Tutor- Michal Hadjistyllis Heleen Bothof Kanaleiland, Utrecht
‘Re-Nova’ (verb)
To renew, rebuild, and reimagine a space, bringing new life and purpose while honoring its roots.
“What we reimagine now will define how Kanaleiland lives, connects, and thrives.”
Project Synopsis
The design intervention titled ‘Re-Nova’ focuses on transforming the Nova Mall located in Kanaleiland, Utrecht, into a revitalized urban space that fosters social cohesion, environmental sustainability, and community engagement. By reimagining and altering the current monofunctional and under-utilised mall structure and its surroundings, the project aims to carve new public spaces that encourage meaningful interaction, a sense of place, and ecological well-being. Re-Nova will act as a catalyst for change, not only in the physical space but also in the social fabric of the neighborhood. The intervention is driven by the intention to establish new forms of public space that go beyond mere utility and aesthetics; they become spaces that nurture community ties, foster well-being, and contribute to environmental balance.
The design involves transforming the underutilized mall and its adjacent spaces into hubs of activity and engagement. Two carefully planned public squares will be central to this transformation. The first square-’Green Commons’ will be anchored in ecology, integrating green infrastructure that enhances biodiversity. The second square-’Social Commons’ will prioritize social cohesion, aiming to create spaces for interaction, relaxation, and community-driven events. The contrasting design of the two squares aims to balance ecological integration with social interaction, transforming the Nova into a cohesive public space.
This project aims to serve as a model for the evolution of shopping malls, redefining them as not just places of commerce, but as catalysts for environmental awareness, social engagement, and urban renewal. It is a space that supports both people and planet, offering a glimpse into the future of urban spaces where ecological consciousness and human connection are at the heart of everyday life.
Introduction
Project Summary
Inception Point Notions on Sustainable Development
Urban Analysis
Reading the site: Mental mapping First impressions
Critical Synthesis
Urban Techtonics: Status Quo
Urban Design Project Underpinning Design Goals
Transforming Goals on site Urban Design Vision
Public Space Design Zooming In Design Sub-Goals Mapping Possibilities Explorations
Re-Nova Masterplan Plans: Two Squares Sections: Highlighting the Contrast View: From the Eye level Urban Tectonics Phasing Accessibility
Evaluation
Spatial Design Criteria and Summary Micro-climate Conclusion
Reflection References
The Inception Point
Postcard: Week 1 *
Crafting Re-Nova: Tools for Urban Renewal
The poscard is a playful visual metaphor for an approach to urban design using diverse set of urban ingredients such as density, sustainability, and connectivity etc which are thoughtfully combined, cut, stitched, and sprinkled at the cube, labeled “NOVA,” representing the central object of transformation by diverse set of hands contributing from multiple disciplines and as stakeholders. Surrounding the graphic are labeled items that represent the metaphorical “ingredients” and “tools” used in the design process. At the bottom of the graphic, a character is shown working on a laptop, representing the designer. This person bridges the conceptual and practical, blending thought and action in the design process.
Notions on Sustainable Development
Carrying Forward from SUET | Assignment 1
“Symbiotic Urbanism: A New Paradigm for Sustainable Development”
Sustainable development, traditionally understood through environmental, social, and economic lenses, often treats each domain as separate pillars to be balanced. However, as we face the complexities of climate change, urbanization, and social fragmentation, a new approach is required—one that transcends traditional silos and fosters a symbiotic relationship between nature, people, and built environments. This approach can be coined as Symbiotic Urbanism.
Symbiotic Urbanism reimagines cities not formed by isolated systems but as integrated ecosystems where urban growth, ecological preservation, and human well-being coexist in dynamic, mutually reinforcing ways. Just as in nature, where species co-evolve and rely on one another for survival and growth, cities can evolve in ways that enhance ecological health, enrich social cohesion, and promote economic vitality, all within the same framework.
Symbiotic Urbanism then cannot be a concept for individual cities; it is a global model for rethinking development. As cities grow, they should embrace their role as stewards of the planet, fostering environments that don’t just sustain life and resources, but enhance and grow them. Following are the core values for this approach:
Ecology as the Foundation of Urban GrowthSocial Cohesion through Ecological Spaces
Seeing ecological intergrattion not as a reactive solution but as a foundational principle when working with development of cities and urban realm.
Designing spaces that are not just “green” but also social, interactive, and flexible, to foster a culture of collective care for both the environment and communities.
Circular Economies as Urban DNARegenerative Development over Sustaining the Status Quo
Embracing closed loop systems where waste is seen as a resource, and every product or material within the city has a second chance at productivity.
Instead of focusing solely on minimizing harm or maintainingthecurrentstateofthe world,creatingsystems that enrich the environment over time must be adopted.
Reading the Site: Mental Map of Kanaleiland
Buildings
Unbuilt/ Open spaces
Walkways inside Nova
Public space occupied by Parking
City Landscape Dead Facades in Nova
On-street Parking everywhere
Existing trees around Nova
Conclusions:
Mental mapping is an interesting method to remember quick details of site, important locations and eye-catching and curious phenomenons that happen around the site. This simple techniques brings a basic introduction to Kanaleiland and Nova.
First Impressions ?!...
Most buildings in Kanaleiland feature lifeless facades and lack active frontages that could foster street life, providing people with reasons to pause and engage with their surroundings.
Within the Stamp Module of Housing, expansive green courtyards have been created, but many of these areas consist primarily of lawns with only a few trees, raising the question of whether these green spaces truly support biodiversity.
In most streets, over 75% of the street space is taken up by asphalt or paved parking, underscoring the imbalanced allocation between car-dependent and pedestrian-friendly mobility.
Even larger public spaces, which could serve a variety of community purposes, are taken up by surface parking, despite the presence of an underutilized parking tower. As a result, people are forced to compete with cars for access to public space.
Dead Facades and No Street life...
Green spaces, but Bio-diversity?Wrestling Public space from Parking!!
Share of cars on Street!
Critical Synthesis: Urban Analysis
Creating Understanding of Site
This map provides an introduction to the northen neighbourhood of Kanaleiland, establishing the geographical and contextual framework for this studio’s work.
This map, in layers dis-associate several characteristics of the site, such as the stamp concept, the inward looking nature, ample public spaces but no publicness through simple mapping and basic elements which contribute to these characteristics. This maps establishes the base character, and base mapping of this district to now begin the work with!
Urban Identity through Main Structures
Visible Public Space, Invisible Publicness!
Micro-climate Blunders
Seggregation of Built-Programme = Introverted Built form The Connections: Moving people and goods
Disconnected:
Urban Tectonics: Status Quo
Conclusions from SUET
The SUET analysis provided a detailed and comprehensive understanding of the site’s surface and subsurface conditions. Beyond mapping major infrastructure lines, it also revealed critical urban challenges, such as the formation of urban heat islands, areas prone to rainwater logging, and streets contributing to noise pollution. These findings underscored significant livability barriers that needed to be addressed through thoughtful design. Furthermore, the analysis highlighted a lack of ecological biodiversity; although much of the district appears green, the vegetation predominantly consists of turf, offering limited ecological value.
Section AA’
Underpinning of the Urban Design Project
Urbanisation of Kanaleiland
drivers of change
Post-War Housing Shortage
suburban extension to provide affordable and modern housing
Modernist Urban Planning
Functional Separation, inclusion of parks and green spaces between buildings, Wide Roads and Infrastructure
Limited MixedUse Development
Introverted housing societies, Lack of vibrancy and active streets
Stamp Profile of Housing
stamp layout spread out with monotonous functions without cohesion
Industrial and Economic Growth
Housing for middleclass families and workers.
Infrastructure near industrial areas
Post-War Reconstruction
modern amenities, utilitarian, functional style which is costeffective
Is consequent of... has resulted in...
Technological Advancements
Engineering advancements made cars safer, reliable, and a preferred mode of transport
Socio-Economic Diversity
Socio-economic disparities leading to crime and unsafe public spaces
Homogeniety and Social Isolation
Mono-functional spaces prevent diverse social functions
Consequences of UrbanisationPositioningGuiding (Public Space Design)
Variety in functions and Mix-use Development
Socially Cohesive and Extroverted Urban Fabric
Reclaiming streetscapes back from motorised transport
Enhance Green Infrastructure and Local Biodiversity
Car-Centric Infrastructure and depency excessive parking, wide streets and environmental pollution
now requires...
Re-inventing public spaces for addressing socioeconomic disparities
through... why?
“NOVA as a Cataylst of Urban Renwal of Kanaleiland”
I envision Nova as a catalyst—a medium to breathe life into a homogeneous and lowintensity neighborhood. It has the potential to become the social and economic heart of the precinct. Nova could set a precedent, introducing a new language of urban spaces within the neighborhood. It holds the possibility to integrate into the existing fabric while standing out, to be individualistic yet connecting the community.
Design Goals for the Urban Design Project
Based on the Underpinning and the positioning
Social Cohesion
Re-inventing Active Public spaces
Transforming open spaces that are currently underused and lack social or productive functions into vibrant public areas through thoughtful design and functional programming.
Ecological Advancement
Priortising Non-Motorised connectivity
Linking these newly created public spaces through networks designed for walking and cycling, promoting nonmotorized transportation.
Economic Growth
Integrating Mix-Use Development
Transforming the monofunctional structure of Kanaleiland into a mixed-use community by maximizing the potential of ground floors and key corridors.
Creating Green-Blue Infrastructure
Developing green-blue corridors to enhance walkability, reduce environmental pressures, and improve water drainage.
Bio-Diversity Zones
Introducing high biodiversity zones linked by these corridors to boost local plant and animal life, as well as improve the micro-climate.
Enhanced Livability
Oppurtunities for Local Economic growth
Establishing local centers and corridors to stimulate economic growth, creating employment and business opportunities for residents.
Addressing Microclimate blunders
Leveraging ecological infrastructure to address climate challenges like noise pollution, air pollution, and heat stress.
Adjusting infrastructure and logistics for higher safety
Optimizing local logistics to enhance safety and improve access for efficient transportation across the district.
Translating the Goals on site...
Social Cohesion
Public spaces at neighbourhood and Stamp level and connecting NMT and MT mobility.
Economic Growth
Economic corridors defined on the basis of existing landuse and potential of the locations.
Ecological Advancement
Large Bio-diversity zones at Neighbourhood and Stamp level with Major ecological corridors.
Enhanced Livability
Highlighting the areas in requirement of infrastructure upgrade and requirement of barriers towards environmental factors.
This map highlights all proposed strategies for Kanaleiland at an urban scale. It marks interventions at street scale, built fabric alterations, functional alterations as well as integration with ecological interventions. It also defines where the infrastructure will have be modified.
Zooming In!
Exiting Internal CorridorsExisitng Site Trees
Public Space Design Site
Why NOVA?
In Kanaleiland, Nova stands out as a prominent public building, yet it remains far from a desirable destination. Its bulky, awkward structure clashes with the neighborhood’s character, leaving it underutilized and overlooked despite its potential to become a true hub for public life.
NOVA
Design Sub-Goals for Public Space Design
Sculpting Public Space
Central Node for Multi-transport Mobility
Flexible & Multi-functional spaces
Well integrated with Neighbourhood
High Thermal Comfort
Co-Designed with Nature
Ground Floors
Mapping Possibilities: Public Space Design
Alteration in built fabric
Buildings
Public space circulation
Water bodies
Bio-diversity Areas
Edges Pedestrian Circulation
Ecological corridor (Bioswales)
025m50m 75m
Conclusion
This map helps with key zoning of programmes, definind circulation of public space, active edges and provides an initial sketch of the Public Space Design.
Exploring...
d:Visionand Design Ideas(Translating theor
Re-Nova Masterplan
Main Road: Public Transport centric
The ‘Green’ Commons
The ‘Social’ Commons
Boundary: Urban
Exiting Buildings
Continous Public Realm
Public spaces
Bio-diversity zones
Vegetation
Bike Path
Ecological Corridors (Bio-swales)
Water Bodies
Streets
The Two Squares
The ‘Green’ Commons
Design of Green Commons square focuses on environmental sustainability, mitigating localised heating, and engagement with nature. This square will serve as a public garden, an ecological learning space, and an urban oasis that fosters biodiversity.
Pavillion
Amphitheatre
The ‘Social’ Commons
Intent of Social commons is ro create an inclusive space that encourages social interaction, cultural exchange, and diverse community activities. This square will focus on flexibility, adaptability, and fostering social cohesion among residents.
View
Highlighting the Contrast: Ways of being in Public
The ‘Green’ Commons
This square is envisioned as a dynamic, community-centered space, featuring intersecting pathways that seamlessly connect the surrounding more informal, adaptable approach, the landscape embraces a wilder, untamed character, encouraging organic use and flexible, unstructured interactions
The ‘Social’ Commons
This square is designed to feel more formal, structured, and intimate, reflecting its location surrounded by retail on all sides. The landscaping is thoughtfully organized, seamlessly integrated with seating areas to enhance its functionality and aesthetic appeal.
ounding Nova neighborhood. Designed with a interactions within the space.
From the Eye level
The ‘Green’ Commons
View 1: Urban Grove and Transition zone
View 2:
The ‘Social’ Commons
View 3: Central Landmark and In-built Seating
View 4: Water Feature (Play fountain) and Public Platform
Urban Tectonics: The Output
Selected Details from Social Commons Square
Sub-bases for flooring
1.5 x 1.5m Utility tunnel for Sewerage, Gas, Data and Electricity High Durability Flooring
Surface stromwater drain
Building Foundation going upto 2m deep in Sand
Detail 1: Retail Corridors detail
The detail above in a schematic manner depicts major urban technical and service elements such as flooring, sub-surface detail, utility tinnels and storm water detail.
Slope
Steps of Platform
Play Fountains with sub-surface mechanism
Surface stormwater Drain
Detail 2: Play Fountain Detailing
The detail above shows the sub-surface detailing of the oublic platform, its steps and the play fountain with its small puddle pool with the planters in the background.
Built-in Seating
Permeable flooring
Urban Installation
Raised Planter Bed Water Puddle
High-Durable Flooring
Detail 3: Seating Detail
This is the detail of the central landmark in the square. It includes an installation with small surrounding vegetation, in-built seating and difference in flooring typologies.
Phasing
Phase 1: Infrastructure Upgradation
Updating underground infrastructure and removing old vegetation
Phase 3: Architectural and Civil work
Alterations made in the physical fabric of Nova mall.
Phase 5: Surface upgradations
Doing final surface finishings with paving and floorings.
Phase 2: Landscaping Stage 1
Planting first batch of Trees to ensure growth by end of project
Phase 4: Landscaping Stage 2
Planting smaller greens
Phase 6: Urban furnishings installments
Installing furnishing such as benches, lighpoles and dustbins.
Accessibility
Conclusions:
This map showcases the accessibility of various mobility options surrounding the Nova site. It highlights Nova’s role as a central hub, seamlessly connected to diverse transportation modes, including public transit. 020m 40m60m N
Pedestrian Pause Points
Bike Parking
Vehicular StreetsBus Route
Bike Paths
Tram Route Human Movement
Evaluating the Spatial Design
~900 Car Parking Spaces
In 6 floor, with standardised consideration of 30sq.m of space per car.
~9 degrees of Outdoor Temperature drop
PET analysis dictates majority of public space tepeterature drops by 9-11 degrees.
~650 Bicycle parking Spaces
Biclye calculation done based on double rack parking system which required 1 sq.m of space per bike by standard.
~5 Local Landmarks
Landmark elements such as amphitheatre, sculptures and water features.
~4000 sq.m of Green Space
This includes spaces allocated in bio-swales, urb
~200 Trees Planted
In the Urban grove and along the Pedestrian streets, native high foliage trees are planted.
~1200 sq.m. Public Space Added
~1500m of Active Built Frontage With Majority of Nova ground now part of Open frontages to streets and corridors.
The major public squares constitutes a huge chunk of this new generated public realm
~30,000sq.m of Commercial Floor Space
With a combination of Ground floor and upper floor commercial space allocation in Re-nova
~2 km. of Street converted to NMT
With more focus on NMT, 2km of street space in kanaleiland now allows only NMT and service movement.
P7
P8
Criterias and Indicators
GOALSCRITERIAINDICATORS
Design Quality
Public space quality
Accessibility
Safety
Thermal Comfort
Mobility
Ecological Integration
Environmental Effectiveness
Micro-climate adaptation
Mixed Use development
Urban Integration
Place making and Imageability
Multi-functionality
Criteria Development
Functionality
Amenities
Pedestrian friendly
User Diversity
Eyes on streets
Adequate lighting
Shading
Climate adaptive materials
Public transport accessibility
NMT Connectivity
Green-Blue Infrastructure
Natural visibility
More-than Human consideration
Provision of Rainwater flooding
Air-quality
Enhanced ecological habitats
Noise pollution barriers
Localised heating
Outdoor comfort
Active ground floor
Promotion of Local commerce
Connectivity of Public spaces
Smooth transitions
Local landmarks
Unique Urban character
Flexible and adaptable design
Diversity in activities
To evaluate the design against the goals established in the early chapters of the project, this method involves developing criteria by combining these goals and defining indicators to assess whether the criteria are being met. This approach offers a robust, qualitative, and comprehensive evaluation framework.
Evaluation Summary
Assessment method based on Doepel Strijkers Architects
Flexible and Adaptable design
Diverse possibilities for activites
Presence of local landmarks
Connectivity of multiple public Spaces
Transitions and
Active Ground Floor Spaces for local commerce
Reduction in localised heating
Public Space Quality
Functionality
Amenities such as seating, food, play,
Design for Diverse Users
Provision for Rain-water flooding
Improved
ecological habitats
Barriers towards noise and air pollution
Summary of the Evaluation
Based on the above Design Evaluation, it can be concluded that the proposed Re-nova excels in key parameters such as environmental effectiveness, micro-climate adaptation, and thermal comfort. These strengths are likely to enhance the outdoor public life of Nova, particularly by encouraging people to spend more time outdoors during the summer months.
In addition, Re-nova’s exceptional performance in areas like mobility, connectivity, safety, and accessibility will position Nova as a highly attractive and functional public space, making it a preferred destination for community activities and leisure.
The focus on functionality, mixed-use development, and place-making further ensures economic growth by fostering vibrant social interactions and engagement. This will not only enrich the socio-economic status of Nova but
Eyes on Streets
Adequate lighting
Shaded Areas
Climate-adaptive materialty
Ease of access to public trans-
Connectivity with Non-motorised
Presence of green-blue infrastructure
Visible natural
Consideration for More-Than human
Evaluation method derived from Doepel Strijkers Architects assessment of Sustainability of Rotterdam. This Mehtod compares the existing and proposed design parallely to see their performance in terms of various design criterias.
Implications on the Micro-Climate
Reduction in Localised Heating
Lower localized heating creates more enjoyable environments for people in public spaces like parks, plazas, and streets.
Effects of Shading
Reduced solar radiation can help moderate ecosystem temperatures, preserving biodiversity and creating favorable conditions for flora and fauna.
Higher evapotranspiration
Vegetation involved in evapotranspiration traps dust particles and filters airborne pollutants. It fosters habitats for wildlife by maintaining cooler and more humid conditions.
Centric-Thermal Comfort
Optimized PET- between 20-24°C ensures thermal comfor for all people, including vulnerable populations such as the elderly, children, and women.
Conclusion
‘Re-Nova’ (noun)
A reimagined urban space that breathes new life into communities, blending sustainability, connection, and purpose.
TheRe-Novaprojectexemplifiesthetransformativepowerof urban design, turning underutilized spaces into vibrant hubs of sustainability, community, and purpose. By reimagining the Nova Mall and its surroundings, Re-Nova seamlessly merges ecological responsibility with social connectivity, offeringaforward-thinkingmodelforurbanrevitalization.The creation of two distinct yet complementary spaces—the ecofocused Green Commons and the community-driven Social Commons—showcases the ability of thoughtful design to balance environmental needs with social aspirations. Through careful evaluation, the project demonstrates its success in transforming an overlooked, lifeless area into a thriving, accepted space. This shift from Nova as a space to Re-Nova as a meaningful place stands as the project’s defining achievement.
REFLECTION
The Project: Results and Design Thinking
Spatial Design
I believe that any design intervention within the urban spatial realm has the potential to create a ripple effect, with impacts that extend across multiple scales and endure over time. My vision for Nova aligns with this principle, aiming to introduce a transformative change that will influence and inspire new spatial practices in both Kanaleiland and Utrecht West. Through its connections and drivers, I am confident that Nova will spark lasting shifts in these neighborhoods and beyond.
Ecology and Climate
As humans are primary drivers of change on this planet, our relationship with nature must be reflected in our spatial design. In urban renewal projects, particularly those not originally conceived with contemporary climatic and ecological challenges in mind, it is essential for designers to introduce residents to a new way of living in harmony with nature. In this context, Nova’s outer courtyard represents the first step towards this shift in Kanaleiland—designed to embrace nature and mitigate climate impacts at a micro scale.
The Human Dimension
There are various ways people engage with public spaces, and this engagement is largely influenced by the quality of the space itself—how enjoyable it is, how long people choose to stay, and how they interact within it, whether actively or passively. With this in mind, the primary goal for Nova, as an existing public space, is to enhance its quality and expand the possibilities for social life within it.
The Person: Inner development and Reflective Urbanist
This quarter has been particularly challenging for me due to personal health and environmental factors that affected my performance and created significant setbacks. These struggles often made me appear as though I was not making enough progress, and I grappled with phases of self-confidence and self-doubt about my project and working process.
At the start of the course, I outlined core values for an urbanist, including resilience and consistency. While I struggled with consistency, my mental resilience enabled me to persevere. Coming from a competitive culture where high performance is expected,notachievingmybestaffectedmyinnerperfectionist, which I recognize as a challenge to overcome in the future. Reflecting on this, I would add a new core value: the ability to move away from the notion of a “perfect project” and view each one as an opportunity for learning and experimentation.
Additionally, I aim to cultivate a mindset that allows me to be more compassionate toward myself during difficult times.
The Process
Journey
Continuing from the previous quarter, I began this one with enthusiasm, expecting smaller-scale design to be comparatively easier given my architectural background. However, I quickly realized that even at smaller scales, urban design is a complex process that underscores the importance of cross-scalar thinking. This quarter also highlighted the critical role of effective communication and presentation in conveying ideas clearly—reinforcing that even the best designs are ineffective if not well communicated.
Course Structure and Approach
This quarter’s fast-paced structure was initially overwhelming. The first month of SUET brought a substantial influx of information and rapid production demands, making it challenging to absorb everything and align it with my design process. However, following SUET, the design phase felt more liberating, despite requiring quick progress and development. This course structure has provided me with a range of valuable learning experiences, both personal and professional. It has pushed me to adapt, grow, and refine my approach to balancing project demands with creative freedom.
Theory
and Design Lectures
The theory lectures from SUET were immensely valuable, providing a comprehensive theoretical understanding of various urban systems. I particularly appreciated the lectures delivered by practitioners, as they shared their professional experiences, design ideologies, and the challenges they encountered, along with the strategies they employed to address them in real-world contexts.
Mentorship and Presentations
Working with two practicing professionals this quarter has been an invaluable experience. I greatly appreciated the distinct design approaches of my two mentors. Having interacted more frequently with Heleen, she became more familiar with my design process and the challenges I faced, consistently encouraging me to reach my full potential. Michal’s feedback on my design outputs and his support to my thought process boosted my self-confidence. Final presentations to me was a moment of design and communication inspiration seeing the amazing work and distinct modes of communications from all my groupmates.
Method Labs and Tools
I found methods such as critical mapping with GIS, social sciences, design evaluation, and ENVI-met to be essential to the design process, effectively complementing the course structure. Evaluating design in terms of ecological and social impact was a new experience for me, and it added significant value by grounding the design process in practical, real-world considerations.
Through this journey, I’ve learned that growth comes from embracing challenges, letting go of perfection, and staying open to learning. Each step—whether small or big—shapes not only my work but also who I am as an urbanist, reminding me that progress is found in the process.
”
REFERENCES
Literature References
Meyer, Hans. Urbanism: Fundamentals and Prospects. Amsterdam: Boom Uitgevers, 2021.
Sim, David, and Jan Gehl. Soft City: Building Density for Everyday Life. Washington ; Covelo ; London: Island Press, 2019. Ascher, Kate, and Wendy Marech, eds. The Works: Anatomy of a City. New York: Penguin Press, 2005.
Carmona, Matthew. Public Places Urban Spaces: The Dimensions of Urban Design. Third edition. New York London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.
Hajer, Maarten A. Neighbourhoods for the Future: A Plea for a Social and Ecological Urbanism. Amsterdam: Transcity Valiz, 2020.
Tillie, Nico, Judith Borsboom-van Beurden, Duzan Doepel, and Martin Aarts. “Exploring a Stakeholder Based Urban Densification and Greening Agenda for Rotterdam Inner City—Accelerating the Transition to a Liveable Low Carbon City.” Sustainability 10, no. 6 (June 8, 2018): 1927. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10061927.
