilburg City Atlas & Portrait | AR1U090 R&D Studio - Analysis and Design of Urban Form

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3.2.2

City Expansion

N 0

2.5

5

10 km

Figure 6.  Tilburg city expansion (1860s - 2000s)

Legend Urban Areas

Infrastructure

1920s

Major Roads

1950s

Legend

1960s

Historical Streets

1970s

Railway

1980s 1990s 2000s

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City Expansion How is the zoo growth and what was the trends? How is the city formed and what was the causes?

City Expansion Investigation This investigation is analysing the urban area expansion including the addition of the infrastructure, and the changes in typology, divided into two: general and industry typology. This division is made based on the significance of industrial brand and uses in the city as stated on the previous chapter. The buildings shown are based on the building ages that are still standing today. Aligned with the zoo analogy, building typologies are conceptualized into various animals showing the contrast.

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Expansion

General Typology

Industry Typology

pre-1860s

SHEEP (WOOL) INDUSTRY

1880s

TRAIN INTRODUCTION

1920s

INDUSTRIAL CANAL

1950s

INDUSTRY EXPANSION

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Changes in Typology

City Expansion (1860s-1950s) On the earliest phase (pre-1860s) Tilburg is formed along a several elephant trunk-shaped streets. The buildings are placed along these streets and at some points forming a triangular common area (e.g. Wilhelmina park) as a place to store the sheep as the main source of income at that time. In the 1880s, the train industry was introduced.

Although the typological changes were not significance, the changes in city structure can be seen around the railway station area. In the 1920s, the canal was built as part of the effort to boost the industrial development.

Contrary to most Dutch cities in the North (as Tilburg is above the sea level means the need for reclamation was not exist), the role of this canal to the city is significantly different. The intended industrial areas along the canal were only started on the 1950s period, introducing a new typology in the city. As part of the same trends – industrialization, the mass housing typology was also flourished.

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Expansion

General Typology

Industry Typology

1960s

POST-WAR HOUSING

1980s

HIGH-WAY

1990s

AGGLOMERATION

2000s

SATELITE TOWN

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Changes in Typology

City Expansion (1960s-2000s) As part of post-war era, city expansion in the 1960s were defined with the flourish of the mass housing typology.

This trend was not accompanied by changes in industrial typologies as the wool industry was collapsed. During this period, the first city ring-road was built, clearly defining the urban area of Tilburg. In the 1980s, the East-West and North-South highways were introduced, linking Tilburg to surrounding cities. As for the typology, the earlier singular type of housing was introduced. In the 1990s, the two villages were agglomerated as part of Tilburg (Berkel-Enschot and Udenhout) expanding Tilburg area to the North-East. During this period, VINEX housing was introduced aligned with national trend of satellite city development. As the industry is growing towards modern industry i.e. logistics and transportation, the typology of industrial buildings follows becoming bigger plots, warehouse-type of building, and spread along the canal and highways. These trends in the 1990s continued in the 2000s accompanied with urban renewal in the city centre.

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3.2.3

Homogenous Areas

Changes in Typology

Homogeneous Areas

Mixed

Semi-Mixed

Singular

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Typomorphology What are the exhibits? What are the homogeneous areas?

Leiden

Amsterdam

Haarlem

Delft

Tilburg

Den Haag

Source: http://code.waag.org/buildings/

Homogenous Areas

Legend

Based on the city expansion analysis, it is presumed that buildings typology changes over time depending on demands and trends of each era. Apart from that, the indication of urban renewal or ‘inpension’ is visible especially in the absence of typical Dutch ‘historical’ city centre characters i.e. canals, fortification and old buildings (see above). Furthermore, it is presumed that homogeneous areas in Tilburg typomorphology can be defined by the mixed of building ages, partly reflecting the city centre of Tilburg that has a vast mixed of building ages. As a zoo metaphor, it is conceptualized as mixed of animal’s exhibit, where all family of animals can be together – condition that is not possible in the nature.

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< 1800

1960 - 1975

1800 - 1850

1975 - 1985

1850 - 1900

1985 - 1995

1900 - 1930

1995 - 2005

1930 - 1945

> 2005

1945 - 1960

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3.2.3.1 Building Age Mixture Analysis

N 0

2.5

5

10 km

Figure 7.â&#x20AC;&#x192; Building age buffer mapping

Legend < 1800

1960 - 1975

1800 - 1850

1975 - 1985

1850 - 1900

1985 - 1995

1900 - 1930

1995 - 2005

1930 - 1945

> 2005

1945 - 1960

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Building Age Mixture Analysis Following up the process of defining homogenous areas in Tilburg typomorphology, analysis of building age mixture is held using a mapping technique. First, buildings are categorized depending on its age. Then, create a buffer for each building, to then create overlays of that buffer to see the mixture. Darkest overlay areas indicate the most mixed, the green gradient overlays indicate semi-mixed age areas, and singular gradient (blue gradient and orange gradient) indicate singular age areas.

Building Age layer

This building age mixture analysis is also done in alliance to Jane Jacobs theory on one of the prerequisite factor of city vibrancy: mixed of building ages (Jacobs, 1961).

Preliminary findings indicate that Tilburg city centre (inside the inner ring-road) has the highest mixture of building ages, and therefore presumed to be the most vibrant part of the city.

Building Age Buffer layer

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Overlay of Building Age Buffer 31

3.2.3.2 Building Age Mixture Synthesis

N 0

2.5

5

10 km

Figure 8.â&#x20AC;&#x192; Building age mixture map

Legend Mixed Ages Semi-mixed Ages Singular Ages

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Building Age Mixture Synthesis Based on the analysis, the classifications are: mixed building ages, semi-mixed building ages, and singular building ages areas. Highest mixture of building ages is located around the city centre on the North and South part of the Spoorzone. This highest mixture also spread along the historical streets of the city indicating high degree of urban renewal. Align with Jacobs (1961) theory, these areas are presumed to be the most vibrant part of the city with further study required.

Mixed Building Ages

Semi-mixed building ages areas are spread along infrastructures of the city e.g. highways, ring-roads, and the Spoorzone. These indications show that semi-mixed building ages are occurred as part of the transition process that the city experienced along the way, e.g. the introduction of railways, highways, and ring-roads.

Lastly, singular building ages areas are spread on the fringe of the city indicating the latest expansion of the city, both the general typology and industrial typology.

Semi-Mixed Building Ages

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Singular Building Ages 33

3.2.3.3 Homogenous Areas Spreads

N 0

2.5

5

10 km

Figure 9.â&#x20AC;&#x192; Homogenous Areas spreads map

Legend Industrial - Mixed Industrial - Semi-mixed Industrial - Singular General - Mixed General - Semi-mixed General - Singular

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Homogenous Areas Spreads Combining the analysis of city expansion’s typological classification and the building age mixture analysis, homogenous areas of Tilburg typomorphology are classified into six: general typologies (mixed, semimixed, and singular) and industrial typologies (mixed, semi-mixed, and singular). The spread of the typologies are as follows: 1. General – Mixed: spread around the city centre and along the historical roads, also along the main streets of Berkel-Enschot and Udenhout villages.

4. Industrial – Mixed: spread around the city centre as the adaptive reused of old courtyard type of industrial typology.

5. Industrial – Semi-mixed: spread between the southern part of the canal and the inner-city ring-road as the earlier generation of industry expansion that has been partly reused.

6. Industrial – Singular: spread around fringe of the city as the latest addition of the city.

2. General – Semi-mixed: spread around the transition area and around city infrastructures.

3. General – Singular: spread around the latest addition of the city.

Homogenous areas are further analysed for each classification, especially along the survey path around the city centre. All six classification of homogenous areas can be seen along this path and each block are chosen to represent each classification. Each classification is then analysed in the aspect of its typomorphology – the relation between buildings and the open space (Moudon, 1994).

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3.2.3.4 Homogenous Areas Spreads (Survey Path)

5

4 1

6

2

3

N 0

1.25

2.5

5 km

Figure 10.â&#x20AC;&#x192; Homogenous Areas along the survey path

Legend Industrial - Mixed

Survey Path

Industrial - Semi-mixed

Building Footprint

Industrial - Singular General - Mixed General - Semi-mixed General - Singular

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Mixed

1 | City Center

4 | Industrial Re-used

2 | 50s-60s Housing

5 | Canal Indutrial Re-used

3 | De Blaak Housing Estate

6 | Modern Industry

Singular

Semi-Mixed

1250 m

1250 m

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3.2.3.5 Homogenous Areas Blocks - General Typologies General Typologies Parcels

Building Footprint

Building Ages

Mixed

15

Semi-Mixed

15

Singular

0m

15

0m

0m

Legend

38

Study Area Boundary

< 1800

1900 - 1930

1960 - 1975

1995 - 2005

Parcel Boundary

1800 - 1850

1930 - 1945

1975 - 1985

> 2005

Building Footprint

1850 - 1900

1945 - 1960

1985 - 1995

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Open Space

Uses along Main Road 1 | City Center - Heuvel Apart from the mixture of building ages, typology character can also be seen on the mixture of individual plots. Older building plots are relatively small and spread along on the perimeter of the block, whilst newer building plots are relatively bigger. Public open spaces are placed adjacent to newer buildings connecting to the rejuvenated triangular Heuvel plaza. Uses along the main street are diverse.

2 | 50s-60s Housing Difference in building ages can be seen on the plot size and shape variation, with relatively lessdiverse mixture. Most open spaces are private/semi-private as and dominated with circulation areas.

Uses along the main street are relatively less diverse.

3 | De Blaak Housing Estate Mixture of building ages are minimum, mostly newer buildings.

Building typologies are mostly individual detached buildings. Parks and water features are introduced as added value of the community, as for the public open spaces are for family recreation e.g. playground.

Circulation areas are complemented by parking area. Uses along the main street are amenities and big-box retails.

N Private / Semi-private Open Space

Main Road

Public Open Space / Plaza

Park / Water feature

Circulation / Parking

Retails

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75

150

300 m 39

3.2.3.6 Homogenous Areas Blocks - Industrial Typologies Industrial Typologies Parcels

Building Footprint

Building Ages

Mixed

15

Semi-Mixed

15

Singular

0m

15

0m

0m

Legend

40

Study Area Boundary

< 1800

1900 - 1930

1960 - 1975

1995 - 2005

Parcel Boundary

1800 - 1850

1930 - 1945

1975 - 1985

> 2005

Building Footprint

1850 - 1900

1945 - 1960

1985 - 1995

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Open Space

Uses along Main Road 4 | City Industrial Re-used Courtyard industries are dominant in this typology, as historically was â&#x20AC;&#x201C; houses on the perimeter and industries inside. Most of the industry buildings has been adaptively reused e.g. Pont museum and textile museum. On the re-used types, public openings of the courtyard are made whilst preserved industry types open spaces are relatively private. Uses diversity along main street are minimum.

5 | Canal Industrial - Re-used Mixture of building ages occurred as the canal was the transition between industry inside the city and on the city fringe. This transition is visible on the mixture of building plots â&#x20AC;&#x201C; newer bigger and vice versa. As it is still mostly used as industrial buildings, most open spaces are private.

Though the canal can be considered open public space, public activities are minimum.

6 | Modern Industrial Areas Building plots are getting bigger and less mixture of building ages.

This typology is greatly related to the canal and the highways as its main infrastructures. Looking to the nature of the uses, open spaces are mostly private. Building uses along the main roads are made as amenities or facilities for the industrial workers.

N Private / Semi-private Open Space

Main Road

Public Open Space / Plaza

Park / Water feature

Circulation / Parking

Retails

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75

150

300 m 41

3.2.4

Urbanized Landscape

3.2.4.1 Region Level

Figure 11.â&#x20AC;&#x192; Tilburg as urbanized landscape Source: http://www.wktg.org/ (Geological Formation Map)

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Urbanized Landscape How is the landscape inside the zoo How is the surrounding landscape influence the shaped of the zoo? influence the transformation of the city?

Urbanized Landscape As mentioned earlier, Tilburg is located above sea level â&#x20AC;&#x201C; different with most North Holland cities, means that the geological formations are also be different. Tilburg is located on a mostly clay and sand type of soil, with river sand type on the west directly connected to the national nature conservation area, Nationaal Park De Biesbosch.

This connection can be seen from the canal that flows through Tilburg towards Biesbosch and links of large green area connecting Biesbosch with another national

nature conservation area on the North of Tilburg, Nationaal Park De Loonse en Drunense Duinen. Green corridors on the South are also distinct, linked from South-Brabant as part of Belgium. Analysed historically, this nature corridors are the longue durĂŠe, as they are relatively did not change for a long time in contrast to the city transformation.

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Legend Drift-sand River sand and clay Peat River sand dune Clay and sand River sand Gree Corridors Blue Corridors

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3.2.4.2 City Level

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Figure 12.â&#x20AC;&#x192; Tilburg landscape role as urbanized landscape

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Urbanized Landscape - City Level On the city level, Tilburg landscape roles are quite distinct in compare to most Dutch water cities. In total, Tilburg has 1.6% of water, similar to Breda (2%) and Eindhoven (1.3%), in contrast with Amsterdam (24%) and Rotterdam (36%). This example of distinction defines the role of landscape in the whole transformation process of the city. The role of landscape as in the urbanized landscape concept are divided into three major categories: Landscape as barrier; as enhancer; and as added value.

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Barrier

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3.2.4.3 Neigbhborhood Level

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Added Value Landscape as added value can be seen inside the residential housing estates e.g. Reshoof and De Blaak, where parks are used as added selling points for surrounding residential areas.

Enhancer Landscape as enhancer, can be seen as in canals where it was made to enhance industrial activities â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in contrast to other Dutch water cities where canals were made as part of reclamation effort. Other enhancers are the triangular parks inside the city, as they were used as part of industrial activities (wool industry) and right now as part of traffic islands.

Barrier Landscape as barrier, can be seen mostly on the forest area of the city, as part of the green corridors at the regional level as mentioned before.

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3.2.5

The Portrait: City as a Zoo

3.2.5.1 Conceptualization

Figure 13.â&#x20AC;&#x192; The Portrait: City as Zoo

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City as Zoo Portrait City as zoo city portrait’s basic idea is to answer the fundamental questions of the analogy. Aligned with the stated approach, the portrait is made as the dynamic conceptualization of the investigations made regarding the city transformation. Dynamic is chosen because city is never static, city always change over time, and the intention is to portray it in the portrait as a video.

First, the portrait shows how the zoo formed, how the infrastructure changes depending on the needs of the exhibits e.g. canals were made to fulfil the needs of the cows – in reality, canals were made to fulfil the needs of industrial expansion.

Second, the variation of exhibits across the zoo, where penguins, giraffe, and sheep can live together – in reality, mixture of building ages happen vastly in the city centre.

Whereas other exhibits, mostly mono family animals e.g. wolf and polar bear are located on the fringe and newer part of the zoo – in reality, the VINEX housing estate and modern industrial areas are located on the newer part of the city.

Third, the landscape as longue durée can be seen since it did not change the way the zoo shaped, but rather act as barrier, enhancer, and added value for surrounding exhibits. This also means opportunities that the landscape could be an integral part of the zoo – in reality the city could open up to the landscape and vice versa.

Lastly, the combination of these three narrations portray the dynamic transformation, the transformative power each component had given, and the identity of Tilburg as a city.

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3.2.5.2 Portrait Scenes

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Tilburg Formation In summary, investigation about Tilburg formation brought up three basic conclusions: 1. Tilburg typomorphology is defined into two major types: general typology and industrial typology and each defied by the mixture of building ages: mixed, semi-mixed, and singular.

2. Tilburgâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s landscape as part of urbanized landscape concept is defined by its role: as development barrier, development enhancer, and development added value.

3. Investigation about typomorphology and landscape role resulted in understanding the transformative powers, identity of Tilburg as a city, and opportunities for future development.

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Tilburg Today After understanding the context of the city and the formation of the city, the investigation continued to understand the way the city is used. Reflecting on the context of the city that is positioned to be a modern industrial city and a balance city (live, work, play), understanding and defining each of those activities spatially will be critical. As for reflection from the Tilburg formation investigation, it is critical to understand how they are used, how are the ownerships, and how the whole system worked. Aligned with the approach, investigation of Tilburg today will be done with a metaphor of City as Dynamic Ecosystem.

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3.3 Tilburg Today 3.3.1

The Analogy: City as a Dynamic Ecosystem

Figure 14. City as Dynamic Ecosystem analogy, Ants (left) and People (right)

“The men of experiment are like the ant, they only collect and use; the reasoners resemble spiders, who make cobwebs out of their own substance. But the bee takes a middle course: it gathers its material from the flowers of the garden and of the field, but transforms and digests it by a power of its own.”

Bacon, 1620 The Philosophy of Social Science: An Introduction (1994) Image source: http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2014/11/news-police-like-estimate-crowd-size-parade-protest-like/ (right) http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3149/2546379064_33f5d07418_o.jpg (left)

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Fundamental Question

Tilburg City Life How is the ants, bees, and spiders How the three activities - play, work, and live define system define the ecosystem? Tilburg’s city life?

Tilburg as Open City What are each species demands, behavior, and What are each activities supporting functions, territories? pattern of uses, and democratic spaces?

Tilburg as Complex System How is the influence of each species system in the How is the influence of each uses and activities in whole ecosystem? the whole complex system of the city?

As in every ecosystem, it is important to know what kind of animals are there, how they behave, what are they looking for and how the ecosystem work. By understanding the ecosystem, it is presumed that how the ecosystem will grow could be predicted – same in the city.

Aligned with the vision of Tilburg to be a Balance City (play, live, and work), insect ecosystem analogy is used to see the spatial relation between city activities and uses in Tilburg city life. Derived from Bacon (1620) analogy, ants ‘collect and use’ relates to ‘play’ activities, spiders ‘make cowebs’ relates to ‘live’ activities, and bees ‘gather materials’ relates to ‘work’ activities.

The first question will be guiding the analysis of the three activities defining Tilburg city life.

The second question will be guiding the analysis of the conflicts between species behaviors/uses activities that further define the open city concept of Tilburg.

The third question will be guiding the analysis of the occupancy of each uses and activities that further define the complex system of Tilburg.

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3.3.2

Tilburg City Life

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Figure 15. City life classification mapping

Legend ‘Play’ ‘Work’ ‘Live’

Icon source: Ant, Spider, Bee by Focus Lab, from the Noun Project

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Tilburg City Life How is the ants, bees, and spiders How the three activities - play, work, and live behave? define Tilburg’s city life?

Tilburg City Life Aligned with the vision to be a Balance City, Tilburg city life can be broadly divided into three, Play, Live, and Work. This definition was also used by Mehrabian (1976) to define public places and private spaces in the field of environmental psychologist. As Mehrabian classified it, each classification of activities has their own characteristic and requirement, that will further affect the person who are in it. Derived from that theory each activity is defined using landuse classification on the Bestemmingsplannen from Ministrie van Infrastructuur en Milieu (http://www.atlasleefomgeving.nl/). After classification, each activity is spatially analysed.

The classifications are: ‘Play’ Landuse: a. Centrum b. Mixed use c. Civil / Public d. Cultural e. Retail f. Hospitality g. Leisure and Entertainment ‘Live’ Landuse: a.Residential ‘Work’ Landuse: a. Enterprise b. Business / Industry c. Services d. Office

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3.3.2.1 Ant: Play

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Figure 16. ‘Play’ activities map

‘Play’ activities are spread in three main locations: Legend ‘Play’

1. City Centre, spread along the main historical street and concentrated around the Centrum 2. At the centre of new neighbourhoods e.g. Reshoof, De Blaak, etc. The uses are mostly amenities.

3. At the centre of the Udenhout village. As this village was newly agglomerated with Tilburg, this area acted as the centre of activities in the village.

Icon source: Ant, Spider, Bee by Focus Lab, from the Noun Project

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1 | City Centre

2 | Neighbourhood Centre

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3.3.2.2 Bee: Work

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Figure 17. ‘Work’ activities map

‘Work’ activities are spread in three main locations: Legend ‘Work’

1. Between the canal and the outer ring-road highway, the uses are mainly business/industry.

2. Along the outer ring-road highway, the uses are mainly logistics.

3. Inside the city, the uses are enterprise, services, universities, etc.

Icon source: Ant, Spider, Bee by Focus Lab, from the Noun Project

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1 | Canal-Highway Industry

2 | Highway Logistics

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3.3.2.3 Spider: Live

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Figure 18. ‘Live’ activities map

‘Live’ activities are spread in three main locations: Legend ‘Live’

1. City Centre, spread inside the block after the perimeter of retails in the historical streets.

2. On the city fringe, as satellite cities e.g. Reshoof, De Blaa, etc.

3. Around the two villages, Berkel-Enschot and Udenhout.

Icon source: Ant, Spider, Bee by Focus Lab, from the Noun Project

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1 | City Centre

2 | City Fringe

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3.3.3

Tilburg as Open City

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Figure 19. Networks of activities map

Legend ‘Play’ networks ‘Work’ networks ‘Live’ networks

Icon source: Ant, Spider, Bee by Focus Lab, Honeycomb by Juan Sebastian Rickenmann, cobweb by Creative Stall from the Noun Project

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Tilburg as Open City What are each species demands, behavior, What are each activities supporting and territories? functions, pattern of uses, and democratic spaces?

Tilburg as Open City After analysing each activity spatially, the next step is to analyse each activity supporting functions, pattern of uses, and democratic space. The analysis will be done by first defining the definition of democratic space, then to create such space what are the infrastructure needed, then finally overlay them to get the pattern of uses. The method was using a manual suitability mapping tools with overlaying layers of each determinants similar to what McHarg (1969) did. By defining each democratic space, Tilburgâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s definition of Open City concept can be determined.

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3.3.3.1 Democratic Space Definition: ‘Play’

1 | Cycling and Public Transport Path Public Transport Paths

Major Cycling Paths

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2 | Overlay of Cycling and Public Transport Path

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Publicly Accessible Determinants for this factor are major cycling paths, and major public transport paths. The intention is to find areas which both easily accessible by cycling and public transport.

3 | Area with both Cycling and Public Transport Path

Source: Cycling Paths: http://www.atlasleefomgeving.nl/ Public Transport Paths: https://www.openstreetmap.org

Mixed of Uses and Supporting Daily Activities Determinants for this factor are ‘Play’ activity uses and daily destinations. The intention is to find the union between both determinants.

Source: ‘Play’ landuse: http://www.atlasleefomgeving.nl/

6 | Overlay of ‘Play’ activities and daily destination

Daily destination: http://www.ruimtelijkeplannen.nl/ documents/NL.IMRO.0855.BSP2013024-e001/t_NL.IMRO.0855.

BSP2013024-e001.html

‘Play’ Suitability Area / Democratic Area Based on the suitability analysis, the ‘Play’ suitability area are primarily spread along the historical road, and further connected to the central amenities of the new housing areas e.g. Reshoof and Tilburg Noord. This suitability area also defines the democratic area, in which these areas are publicly accessible.

9 | ‘Play’ Suitability Area Tilburg City Atlas & Portrait | AR1U090 R&D Studio - Analysis and Design of Urban Form

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3.3.3.2 Ant-Sugar: Play Network

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Figure 20. ‘Play’ network map

Legend ‘Play’ network

Icon source: Ant, Spider, Bee by Focus Lab, Honeycomb by Juan Sebastian Rickenmann, cobweb by Creative Stall from the Noun Project

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Figure 21. ‘Play’ democratic space

Based on the suitability analysis, the democratic area of ‘Play’ activities were determined. Relating it to the metaphor, the ants will move following the sugar that are spread along the suitable areas. This areas are presumed to be the most important area related to the Open City concept as it is the most publicly accessible.

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3.3.3.3 Bee-Honey: Work Network

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Legend ‘Work’ network

Icon source: Ant, Spider, Bee by Focus Lab, Honeycomb by Juan Sebastian Rickenmann, cobweb by Creative Stall from the Noun Project

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Figure 23. ‘Work’ democratic space

Similar method with analysing the ‘Play’ suitability area, analysis for ‘Work’ suitability area is done with following criteria: accessible by highway, and major road; ‘Work’ activity landuse, and connected to the Spoorzone. The analysis showed the importance of road transportation infrastructure to the ‘Work’ suitability area as it is dominated by industry uses. The canal did not become the important factor as it is not as important as it was historically. As for the democratic space, these areas are not publicly accessible because of the nature of industrial/business/services activities.

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3.3.3.4 Spider-Web: Live Network

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Figure 24. ‘Live’ network map

Legend ‘Live’

Icon source: Ant, Spider, Bee by Focus Lab, Honeycomb by Juan Sebastian Rickenmann, cobweb by Creative Stall from the Noun Project

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Figure 25. ‘Live’ democratic space

Using the same method, analysis for ‘Live’ suitability area is done with following criteria: accessible by highway, major road, public transport, and cycling path; residential landuses, and proximity to railway station.

The analysis showed the difference between the new and old residential areas. In the old residential areas, e.g. in the city centre, the living areas are located inside the block with commercial/mixed use area on the perimeter.

In the new residential areas, the living area are spread evenly, with centralized nodes of amenities. The new residential areas are also dependent to the highway accessibility.

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3.3.3.5 Conclusion: Tilburg as Open City

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Figure 26.â&#x20AC;&#x192; Tilburg as Open City

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Tilburg as Open City Based on the three-suitability analysis, the ‘Play’ – Ant/ Sugar areas considered to represent the most democratic space of Tilburg. This is because the nature of ‘Play’ activities are publicly open and accessible. This statement does not mean that these areas are the most important areas in Tilburg, but align with the study intention to understand Tilburg public life, this presumption is valid.

By knowing the democratic area of the city, not just the area, but also the buildings, landscapes, connections can be further analysed. Furthermore, the intention is to seek the development narratives (Sennett, 2006) and ask in which part should Tilburg opening up for new possibilities?

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3.3.4

Tilburg as Complex System

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Figure 27.â&#x20AC;&#x192; Tilburg 2040 Vision Plan Source: https://www.tilburg.nl/fileadmin/files/stad-bestuur/bestuur/burgerparticipatie/ruimtelijke-structuurvisie-tilburg-2040.pdf

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Tilburg as Complex System What are the factors from the developing What are the factors from the city as ecosystem that influence the life of the three complex system that influence the three species? activities?

Tilburg 2040 Referring to Habraken (2016) definition of built environment as ‘patterns of human control’ or ‘field of control’, the idea of Tilburg as Complex System is related a particular field of control, in this case government’s control of Tilburg Future Plan. As mentioned earlier in the context understanding, Tilburg has been planned ahead to be a Modern Industrial City and Balance City.

These visions were planned spatially in a Vision Structure Plan of Tiburg 2040 (see left). After investigating Tilburg today in the concept of Open City, it is necessary to deeper the understanding of Tilburg today by analysing and evaluating this vision plan. The intention is not to criticize or amend the plan – as it is not the main intention of this study, but more to understand the city from a particular stakeholder.

Comparing the analysis of Tilburg as Open City with Tilburg 2040 vision plan, there are three main points of complex system occurred: Occupancy, related to how the ‘Play’ activities changes over time; Conflict, related to how the ‘Work’ activities have their conflicts especially with surrounding nature area; and Territorial, related to how the ‘Live’ democratic spaces are limiting the potential of the city.

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3.3.4.1 Tilburg as Complex System: Classification

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‘Play’ Democratic Space

Overlay of Homogenous Areas with ‘Play’ Democratic Space

‘Work’ Democratic Space

Overlay of Landscape Roles with ‘Work’ Democratic Space

‘Live’ Democratic Space

Overlay of ‘Play’ , ‘Live’ Democratic Space and Landscape Role Reza Ambardi Pradana | 4722553

Complex City - Occupancy Overlaying Tilburg homogenous areas with ‘Play’ democratic space shows that Tilburg city centre had contributed an important role in Tilburg public life development, historically and present day. This characteristic shows also the resilience of Tilburg’s city centre that have been renewed over-time. Based on this value, Tilburg 2040 vision plan’s focus areas of the centrum and Tilburg university are aligned, but the other five focus areas are not.

Overlay of ‘Play’ Democratic Areas with Tilburg 2040 Vision Plan

Complex City - Conflict Overlaying landscape roles with ‘Work’ democratic space shows the conflict especially between the industry and Tilburg university with the landscape as barrier. This conflict is related to the inability of the ‘Work’ democratic space to expand because of the landscape. Comparing it to the Tilburg 2040 vision plan, it is clear that the strategies are related more to the ‘Work’ activities i.e. industry, business, and services. The fact that green corridors are one of the strategies, brought up the question of how to relate it with the ‘Work’ strategies and the landscape roles.

Overlay of ‘Play’ Democratic Areas with Tilburg 2040 Vision Plan

Complex City - Territorial Overlaying the ‘Live’ & ‘Play’ democratic space with the landscape role as added value shows the territorial factors that limit the potential of the city. As added value, this landscape features are majorly used only by the residents, because naturally it is a private area.

Considering this landscape has a broad connection not only in the neighbourhood but also in city level or even regional level, it is logical to think of opening up the ‘Live’ territory. This proposition is applicable in the Tilburg 2040 vision plan.

Overlay of ‘Play’ Democratic Areas with Tilburg 2040 Vision Plan Tilburg City Atlas & Portrait | AR1U090 R&D Studio - Analysis and Design of Urban Form

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3.3.4.2 Conclusion: Tilburg as Complex System

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Figure 28.â&#x20AC;&#x192; Tilburg as Complex System - Occupancy

Legend Tilburg 2040 Nodes related to Tilburg public city life Tilburg 2040 Nodes contrast to Tilburg public city life

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Tilburg as Complex System - Occupancy As stated before, ‘Play’ activities and occupancy factor in the City as Complex System concept aligned best with the study intention to understand Tilburg public city life since it is considering public life the most – compare to other activities and complex system. This investigation result will then further conceptualize into a portrait.

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3.3.5

The Portrait: City as a Dynamic Ecosystem

Figure 29.â&#x20AC;&#x192; The Portrait: City as Dynamic Ecosystem

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City as a Dynamic Ecosystem Portrait The idea is to portray the contrast between the public city life of Tilburg with ‘Play’ democratic space with Tilburg 2040 vision plan. ‘Play’ democratic area, portrayed as ants and sugars, demonstrated in the video as how the ants will follow where the sugar is. So, the question is when the sugars that the government planned are not in the ants’ paths, what will happen? This portrait is also made leading to the final portrait to answer the question of way of opening up Tilburg.

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TILBURG TODAY In summary, investigation about Tilburg today brought up three basic conclusions: 1. Tilburg as Open City analysis defined â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Playâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; activity as the democratic space of Tilburg and further questioned the possibility of opening up Tilburg.

2. Tilburg as Complex System analysis defined Occupancy as the main factor that shows Tilburg resilience and further used to analyse and evaluate Tilburg 2040 vision plan.

3. Investigation about Tilburg as Open City and Complex System concept resulted in understanding the way the city is used, the predictive transformative powers, and challenges for future development.

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CONCLUSION: TRANSFORMATIVE POWER After investigating Tilburg Formation and Tilburg Today, it is necessary to conclude especially the transformative power of each factors as they will be important to predict the future of Tilburg. As it is come to the hypothesis, the city metaphor will not be used anymore.

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This chapter explained about the hypothesis of the investigation that has been done about Tilburg Formation and Tilburg Today. The hypothesis consists of conclusion, prediction and focus areas. Conclusion part will summarize the transformative power of each investigation and how to use it to predict for the future plan. The prediction for Tilburg is open(ing) city with the basic idea of using the landscape as the main structure that can blend the city together. The focus areas are used to demonstrate the ideas further.

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4 Hypothesis Tilburg Future 4.1 Conclusion 4.2 Prediction 4.3 Focus Areas

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4.1 Conclusion 4.1.1

Transformative Power

TILBURG FORMATION Typomorphology Homogenous Areas

Urbanized Landscape Landscape Role

Mixed Ages

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Semi-mixed Ages

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Figure 31. Landscape roles of Tilburg

By defining the homogenous areas with mixture of ages, the transformative power that can be concluded is that each homogenous area has a distinct characteristic, and when predicting/planning the future of Tilburg, these homogenous areas understanding should be considered. Other than that, Tilburg city centre that has the most mixture of building ages should be the distinct identity of Tilburg.

The definition of landscape roles in the urbanized landscape concept clearly point out the transformative power of the landscape in the city transformation process. As pointed out earlier, the landscapes in Tilburg are relatively passive and not yet adequately utilized. So, the question is how to make use of the landscape roles in predicting the future of Tilburg.

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TILBURG TODAY Open City Activities & Uses

Complex City Control Fields

Play

Occupancy

Work

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Live

Territorial

Figure 32. Three Activities of Tilburg

Figure 33. Complexity - Occupancy

The three definitions of Tilburg city life brought up the variations of how the city is used. Related to the public city life, ‘Play’ democratic space should become the transformative power for future Tilburg as it catered the common interest of Tilburg.

Related to the open city transformative power, occupancy factor – the changes of uses over time, really showed the resilience of Tilburg city transformation and should be considered highly in planning future Tilburg.

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4.2 Prediction 4.2.1

Open(ing) City

Figure 34. Tilburg Closed City

Tilburg as Open(ing) City As concluded before, Tilburg Open City concept will be the main transformative power of future Tilburg.

The question that have been asked earlier, “which part should Tilburg opening up for new possibilities?” is tried to be answered in this prediction scheme. The idea is to seek three areas in which portray all the transformative power concluded from the investigation. These three areas will then used to demonstrate the idea of opening up Tilburg. The main idea is to used the landscape as the main structure that can blend the city together.

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Figure 35.â&#x20AC;&#x192; Tilburg Open(ing) City

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4.2.2

Potential Areas

Figure 36.â&#x20AC;&#x192; Open(ing) City Focus Areas

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Focus Area A: The Canal

Focus Area B: The Forest

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4.3â&#x20AC;&#x192; Focus Areas

Focus Area A: The Canal - before intervention

Focus Area A: The Canal - after intervention

Focus Area B: The Forest - before intervention

Focus Area B: The Forest - after intervention

Focus Area C: The Riparian Corridor - before intervention

Focus Area C: The Riparian Corridor - after intervention

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Focus Area A: The Canal The canal portrays the four transformative powers: mixed ages typomorphology, landscape as enhancer, ‘Play’ democratic space, and Occupancy complexity. In this area, the idea is to demonstrate opening up the canal to be connected to the Tilburg city centre as a whole, making the canal a vibrant and democratic space to be.

Focus Area B: The Forest The forest portrays the four transformative powers: semi-mixed ages typomorphology, landscape as barrier, ‘Work’ democratic space, and Conflict complexity. In this area, the idea is to demonstrate opening up the forest to the university, leveraging the forest as a place to be rather than a barrier.

Focus Area C: The Riparian Corridor The riparian corridor portrays the four transformative powers: singular ages typomorphology, landscape as added value, ‘Live democratic space, and Territorial complexity. In this area, the idea is to demonstrate opening up the riparian corridor to public, to maximize the potential of this important green corridor linked to the national conservation area, Biesbosch.

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This chapter explained about the deduction as the conceptualization of the investigation.

The first deduction is on the city portraits, the developing ideas and the final city portrait.

The second deduction is recommendation for further study. Lastly, the deduction is reflection of the study that has been done.

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5 Deduction Closing 5.1 City Portrait 5.2 Recommendation 5.3 Reflection

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5.1â&#x20AC;&#x192; City Portrait 5.1.1

Ideas Development

Portrait #1: City Expansion

Portrait #2: Tilburg Urbanized Landscape (Regional)

Portrait #4: Open city (new structure)

Portrait #4: Open city (old structure)

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Portrait #2: Tilburg Urbanized Landscape (City)

Portrait #3: City as Zoo Portrait

Portrait #5: Complexity, Ants Occupancy

Portrait #6: City as Dynamic Ecosystem Portrait

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5.1.2

Final City Portrait

Figure 37.â&#x20AC;&#x192; Tilburg Open(ing) City Portrait

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Tilburg Open(ing) City Aligned with the prediction, the last city portrait is made to demonstrate step by step on building up the prediction and how it will further transform the city. The final portrait will be presented with the previous two city portrait: City as Zoo Portrait, and City as Dynamic Ecosystem Portrait. These three portraits will summarize the study as a whole on understanding Tilburg Formation, Tilburg Today, and predicting Tilburg Future.

The portraits are made as video to stick with the idea of city as dynamic rather than static.

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5.1.2.1 Portrait Scenes

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5.2â&#x20AC;&#x192; Recommendation 1.

Homogenous areas analysis needed to be studied further to get a more refined result.

Study using ArcGIS application or some sort is recommended as the parameters can be as detail as possible. The study should start by analyzing each block as one homogenous areas. Align to the investigation the parameter should be the age of each building, and the block will have an age mix degree parameter. Therefore, the homogenous areas study for the whole city can be more refined.

2.

Accurate suitability analysis for the Open City analysis also needed to be studied further as the suitability analysis that has been done was following a more conservative way as McHarg (1969) done it. A more quantitative study is recommended to get a more accurate result.

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Further study about Tilburg 2040 vision plan is recommended as some points from this study are aligned with Tilburg 2040 strategies.

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Further demonstrations on the focus areas area are recommended to test the prediction and the idea. As this study intention is not to produce a design per se, it would be interesting to demonstrate it in a masterplan/landscape/urban design proposal.

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5.3 Reflection 1. Derived from long-standing questions about relationship between human and city e.g.

‘City Image’ – Lynch (1960), ‘Sidewalk Ballet’ – Jacobs (1961), ‘Human Aspect in Urban Form’ – Rapaport (1977), ‘Cities for People’ – Gehl (2010), ‘Happy City’ – Montgomery (2013), I believe that people-oriented city development i.e. perception, daily-life, man-environment interaction, publiclife, and state of happiness has always been and will be the most significant transformative power of urban development around the globe.

2.

Out of the four themes of the R&D Studio Analysis and Design of Urban Form – Typomorphology, Urbanized Landscape, Open City, and Complex City – the intertwining part of all is people’s needs and uses of the city i.e. morphogenetic (Moudon, 1994) – time dimension due to dynamic of uses and contexts, landscape quality (Palmboom, 2010) – ambiguity, dynamic, specific, democratic space (Sennett, 2006) – legalphysical democratic experience, participation, conflict, and control fields (Habraken, 2016) – patterns of human control, territorial, design for everyday environment.

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Learning from Lynch’s tools on seeking for ‘public images’ of a city (Lynch, 1960) and how it was evaluated ‘too simple’, ‘too biased’, ‘never proved its basic assumption’, ‘diametrically opposite result’ and ‘difficult to apply to actual public policy’ by Lynch himself (Rodwin, Lloyd et al.,1984, Reconsidering the Image of the City) as an urbanist, it is vital to understand and consider the relationship between stakeholders of urban development i.e. designers/planners/builders – decision makers – citizen.

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Apart from the importance of understanding and implementing the transformative power of the urban form, I believe that the task of evaluating it in the urban design and planning field is of the equal importance – if not more important, as the absence of evaluation has been a major weakness of the city design (Rapaport, 1977).

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Bibliography

De Hartog, B.G., S.E, and T. 2016. A Day at the Zoo: Everyday Life As an Extraordinary Experience. http:// resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:4ecffe5b-327c-401f-b0595d0a3b1ec011.

Dormans, S.E.M. 2008. Narrating the City: Urban Tales from Tilburg and Almere. Nijmegen: RU Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen.

Gehl, Jan. 2010. Cities for People. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Gemeente Tilburg. 2013. Ruimtelijke Structuurvisie: Tilburg 2040

Palmboom, F., 2010. Drawing the Ground–Landscape Urbanism Today: The Work of Palmbout Urban Landscapes. Walter de Gruyter.

Rapaport, A. 1977. Human Aspects of Urban Form. New York: Pergamon Press.

Rodwin, Lloyd et al. 1984. Cities of the Mind. New York: Plenum Press.

Sennett, R., 2006. The open city. Urban Age, pp.1-5.

Ungers, O. M. 1982. Morphologie: City Metaphors. Köln: W. König.

Habraken, N.J., 2016. Cultivating Complexity: The Need for a Shift in Cognition. In Complexity, Cognition, Urban Planning and Design (pp. 55-74). Springer International Publishing Jacobs, Jane. 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House.

Lynch, Kevin. 1960. The Image of the City. Cambridge: The Technology Press and Harvard University Press.

Mehrabian, Albert. 1976. Public Places and Private Spaces : The Psychology of Work, Play, and Living Environments. New York: Basic Books.

Montgomery, Charles. 2013. Happy City. Canada: Doubleday.

McHarg, I.L. and Mumford, L., 1969. Design with nature (pp. 7-17). New York: American Museum of Natural History.

Moudon, A.V., 1994. Getting to know the built landscape: typomorphology. Ordering space: types in architecture and design, pp.289-311.

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