حقيقة نظرية داروين

Page 1

‫ﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺔ ﻨﻅـﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻴﻥ‬

‫ﺼﻔﺤﺔ ‪ ١‬ﻤﻥ ‪١٤‬‬

‫اﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﻋﺠﺎز اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮﺁن واﻟﺴﻨﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺮﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺔ ﻨﻅـﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺩ‪ .‬ﺤﺎﻤﺩ ﺇﺴﺤﺎﻕ ﺨﻭﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻨﺘﺸﺭﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻭﺴﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺤﺩﺜﺕ ﺩﻭﻴ‪‬ﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ‪‬ﺍ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻗﺎﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﺒﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴـ‬ ‫ـﻊ‬ ‫ـﺔ ﺩﺍﻓـ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺘﻘﺩ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻘﻔﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻟﻜﻥ ﻟﻬـﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴـ‬ ‫ﻲ ﺒﻌﻴﺩ ﺠﺩ‪‬ﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻅﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺩﻋﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﺒﺄﻥ ﺍﻹﻨ ﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻴﻘ ‪‬‬ ‫ـﺎ‬ ‫ـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻜﻤـ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻭﺩ ﺃﺼﻠﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺠﻭﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺕ ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﺘﺸﻤﻠﻪ ﻭﺘﺩ‪‬ﻋﻴـ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎل ﻓﺈﻨﻨﺎ ﺴﻨﺭﻯ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻀﻌﺕ ﻟﺘﺄﺼﻴل ﻋﻘﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺭﺴﻡ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﻡ ﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ ﺭﺃﺕ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺒﻁ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭﺘﺒﺭﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻲ ﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺴﻠﻭﻜﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ـﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻫـﺎ ﻭﺘﺸﻌﺒﻬـﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺘﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭﻭﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﻭل ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺒﺩﺀ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻠـ‬ ‫ـﺎ ﻟﻔﻬـﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ ﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻱ ﻜﺠﺯﺀ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺒﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﻥ ﻤـﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤـ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻜﻤﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻴﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ـﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻘـﺩ‬ ‫ﻲ ﻫـ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻟﹼﻑ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻴﻥ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ )ﺃﺼل ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺌﻕ( ﻭﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ )ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ( ﺴ‪‬ـ ‪‬ﻤ ‪‬‬ ‫)ﺒﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻴﻥ( ﻭﻤﺠﻤل ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﻗﺎﻡ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺨﺎﻟﻕ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻁـﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺠﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺩﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺩ ﻭﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﺴﻠﺴ ﹰ‬ ‫‪z‬‬

‫‪z‬‬

‫‪z‬‬

‫‪z‬‬

‫‪z‬‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻭﻫﻲ )ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺒﺎ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻨﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻭﻱ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟـﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﻭﺒﻴﻨﻬـﺎ ﺒﻘﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﺩﺕ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ )ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻤﻁﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺭﻋﺩ‪ ،‬ﺼﻭﺍﻋﻕ( ﺇﻟـﻰ ﺘﺠﻤﻴـﻊ ﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﻴﺌﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﺒﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺠﺯﻱﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻭﺘﻴﻥ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁﻬﺎ ﺒﺭﻭﺍﺒﻁ ﺃﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻜﺒﺭﻴﺘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻜﺫﻟﻙ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ـﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﺒـﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻨـﺘﺭﻭﺠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﺠﻴـﻥ‬ ‫ـﺎﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺼـ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎﺽ ﺍﻷﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﻭﻨﺕ ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﺘﺤـ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻜﺴﺠﻴﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺃﺨﺫﺕ ﺘﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﻭﺘﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺨﻠﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺨﻠﻴﺘﻴﻥ ﺜﻡ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻴـﺎ ﻭﻫﻜـﺫﺍ ﺤﺘـﻰ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺸﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﺍﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻴﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻭﺍﺤﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺩﻴﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺠﺯﺀ‪‬ﺍ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻨﻘﺴﻡ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺎﺌﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺤﺎﻟﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺸﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺯﻫﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺯﻫﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.