DE SIGN T HE SIS : BIO-ILLUMINATING Tromsø The inclusion of ‘matter’ within the design process can be seen as a challenge to the predominant understanding of building materials as commodities, and the related tendency to view buildings as static assemblies of inert or neutral products. In seeking to challenge the passivity of matter in architecture, the studio proposes an approach and method which celebrates materiality as a procedural medium in which and through we work, and by which we understand architecture. In working with matter and meaning, the studio will seek to reorder the conventional design process and aims to replace linear problem-solving and form-making with an open-ended design methodology based on problem-seeking and form finding. The studio will be expected to evolve a design position through a combination of direct experience and inquisitive intuition; through a critical imagination and tactile experimentation. The design thesis should emerge from a developing understanding of matter and materials and it will seek to work both with the primary physical characteristics of materials as well as revealing their latent properties and meanings. In doing so, the aim will be to reveal the ‘liveliness’ or embedded responsiveness of matter.
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“Some things, though they are not in their nature fire, nor any species of fire, yet seem to produce light.” – Aristotle 4th Century BCE
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B IOLUMINESCENCE Bioluminescence has been observed in many organisms of both terrestrial and aquatic environments but the majority are found in the ocean. The intriguing evolutionary aspects of bioluminescence are relatively unknown. They have evolved independently at least 30 times from bacteria, fungae and algae, up to squid and fish. Research suggests that more bioluminescent systems may have existed previously but have not survived, as they are not vital to life. The function of bioluminescence can be quite unknown, such as fungi, but for more advanced organisms, its light is meant to be seen for courtship (attracting mates), repelling predators, or attracting prey. The fact that bioluminescence is not found in higher vertebrates or plants, where they could be more functional, suggest that a form of evolutionary or genetic barrier prevented this in the past. An old idea, that bioluminescence did not first evolve for the production of light, but as a mechanism of detoxifying an atmosphere becoming dangerously aerobic keeps resurfacing in various forms. As a result of its prevalence, bioluminescence plays an important role in the ecology of the ocean. The function of bioluminescence in the oceans is more clearly understood in the context of the essentially dark environment below about 200m. The visible part of the spectrum of visible light is 400-700nm, and the emission maxima of most luminous marine organisms falls within the range of 450-490nm. The functions of bioluminescence are for: • Defence • Schooling of fish • Luminous lure • Feeding • Communication (in the dark) • Mating • Camouflage
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Natural sources of bioluminescence
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Aliivibrio fischeri under the microscope
B A CT E RIAL BIOLUMINESCENCE Please Note: The bacterium aliivibrio fischeri (and subsequent experiments) was initially studied in the project. However, as attempts to culture aliivibrio fischeri were unsuccessful, the project focused on the bacterium photobacterium kishitanii instead. Photobacterium kishitanii is a rod-shaped bacterium with bioluminescent properties, and is found globally in marine environments. To grow successfully, the bacterium requires a carbon source, various nutrients, oxygen, and a room temperature environment of 20-22°C. Once the cells are dense enough and in the dark, the bacteria will start to glow. The genus Photobacterium was first coined by Martin Beijerinck, in 1889, and originally referred to all bacteria capable of light production. They belong to the class Gammaproteobacteria and the family Vibrionaceae. The ability of certain bacteria to produce light was first recognized 135 years ago when the connection was made between luminescence coming from the slime of fish and bacteria present in the slime. Photobacterium kishitanii is named after deceased Japanese scientist Teijiro Kishitani, who first isolated luminous bacteria from the light organ of Physiculus japonicus. In order to luminesce, they need to be a certain concentration [≈1011cells/ml] and this is achieved through quorum sensing; a mechanism where cells sense and move towards each other. When dense enough, it emits blue-green light, which is believed to have evolved due to the increased distance blue wavelengths can travel in seawater. Bacterial bioluminescence is a visually distinctive activity that has been postulated to have physiological and ecological benefits for the bacteria Most bioluminescent organisms emit flashes of light of 0.1-1 seconds, but bacteria (and some other systems) emit a continuous light.
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Photobacterium can be cultured in liquid broth or agar medium Source: http://biodisplay.tyrell.hu/
In the right conditions, photobacterium is considered one of the brightest strains Source: http://biodisplay.tyrell.hu/
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Representative symbiotic fish hosts of photobacterium strains
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SYMBIOSIS Photobacterium kishitanii form symbiotic relationships with deepwater fish located around Japan and Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans. There are 460 species of marine teleost fish, comprising 21 families and 7 orders, who form symbiotic relationships with bioluminescent Photobacterium including: Siphamia vesicolor, Secutor megalolepis, and Chlorophthalmus albatrossis. Only three species of Photobacterium form these symbiotic relationships with marine organisms: P. kishitanii, P. leiognathi, and P. mandapamensis. Typically, only one species of bacteria is associated with a symbiotic family of fish. In these relationships, it is believed the marine fish hosts provide the bacteria with oxygen, nutrients, and a safe habitat. To contain the bioluminescent symbiotic bacteria, associated fish have developed specialized organs, “light organs�, that allow bacterial colonization. Light organs have specialized tissues that act as reflectors, shutters, and lenses used to control, direct, and diffuse light. The fish use the bioluminescence of the bacterial population to locate food by providing light or luring prey, distract or scare predators, attract secondary predators when in contact with the primary predator, display un-palatability, attract mates, signalling and counterillumination. However, the bacteria are not necessarily dependent on the host for survival and reproduction.
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T HE SCIE NCE OF BIOLUMINESCENCE The chemical reaction of bioluminescence is very efficient; in most systems, almost 100% energy is transferred into light energy with almost no heat. Bioluminescence has been independently evolving on a continuous basis so therefore the responsible genes present in the multiple organisms displaying luminescence are unrelated; based on the number of extant system, almost 30 independent systems exist. However, they all involve chemical exergonic reactions (release of energy) with oxygen. The main component is the enzyme ‘luciferase’, which catalyzes the oxidation of organic compounds or ‘luciferins’. For bacterial bioluminescence, the luciferins are reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2) and a long chain aliphatic aldehyde (RCHO). These are oxidized by a luciferase under aerobic conditions to produce flavin mononucleotide and acid, while emitting light. This is the generation of an electronically excited emitter molecule (P*) that has a very short lifetime of a few nanoseconds, before the energy is released as a photon. A photon of blue-green light is emitted (about 500nm wavelength) and corresponds to about 60kcal per mole. It is the continuous synthesis and consumption of RCHO that produces the steady glow of luminous bacteria. Bioluminescence differs from fluorescence and phosphorescence as these both absorb light by a compound that is later released at a lower energy (but higher wavelength) by the excited molecule. The study of bacterial luminescence has been a well-researched field to uncover how certain organisms convert chemical energy into light. The discovery of auto-induction led to the notion of “quorum sensing” demonstrating a communication between bacteria by sensing how concentrated they are and regulating their specific genes by chemical communication.
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Exergonic chemical reaction of bioluminescence
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E XT RA CT IN G BACTERIA FROM S QUID Through online sources, it is possible to extract and grow naturally found sources of aliivibrio fischeri from the ink of freshly caught squid. Unfortunately, the local squid used did not contain any symbiosis with bioluminescent bacterium, whilst being mixed with multiple other types of bacterium. Certain marine organisms, such as the bobtail squid, have a special relationship with bioluminescent bacteria. In order to find each other in the dark, these squid give off light. The species possesses exceptional organs for radiating light, distributed throughout its whole body and tentacles. The light is produced by the bacteria in its body that are surrounded with reflecting tissue. With the help of filters, squid can also use colours to communicate among themselves. The bacteria is fed a sugar and amino acid solution. It hides the squid’s silhouette when viewing it below by matching the amount of light hitting the top of the mantle such as moonlight and starlight. The light organ contains filters that may change the wavelength of luminescence. As an experiment, it is attempted to extract the bacteria from a regional species of squid (as the bobtail squid lives in tropical environments) from the local Grainger market. This species is the Common European Squid.
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A.
E.
Ingredients needed are fresh squid, deionised water, aquarium salt, tryptic soy broth (TSB) powder, agar agent, and glass containers to hold the culture.
B.
The bacteria within the squid’s light organ is supposedly obtainable in its ink. With a sterilised tip (paperclip), the ink is streaked onto the agar growth media.
F.
34.6g of salt is dissolved into 1.0 litre of de-ionised (purified) water to produce artificial seawater.
C.
The ink is streaked as lines and as dots to form multiple colonies on the media surface. Cells are attracted to each other via its quorum sensing mechanism, and once dense enough, should glow.
G.
The glass containers are sealed with a parafilm membrane that allows a gas exchange whilst being impermeable to liquid.
30.0g of TSB (a general purpose nutrient broth for bacterial growth) and 12.0g of agar (to solidify the TSB) is dissolved in the 1.0 litre of artificial seawater to make the growth media.
D.
H.
The media inside containers are autoclaved (sterilised) in a home pressure cooker as it reaches the high temperature (121°C) for 15 minutes. After cooling, the media will solidify as a jelly agar in its container.
After being left in the dark for 48 hours, there is growth on the media. Through observation, the ink contains multiple traces of bacteria yet none show any bioluminescent properties.
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Outer Vial Glass Wool for Insulation Inner Vial Cotton Plug Dried Bacteria Tablet Cotton Wool Silica Gel (with humidity indicator)
Marine Broth
A.
Autoclave
Glass Amboule
B.
Tablet Mixture (left for 30min)
C.
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Bacteria (in 5.0ml marine broth)
CULTURED BACTERIA Dehydrated strains of aliivibrio fischeri and photobacterium kishitanii can be purchased from DSMZ; a well known culture farm. To rehydrate the tablet, the bacteria is mixed with liquid nutrient media and kept in cold storage. As the bacteria is from a marine environment, a marine broth is needed to rehydrate the bacteria tablet. The components are as follows: Bacto Marine Broth:
Bacto peptone (5.00 g) Bacto yeast extract (1.00 g) Fe(III) citrate (0.10 g) NaCl (19.45 g) MgCl2 [anhydrous] (5.90 g) Na2SO4 (3.24 g) CaCl2 (1.80 g) KCl (0.55 g) NaHCO3 (0.16 g) KBr (0.08 g) SrCl2 (34.00 mg) H3BO3 (22.00 mg) Na-silicate (4.00 mg) NaF (2.40 mg) (NH4)NO3 (1.60 mg) Na2HPO4 (8.00 mg) Distilled water (1000.00 ml) Final pH should be 7.6 ¹ 0.2 at 25°C
The complete medium from Difco can be bought pre-made and just requires dissolving into de-ionised (distilled) water. The broth needs autoclaving (sterilisation) before rehydrating the bacterium. The bacterium tablet is delivered in a plastic vial within a glass ampoule. The glass tip is heated with a flame (A.) and rapidly cooled with a water droplet to crack the glass. With safety glasses, forceps are used to smash the glass end (B.) and retrieve the inner plastic vial containing the bacterium tablet. The cotton plug in the vial is carefully taken off and kept in sterile conditions. With a pipette, 0.5ml of marine broth is added in the vial (C.) and left for 30 minutes to rehydrate the tablet. Around half of the mixture can be immediately inoculated where the other half is transferred to a test tube with 5.0ml of marine broth. This tube is kept in cold storage until required.
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GROW TH MEDIA A successful liaison with the Department of Biology proceeds to all further experimentation taking place at their Category 2 laboratory. Bacteria is grown on nutrient media in the form of either a liquid broth, or mixed with an agar agent (12.0g per litre) to solidify as a jelly-like agar in a pre-sterilised petri dish. Various different forms of media that are both well established or custom made are experimented with. The individual properties of media can trigger a better performance from the bacteria such as growth rate and brightness of the bioluminescence. Upon evaluation, the initial home experiment with the squid ink would not have worked as the Tryptic Soy Agar growth media that was used was not sufficiently salty enough for the marine bacterium; however, this probably would not have made an impact on the lack of bioluminescence. The other types of growth media tested are: Sea Water Agar:
Beef extract (10.0 g) Peptone (10.0 g) Agar (20.0 g) Tap Water (250.0 ml) Artificial Sea Water (750.0 ml)
Custom-made Luminescent Broth: Peptone (10.0 g) NaCl (30.0 g) K2HPO4 (2.0 g) MgSO4 (0.25 g) Glycerol (2.0 g) Distilled H2O (1000.0 ml)
Custom-made luminescent agar: Dehydrated Nutrient Broth (8.0 g) NaCl (30.0 g) Glycerol (10.0 g) CaCO3 (5.0 g) Agar (15.0 g) Distilled H2O (1000.0 ml)
Overall, the marine broth agar performed the best as a growth media
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With protective clothing and gloves, the media constituents from the laboratory supply cabinet are carefully measured with a stainless steel spatula. The constituents are placed into a glass measuring beaker. If the media needs to be solid, an agar agent is added to the mixture. Pre-distilled water is added to the beaker just under the required amount; this allows for any expansion once the solutes have been fully dissolved, and more water is added afterwards. A magnetic stirrer mixes the solution for 5-10 minutes. The media solution is poured into glass bottles and placed in the laboratory autoclave. The high pressure and temperature of 121째C for 15-20 minutes kills any organisms that need to be omitted to minimise any potential contamination. Micro-organisms need to be autoclaved before disposal.
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Filtered Air Contaminated Work-surface Air Contaminated Room Air
MICRO B IOLOGICAL S AFETY CABINET A microbiological safety cabinet (MSC) is a ventilated enclosure intended to offer protection to the user and the environment from aerosols generated when handling biological agents or material that may contain such agents. Air discharged from a MSC to the atmosphere must always be filtered. The cabinet has a front aperture through which the operator can carry out manipulations inside the cabinet. There are three classes of MSC; to handle the bacteria, a Class-2 MSC is required as it is suitable to work with all types of biological agents. When locating an MSC, factors to be considered include the proximity of the cabinet to doors, windows, ventilation ducts and to movement routes.
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Inoculating the petri dish by streaking bacteria across the agar media
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INO CULATING BACTERIA Whilst warm, the autoclaved media (with the agar agent) needs to be poured into pre-sterilised petri dishes whilst still in a liquid state. All work surfaces are cleaned with a 70% ethanol solution before and after use, and protective clothing and gloves are worn. Once cool, the media solidifies into an agar. The dishes are then inoculated in a microbiological safety cabinet with the rehydrated bacteria using pre-sterilised ‘Q’ loop tips. The loop is carefully dipped into the test tube containing bacteria and is streaked in a zig-zag pattern onto the agar surface; this pattern helps bacterial growth. Once inoculated, the dish cover is placed on top and sealed with a parafilm membrane. There are three micro-holes built into the dish to allow a gas exchange.
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Colonies of photobacterium kishitanii
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Colonies of aliivibrio fischeri
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RESULTS The aliivibrio fischeri did not display any obvious signs of bioluminescence in multiple trials using all types of growth media. The project subsequently changed the trial strain to photobacterium kishitanii as research journals stated that they were easier to grow and glowed brighter. The first inoculation trial of photobacterium kishitanii on marine agar was immediately successful with multiple colonies that glowed very brightly! The colonies of photobacterium kishitanii were grown and observed in a dark box. The bioluminescence was captured by a camera on a time-lapse counter to take a photograph every 20 minutes. The periods of bioluminescence matched the observations in previous research trials by E.S. Kempner and F.E. Hanson; the bacterial colonies starting to glow after 18-24 hours and diminishing after 48 hours when the cultures become overgrown. The bioluminescence of photobacterium kishitanii is seen as a pattern of individual glowing dots. Whilst being observed in a completely dark room, one petri dish emitted enough light for the observer to see silhouettes like a hand or a door handle.
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Glowing photobacterium kishitanii photographed with an adjusted shutter speed and ISO 6400
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At its peak, the bacteria can faintly highlight hand features
The entire petri dish becomes a handheld light
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Large amounts of bacteria can be grown en-masse in a dark growth box
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45 m
etres
HO W B RIGHT IS THE BACTERIA? The luminosity of bioluminescent bacteria was calculated at roughly 0.000028 lumens per ml. Therefore its application as an architectural utilisation is not for direct illumination but for orientation purposes. The standard maintained illuminance (from CIBSE Code for Lighting) for a lit walkway is 50 lux; other types of spaces require even more illumination. As some symbiotic organisms emit bacterial bioluminescent light to mimic moonlight for camouflage purposes, it is assumed that bacterial bioluminescence is similar to the luminosity of moonlight; this is around 1 lux. According to Dr Simon Park who has extensive experience in this field, an observer can identify one petri dish of glowing bacteria from “around 50 yards away” or 45 metres in a pitch black environment. However, Dr Park stated that the luminosity of bacterial bioluminescence varies depending on the measuring instrument; the measured bioluminescence in trial research papers only recorded in relative units. An alternative approach to a more rational estimate was through researching scientific journals and some basic theories of quantum mechanics.
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According to Meighen and Hastings (Meighen, 1991; Hastings, 1995; Hastings, 2004), the light emitted by marine aliivibrio fischeri is a “blue-green light with a maximum intensity at about 490nm”. Energy per photon (J) = Plancks Constant (6.62607 x 10-34) x Wave Frequency (Hz) Wave Frequency (Hz) = Wave Velocity (ms-1) / Wave Length (λ) Energy per photon = Plancks Constant x (Wave Velocity / Wave Length) = (6.62607 x 10-34) x ((3x108) / (490x10-9)) = 4.057 x 10-19J per photon According to Kempner and Hanson on their research on photobacterium fischeri, “bacterial bioluminescence finally became constant at about 103 quanta per second per cell, as the cultures become heavily populated”. In addition, according to Hastings and Nealson, photobacterium cells at “steady state cell densities of 108 ml-1 or greater, the cells remained brightly luminous at an intensity per cell independent of cell density”. Consistent bacterial bioluminescence = 1000 quanta (photons) per second per cell Minimum density of light emitting bacteria = 108 cells per ml Therefore: 103 x 108 = 1011 photons per second per ml As mentioned earlier, the energy per photon = 4.057 x 10-19J Therefore, the minimum energy per second per ml of bioluminescent bacteria: = (4.057 x 10-19J) x (1011) = 4.057x 10-8Js-1ml-1 One of the standard units for illumination brightness is the lumen. The lumen in relationship to the candela is: 1 lumen = 1 candela x 1 steradian We can assume that the light is uniform in all directions. A full sphere has a solid angle of 4π steradians. Therefore: 1 lumen = 1 candela x 4π The candela measures the amount of light emitted in the range of a (three-dimensional) angular span, and defined as: “…the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540×1012Hz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1⁄683 watt per steradian” Therefore, Candela = ((Photon energy) / (1/683)) / (4π) = ((4.057x 10-8) / (1/683)) / (4π) = 2.21x10-6 Thus, 1 lumen = 1 candela x (4π) = (2.21x10-6) x (4π) = 2.77 x 10-5 lumens per ml Therefore, the brightness of bacterial bioluminescence is around 0.000028 lumens/ml
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DINOFLAGELLATE ALGAE Please Note: Initial material research earlier in the project studied bioluminescent dinoflagellate algae. For architectural design reasons, this was later scrapped to focus solely on photobacterium kishitanii bacteria. Much of the bioluminescence observed on the ocean surface is from the unicellular marine algae of dinoflagellates. They are protists that live mainly in seawater and, unlike continuously glowing bacteria, emit flashes of blue to green light (≈470nm) only during a physical disturbance to the cell such as wave breaks on a beach. Bioluminescence occurs on a circadian rhythm (a biological process that displays an endogenous, entrainable oscillation of about 24 hours) that permits light emissions only at night. Dinoflagellates use bioluminescence as a distraction or to surprise predators. Dinoflagellates are responsible for some of the most impressive displays of bioluminescence and attract tourists to bays and lagoons in places such as Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and the Maldives.
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A stone thrown into dinoflagellates in the ocean becomes an amazing light spectacle
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Inoculating nutrient enriched seawater with pyrocystsis lunula algae in a microbiological safety cabinet
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GRO WING DINOFLAGELLATES A starter culture of dinoflagellate algae (pyrocystis lunula) is purchased from an algae farm (CCAP). The growth medium to suspend the pyrocystis lunula comprises of: Nutrient Enriched Seawater: Aquarium salt (34.6 g) NaNo3 (1.0 ml) NaH2PO4.2H2O (1.0 ml) Trace elements stock solution (1.0 ml) Vitamin mix stock solution (1.0 ml) Distilled H2O (1000.0 ml)
The media constituents are dissolved, sterilised and cooled in several Erlenmeyer glass flasks (transparency permits photosynthesis). A cotton wool bung seals the flask whilst allowing a gas exchange. The densely grown starter culture of pyrocystis lunula is inoculated in the media at 1-part algae to 10-parts media. This takes place in a biological safety cabinet with protective clothing and gloves. To protect the algae whilst allowing a gas exchange, cotton wool bungs are placed in the flask neck.
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GROW TH BOX Please Note: As the project proceeded, the use of dinoflagellates were no longer considered necessary as the characteristics of bacterial bioluminescence was deemed better suited to the programme and context. After inoculating the algae in nutrient enriched seawater, the algae is left to grow in a growth dark box. An MDF frame (800x550x550) with thermal blackout paper and lining functions as a growing environment whilst controlling the amount and variety of light that the algae receives. The circadian rhythm of pyrocystis lunula algae requires 12 hours of sunlight and 12 hours of darkness. A twin white spectrum LED (360mm/3.6W) plant light controlled by a digital timer will set the algae photosynthesis period during 8pm to 8am. Therefore, the algae is ‘programmed’ to emit light only during the day between 8am to 8pm when it is most convenient.
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30sec
Shaking dinoflagellate algae
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Bright enough to highlight facial features
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Teresa van Dongen : AMBIO Bioluminescent Lamp
Philips : Bio-light
Daan Roosegarde : Smart Highway Project
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P RECEDENTS Bioluminescence has been briefly explored in design projects. They are mostly small scale ‘signboard-esque’ architectural projects and product design. Recent projects merging bioluminescence and design all utilise bioluminescence as a lighting system of various creativity. Ideas can be quite radical in the same visionary approach that Geoff Manaugh inscribes in ‘The Bioluminescent Metropolis’ where he imagines a near post-apocalyptic world of the concrete jungle infused with living bioluminescent creatures taking over the city. It’s use in art and media is visually appealing with the spectacular night-time cinematography of ‘Avatar’ and ‘Life of Pi’ to achieve wonderful images of the glowing sublime. Experimental lighting projects by well-known corporate bodies such as Philips are idealist concepts yet are considered as publicity stunts in an attempt to showcase a sincerity for sustainability. More promising projects are by artist Daan Roosegarde conceiving a local lighting infrastructure embedded into the highways and cycle paths that use fluorescent (not bioluminescent!) lighting for orientation and direction purposes.
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T HE B IO L UMINES CENT METROP OLIS I’m genuinely stunned, though, by the idea that you might someday walk into Times Square, or through Canary Wharf, and see stock prices ticking past on an LED screen... only to realize that it isn’t an LED screen at all, it is a collection of specially domesticated bioluminescent bacteria. They are switching on and off, displaying financial information. Our screens are living organisms, we’ll someday say, and the images that we watch are their behaviour… I’m picturing elaborate ballrooms lit from above by chandeliers – in which there are no lightbulbs, only countless tens of thousands of glow worms trapped inside faceted glass bowls, lighting up the faces of people slow-dancing below. Or perhaps this could have been submitted to Reburbia: suburban houses surviving off-grid, because all of their electrical illumination needs are met by specially bred glow-worms. Light factories! Or, unbeknownst to a small town in rural California, those nearby hills are actually full of caves populated only by glow worms... and when a midsummer earthquake results in a series of cave-ins and sinkholes, they are amazed to see one night that the earth outside is glowing: little windows pierced by seismic activity into caverns of light below. …what if a city, particularly well-populated with fireflies (so much more poetically known by their American nickname of lightning bugs) simply got rid of its public streetlights altogether, being so thoroughly drenched in a shining golden haze of insects that it didn’t need them anymore? You don’t cultivate honeybees, you build vast lightning bug farms. How absolutely extraordinary it would be to light your city using genetically-modified species of bioluminescent nocturnal birds, for instance, trained to nest at certain visually strategic points – a murmuration of bioluminescent starlings flies by your bedroom window, and your whole house fills with light – or to breed glowing moths, or to fill the city with new crops lit from within with chemical light. An agricultural light-source takes root inside the city. Using bioluminescent homing pigeons, you trace out paths in the air, like a GPS drawing a lá Hitchcock…An office lobby lit only by vast aquariums full of bioluminescent fish! Bioluminescent organisms are the future of architectural ornament. “After all, how might architects, landscape architects, and industrial designers incorporate bioluminescence into their work? Perhaps there really will be a way to using glowing vines on the sides of buildings as a non-electrical means of urban illumination. Perhaps glowing tides of bioluminescent algae really could be cultivated in the Thames – and you could win the Turner Prize for doing so. Kids would sit on the edges of bridges all night, as serpentine forms of living light snake by in the waters below. Perhaps there really will be glowing birds nesting in the canopies of Central Park, sound asleep above the heads of passing joggers. Perhaps the computer screen you’re reading this on really will someday be an organism, not much different from a rare tropical fish – a kind of living browser – that simply camouflages new images into existence. Perhaps going off-grid will mean turning on the life-forms around us…”
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MA SS MA NU FACTURING BIOLUMINES CENCE? In an attempt to break the recent trend of design projects involving bioluminescence that focuses on detailed small-scale product design, an idea proposed is to apply the knowledge gained from the earlier material exploration and research into a large scale system that manufactured bioluminescence at an urban scale. The experiments growing bacteria required certain conditions (such as temperature and nutrients) and an infrastructure (such as a sterile environment and growth media) to provide the right conditions for successful mass growth; these could be placed into practice in architectural design and the detail. Imagine a farm that could ‘grow’ light that embodies a super efficient chemical process observed in nature that could be used, like Geoff Manaugh visualises, to illuminate cities in a sustainable way. Unlike the fantasy landscapes of Manaugh, perhaps a similar vision could be realised that was supported by scientifically-based and rational design decisions and research previously taken on bioluminescent bacteria.
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A bioluminescent factory for people to experience?
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GE NETIC MODIFICATION? The emergence of biotechnology and DNA modification provides opportunities for more controllable bioluminescent systems with better performance and to specific criteria. Since the discovery of DNA in the 1950’s, there has been an increased understanding into how genetic sequences define the physical attributes of a living organism. Modern technology offers opportunities to ‘cut and paste’ DNA sequences from the genome between different organisms. More specifically, the bioluminescent properties of animals or plants can literally be swapped or adjusted. Perhaps aliivibrio fischeri could be ‘programmed’ to illuminate for longer periods, with greater brightness, and in different colours. One such genetic project that has attracted headlines is ‘The Glowing Plant Project’ that has attempted to merge bioluminescent genes into plants in order to emit light directly from its anatomy. A controlled number of prototype plants have been grown. However, this is perceived to be a very industrial approach by adapting nature for the benefit of human civilisation. If recent urban discourses advocate the integration and inspiration of nature towards urban design, perhaps the naturally low luminosity light should be aspired to. Instead of the overlit international metropolis currently fuelled by greenhouse sources that is widely accepted in the contemporary era, cities could be more environmentally conscious by supporting a system providing a non-carbon emissive light source that did not impair night vision and deter nocturnal wildlife. What better a light source to be inspired by than by nature’s own light of bioluminescence?
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The Glowing Plant Project
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Tromsø The city (Troms) is situated on the south-eastern part of the island (ø) which is 10km long and 3km wide. Tromsø is located around 350km north of the Arctic Circle of the Magnetic North Pole. Due to its high latitude (>66.5°), Tromsø experiences seasonal periods of continuous sunlight in the summer which is known as the ‘midnight sun’ (20th May to 22th July) and ‘polar nights’ of nearcontinuous darkness in the winter (21st November and 21st January). Locals briefly celebrate the start of the polar nights (Mørketid) but the return of the sun (Soldagen) is more of an occasion for celebration, which is mainly celebrated by children. It is the most densely populated city in the Arctic Circle and of the lowest average age. The municipality population is around 70,000 in a region of 2516m², with an urban population of around 58,000. Tromsø, otherwise known as the “Capital of the Arctic” or the “Paris of the North”, is considered the cultural capital of the region. Since the 1800’s, the city has been an Arctic trading centre and a starting point for Arctic Expeditions and Arctic Hunting. During the polar night, there are short periods in the middle of the day where the sun is just below the horizon; the light level and sky colour is similar to dusk and is locally called the ‘blue twilight’. The combination of snow cover and sunshine often creates intense light conditions from late February until the snow melts. Tromsø is considered one of the best places in the world to observe the Aurora Borealis (or Northern Lights) and attracts light tourists from around the world.
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NORDIC LIGHT Extreme conditions of climate and sun generate unique conditions of light in Scandinavia. During the polar nights of near-continuous darkness, there remains indirect sunlight as the sun lies just below the horizon; between 10am to 2pm, residents of Tromsø observe a remarkable light level similar to dawn/dusk. There are remarkable swings of illumination during seasons. The night permeates into the day whilst cloaking the land in perpetual shade. The continuous midnight summer sun pervades the night by producing almost too much light. The low sun altitude at peculiar angles transforms human perception with long shadows and refracted colours. Midnight Sun: 21 May - 21 July Polar Night*: 26 November - 15 January *the surrounding mountains around Tromsø blocks the sun. Therefore the polar night dates are: 21 November - 21 January
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“...for it is precisely light that defines the Nordic world and infuses all things with mood...in the North, we occupy a world of moods, of shifting nuances, of never resting forces, even when the light is withdrawn and filtered through an overcast sky.� - Christian Norberg-Schulz (Nightlands)
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Twilight periods throughout the year
AZIMUTH E 20°
40°
60°
80°
S 100°
120°
140°
160°
180°
W 200°
220°
240°
260°
280°
300°
320°
340°
80°
60°
40°
ELEVATION
20° BLUE TWILIGHT NAUT. TWILIGHT ASTRO. TWILIGHT
0°
-20°
-40° DARK -60°
-80°
JANUARY
APRIL
JULY
OCTOBER
FEBRUARY
MAY
AUGUST
NOVEMBER
MARCH
JUNE
SEPTEMBER
DECEMBER
Sun’s position with the horizon throughout the year
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VARIETIES OF LIGHT Norwegians are sensitive to variations in light between direct sunlight and darkness. The different categories of twilight are: Civil or blue twilight (6째 below horizon) Able to see most objects and perform normal activities. Nautical twilight (12째 below horizon) Vague outlines and difficulty seeing horizon. Astronomical twilight (18째 below horizon) The point when the sun starts to lighten the sky.
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A URORA BOREALIS The Aurora Borealis (or Northern Lights) attracts light tourists from around the world to Tromsø. The aurora borealis has a strong place in Norse mythology as a fire bridge to the sky by the Gods. Scientifically, solar particles from sunstorms collide and react with the gases in the atmosphere. The electrons are pulled from the atomic nucleus, and emits a photon upon its return. Reactions with nitrogen emits blue or purple light, and reactions with oxygen emits yellow or green light. The most spectacular light displays are during cloud-free skies with the absence of artificial light pollution. The best viewing time is subjectively considered to be between 6pm-12am; the peak time being around 10pm-11pm. This, of course, varies with the constantly varying levels of solar radiation. Note: most photographs of the aurora are taken with long shutter speeds that generate exaggerated yet beautiful images. In reality there is far less colour, yet it remains spectacular in its own right. “I really don’t think it gets that dark in winter. There is starlight, there is moonlight, there is polar light or known as the Aurora. There is light, but it is a different light…” “This different light is like another type of sunlight. Stars are suns a long distance away. The Aurora is energy from the sun. Moonlight is reflected sunlight…” Points to table: “This is matter, and matter is light. We are all made up of light!” - Norwegian visitor
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A CULTURE OF LIGHT Scandinavia has historically been linked to the forces of nature and light in their culture, society, and in their built form. At times, the extreme weather led to isolation in many societies, and the further north you travelled, the respect for nature would increase. Pagan festivals have traditionally celebrated the shift from the long days of darkness to light. As an outcome of the drastic shifts in natural light, northern Norwegians value light, alter their social patterns of activity around it, and embrace light as part of their culture. Children celebrate the start of the polar nights or ‘Mørketiden’ by building and placing candles together in a public open space. However, the Day of the Sun or ‘Soldagen’ at the end of the polar night is considered more of an occasion to celebrate. A sweet bun or ‘bolle’ is found in local bakeries with chocolate or sugar representing darkness and light respectively. Historically the ‘Day of the Sun’ would be measured when sunlight would first reach the steps of the Elverhøy church, which has since been relocated from its original position by the harbour to a higher and more central part of the island. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is prevalent in northern countries with most medical theories ascribing the lack of direct sunlight as a root cause. Although many residents of Tromsø claim that the only sufferers are southern Norwegians, ultraviolet (UV) lamps for around an hour each day are a medically recommended precaution. In contrast, the continuous days of the midnight sun influences active social patterns and opportunistic use of the day during summer; it is very common to have a summer home. Like two different worlds, the Scandinavians have two different lives throughout the year.
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From above: children celebrating the start of the polar night / UV treatment in households for one hour a day / buns eaten during start and end of the polar night season / Elverhøy church in its new location
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Lit candles by shop entrances indicate that the shop is open
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A welcome in the dark It is customary in Norway during the polar nights to place candles by the shop front entrance as a welcome symbol. Flame and mellow ambient lighting from the fireplace, hearth or candle boxes are more preferred by Norwegians. “The candle boxes at shop entrances? They are signifying that they are open. A welcome in the dark� - Local Barmaid
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Electrical lighting of vernacular timber houses on the slopes of Tromsø
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T HE RE IS A L I GHT AND IT NEV ER GOES OUT It is a very common occurrence in Norway to leave their house lights on throughout the polar night. During the winter polar nights, traditional candleboxes are lit in people’s front windows. However, there is also an abundance of soft ambient electrical lighting and are lit continuously throughout the winter, which requires a large electrical demand. Some of these lights do not even have a light switch. This is mainly due to the traditional function of the house illuminating the town before the introduction of street lamps. It is required for safety and practicality. This is mostly observed with the regional vernacular timber house to where Tromsø boasts the largest collection of this topology north of Trondheim. These detached houses become lighthouses that pixelate the island’s slopes with dots of light.
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B IO - ILLUMINATING Tromsø The ‘matter’ studio thesis studies the natural phenomenon of bioluminescent marine bacteria (photobacterium kishitanii) into how it can inspire a sustainable and alternative urban illumination infrastructure. The project is based in Arctic Norway on the island of Tromsø that observes polar nights of near-continuous winter darkness. Before the advent of electrical lighting and street-lamps, it was and still is, common practice for Norwegian households to keep their lights lit throughout the entire winter. There is a strong public concern in Norway about future sustainable energy generation, and supported by its national oil based revenue, it is considered feasible to invest into an experimental energy system powered by bioluminescence. Sited on a central reservoir on the island, the proposal is a manufacturing facility of bioluminescent bacteria that is grown during the polar nights and collected and distributed by citizens of Tromsø along an existing ski trail network to illuminate their timber houses and alleviate the regional electrical demand. The project envisions itself as a new paradigm of public infrastructure specifically in the production and distribution of light energy with greater public involvement in their everyday cycles. The vision is a clean power plant in a beautiful site whilst providing a mood-lifting place for the public to observe the aurora borealis and enhance the experience of the lake, whilst bringing their specially designed lanterns to pick their own bioluminescent bacteria themselves. It celebrates the naturally low luminosity of bioluminescence that is introduced to the raw landscape of a culture very much associated with light. It also aims to showcase to the world how a society can accept an alternative approach to low luminosity light, and hopefully inspire a rethink into over-lit cities and modern society’s consumerist attitude towards switching on a light bulb.
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Prestvannet reservoir is one of the last places to see the aurora borealis in a semi-urban context
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A tense elasticated band warped by a circular void in the lake and threaded through the mire islands to connect communities...
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An extension of the ski trail across Prestvannet Reservoir
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Reflective plunge pool / Skywatching space
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Bioluminescent ski trail lighting Bacteria incubator Microbiological safety cabinet (Inoculation of marine broth) Bioluminescent lighting Marine broth well (Inoculation of lantern agar rods)
Glowing photobacterium kishitanii bacteria suspended in marine broth circulates in a pressurised circuit system
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PUBLIC DECK ( A ) 1) 90/25mm local downy birch timber boards with drying oil and pigment (edge grain) or 2) 33mm three-ply laminated structural glass panels with 5mm stainless steel frame (spanning 2.0-2.5m) Stainless steel I section 5mm packer (for tolerance) Waterproof membrane
BIOLUMINESCENT STRIP LIGHTING ( B ) 20mm dia. trace heating stainless steel bioluminescent riser (pressurised) with 15mm low U-value thermal break around pipe
+1200 affl.
60/105mm stainless steel channel with 15mm low U-value thermal break
Fall
(A)
3mm screw-fix aluminium frame with satin finish (removable for maintenance) containing: 13mm laminated glass/12mm vacuum cavity/10mm plate glass Rubber pressure gasket
TYPICAL CONCRETE FRAME ( C ) 300/200mm prefabricated reinforced structural concrete frame with ‘xypex’ waterproofing crystalline agent 20mm cavity drainage membrane (studded) Damp-proof membrane 200/150mm rigid insulation board with steel section bracing (for warm zones) 100mm polished concrete finish containing: 20mm dia. stainless steel hot water pipes 20mm dia. stainless steel bioluminescent riser (pressurised)
(B) Fall
(C)
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An automated system streaks bacteria from wells below filled with inoculated marine broth onto agar rods inserted into glowing glass cabinets. People bring their lanterns and ‘pick’ their own bacteria rods themselves.
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GLASS CABINET ( A ) 75mm internal concrete ledge 3mm aluminium profile with satin finish 8mm stainless steel channel containing: Sliding stainless steel profile moving along x-axis with electric motor around rubber track (services running above)
(A)
21mm two-ply laminated structural low-iron perforated glass panels with 5mm stainless steel frame (removable for maintenance) 5mm stainless steel screw-fix holders for agar rods (2-part entity in glass perforations)
AUTOMATIC INOCULATION MECHANISM ( B ) 25mm central pole with teeth segments fixed to sliding steel profile above and below moving along x-axis 3mm screw-fix aluminium profiled shell with satin finish moving along y-axis containing: Electric motor and cog mechanism Flexible service tube (from above) Extruding plastic loop tips (dipped into bacterial broth well and streaked onto inserted agar rods
BACTERIAL BROTH WELL ( C ) 75mm polished concrete ledge 3mm aluminium profile with satin finish 8mm stainless steel channel (holding bioluminescent bacteria suspended in liquid growth media) containing: Sliding stainless steel profile (anchor) moving along x-axis
(B)
20mm dia. stainless steel bioluminescent pipes 20mm dia. stainless steel hot water pipes (heating growth media to required 22째C)
BIOLUMINESCENT LANTERN ( D ) 3mm profiled aluminium lantern frame with external matt-black finish (150x150x300) 13mm shatter-proof poly-methyl methacrylate transparent panel with disinfectant-resistant sealant
(D)
Plastic paraffin film membrane (to allow water impermeable gas exchange) 3mm screw-fix hollow core central rod (collected from glass cabinet and inserted from below)
(C)
Marine agar growth media for bacteria (rod inserted into mould filled with heated media and solidified when cooled)
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A Scandinavian-influenced sealed bacteria lantern with a central agar rod streaked with bacteria
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Handle
Parafilm gas permeable membrane
13mm shatter-proof poly-methyl methacrylate transparent panel with disinfectant-resistant sealant
ABS central rod (screw fix) Marine Agar
Parafilm gas permeable membrane Profiled aluminium lantern frame with external matt-black finish
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LARGE-SCALE MICROALGAE GROWTH: Intense period of photosynthesis during continuous sun
MIDNIGHT SUN (SUMMER)
FACILITY Methane Gas (stored until polar nights) MICROALGAE BIOMASS Fermentation Process Lake Sediment Nutrients CO2
Summer : Facility functions as outdoor public recreational area whilst harvesting microalgae biomass
MARINE NUTRIENT BROTH: Bacto peptone Sodium chloride Magnesium chloride Other nutrients Distilled water
POLAR NIGHT (WINTER)
FACILITY LAKE FREEZES Methane Gas Processing (energy supply for facility and retains bacteria at 20-22°C) Bacteria subcultured 2-3 times/week
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Prefabricated concrete sections dropped by crane into trench on lake bed
Sky Aperture
Public Recreational Deck
Bioluminescent Strip Lighting Aurora Viewing Bench (heated) Lake Water Inlet
Ski Trail Bacterial Broth Pipes Building Services Microalgae Tank
Bacteria Incubator
Lake Water Outlet
Biological Safety Cabinet
Hot Water Pipes Rainwater Sump
Fermentation Tank (Methane Gas)
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The Tromsomarka ski trail in close proximity to around 6000 timber houses
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Residents of Tromsø collect bioluminescent bacteria from the facility to illuminate their homes via the ski trail
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