Hand van zuid

AR1U100 R&D Studio

Hand van Zuid handbook

Socio-Spatial Processes in the City

Name

Reza Ambardi Pradana

Tutor

Ir. L.P.J. van den Burg

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1 Introduction General Idea of the Handbook 1.1 Table of Content 1.2 Project Intention & Reflection 1.3 Book Manual

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1.1 Table of Content

1 Introduction

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1.1 Table of Content

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1.2 Project Intention & Reflection

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1.3 Book Manual

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2

Sustainability Framework

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2.1 Project Vision Direction

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2.2 Sustainable Development Loop

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2.3 Envisioned Quality

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2.4 Demonstration

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3

Pattern Library

3.1 Summary

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Urban Design

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4.1 Overall Plan

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4.2 Implementation Strategy

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4.3 Focus Areas

77

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Reflection

91

5.1 Sustainability Evaluation

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5.2 Socio-Economic Feasibility

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6 Bibliography

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Image source (top-bottom): Edward T. Hall: https://leadershipconsultinginaction.files.wordpress.com/ Jan Gehl: http://blogs.infobae.com/pensar-la-ciudad/files/2014/05/jan_gehl1_credit_ashley_bristowe_small-file.jpg Ian McHarg: http://eijournal.com/ Jamie Lerner: www.csullagoadosingleses.com.br Jane Jacobs: http://www.thirteen.org/

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1.2 Project Intention & Reflection

This project is started with a personal intention to understand human relationship with the built environment. Theory of Hall (1966) in The Hidden Dimension that stated about ‘invisible bubble’ – personal space, that everyone of us have triggered my curiosity. I started the project with the intention on understanding this relationship by doing a direct observation similar to what Jan Gehl (1987, 2010, 2013) have done in many of his projects mentioned as Public Space and Public Life Study. Unfortunately, with the limitation of this project especially the short duration, this methodology is presumed to be unsuitable.

In pursuit of finding the suitable methodology, the course of Sustainable Urban Engineering and Territory gave a really great inspiration in using the GIS data that generously provided by Rotterdam government as open source. By this inspiration, I came across Ian McHarg’s Design with Nature (1969) with the main intention is really similar to what this course intended: to bridge the gap within human and natural environment. Practically in one of McHarg’s cases, it was the case to find a suitable location between preserving nature and building a network of highways. The case here in Rotterdam South is pretty much similar with the case of finding a suitable location in decentralizing the program of municipality program to the adjacent neighbourhood. Suitability analysis thinking is used here as the base for all the coming design intervention.

So, the notion here is, in doing any intervention in the build environment, the most critical part to begin is to know exactly where is the suitable area to do so. This first step that later on shaped the sustainability framework of the whole project in having the envisioned quality of: integrative, decisive, and participative. Reflection of this

sustainability framework of this project can be read on the latest part of this handbook.

The next step is the elaboration of how to implement this work. Urban Acupuncture (Lerner, 2014) intrigued my curiosity since it is the bridge between understanding human dimension in the built environment in small scale with analysing location-based suitability analysis.

This method is also mentioned by Jan Gehl (Gehl., 2013) as one of the good implementation method in creating cities for people. Three locations are chosen for the first acupuncture and further designs are made. The critical part about this project is to have a design action as the in between phase before the final design intervention is made. The expectation is by doing this, the project can be looked as both top-down and bottom-up approach.

Lastly, by doing all this, I presumed that my role as an urbanist has been partly done, and only the end user that can properly judge it. As Jane Jacobs said in her book The Death and Life of Great American Cities, ”Instead of attempting to substitute art for life, city designers should return to a strategy ennobling both to art and to life: a strategy of illuminating and clarifying life and helping to explain to us its meanings and order – in this case, helping to illuminate, clarify and explain the order of cities.” (p.375)

Cheers!

RA Pradana 31 January 2017

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1.3  Book Manual

The main intention of presenting the work is to make it as communicable as possible. With that in mind, the whole project is presented in a video form. This video will tell the story from the personal intention, the site understanding, project framework, methodology, and the eye level experience. The video is showing the process of the analysis into design, and therefore changes are possible and required in order to make it more refined. This video is intended to everyone who wants to understand how an urbanist do a project, and particularly in Rotterdam South. The details that you find in the video will be explained thoroughly in this handbook. In general, what would be complemented in this handbook are full explanation of: sustainability framework, design pattern library, design intervention, and project reflection. Hopefully this book and the movie will complement each other so that we can all understand and to be an urbanist!

Enjoy!

The video can be seen here: https://youtu.be/AU8Ly_f1PqY and downloaded here: https://www.dropbox.com/s/w3iynrvaudfbkf9/Hand%20van%20Zuid.mp4?dl=0 8

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2 Sustainability Framework Sustainable Urban Engineering of Territory (SUET) 2.1 Project Vision Direction 2.2 Sustainable Development Loop 2.3 Envisioned Quality 2.4 Demonstration

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Figure 1.  Project Vision Illustration

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2.1 Project Vision Direction

The basic intention of creating this sustainability framework is to ensure the seamless transition from the project vision to the end products i.e. design intervention. In addition to that, this framework is intended as a reflection tool of the project as a whole.

This means that the direction from the project vision is critical to the sustainability framework.

The vision of the project is to decentralize the Hart van Zuid program1 into the Carnisse neighbourhood while using the public life diversity as a development catalyst. In metaphorical view, the project is envisioned to turn the ‘Hart’ as ‘centralization’ concept into the ‘Hand’ as ‘reaching out’ concept.

The first part of the vision – decentralization, is mainly as a response to the Hart van Zuid Program by the municipality. Hart van Zuid is a revitalization program by the government of Rotterdam in collaboration with the national government to revitalize Rotterdam South as one of the ‘Aandachtswijke’ (neighbourhoods of extra interest) in 2007 (Quist, 2013). This program is intended to centralize the development in the Zuidplein area (a

metro station and shopping mall mixed use building complex), in the hope of attracting the activities into this centre with the program area of more than 12,000 sqm.

The plan shows the tendency to focus on the shopping mall & transport hub complex (also the surrounding uses e.g. public swimming pool, theater, hotel, etc.) as the ‘Hart’. Carnisse as the most adjacent neighbourhood (with main roads as barrier) barely mentioned in the proposal. As contra of this centralization, the project is envisioned to decentralize the Hart van Zuid Program to Carnisse, as one of the problematic neighbourhood.

The second part of the vision – public life diversity as a development catalyst, is mainly looked as opportunity from the current condition of Carnisse.

Carnisse is historically a neighbourhood of immigrants that were working in the port area at the northern part of the neighbourhood. This makes the neighbourhood have a diverse inhabitant origins with more than 55% of households in Carnisse are not Dutch-native2. Carnisse also have high mobility rate of more than 14% in average3 which means the change of inhabitants is relatively high.

Source: 1

Hart van Zuid program: http://www.rotterdam.nl/

2

Population statistic: https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb

3

Population statistic: https://www.gis.rotterdam.nl

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Figure 2.  Sustainable Development Loop Framework

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2.2  Sustainable Development Loop

With the intentions of the stated vision, there are some predicted issues emerged. First, if the project is envisioned to decentralize the Hart van Zuid program, it means that the plan need to bridge the gap between stakeholders related to the program i.e., municipal government, developers (Zuidplein, Ahoy, etc.) and the inhabitants, in this case Carnisse inhabitants. These stakeholders are naturally having different interest and agenda. For example, the developer will demand the plan to maximize the profit i.e., maximize buildable floor area, whilst the inhabitants will be against a building demolition program, and the municipal government mainly care about fixing the statistical issues e.g., average real estate value. Second, with the intention to use the public life diversity as the development catalyst, the plan need to cater this diversity without compromising other development factors. Catering diversity also means taking attention to smaller and detail things which might dilute the big picture of the project.

Based on the stated predicted issues, the main aim of the project is to be as objective as possible. Objective in the sense that the plan need to cater different stakeholders interest and agenda with attention to the public life diversity in big range of scale. This objective aim of the plan is defined as three main qualities: integrative, decisive, and participative. Integrative means that the plan need to understand and integrate different needs and intentions based on the vision into some measurable

and variable criteria. Decisive means that the plan need to be as precise and legible as possible, considering all the technical issues. Participative means that the plan need to include the inhabitant as the important factor.

This participative quality is critical to the plan as a whole especially to be implementable.

Each of these qualities will then interpreted into three specific design patterns, namely location-based, spatial quality-based, and action-based. These design patterns will be used to produce different type of specific products based on the nature of each design patterns i.e., location-based suitability analysis, spatial quality-based design intervention, and action-based design action. All these products will be functioning concurrently to achieve the vision. The specific relations between the development quality to the design pattern and products are critical prerequisite for the achievability and sustainability of the project. These relations are intended to open up the project into a measurable and communicable parameter, which is important for the objective aim of the plan. As one of the main problem with the current municipal program is the lack of transparency of the intended development plan i.e., Hart van Zuid program (based on the discussion with one of the activist). Finally, these relations will act as a loop (Figure 2) to achieve and review the vision comprehensively.

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Figure 3.  Envisioned Qualities

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2.3 Envisioned Quality Integrative As stated before, the proposed plan need to understand and integrate different needs and intentions based on the vision into measurable and variable criteria. The keywords here are different needs and measurable criteria. The chosen methodology to achieve this quality is to interpret it to a location-based design patters.

These design patterns will be used to produce suitability analysis referring to Ian McHarg in Design with Nature (1969). As McHarg proposed it, the basic idea behind suitability analysis is understand to be the attempt on creating synergy between human system e.g., urban expansion development program (one of the project

mentioned is highway expansion) and the natural system e.g., nature reserve (related to the mentioned project, the nature area that will be affected by the highway expansion). In the project mentioned by McHarg, the suitability analysis is then made to analyse which are the most suitable location for highway expansion with the intention to minimize the bad effect to the nature reserve.

The analysis produced a set of matrix of measurable and variable criteria complemented with a suitability map.

In this project, the intention is to produce the suitability map.

Decisive The other envisioned quality is for the plan to be as precise and legible as possible, considering all the technical issues. This quality is a follow up from the previous quality – integrative that is intended to produce a location-based suitability analysis. It means that after determining the suitable location to implement the vision, the next step is to analyse this location in detail particularly in relation to technical engineering considerations e.g., subsurface analysis, ecological analysis, development risk analysis, and also spatial quality design considerations e.g., urban design, landscape design, and architectural design. This

quality is critical for the success of the implementation especially in the technical way, so it is important to embedded this in the sustainability framework from the beginning phase of designing the plan.

Note: this quality is directly related to the Sustainable Urban Engineering and Territory (SUET) course as part of the whole Research and Design Studio that organised this design exercise.

Participative The last envisioned quality is guiding the plan to include the inhabitant engagement as the important factor. As stated, this quality will be critical to the plan as a whole, especially for the plan to be implemented since one of the main issue with the current urban intervention projects in Rotterdam is the lack of appropriate community engagement as mentioned in some cases (Stouten, 2016). This quality is also a follow up to the previous two envisioned qualities – integrative & decisive. It means that after determining the suitable location and the technical analysis and design, the next step will be to ‘test-bed’ the design, with close engagement to the end user – in this case Carnisse inhabitants. There are

some initiatives that have been done in Carnisse that are trying to engage the community. Some of the latest initiative are InContext (Quist et al., 2013), ‘Blossming Carnisse 2030 Plan’, and Veerkracht (Resillience) Carnisse.

In relation to these current initiatives, this project will try to complement them and use them as reference study.’

Note: this quality is directly related to the Urban Plans and Economic Feasibility course as part of the whole Research and Design Studio that organised this design exercise.

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Figure 4.  Envisioned Qualities Demonstration

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2.4 Demonstration

This demonstration of how the sustainability framework are used in the project is working in conjunction with the vision to decentralize Hart van Zuid to Carnisse neighbourhood. Relating to the vision with the envisioned qualities – integrative, decisive, and participative, the first step is to answer the question of where the most suitable areas to decentralize the program of Hart van Zuid into the Carnisse neighbourhood are. To answer this question, suitability analysis was held using measurable criteria, each developed from design pattern exercise demonstrating the integrative quality. The next step is to demonstrate decisive quality, directly related to the first demonstration. After finding the suitable locations to decentralize the program of Hart van Zuid in

Carnisse neighbourhood, one location is chosen based on the degree of suitability. On that chosen location, technical analysis was held for then used as a base for the design. Lastly, after the suitable location and technical analysis and design are held, the last step is to proposed a design action as transition from current condition to the final design intervention. This design action will be used as the ‘test-bed’ for the proposed design. This demonstration will show the comprehensiveness of this project in relation to the main aim of the plan to be as objective as possible. Details of each envisioned quality demonstration will be explained on the next sub-chapter.

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Figure 5.  Suitability Analysis Criteria

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2.4.1

Integrative

Suitability Analysis Criteria In relation to the project vision, the first task it to analyse the most suitable location to decentralize the program of Hart van Zuid. To answer this question, some locationbased patterns are used to conduct a suitability analysis (Figure 6). The vision is interpreted into several locationbased design patterns, each with specific quality description. These qualities will then be interpreted further into criteria based on the available data from GIS Rotterdam (gis.rotterdam.nl). Each of these criteria will have a measurable spatial requirement that are eventually used in the final suitability map.

In summary, the general criteria of the suitable location to decentralize the program of Hart van Zuid are: easily accessible by public transport (Pattern H1); clearly defined privacy zoning (Pattern C4); preferably located along the accessible streets (Pattern L3); around the attractive buildings (Pattern L4); indicate intriguing territorial conflict (Pattern S1); and potential for development (general consideration). These criteria are chosen based on the analysis of each design pattern which reflect the current condition of Carnisse neighbourhood. Detail explanation of each design pattern can be found in chapter 3. Next, pattern H1 (Accessible Public Transport) will be demonstrated in relation to the whole suitability analysis.

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Chosen most suitable location

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Data source: http://www.gis.rotterdam.nl/

Figure 6.  Pattern H1 Suitability Map Demonstration

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Pattern H1 - Accessible Public Transport As stated on the suitability analysis criteria (Figure 5), the intended qualities of pattern H1 are to first, generate activities in the area that already have good accessibility to public transport, and second to improve accessibility when needed. These qualities are then translated into specific criteria that based on the data from GIS Rotterdam, namely public transport stops and routes, main cycling route, and high dwelling unit density area (Figure 7). Then each criterion is translated into measurable spatial requirement. For example, data of public transport stops and routes are translated into preferable criteria of distance to those public transport stops i.e., 100 m radius to bus stop, 200 m radius to tram stop and so on (Figure 5). These spatial requirements

are determined by precedent study and personal interpretation. These criteria are made measurable so that they can be change depending on the intention and direction of the plan for example, when discussing it with inhabitants or real estate developer which each have their own interest and agenda.

After having the buildings that matched with each criterion, the three layers of building location are overlay into each other to determine the area that match all those three criteria. This most suitable area layer is then used as one of the consideration in finding the most suitable location to decentralize the Hart van Zuid program as mentioned earlier.

+

High dwelling unit density area

+

Main cycing route

Public transport routes & stops

Figure 7.  Main Criteria for Pattern H1 Suitability Analysis

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Figure 8.  Decisive Demonstration

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2.4.2

Decisive

Pattern C3 – Control Knowledge Gap Following up on the suitability analysis, the next thing to analyse is all the information regarding the chosen site that have the most accessible public transport (Figure 8) to make the decisive intervention. As mentioned earlier, this envisioned quality is related to the technical analysis and design. Based on the suitability analysis, the indicated intervention is to make a corridor breakthrough a long block of buildings that have the most suitable are of Pattern H1. So, the main question is, inside this long block of buildings, where the exact suitable location to proposed a breakthrough corridor will be.

This intervention is related to Pattern C3 (Control Knowledge Gap) in which the idea is to bridge the knowledge of spatial control by clearly stating the consideration when proposing a design intervention.

Based on these pattern, the considerations to answer the question are stated as from subsurface considerations to above surface considerations. For example, preferable criteria are: available substance in groundwater and soil; minimum conflict with underground cables & pipes; high foundation risk; wood foundation type; moderate to high air and sound pollution and so on (Figure 8). Based on this analysis the preferred location for a corridor breakthrough can be determined and the considerations can be discussed with the affected stakeholders and align with the intention to undertake the current problem of lacking transparency in the proposed plan.

This method is then replicated to other focus area with specific criteria for each focus area.

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Demonstration of Decisive Quality (Focus Area)

Focus Area I

Aligning plot boundary: potential for demolition Big tree crown: Potential to be preserved Potentially contaminated soil and groundwater: potential for remediation

Focus Area II

Area with moderat archeological value i.e., historical dike: potential to be explored and exposed in the landscape design Potentially severe soil contamination: potential for soil remediation Big tree crown: potential to be preserved No utilities underground: potential for urban gardening with soil remediation

Focus Area III

Sight of bird habitat: potential for bird watching activity Electricity connections lead to this utility building that blocked the view to the park: potential to be modified as landscape element i.e., landscraper Utilities are jammed underground with potential conflict with roots from three big trees above: potential to be rearranged

Figure 9.  Potential Map

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Focus Area I

As mentioned earlier, the intention in this focus area is to make a corridor breakthrough. With that intention, the important consideration is preferably: aligning plot boundary for easier demolition; big tree crown to be preserved; and potential contaminated soil and groundwater to be treated. The design response based on the consideration can be seen on the side image.

Focus Area II The intention in this focus area is to activate the ground floor of the indicated building that has good suitability for decentralizing the program of Hart van Zuid. Based on that intention, the important consideration is preferably: area with moderate archeological value to be exposed; sever soil contamination potential for soil remediation; exiting landscape feature to be preserved; and the absence of underground utilities for potential urban gardening. The design response based on the consideration can be seen on the side image.

Focus Area III

The intention in this focus area is to connect the Carnisse neighborhood to the Zuidpark. With this intention, the important consideration is preferably: potential for flora & fauna inclusion in the landscape design; current utility building that blocked the view to the park from the tram line and main road potential to be redesigned; and jammed utilities underground potential to be rearranged.

The design response based on the consideration can be seen on the side image.

Figure 10.  Future Map of Focus Areas

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Demonstration of Decisive Quality (Focus Area)

Focus Area I - Existing Condition

1

2

3

4

6

7

5

0

2

4

8m

Figure 11.  Potential Map Section

Legend 1

Localized potential soil & groundwater contamination and intermediate air pollution: needed immediate intervention

2

Tree with big crown (more than 25 m): potential to be preserved

3

Low contamination soil quality (0-2 m): potential for remediaton

4

Type of foundation - wood: needed to be remove

5

Groundwater - surface water level: -1-3 m

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Underground utilities centralized

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Mixed wastewater: potential for separation of rainwater

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0m -1 m -2 m -3 m

Focus Area I - Proposed

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2

3

4

6

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5

0

2

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0m -1 m -2 m -3 m

8m

Figure 12.  Future Map Section

Figure 13.  SEES Assessment

Legend 1

Soil remediation & air pollution reduced plants

2

Tree preserved & made as focal point

3

Selective soil remediation for urban gardening area

4

Wood foundation removed

5

Groundwater - surface water level maintained at preferred level

6

Keep the underground utilities centralized without conflicting

7

Rainwater harvesting through cleansing bioswale

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5

2

7

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Existing Condition

Design Action

Design Intervention

Figure 14.  Participative Demonstration

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2.4.3

Participative

Pattern C1 – Place Managers Training The final demonstration is as mentioned earlier the most critical one, as it is closely related to the implementation of the plan. The idea is after having the most suitable location for decentralizing the Hart van Zuid program, and having analyse and design based on the technical consideration, the next step is to test-bed the design.

This quality can be demonstrated with the Pattern C1 (Place Managers Training) in which the idea is to give the inhabitants the experience to control their built environment. So, to test-bed the design means to give the inhabitants the demonstration of the possible future based on the design intervention.

For example, in design intervention I, the suitability analysis concluded that the block of building is the most suitable area for placing the program of Hart van Zuid, and the technical analysis determined the exact location and what the design would be. So the proposed design action would be for example: (park)ing day program4 – has been done in Rotterdam North, to close the street in certain time of the week and make it a public space; painting the façade of the building to be demolished with a designated corridor with a sight of Zuidplein to give the possible feeling in the future. By doing this testbed, the plan can have feedback from the inhabitant and can be further refined based on it.

Source: 4

(park)ing day program: http://happystreets.nl/parking-day/

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3 Pattern Library Ellaboration of Evidence-based Design Patterns 3.1  Summary 3.2  Classification

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3.1  Summary

H1

C1

H2

C2

H3

C3

H4

C4

Health Design Pattern

Control Design Pattern

This collection of health design patterns can be elaborated into physical, social mental, and ecological health. The physical health (Pattern H1) is related to the quality of being accessible to public transport that will encourage people to exercise more. The social health (Pattern H2) is related to The Hidden Dimension theory (Hall, 1966). The mental health (Pattern H3) is related to the restorative power of a park and its connection to the adjacent neighbourhood. The ecological health is related to the inclusion of ecological diversity into the development plan.

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This collection of control design patterns is mainly elaborate about the current condition of lack of control from Carnisse inhabitants to their own built environment. First and second pattern (Pattern C1 & C2) is proposing that city inhabitants should be ‘trained’ to control their own built environment, progressively. Third pattern (Pattern C3) is proposing to a way to bridge the gap of control between inhabitants, specialists, and managements. The last pattern (Pattern C4) is arguing the importance of understanding individual and communal territory in enforcing control of physical environment.

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L1

S1

L2

S2

L3

S3

L4

S4

Legibility Design Pattern

Safety Design Pattern

This collection of legibility design patterns is deliberating the general idea of cognitive affordance in urbanism (Marcus et al., 2016). These design patterns argued that cognitive affordance or in this case the precondition for people to do something in a city should be interrelated (Pattern L1) and collaborated (Pattern L2). Apart from that, these legibility design patterns are proposing to increase the legibility of the plan by mobility (mobility pattern) (Pattern L3) and nodal affordance (social media data) (Pattern L4).

This collection of safety design patterns is reflecting safety in urban environment from social point of view i.e., territorial conflict (Pattern S1), inadequate wayfinding (Pattern S2), and how to force the concept of ‘eyes on the street’ (Pattern S3). Apart from that, the last design pattern is promoting about creating a conscious environmental safety design (Pattern S4).

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How to Use the Pattern Library

Pattern nature Pattern code Pattern statement

Pattern name Pattern spectrum

Precedent project / eeference / pattern illustration

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Pattern Nature

Current condition of the site

Location -based

Integrative Quality

Spatial Quality -based

Decisive Quality

Action -based

Participative Quality

Note: refer to Chapter 2

Context & issue description Pattern Spectrum Canvas Solution to the stated issue

Control

Spatial requirement of the solution

Legibility

Safety Reference of the solution and spatial requirement

Health

Pattern illustration - desired situation

Pattern illustration - current situation

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Physical Health: Accessible Public Transport

Location -based

H1

Figure 15.  Rotterdam Centraal Station Image source: https://www.straatbeeld.nl/static/site/img/module/gallery/photoalbum/19008/218.jpg

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Statement Public transport hubs i.e., bus stop, tram station, and metro station should be easily accessible from every building.

Context

Three public transport paths (1 tram line, 2 bus routes) are cutting through the Carnisse neighbourhood feeding most area of the neighbourhood connecting the two main roads. However, these public transport paths are not directly connected to the main transport hub (metro station) mainly blocked by residential and several other buildings. Related to health issue, this strategy will reduce car-use and therefore encourage walking and cycling activities.

Solution

Spatial Requirements

Cut-through corridors are proposed to enhance the accessibility of public transport.

Maximum 400 m walking distance to encourage walking activity. Visual corridors to the public transport hub are also important to perceived close proximity.

Source Lee, C.; Moudon, A.V. (2008) Neighbourhood design and physical activity. Building research & Information, 36(5), 395-411 Hand van Zuid | AR1U100 R&D Studio: Socio-Spatial Processes in the City

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Social Health: The Hidden Dimension

Spatial Quality -based

H2

Figure 16.  Albert Cuyp Market in Amsterdam Image source: http://mikadospeelgoed.nl/eng/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/m1ezprmappp4-1353x900.jpg

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Statement Public life diversity should be the decisive dimension in understanding and designing a neighbourhood.

Context

More than 55% of households in Carnisse are not Dutchnative, emphasizing the diversity of its inhabitants. This diversity creates the opportunity to be promoted as the core of Hart van Zuid local economic competitiveness.

In accordance to the abundant open space that this neighbourhood has, it is desirable to integrate the diversity in the open spaces. Related to health issue, by promoting the diversity, sense of belonging will be stronger, and therefore increase the social health of its inhabitants.

Solution

Spatial Requirements

Promoting public life diversity on the public open spaces.

Close proximity to living space, cultural area, and commercial uses.

Source Hall, E. T. (1966). The hidden dimension.

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Mental Health: Park Openings

Location -based

H3

Figure 17.  Bishan Park, Singapore Image source: http://www.landezine.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/bishan-park-by-atelier-dreiseitl-landscape-architecture-02.jpg

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Statement Parks should be easily accessible and visible to the surrounding neighbourhood.

Context

As the original intention of the masterplan of this neighbourhood, most of the amenities i.e. schools, church and recreation areas are located on the perimeter of the park. Although this strategy will ideally bring people to the park, the park itself is rather obscure by faces of the amenities. This obscurity denied the feelings that the inhabitants are living near a big park. Related to health issue, by enhancing the feeling of living near an open space will improve the mental health of its inhabitants.

Solution

Spatial Requirements

View corridors are proposed to enhance the visibility and access to the park.

Unblock view and access to the park.

Source Kaplan, S. (1995) The Restorative benefits of Nature: Towards an integrative framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 15, 169-182 Hand van Zuid | AR1U100 R&D Studio: Socio-Spatial Processes in the City

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Integrating Ecological Diversity

Location -based

H4

Figure 18.  Sanlihe corridor, Qian’an City, China Image source: http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2012/01/ecological-coridor-landscape-architecture/turenscape-sanlihe-river-ecological-corridor-02/

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Statement Ecological diversity should be integrated in the design of green infrastructure.

Context

Zuidpark as the biggest park in Rotterdam is located adjacent to the centre of Rotterdam South. This park is recently redesigned and have many potential regarding ecological diversity, especially as part of the broad ‘Blue Corridor’. Despite the potential, extensions of this park into the surrounding neighbourhoods are merely functional i.e. canal.

Solution

Spatial Requirements

Integrating the ecological diversity into the design of neighbourhood park extensions.

Vegetation and animal diversity and spread should be integrated based on its habitat requirement i.e., soil type, tree type, water characteristic, etc.

Source McPhearson, Timon, Peleg Kremer, Zoé A. Hamstead (2013) Mapping ecosystem services in New York City: Applying a social–ecological approach in urban vacant land. Ecosystem Services, Volume 5, September 2013, Pages 11-26

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Place Managers Training

Action -based

C1

Figure 19.  PARK(ing) Day Rotterdam Image source: https://www.uitagendarotterdam.nl/nieuws/tweede-editie-park-ing-day/

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Statement Inhabitants should be ‘trained’ to control, manage, and be responsible to their environment as opposed to only managed by particular party.

Context

Zuidplein area as a private development controlled by particular parties i.e. Metro line, Bus Hub, Shopping Mall, made the surrounding inhabitants losing the control of this area. Therefore, the ownership of this area by the surrounding inhabitants are lacking. In result, the public life diversity in this area particularly in the ground floor level is minimum, indicated by small amount of meeting place e.g., café, plaza, park, etc.

Solution

Spatial Requirements

Demonstration/action based initiatives are proposed in the design interventions.

Small scale practical intervention. Example: InContext encouraged initiative to rebuild Carnisse community centre, happy street NL – closing up streets in particular day and event to demonstrate perceived territory and control.

Source

Lynch, K. (1981). Good City Form. Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 211 Wittmayer, J., F. van Steenbergen, S. Baasch, G. Feiner, M. Mock & I. Omann (2013a) Pilot projects rounding up. Year 3 Pilot-specific report. Deliverable 4.4. InContext: EU ENV.2010.4.2.3-1 grant agreement n° 265191.

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Progressive Responsibility

Spatial Quality -based

C2

Figure 20.  Urban harvesting as example of small responsibility Image source: http://ww1.hdnux.com/photos/37/63/77/8339392/5/920x920.jpg

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Statement Inhabitants should be progressively given the responsibility of controlling their environment.

Context

As consequences of polycentric city development and market-driven urban regeneration, inhabitants control on the surrounding environment are kept minimum.

Opportunities to take control are presumably limited to the immediate environment e.g., dwelling unit, but not further e.g., neighbourhood park, public plaza, and station plaza.

Solution

Spatial Requirements

Reshaping the setting to open up opportunities for place management, phasing strategy of decentralizing place control.

Provide areas with possibility of individualization and to be controlled by the citizen e.g., urban farming, community garden, and gravity wall.

Source Lynch, K. (1981). Good City Form. Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 211

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Control Knowledge Gap

Action -based

C3

Figure 21.  Platform for bridging knowledge gap through education Image source: http://blog.acceleratingtransitions.eu/?p=2247

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Statement There should be a platform to bridge the knowledge gap regarding the control of the environment.

Context

As the tendency of market-driven urban regeneration to focus on the private party, there is a knowledge gap regarding the control of the environment. This is mainly caused by the lack of community engagement during the planning and design process of the former urban regeneration. This control knowledge gap resulted in the resistance of the local inhabitants for the effort of future urban regeneration.

Solution

Spatial Requirements

Bridging gap between local users (values, feelings, and experiences), specialists (facts and techniques), management/designer (handling information).

Example: knowledge about the building foundation vulnerability, water management, and public utilities.

Most building blocks in Carnisse have Staal or shallow foundation and Hout or wooden pile foundation which are subject to demolition.

Source Lynch, K. (1981). Good City Form. Cambridge: MIT Press. p. 210 Stouten, P. (2016). Urban Design and the Changing Context of Urban Regeneration in the Netherlands. European Spatial Research and Policy, 23(1), 111-126.

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Privacy Zoning and ‘Land Base’

Location -based

C4

Figure 22. Community diversity shown in the possibilities of public expression Image source: http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2012/01/ecological-coridor-landscape-architecture/turenscape-sanlihe-river-ecological-corridor-02/

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Statement Individual and communal territory should be the base of enforcing control in the physical environment.

Context

Carnisse is consist of various communities with a wide range of ethnical diversity. This ethnical diversity is visible in the condition of the public realm. Each group of community have their own territory. The meeting spaces between territories are the critical area to clearly defining the control of the physical environment.

Solution

Spatial Requirements

Encourage signs of individualisation showing the diversity in public life.

‘Land Base’: a place which typical entities in any society have control on. Privacy zoning: primary, secondary and public territories, development of public, semi-public/ private, private concept. Example: Cultural centre as collaboration of Turkish and Dutch inhabitants.

Source Dorst, M.J. van, 2010, ‘Sustainable Liveability: Privacy Zoning as a Physical Condition for Social Sustainability’ in Tolba, M.K. / Abdel-Hadi, A. / Soliman, S. (Ed.) Environment, Health, and Sustainable Development (pp. 111-126) Cambridge: Hogrefe and Huber.

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Interrelated Cognitive Affordance: Psychogeography

Spatial Quality -based

L1

Figure 23.  Psychogeography Image source: https://mappingweirdstuff.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/debord-guide1.jpg

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Statement Functionality of each urban area should be embraced by its relation to other urban areas.

Context

Carnisse is a neighbourhood that have close proximity with the metro station in Zuidplein. Yet, the potential affordance that the metro station have is not currently being embraced by the urban area surrounding it especially in Carnisse. One of the reason is that there is no clear relation on both physically and mentally to the adjacent neighbourhood particularly in everyday activities.

Solution

Spatial Requirements

When possible, create clear relation to the metro station in Zuidplein, physically and mentally and used it to stimulate the inherent possibility of the urban areas design.

Physical relation: breakthrough corridor, bike lane to Zuidplein and visual corridor to Zuidplein. Mental relation: signage of Zuidplein, use of similar building material or urban furniture.

Source Coverley, M. (2012). Psychogeography. Oldcastle Books.

Lars Marcus, Matteo Giusti & Stephan Barthel (2016) Cognitive affordances in sustainable urbanism: contributions of space syntax and spatial cognition, Journal of Urban Design, 21:4, 439-452, DOI: 10.1080/13574809.2016.1184565 Hand van Zuid | AR1U100 R&D Studio: Socio-Spatial Processes in the City

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Collaborated Cognitive Affordance

Action -based

L2

Figure 24.  Chinatown in London Image source: https://americanlibrarianinrotterdam.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/london-chinatown.jpg

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Statement The design of built environment should be established collaboratively from designer/builder to the user to produce a legible sense of place.

Context

The tendency of big scale urban project e.g., Hart van Zuid program is to not consider the ‘meanings’ from the local community. This resulted in low participation and high opposition to the plan. The clarity of the plan is compromised since the published fact of the plan is only the design or the last part but not the reasoning.

Solution

Spatial Requirements

Provide the medium for the user to collaborate their opinion on the plan of the built environment especially on the reasoning part of the plan. Suitability analysis technique (McHarg, 1969) suited to show clear reasoning part of the plan since every parameter of the plan can be clearly stated and discussed.

The critical part of suitability analysis technique is to translate the intention of the plan into clear spatial criteria. For example, if the plan is intended to create a new cultural hub, then the suitable location criteria should be published and make it possible to be discussed with the user in creating a collaborated sense of place.

Source Lars Marcus, Matteo Giusti & Stephan Barthel (2016) Cognitive affordances in sustainable urbanism: contributions of space syntax and spatial cognition, Journal of Urban Design, 21:4, 439-452, DOI: 10.1080/13574809.2016.1184565 McHarg, I.L. and Mumford, L., 1969. Design with nature (pp. 7-17). New York: American Museum of Natural History.

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Visibility and Mobility Affordance

Location -based

L3

Figure 25.  Markthal, Rotterdam Image source: http://www.openrotterdam.nl/cwm/fm/userfiles/content/eyecatcher/normal/21740_markthal.jpg

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Statement Visibility and mobility value of an urban area should be incorporated in the design to increase the quality of the built environment.

Context

The centrality of the Zuidplein in the Rotterdam South is reflected in the high concentration of mobility in Zuidplein area. Apart from that, there are areas around the neighbourhood i.e., Carnisse that also have high concentration of mobility pattern (gis.rotterdam.nl). This mobility pattern data should be used to encourage the characteristic of each urban area.

Solution

Spatial Requirements

Investigate street accessibility based on the mobility pattern, and used it as consideration in the design of urban areas.

High concentration of mobility patterns on transport, destination, and lifestyle.

Source Lars Marcus, Matteo Giusti & Stephan Barthel (2016) Cognitive affordances in sustainable urbanism: contributions of space syntax and spatial cognition, Journal of Urban Design, 21:4, 439-452, DOI: 10.1080/13574809.2016.1184565 Data source: gis.rotterdam.nl Hand van Zuid | AR1U100 R&D Studio: Socio-Spatial Processes in the City

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Nodal Affordance / Building Affordance

Location -based

L4

Figure 26.  Apple Store, Amsterdam Image source: https://www.iphoned.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/nederlandse-iphone-6-apple-store.jpg

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Statement Social media concentration of an urban area should be incorporated in the design to increase the quality of the built environment.

Context

One way to understand the social system nowadays is by analysing the data from social media. This social media data is location-based so that each urban area will have its own unique value based on the its location and the concentration of social media data.

Particularly in Rotterdam South, the social media data are concentrated in the popular places e.g., Zuidplein and Ahoy Convention Centre. Apart from that, there are areas in the adjacent neighbourhood that have high concentration of social media data that are worth noted.

Solution

Spatial Requirements

Investigate social system from social media concentration data, and used it as consideration in the design of urban areas.

High concentration of Foursquare, Twitter, and Google Place data and the interlace data between the three types of data.

Source Serrano-Estrada, L., Martí, P., & Nolasco-Cirugeda, A. (2016). Reading the social preferences of tourist destinations through social media data. In Back to the Sense of the City: International Monograph Book (pp. 1065-1075). Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions.

Data source: Foursquare, Twitter, and Google Place data Hand van Zuid | AR1U100 R&D Studio: Socio-Spatial Processes in the City

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Territorial Clarification

Location -based

S1

Figure 27.  Shibuya crossing, Japan Image source: http://www.hdtimelapse.net/content/HDtimelapse.net_City/HDtimelapse.net_City_4957_hirez.jpg

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Statement Territory of urban space need to be clarify based on the information about ‘land base’ of the users.

Context

There are areas where crimes are actually happened yet people feel safe e.g., station area. Contradiction occurred between theories of inducing activities e.g. bar, café, etc. in which these places are actually where crimes usually happened. People are feeling unsafe in the plaza of metro station and bus terminals. Contradiction shows the bad effect of unclear territory between public transport, café areas, amenities, and public space i.e. plaza.

Solution

Spatial Requirements

Map the area with stated contradiction and resolve it using a clear spatial quality to clarify the territorial differences.

Investigate high reported violence and low COSneighbourhood indicator (gis.rotterdam.nl) along with the area with high concentration of unsafe and safe sense of security on the mobility pattern data (gis. rotterdam.nl).

Investigation: 100 m radius from the public transport stops.

Source Someren, P. van (1996) Safe and Secure cities. Conference on the reduction of urban insecurity, Barcelona, Spain. (p.6) Data source: gis.rotterdam.nl Hand van Zuid | AR1U100 R&D Studio: Socio-Spatial Processes in the City

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Wayfinding Reinforcement

Spatial Quality -based

S2

Figure 28.  Creative wayfinding in Baker Street, London with the theme of Sherlock Holmes Image source: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/4f/7d/07/4f7d07c675e1b77d9040d0c160bf9b4d.jpg

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Statement Each urban area should have clear wayfinding to enforce safety of the area.

Context

There are areas where people are feeling safe and unsafe at the same time e.g., school areas connected to tram station in Nachtegaalplein area. Presumably, this phenomenon is related to the sense of place feeling particularly related to wayfinding as can be seen in public transport area e.g., bus stops, tram stops, and metro station plaza.

Solution

Spatial Requirements

Reinforce wayfinding in a specific contradiction area.

Urban wayfinding furniture e.g. signage, the use of similar material/colour for landscape furniture.

Source Someren, P. van (1996) Safe and Secure cities. Conference on the reduction of urban insecurity, Barcelona, Spain. (p.6) Hand van Zuid | AR1U100 R&D Studio: Socio-Spatial Processes in the City

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Forced ‘Eyes on the Street’

Action -based

S3

Figure 29. All eyes on you by iNO 1, Athens demonstrating forced ‘eyes on the street’ Image source: http://media02.hongkiat.com/breathtaking-murals/6-creative-street-art-paintings-graffiti.jpg

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Statement Apart from the presence of passive people watching, it hould be complimented by specific spatial quality to enforcing ‘eyes on the street’.

Context

There are areas that clearly showed the bad condition of safety and security i.e., there are crimes that actually happened, the surrounding neighbourhoods are in bad conditions (COS-Neighbourhood Indicator), and people are feeling unsafe and safe in the similar areas. There is an urgent need for design intervention.

Solution

Spatial Requirements

Translate the forced ‘eyes on the street’ concept into the design of urban spatial quality.

Example of forced ‘eyes on the street’: gravity picture of local people on the wall in the shaded and unsafe area.

Source Jacobs, Jane. 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House.

Someren, P. van (1996) Safe and Secure cities. Conference on the reduction of urban insecurity, Barcelona, Spain. (p.6) Hand van Zuid | AR1U100 R&D Studio: Socio-Spatial Processes in the City

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Conscious Environmental Safety

Location -based

S4

Figure 30.  Lowline, New York, consciously exposing underground utilities Image source: https://assets.bwbx.io/images/users/iqjWHBFdfxIU/iUm58IVd0qo8/v1/-1x-1.jpg

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Statement Environmental safety consideration should be embedded and integrated in the design of urban areas from the early stage.

Context

Some examples of environmental safety issues in Carnisse neighbourhood in particular are: possible soil contamination, foundation risk, groundwater substance, and air pollution. Though the risks are relatively moderate and not life threatening, the design of urban areas need to consciously integrate these aspects in every stage. Apart from that, this information need to be communicated clearly as the reasoning of the design to the user to make it more legible and discussable.

Solution

Spatial Requirements

Investigate the environmental safety for every proposed design intervention.

Depending on each location, examples of subsurface consideration: archeology; foundation type & risk; cables & pipes; soil investigation & analysis; groundwater analysis; water type, above surface consideration: ecology; flora & fauna; air pollution; and sound pollution.

Source Hooimeijer & Maring. (2016). The purpose of including the subsurface in urban renewal: system exploration environment and subsurface. Delft: TU Delft

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4 Urban Design Demonstration of Design Interventions 4.1 Overall Plan 4.2 Implementation Strategy 4.3 Focus Areas

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Design Intervention III Design Intervention II Design Intervention I

N 0

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Figure 31.  Illustrative future plan

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4.1  Overall Plan

As the final product of the project, the overall development plan is made. This plan is not a static masterplan but rather an indication plan combining the focus areas as the acupuncture with the base of locationbased suitability analysis. Here, the intended effect of the acupuncture is illustrated with the generated paths from Zuidplein to Carnisse neighbourhood. Before the elaboration of the focus area design, strategy to implement the project will be explained to see the intended scheme of development.

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4.2 Implementation Strategy

The strategy to implement the plan is Urban Acupuncture (Lerner, 2014). In short, it is an urban strategy to create a spark with small design interventions that will set the trend and begins to spread to other urban areas. Three areas are chosen for the acupuncture based on the suitability analysis of decentralizing the program of Hart van Zuid.

Figure 33. Three focus area - acupuncture

First step is delivering the elaborated reasoning of why and where to decentralize the program of Hart van Zuid to Carnisse using the suitability analysis to the possible impacted stakeholders e.g., municipality, real estate developers, and most importantly the Carnisse inhabitant. Second step is finalizing the plan using the technical knowledge of each specific site that has been determined on the first step.

Figure 34. Early step of the project - create the spark

Lastly, the design will be tested using design actions specific to each design intervention locations. For example, in design intervention I the plan proposed a corridor breakthrough a long building block in Canisse neighbourhood.

Figure 32. Design action step - spreading the trend

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Socio-economic cost and revenue of this project will depend on the phase of the project. The early part of the project will mainly generate socio-economic cost, with specific value for each design intervention. To cover the initial economic cost, the assumption is with the agreement from Hart van Zuid main stakeholders i.e., municipality and real estate developers, cost allocation from the Hart van Zuid program can be altered to this plan.

Figure 35. Neighbourhood score (early phase) Data source: www.gis.rotterdam.nl

As for the social cost, the community engagement that are held from the early establishment of the project and during the test-bed of the project will helps to minimize this cost. After the initial acupuncture have been done, the project is expected to generate revenues both economic and social. The expectation is that after the design interventions have been done, the area surrounding it will have more economic competitiveness, by the impact of decentralized Hart van Zuid.

Figure 36. Neighbourhood score (intermediate phase) Data source: www.gis.rotterdam.nl (modified)

In a simple way, the everyday destination will not be only to Zuidplein but also spread in the Carnisse neighbourhood. By increasing economic competitiveness, real estate value will increase and inhabitant’s quality of life will also get better, producing vast social revenues.

These small interventions will also tackle the high diversity and high mobility issue into development catalyst.

Figure 37. Neighbourhood score (long phase) Data source: www.gis.rotterdam.nl (modified)

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Existing Condition

Illustrative Future Plan

Figure 40. Focus Area I: Existing Condition

Figure 43. Focus Area I: Future Plan

Figure 39. Focus Area II: Existing Condition

Figure 42. Focus Area II: Future Plan

Figure 38. Focus Area III: Existing Condition

Figure 41. Focus Area III: Future Plan

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4.3  Focus Areas

Focus Areas - Urban Acupuncture Three area are chosen as the first acupuncture sites to implement the vision. As can be seen on the side, each of these areas has its own unique design intention. Design intervention I is intended to create a breakthrough into a long block adjacent to the Zuidplein area, in the hope of creating a new flow of movement to the Carnisse neighbourhood. Design intervention II is intended to redesign the ground floor area of a building that has a very good suitability (based on the suitability analysis) for placing the program of Hart van Zuid in the Carnisse neighbourhood. Design intervention III is intended to open up the area to the Zuidpark by transforming a utility building into a landscraper.

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Blocking building

Facade mural

(Park)ing Day

Corridor breakthrough

Urban gardening Cleansing bioswale

Figure 44.  Existing Condition - Design Action - Design Intervention

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4.3.1

Focus Area I

As mentioned earlier in this handbook, every design intervention is elaborated with three qualities – three scheme in mind: integrative location-based suitability analysis; decisive site-specific technical analysis & design; and participative design action. In this design intervention, the suitability analysis noted the building as having a very good public transport accessibility. It is presumed that by breaking this long block building into a breakthrough corridor connecting Carnisse directly to Zuidplein, the program of Hart van Zuid could be decentralize to the neighbourhood. Based on that scheme of design intervention was made.

Before the intervention is implemented, there will be a step to test-bed the design by a participative design action. In this design intervention, the option of design action will be: (park)ing day program4 – has been done in Rotterdam North, to close the street in certain time of the week and make it a public space; painting the façade of the building to be demolished with a designated corridor with a sight of Zuidplein to give the possible feeling in the future.

Related pattern:

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5

7

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4

3 2

1 6

N 0

10

20

40 m

Figure 45.  Focus Area I: Future Plan

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6

4

4

5

3

1 7

Legend 1

Soil remediation & air pollution reduced plants

2

Tree preserved & made as focal point

3

Selective soil remediation for urban gardening area

4

‘Forced eyes on the street’ mural

5

Activated groundfloor

6

Showcase neigbourhood territory and wayfinding

7

Rainwater harvesting through cleansing bioswale

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Inactive ground floor Good mobility affordance

Good nodal affordance

(Park)ing Day

Activate groundfloor Urban gardening Preserved big crown tree

Figure 46.  Existing Condition - Design Action - Design Intervention

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4.3.2

Focus Area II

In this intervention, the suitability analysis noted the building as having a very good nodal and mobility affordance, which means that people are already use this area regularly in their everyday life. Despite that good affordance, the ground floor of this building is mostly inactive since the stores in the ground floor are mainly convenient stores – which means mostly blank shopping window. The design intention is to redevelop this ground floor area to make it more lively and provide area for surrounding inhabitant to showcase their diversity.

Before the intervention is implemented, there will be a step to test-bed the design by a participative design action. In this design intervention, the option of design action will be: (park)ing day program, similar to the previous focus area, by closing up some parking area to become picnic area/public space. By doing this design action, the expectation is to get inhabitant attention and their feedback on the proposed design.

Related pattern:

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N 0

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20

40 m

Figure 47.  Focus Area II: Future Plan

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1

Legend 1

Soil remediation & air pollution reduced plants

2

Tree preserved & made as focal point

3

Selective soil remediation for urban gardening area

4

‘Forced eyes on the street’ mural

5

Activated groundfloor

6

Showcase neigbourhood territory and wayfinding

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Adjacent to the park Inactive ground floor Blocking utility building

(Park)ing Day

Clear view corridor to the park Activate groundfloor Landscraper

Figure 48.  Existing Condition - Design Action - Design Intervention

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4.3.3

Focus Area III

In this intervention, the main intention is to make a good connection to the Zuidpark. Currently there is a utility building connect most of the electricity cables surrounding it. Despite the function, this building is blocking the main view corridor from the tram line and one of the main street. The design intention proposed the utility building to be redesign as a landscraper with still maintaining the function. This landscraper from will give the feeling of a park into this area. With this intervention, the expectation is the surrounding shops will be more lively and people will spend time here as well as the park adjacent to it towards the Zuidpark.

Before the intervention is implemented, there will be a step to test-bed the design by a participative design action. In this design intervention, the option of design action will be: (park)ing day program, similar to the previous focus area, by closing up some parking area to become picnic area/public space. If this design action is successful, then the proposed design is expected to also successful.

Related pattern:

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5 5 6

3

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1 5

2 4 2 2

5

N 0

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20

40 m

Figure 49.  Focus Area III: Future Plan

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1

5

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Legend 1

Proposed utility building into lanscraper form

2

Trees are preserved & made as focal point

3

Trees added to give the feeling of adjacent to a park

4

‘Forced eyes on the street’ mural

5

Activated groundfloor

6

Showcase neigbourhood territory and wayfinding

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5 Reflection Framework-based Assessment 5.1  Sustainability Evaluation 5.2  Socio-Economic Feasibility

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N 0

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Figure 50.  Location-based suitability analysis

Pattern Spectrum Canvas Control Legibility

Safety Health

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5.1  Sustainability Evaluation

As stated earlier, the intention of having a sustainability framework is to ensure the seamless transition from the project vision to the end products i.e. design intervention and in addition to that, this framework is intended as a reflection tool of the project as a whole. This reflection is note intended to be only the end phase of the project, but at every important milestone. As elaborated before, three important steps in implementing the project are: first, delivering the elaborated reasoning of why and where to decentralize the program of Hart van Zuid to Carnisse using the suitability analysis to the possible impacted stakeholders; second, finalizing the plan using the technical knowledge of each specific site that has been determined on the first step; and lastly, the design will be tested using design actions specific to each design intervention locations. If these steps are taken properly with evaluation in every step, it is presumed that the project can be sustained.

Related to the sustainability framework, suitability analysis (Figure 50) that is used on the first phase is critical for the next steps to be successful. In the course of the project elaboration, the evaluation that can be made for this first integrative quality is that the criteria that are used for suitability analysis could be further refined. By doing that, the synthesize of the suitability

analysis can be more refined, and therefore the location chosen for the acupuncture can be better especially in giving impact to the surrounding. The suitability analysis could also be done in GIS software e.g., ArcGIS to make it more quantitative and scientific.

Second, in terms of decisive quality, the evaluation that can be made is that the knowledge on the technical analysis could be further detailed up with proper discussion with every specialist to create a more sustainable design. Clear communication with another specialist is critical here to avoid any unwanted risk especially on the environmental safety. Apart from that, precedent study to the successful project with similar intention can be made to further fine-tune the design.

Lastly, in terms of participative quality, the evaluation that can be made is that the choices in implementing the design action could be made more variative and in close discussion with the impacted stakeholder. This way, sense of belonging possessed by the design could be better.

In summary, the intention to make this proposal measurable, discussable, and flexible need to be retained and always be refined to make this project socially, environmentally and economically sustainable.

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5.2 Socio-Economic Feasibility The Hand and the Tower of Rotterdam South Challenging the Hart van Zuid Program Introduction

The Hand van Zuid

Hart van Zuid is a revitalization program by the government of Rotterdam in collaboration with the national government to revitalize Rotterdam South as one of the neighbourhoods of extra interest in 2007 (Gemeente Rotterdam, 2015). This program is intended to centralize the development in the Zuidplein area (a metro station and shopping mall mixed use building complex), in the hope of attracting the activities into this centre with the program area of more than 12,000 sqm.

The plan shows the tendency to focus on the shopping mall & transport hub complex (also the surrounding uses e.g. public swimming pool, theatre, hotel, etc.) as the ‘Hart’. Carnisse as the most adjacent neighbourhood hardly mentioned in the proposal.

The vision of this project is to decentralize the Hart van Zuid program into the Carnisse neighbourhood while using the public life diversity as a development catalyst. Carnisse is chosen as the boundary to implement the project since Carnisse is one of the most problematic neighbourhood in Rotterdam South (Quist et al., 2013) and closely adjacent to the Zuidplein – as the intended Hart van Zuid. Based on the chosen strategy, the implementation of the plan will be done in small scale interventions involving a neighbourhood scale urban area.

The two proposals that will be addressed below – the Hand and the Tower are formulated to challenge and to give alternatives for this Hart van Zuid program.

The unifying idea is if the intention is to raise the quality of life of Rotterdam South, the program should not be centralized towards a monocentric city (Romein, 2016), but rather dispersed and decentralized into the adjacent neighbourhood – in these two cases Carnisse.

Although the two-proposal shared similar intention, the end products are vastly different – the Hand proposed a structured way of doing an urban project whilst the Tower proposed a rather radical synthesize to counter the issue. This major difference makes the two proposals intriguing to be assessed.

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The strategy to implement the plan is Urban Acupuncture (Lerner, 2014). In short, it is an urban strategy to create a spark with small design interventions that will set the trend and begins to spread to other urban areas. The main purpose is to start something, and encourage the inhabitants and other urban actors e.g., municipality, real estate developer, etc. to follow up with their own intervention. The main idea here is also to consult to the impacted stakeholders from the earliest part of the project, similar to what InContext have been done in Carnisse neighbourhood mentioned as ‘The Community Arena’ (Quist et al., 2013). This effort is also done to avoid possible inhabitant’s rejection in the future that have happened in some cases in Rotterdam (Stouten, 2016).

First step is delivering the elaborated reasoning of why and where to decentralize the program of Hart van Zuid to Carnisse using the suitability analysis to the possible impacted stakeholders e.g., municipality, real estate developers, and most importantly the Carnisse

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inhabitant. By delivering this measurable suitability analysis, constructive discussion is expected to happen, and feedback from the stakeholders could be obtained.

This feedback will be critical since it will show different and/or similar interest of every stakeholders. Then, this feedback will be translated into measurable criteria, and amendment of the plan will be made.

Second step is finalizing the plan using the technical knowledge of each specific site that has been determined on the first step. Communication with every impacted stakeholder and to the specialists of every technical field will be critical here.

Lastly, the design will be tested using design actions specific to each design intervention locations.

For example, in design intervention I the plan proposed a corridor breakthrough a long building block in Canisse neighbourhood. The proposed design action for that intended intervention is for example: (park)ing day program – has been done in Rotterdam North, to close the street in certain time of the week and make it a public space. By doing this test-bed, the plan can have feedback from the inhabitant and can be further refined.

Socio-economic cost and revenue of this project will depend on the phase of the project. The early part of the project will mainly generate socio-economic cost, with specific value for each design intervention. To cover the initial economic cost, the assumption is with the agreement from Hart van Zuid main stakeholders i.e., municipality and real estate developers, cost allocation from the Hart van Zuid program can be altered to this plan. The amount of the allocation can be calculated

with the ratio of the proposed program to the cost. For example, if the proposed program to be decentralize is with an area of 100 sqm public space, the cost can be calculated with how much will it cost in the Hart van Zuid program with a proportional ratio. It means that if in the Hart van Zuid program revitalization of public space will cost 100 EUR / sqm, then proportionally in this plan the cost could be smaller with certain assumption.

As for the social cost, the community engagement that are held from the early establishment of the project and during the test-bed of the project will helps to minimize this cost.

After the initial acupuncture have been done, the project is expected to generate revenues both economic and social. The expectation is that after the design interventions have been done, the area surrounding it will have more economic competitiveness, by the impact of decentralized Hart van Zuid. In a simple way, the everyday destination will not be only to Zuidplein but also spread in the Carnisse neighbourhood. By increasing economic competitiveness, real estate value will increase and inhabitant’s quality of life will also get better, producing vast social revenues. These small interventions will also tackle the high diversity and high mobility issue into development catalyst. ‌

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The Tower van Zuid The second project is situated in Carnisse as well and approaches the plans of the municipality in a similar way, although the reaction is translated differently. While the previous proposal practically downgraded the topdown Woonvisie towards a steered urban acupuncture, offers the second one an alternative thinking to the system world of the municipality. The plan is conceptually given shape and situates itself in a theoretical tradition rather than in a practical design-based one. In both plans however, the monocentric focal point on the Zuidplein is transferred into a polycentric model on the scale of the whole of Rotterdam South. The neighbourhood obtains more autonomy and by spending design energy on the public image, both for the residents as for visitors, the area gets stimulated.

Postwar neighborhood Carnisse needs revaluation.

Within the chosen strip of housing blocks, modernization may be the most urgent, as the conditions of the current housing stock are poor and old. The site links the vibrant urban life in the North of the neighborhood, with the green pole of the Zuidpark in the South. The physical urban layout doesn’t provide space for socializing, it’s absolute and focused on movement instead of meeting.

The stage of intervention can serve as asset to approach these problematics.

The impact boundaries of the proposal exceed the intervention boundaries by putting Carnisse on the map, as part of the city but with its own autonomy and qualities. The unilateral point of gravity of the Zuidplein is being transformed into a polycentric South. The addressed public consists both of the existing residents of Carnisse, as visitors of the newly created facilities, as people in transition who spend only a limited amount of time living there. The main conceptual aim is to end up with an urban model that meets the transit character of the neighborhood, while offering the neighborhood an urban upgrade at the same time.

To make a project feasible is to make the project profitable. Conceptual ideas have to meet with more pragmatic considerations, in order to make the project realizable. For this proposal, models of clustering are taking into account: qualities of the project are being interrelated with existing structures outside the perimeter of the site (Romein,2016), which can serve as allies. By increasing competition, users get the chance to choose, which makes a certain milieu arise.

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The concentration increases the accessibility and the comparison possibilities. More visitors are attracted by this concentration of services, and at the end the competing parties share in profit (J.Remy, 1967). It’s a positive external force that no third party has to pay for.

The municipality can share in this value-capturing of external forces by initiating the milieu with own owned dwellings that they can rent out.

The project makes room for economic activities by installing a market square and a public shelter where activities can be organized. It’s situated in the retail center of the neighborhood, where a certain milieu already exists. The square and the tower embrace the idea of a center, where people come to exchange goods and information. It fits in the existing retail structure and catalyzes an expansion of the network. Important with this cluster formation are both place-based – the intrinsic quality of a place, for example the great connectivity of the square by all traffic –, as are the cluster-based elements – the fact of concentrated similar activities as autonomous quality (Romein, 2016).

The square anticipates on activities that address a broader public than only the residents of Carnisse.

Consequently, the neighborhood accustoms itself in a bigger network, as do the users of the urban plaza. The polycentric model of the urbanized area (A.Romein) is projected on the site of Rotterdam. The neighborhood gets an urban upgrade as integrated member, rather than the problem to solve.

The three elements of the projects have different time zone. Firstly, a socio-economic investment of

the municipality is made in partially demolishing the antiquated housing stock within the perimeter of the site. The North side of the strip, has to be bought out to the private owners. Secondly the square is developed, with support of the existing local networks. Revenues occur by renting our retail possibilities. The investment in public space by the municipality, attracts more people into the neighborhood, and is generally profitable for the quality of the city as a whole. Subsequently, the Southern part is being demolished, which merely consists of municipality owned housing. The forest starts developing with local support. The tower itself is rather a concept, it is not designed, only some conditions are pointed out. The changeable platforms have to give shape to temporary residential shelter, which makes the straight flow ever-existing. The abandoned houses of the ones that that move to the tower, can be cornered by the municipality at a minimum price (average WOZ value amounts to 76.000euros) and outsourced to project developers, who are attracted by the new diligence of the neighborhood. The profit made by this lifting process is counted down of the initial investments to be made. Another profit source are the new parking lots beneath the tower.

The proposal is merely based on a conceptual idea. It offers a new perspective towards social structures that normally are seen as problems. Diversity is seen as an asset, by providing suitable urban spaces for social networks, they can grow and flower. …

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Conclusion Although the both plans have similar reasoning concerning their focus on Carnisse, both the elaboration of the idea, as the feasibility are based on other dynamics. The proposals have different investments to be made, different stakeholders involved and a different phasing. Whilst the first works with a step-by-living tactic, with evaluation before following investments are made, requires the second a more substantial budget to accelerate the project. Regarding the target public, the two plans are partially complementing each other. The highly mobile residents are housed in the Tower, whilst the Hand focuses on the long-term residential public.

Overall, both proposals give a compelling storytelling to the project and produce alternative perspectives to the current conditions of the neighbourhood. This alternate thinking is important to open up possibilities of future development that can increase the quality of life and the sense of belonging for the urban inhabitant.

Collaborator: RA Pradana | 4722553 - The Hand R Vandevelde | 4586913 - The Tower

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