Masters Dissertation by ryan Mcloughlin

UnSpace

Ryan McLoughlin

abstract

DUNDEE: AN INTIMITE STUDY

refer to appendix 01. Dundee: An intimate study

STRUCTURE OF THESIS

INTRODUCTION

fig01.

drift and the city

a shrinking city

struggle with identity

a new approach

UnSPACE

uncarved block

Mediation spaces

allotments

weavers yard

forbank road

old railway yard 2

UNFRASTRUCTURE

refer to appendix 09. UnMap

LEGITIMISE UNSPACE

refer to appendix 08. Urban Suture

Unfrastructural

waiting development

derelict sites

primary response

industrial wasteland

final response

planned uncertainty

wild corridors

FUTURE RELICS from an uncertain present

steep slopes`

Linking Spaces

Designed destruction

Against sterilization

Framework for future development

CONCLUSION

AGIT PROP: UnSPACE

forgotten spaces competition

refer to appendix 08. Urban Suture

EXPERIMENTATION refer to appendices 02-07

Ownership

Reinterprate Space

Event

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Enclosure

APPENDICES

Allegory

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Catalyst

Path

ABST R ACT How, using Architecture, does one legitimize inevitable wastelands, in the city, while retaining and enhancing their uncertain qualities? This question encompasses a further multitude of questions. What do we mean by wasteland? Why, in Dundee (or any other city), are these spaces inevitable? Is it right to legitimize wasteland, when our current urban and social trend is to try eradicate it? What positive aspects are there about the uncertainty inherent in these spaces, and is this worth enhancing? Finally, how would architecture, or form making, achieve this, especially when building development is inherently a certain process? This thesis will hope to answer each one of these questions. “Summing up the formal characteristic of play, we might call it a free activity standing quite consciously outside ‘ordinary’ life as being ‘not serious’ but at the same time absorbing the player intensely and utterly. It is an activity connected with no material interest, and no profit can be gained by it. It proceeds within its own proper boundaries of time and space according to fixed rules and in an orderly manner. It promotes the formation of social groupings that tend to surround themselves with secrecy and to stress the difference from the common world by disguise or other means.”1 Due to the nature of these wastelands, as a place for freedom, away from the policing eyes of society, it was felt that direct action in these spaces would be away of understanding their potential. Play is an intuitive way of learning. It is an exploration tool built in to our genetic makeup. It is the building blocks of societal interaction. Our very first experience of making social connections with other human beings other than our family is in play groups. It is the first tool we use to understand the world around us. This is the core method for this research. This thesis, including the design projects, is the critical post rationalization of intuitive actions and reactions of the participant in the city. In this way, direct engagement in the city becomes a vehicle for forming urban ideas, outlined above, and testing them. Conclusions made from this research go on to inform the two design proposals: Urban Suture, in London and Future Relics in Dundee. The thesis question, above, orders and sets a structure for the essay. This is done by addressing the unknowns.

(HUIZINGA., Johan, 1955)

STR UCT UR E O F D I SSE RTAT I O N DUNDEE: AN INTIMITE STUDY: Is it right to legitimize wasteland, when our current urban trend is to eradicate it? Why are these UnSpaces inevitable? I aim to formulate an understanding of why these spaces occur in the city and how there needs to be a uniquely different approach to dealing with the city and these spaces. UnSPACE: What is positive about the uncertainty inherent in these spaces, and is this worth enhancing? UNFRASTRUCTURE: what is the potential role of these spaces in the city? By mapping UnSpaces, we define and record the variety of these spaces in Dundee. AGIT PROP: UnSPACE EXPERIMENTATION: Direct action in illegitimate spaces as a tool for exploring architectural ideas. LEGITIMISE UNSPACE: Finally how could architecture achieve this, especially when building development is inherently quite a certain process? Explore the idea of the legitimization of these spaces through two architectural projects, one in London and one in Dundee. FUTURE RELICS from the uncertain present: Through the final design project, final conclusions are made as to the future of these spaces and proposals for them.

INTRO DUCTIO N UnSpace is the shortcut home from school, it is the derelict building slowly corroding behind a dilapidated fence. UnSpace is the overgrown plot which occupies the gap between two tenements, the grass verge beside a freeway and it’s the abandoned industrial wasteland. UnSpaces lack governance, neither private nor by the state. I refer to these spaces as “UnSpace” as the more ‘un’-words that are use to describe a space the more of an ‘UnSpace’ it becomes: Undefined, unused, unwatched, undeveloped, uncontrolled, unloved, uncertain, unpredictable, uninhabited. These are the forgotten spaces of the city, the gaps between the defined and regimented urban program. The majority of these spaces are, at best, un-regarded urban filler or, at worst, unsightly, sinister spaces which propagate fear for the unknown deviant activities which could (and prehaps do) occur. But a scant few have become valuable spaces, places which successfully mediate between and connect the certain formalized spaces in the city. In this text, as in other critical work of these spaces, it should be noted that the same unwords are used as scorn and as praise for these sites. “In this sense the margin is a highly open-minded space. It is space determined by the behavior of its visitors”2 From this statement, by Kenny Cupers and Markus Miessen in the book Spaces of Uncertainty, we see that it is fickle whims of the user which determines atmosphere. These spaces become social barometers for the community in which they are situated. The dichotomy of freedom is evident. Freedom to play exists beside the freedom to rape. There exists a tipping point in all UnSpace where the inherent potential for good can become the potential for evil, and vice versa. Although the urban conditions which this thesis examines are common to all post industrial cities. Found conditions in Dundee served as a testing ground for ideas and experiments (some physically carried out). While Dundee was where initial ideas were tested, a project in London was used to translate these ideas in to a contrasting environment. These projects stem from an unease of the apparent insatiable need, of society, to create and destroy architecture purely for capital gain. The property market crash (2009) highlighted that we build for the sake of development rather than to solve a problem or need. What is the role of architects in this capital driven environment? This thesis attempts to steps outside the architecture, we have been taught in university, and

(CUPERS, Kenny and Meissen, Markus, 2002)

reflects back on our role in developing a shrinking city, where resources are ever scarcer. In this way it is a reaction to the developer lead Dundee waterfront development which is a capital lead development rather than having a distinct social agenda. Transient societies and population flux are becoming ever present issues in the globalised city. As “western” cities expand and contract, as globalised economies compete for footloose industries, it becomes apparent that our present strategies for dealing with these issues are inadequate. How do we deal with the before and after, the vacant lots left by industries, who’s market forces dictate their geographical location, and the voids in the city (space which are created and destroyed at the whim of global ‘market forces’). These voids are mired with issues of ownership and accountability. If a building of significance becomes derelict in the city, it is the council’s responsibility to force the land owner to make repairs to the property but if a stretch of land becomes vacant, councils have little power or incentive to affect positive change. These gaps in the cities fabric are not only voids in geographical space but are also gaps in time. Some voids exist for fleeting moments, some for centuries. A meaningful strategy for understanding and dealing with these environments is needed. Not one which defends their lack of architecture but one which engages with creation and demolition, which is inevitable. This study fails if the conclusion of the final project sterilizes the space to future development. Migratory development flux is inevitable, if not on one site then another. If inner-city brownfield sites are legitimized in a way which prevents further development then progress will inevitably happen on green field sites on the outer boundaries, accelerating expansion and depopulation of the city. This study hopes to define the evolutionary process for UnSpace in Dundee. How, as urban voids, they can become a meaningful addition to the city, and how this meaning can be retained when new development starts.

dundee: an intimate study

fig02.

sketch showing various analytical methods

D UNDEE : AN IN T I M AT E STUDY

dundee: an intimate study

As a group of fifteen, our initial response, to studying Dundee, was to split in to three research groups. Each group would tackle the city at a different scale, over the course of a six week period. The Distant group would examine global issues affecting Dundee and compare the city with other cities, of similar characteristics. The intermediate group would examine Dundee and its region. The intimate group would tack the city and the varying conditions within the city limits. As students we have been directed towards, an almost scientific, quantified, study of space and place. The intimate group had an interest in exploring alternate ways of understanding the city. Environmental factors, population statistics, sectional information, geographical analysis, etc were the tools we used to record place. The division of the Urban Contingencies unit allowed the intimate group freedom to peruse the study in these terms as well as taking a more phenomenological approach. refer to appendix 01. Dundee: An intimate study

dundee: an intimate study

fig03.

urban drift

D RI F T A ND T H E C I TY

dundee: an intimate study

“The sudden change of ambiance in a street within the space of a few meters; the evident division of a city into zones of distinct psychic atmospheres; the path of least resistance that is automatically followed in aimless strolls (and which has no relation to the physical contour of the terrain); the appealing or repelling character of certain places — these phenomena all seem to be neglected. In any case they are never envisaged as depending on causes that can be uncovered by careful analysis and turned to account.”3 The starting point for the intimate group’s study was the urban drift, heavily influenced by the Situationist actions of the mid to late 20 th Century. The Situationists used the dérive (“an attempt at analysis of the totality of everyday life, through the passive movement through space”4 ) as a psycho geographical tool for exploring Haussmann’s Paris. While the Situationists “worked aggressively to subvert the conservative ideology of the western world”5 the intimate group worked to subvert the established rules of urban understanding. The Intimate group’s aim was to understand what is meant by the phrase “typically Dundee”. With the conviction that one could never design for a cities identity if one could not fully understand what that meant. The group identified Dundee as being designed and planned by a top down, ‘God like’, approach. The planning of the city had been heavily biased toward infrastructural flows, mainly road networking, which take little or no account of the human experience in the city. What makes the experience of Dundee different from Aberdeen, what is its positive characteristics and what do the populace identify with? Five extended drifts where undertaken by the Intimate group, at the start of the first term, and many more mini drifts where achieved thereafter. These were exploratory walks crossing the whole of the city, from edge to edge and lasting up to 6 hours. During these drifts varying observational techniques were employed to record conditions along the route. An effort was made to stay within control boundaries as stipulated before each drift. The Group became fascinated by the breaking down of barriers which divided public space and private space. It became apparent that Dundee’s unique identity occurred in the ambiguous, mediatory spaces which could be found throughout the city, spaces with a collision of function and activity which bonded the city together in an unintentional public realm. Three of these intermediates spaces were selected as typical examples and are examined in the section: Mediation spaces: Three case studies.

3 4 5

(DEBORD, Guy, 1981) (ANON) (SADLER, Simon, 1998) 11

S H RI N K I NG C I TY

dundee: an intimate study

“the classical model of urban planning took for granted control over the entire territory, the state as a central building developer, and the existence of welfare state models to achieve good living conditions for all residents. After this model underwent crisis, for a number of reasons, in the 1970’s, it was increasingly replaced by the postmodern model of island urbanism-though it effects continue to be felt in many areas even today, and occasionally it still dominates. The new model dispenses with any type o attempt to shape the whole, limiting itself to small, island like areas for development, planned with increasing perfection, often enough, controlled, while the other areas of the city disappear from the sphere of interest and fail to attract attention. The goal of such planning is to acquire private investment to attract attention. And so this model is also called the “entrepreneurial city”. Both models of urban development-that based on the wealfare and the entrepreneurial model-are, for the most part, ill suited for dealing with shrinking cities. Shrinking areas are categorized by both state and private disinvestment. 6 Dundee is experiencing a major transition period. Once a city based on a thriving Jute industry with a rapidly growing population. Jute is no longer Dundee’s biggest export. Dundee has now a majority quaternary sector of industry, meaning industry of information, research and development. The city is de-urbanizing, by processes outlined below. Dundee’s population is around 140,000 which is approximately the same as that of 1881. At that time two thirds of the population worked in the jute industry. 7 The Jute industry, the major employer has been replaced by information industries such as Education, Technology and service industries. The shift in the economic factors of the city has meant it has had to adapt its building stock to accommodate new uses. Mills transformed into student accommodation, new IT parks developed and major infrastructure added and removed. This change of land use has meant new developments have left old inflexible facilities to become derelict or demolished. This can be seen in the Blackness industrial estate where derelict mill buildings stand beside converted mills, beside empty lots, beside new developments. Doughnut-ing, i.e. the densification of the periphery coinciding with evacuation of the core, occurs when the residence of Dundee wishing for a better life in the suburbs relocate to a bungalow with a patch of garden and a picket fence. These trends are spurred by the destruction of Dundee’s notorious tower blocks whose residents are 6 7

(OSWALT, Philip, 2006) (JONES, Stanlyr James, 1968)

dundee: an intimate study

choosing to live in detached housing. This drift away from the core, coupled with the major evacuation of the jute industry in the early 1900’s has left scars in the cities fabric. Some of the inner city accommodation namely the tenement has been adopted by the student population, but these are transitory occupants who give little care for their surroundings. The housing developments on the outskirts of the city, is planned and unfortunately also leaves much wasted space between new developments. The migration of dundee’s population to the edge of the city is coupled with the outward migration toward the outlying towns and villages, so as the city itself shrinks, neighboring villages grow. This has resulted in the net stabilization of Dundee, and its district’s, population. Due to these processes, described, Dundee and its district have been collectively referred to as a ‘Duntropolis’. 8 This post industrial shift is not unique to Dundee, other cities such as Glasgow, Berlin and Tokyo are also shrinking. This has lead to research being carried out in this field. Shrinking Cities, an international study, publicizes some of these works. The most dramatic case of post industrial shrinkage has been Detroit. The evacuation of the car industry from the city has had a disastrous knock on affect in that two thirds of the city’s population has left. Detroit and Dundee have a similar growth pattern; while the population within the city limits is decreasing the regional population is steadily rising. “

By Neil Walkinshaw (5 th year Urbanism) 13

dundee: an intimate study

fig04.

dundeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s identity through the ages

dundee: an intimate study

fig05.

fig06.

fig11.

fig07.

fig08.

fig12.

fig09.

fig10.

fig13.

images from an urban drift

D U NDE E : STR U GGL E W ITH IDEN TITY

dundee: an intimate study

‘City of Discovery’ – for all its appeals to the past and the future – appears insubstantial and lacks a clear anchorage in the present” 9 Joe Doherty Dundee and District

As one ambles through Dundee’s residential estates, on a Sunday afternoon one notices an eerie lack of activity. Stillness punctuated by a few passing cars. This is especially noticeable the further from the centre one moves. The outward migration has caused a physical distance to grow between ones home and the rest of the city. To go almost anywhere one needs to drive; automobile-ization has sucked the social life from the neighbourhoods and streets. The further from the Tay one travels, the fewer clues as to Dundee’s Identity are apparent. The Law, the river Tay, the tenements and the Universities are all unique to Dundee’s identity. Once one crosses over to the back of the law, Dundee’s identity becomes unclear. There becomes less and less to connect these areas with Dundee, or with each other. There are three discernible trends through Dundee’s demographic. Dundee is physically expanding and outgrowing its borders. Its population is shrinking. There is a peripheral migration to the city to outlying suburbs and villages. “Times of upheaval always cause uncertainty. We are in the midst of un upheaval, even though it is difficult to determine precisely when the industrial society will be replaced by the information society” 10

While five derives took place in Dundee a sixth derive was done in Florence and a seventh in Budapest. These last two studies, where used to compare our findings of Dundee. Florence seems to be carved from a single mass, subtraction, each street a fissure or section cut from which to experience the city, while Dundee is a much more additive city, where the urban mass is composed of individual buildings which sit in space. Florence has a dense, heavily protected urban structure. Florence is more like a museum, than an organic entity. It seems Dundee has a greater potential for positive urban development.

9 10

(JONES, Stanlyr James, 1968) (DETTMAR, Jorg, 2003) 17

dundee: an intimate study

fig14.

detroit

A NE W APP ROAC H

dundee: an intimate study

“But given the scale of change and inadequacies of old concepts it is definitely worth attempting to find a way of understanding landscape appropriate to our times” 11 Traditional planning and urban concepts are based on growth. Detroit city has been the first city which clearly demonstrates that these concepts are wholly inadequate for dealing with a post industrial city in decline. Decamping Detroit is a project which was devised to deal with the massive scale of dereliction in Detroit an ailing city due to the mass exodus of the motorcar industry. The project identified large areas within the city which were beyond saving and would be abandoned. The remaining citizen would be relocated to populate other districts. This radical move illustrates that new concepts and strategies need to be devised when tackling a shrinking population using ailing resources. The resulting wasteland is either transformed into arable land, allowed return to wilderness or reinterpreted using a function suitable to these sorts of spaces, some examples given by Charles Waldheim and Santos-Munné in Shrinking cities 12 are: a rifle range, boot camp, refugee centre, Suburban campground… There are many recent urbanist publications 13 and expositions which are only now coming to terms with the shrinking city as a new form. Germany, with its depopulating east, has published reports of projects which engage directly with the shrinking city. Design projects as of yet have been tentative forays into the shrinking city, because of disinvestment coupled with the lack of understanding which surrounds this topic.

11 12 13

(LANDSCHAFTSARCHITEKTEN, BDLA Bund Deutscher, 2003) (OSWALT, Philip, 2006) See bibliography. 19

unspace

fig15.

demolished homebase, riverside

uns pac e

unspace

Roger Tranicik in his book Finding Lost Space defines them as “the undesirable urban areas that are in need of redesign – antispace, making no contribution to the surroundings or users” 14 These spaces have been described, by the Royal Institute of British Architects, as forgotten spaces. They neither add nor subtract from the city. They just are. These slowly corroding spaces fill the gaps between what is and what will be. They are the spaces between letters of a sentence. They are the voids in the city which we don’t notice on our way to work; overgrown, unkempt pockets of free space. “the marginal spaces do not have any fixed identity: they are recipients of ephemeral or temporary use, personal or collective activities, encounters, desires and projections, that do not contain the ambition to take root, lay foundations, or stress their presence” 15

refer to appendix 05. UnSpace as Canvas

14 15

(TRANCIK, Roger, 1986) (CUPERS, Kenny and Meissen, Markus, 2002) p132-135. 21

unspace

fig16.

bikers colonize unspace

THE UNCARVED BLOCK

unspace

“empty of desire, perceive mystery. filled with desire, perceive manifestations.” 16 As a child we learnt in an almost feckless manner, with no apparent aim. It was easy to learn about the world around us, language, danger, love. Learning came innately. Then we went to school and learning became difficult. I remember crying to my parents one night because I just couldn’t colour between the lines of the monkey I was given as homework. Homework, assembly, authority and strict structure replaced hours of mucking about in streams and climbing trees. Society’s progress has meant a lot of time has to be spent to learn how to make sense of an ever more complex world. 17 “Children, who play life, discern its true law and relations more clearly than men” 18 Unspaces have the potential to be some of the most creative places in the city. It’s where kids come with their bikes and build ramps; they climb fences, explore in the long grass, and break in to abandoned buildings. People walk their dogs, teenagers experiment with drink and drugs. Young boys light fires. They are the unguarded unwatched uncontrolled spaces which allow a freedom which comes from being out of the gaze of the establishment and society. “its real hard to be free when you are bought and sold on the marketplace” Jack Nicholson, Easyrider 19

16 17 18 19

(LAO-TZU, 1993)p 01 (The gods must be crazy, 1980) H.D.T., “Where I Lived, and What I Lived For,” Walden (Easy Rider, 1969) 23

unspace`

fig17.

stone man, old railway yard

unspace

fig18.

paint and snow, old railway yard 25

unspace

fig19.

the allotments

ME D I ATI O N SPACES

unspace

Three case studies, Weavers Yard, The Allotments, and Forebank Road “functions and programs combine and intersect in an endless “disprogramming” or “crossprogramming”.” 20 The Dérives of the intimate group uncovered successful UnSpaces in the city which were actively used and made a positive contribution to the city. These 3 spaces: Weavers Yard, The Allotments, and Forebank Road, mediated their surroundings and inter connected communities. They were chosen as studies not only for their positive contribution, to the urban environment, but also they were a successful where similar spaces had failed. Each of the spaces typified many UnSpaces in the city.

T H E A L LOT M E NTS

refer to appendix 01. Dundee: An intimate study

When recording and quantifying the UnSpace in Dundee, it was noted that a substantial amount was found to be the intended shared gardens of housing estates. These spaces, a concept based on socialism ideals, remain unused due to the uncertainty of ownership and lack of privacy. Most are heavily overshadowed as internal courts. They have therefore become unplanted, untended and unloved and these spaces add little or nothing to the community. The Allotments exists as an exception to the stated condition. It is heavily planted with edible vegetables. It is contributing to a rich sense of community as the residents care and tend to their shared gardens. Why should this site be so successful where other intended spaces have failed? It is a combination of factors like the availability of south light, the small number of units accessing the site, the attitude of the residence and the size and form of the space. It is only once the space has been divided and ownership of individual lots taken, that residents can feel the right or responsibility to mind a space.

(TSCHUMI, B, 1995) 27

unspace

fig20.

plan of weaver yard

unspace

fig21.

model of weaver yard

fig22.

model of weaver yard

WEAVE RS’ YAR D This convoluted space links two streets on different levels. It interfaces with an old converted mill and bungalow housing. There is a spatial complexity due to the convolution of the route, the change in level, the existing bridge and archways, on site. Although the disjointed space seems to be a ‘leftover’ from previous industrial functions (as it may be) it has been moderated by the council, by the introduction of, lighting, planting and the provision of benches. It

is not merely a link nor is it a park. The lower level of the space is colonized by the mill residence while on the upper level kids have transformed it into a soccer pitch by painting goal posts on the existing walls. Here the existing features, the archways, steps and the flyover, contain the space and add spatial complexity. It is more than just a waste embankment, leftover and abandoned. 29

unspace

fig23.

model of forebank road

unspace

fig24.

forebank road model

fig25.

forebank road model

Foreba n k roa d This pocket park sits adjacent to the Catholic Church on Forebank road, which connects the Hilltown to the city. It slopes steeply to the south. The Catholic Church which is of architectural importance forms one border to the park the remaining three sides are bordered by single story residential developments. This space forms an enclave which offers relief from the steeply sloping street. In recent years planting and a bench

have been added to give the space more definition. It is the mix of housing typologies in the area combined with the adjacency of the church which this space seems to mediate. The imposing tower block to the north, the social housing blocks and the duplex apartments, varied in scale, contribute to an intrigue which is unique to this space. 31

unfrastructure

fig26.

UnMap

U NFRASTR UCT UR E To understand UnSpace we need to build a formal language to delineate UnSpace types. Although they share characteristics previously described, these spaces occur throughout the city for a multitude of reasons. They also have contrasting formal and spatial languages: some have manicured lawns while others grow wild etc. In this way the study highlights the existing and potential social value of these spaces to the community. “Surrounded by highways and bike paths near Karlberg Station, there was a weed-filled lump of land. It was fenced in, but wild somehow. If you didn’t notice it that’s no surprise. It was one of those no man’s land spaces – a place unremarkable, unused.” 21 In any new city visited, one must try to decipher the code of the city to garner an understanding of the whole and our place in it. As a simple example, the task of navigating a new urban landscape is made legible by; Infrastructure, (roads, rail, paths, etc) which act as a pattern or matrix, Geography (altitude, slope, aspect, climate) and Structures which act as markers (buildings, bridges etc). It is the Unfrastructure (wastelands, derelict sites, leftover spaces) which is disorientating due to its lack of repetition, order or distinct features. It is not surprising that a city like Berlin which has a huge percentage of these kinds of spaces, is also a city which is very difficult to locate oneself in. Rather than spaces being defined by built form, nodes and markers which act as a guide or/and structure, space is fluid and spills between structures. Built form ceases to be a container for external space but rather buildings are islands in a sea of planar space .

(PETER, Akay and, 2006)

UNFRASTRUCTURE

Dundee city continues to expand physically while its population shrinks; there has also been a mass exodus from the core to the suburb. The failure of the high rise residential building model has left Dundee’s population unconvinced by apartment style living. The double story, single garage house, has become the dwelling of choice for many Dundoneons. These conditions have resulted in a disparate city, one which has large fissures of open space in the urban fabric. These spaces, unlike the infrastructure of the road networks, can be seen as the unfrastructure of discarded space. “the void means the absence of architecture. The void is the domain of the unfulfilled promise and the unlimited opportunity” 22 Mapping the unSpaces in the city was also an exercise in trying to quantify them by grouping them in to their respective functions and by determining how they add value. This was a way of trying to understand how they fit in to the built environment where they occur and why they are uncertain and unused. They were broken into categories which best described their condition. While there was a crossover with some of the sites having one or more of these aspects, it seemed appropriate to differentiate by means of their predominant condition. These categories are loosely similar to those that Roger Tranick highlights in his book Finding Lost Space 23 In the book Tranick highlights the highway, the modern movement in architecture, privatization of pubic space and changing patterns of land use in the inner city.

22 23

(DIJK, Hans van, 1998) (TRANCIK, Roger, 1986) 33

UNFRASTRUCTURE

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UnMap

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UnMap

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google image

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google image

INFRASTRUCTURAL UNSPACE

WAITING DEVELOPMENT

These spaces, are the left over sites between â&#x20AC;&#x153;segregated traffic systemsâ&#x20AC;? 24, under bridges, motorway islands, highway buffer zones etc. J.g ballard highlights, in his book Crash 25, the way in which large highway infrastructure has a way of cutting off space from the city, creating island wastelands.

Sites cleared and earmarked for development sometimes become undeveloped for numerous reasons; legal, political or financial. Dundee and the UK have seen a rapid increase in these sites since the onset of the financial crisis and subsequent recession. Building activity has to a large extent ceased and sites earmarked and cleared for development, lie dormant. Quite often these sites are by large blue hoardings around the perimeter with no building activity within.

24 25

(TRANCIK, Roger, 1986) (BALLARD, J. G., 1974)

UNFRASTRUCTURE

fig31.

fig33.

UnMap

google image

fig32.

UnMap

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google image

DERELICT SITES

INDUSTRIAL WASTELAND

These are sites/buildings which have fallen in to disrepair. This could be for multiple reasons. Local councils have the power and the authority to force the owner to make repairs or to sell the building or to make a compulsory purchase order. In reality it is not often the case that owners are brought to book in Dundee. Many houses and plots along Roseangle and in other areas lie in disrepair and have been that way for long periods of time. Perhaps enforcement is restricted by legal nuances that make it near impossible to realize and needs to be looked at more carefully by law.

The old railway yard off Roseangle is an example of how change in land use due to the nature of industrial decline in Dundee can result in UnSpace. These sites tend to be less financially viable to develop as they are more likely to be contaminated than Greenfield sites. With the decline of the jute industries many old mill buildings have been demolished and in some cases the land lies vacant for extended periods.

dundee: an intimate study

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UnMap

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UnMap

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google image

STEEP SLOPES

WILD CORRIDORS

Balgay hill and The Law are two steep hills within the city which contain UnSpace due to the steepness of the slopes. On the Law, parts of these wastelands have been transformed into allotments. The South facing aspect is favourable for growing plants and vegetables.

These are the spaces, in the city, where indigenous flora and fauna has been allowed to grow. They occur beside geographical features such as rivers and waterways. There are two major corridors in Dundee, both follow watercourses. These spaces are highly successful for bringing nature in to the city. They are used as play spaces for kids and as a leafy retreat from the city. These corridors also add to the visual beauty of Dundee city. These spaces have been recognized, by Dundee council, in recent times, as assets for the city and such strategies for protecting enhancing and extending them have been drawn up.

dundee : an intimate study UNFRASTRUCTURE

fig39.

UnMap

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google image

fig41.

planned UnSpace

PLANNED UNCERTAINTY These spaces, intended as social positive spaces, add to internal courts in large social housing schemes, lie little to the community. In this way uncertainty is a dormant, occupied only by the occasional shed. These spaces, envisioned as shared public land, lack clear byproduct of design/planning failure. ownership and delineation. No one therefore feels Ebenezer Howard in Garden cities advocated open space, responsible for them and as a result no one uses or as a way of ridding society of the urban ills associated maintains them. with industrialization. Le Corbusier further populated his ideals by describing utopian visions in which large building units stood in green open space. This was in contrast to the cramped conditions of many European cities at the time. By far the largest portion of UnSpace in Dundee is in this category. Shares garden confined 37

AGIT-PROP

nnie lee bo ste

esm

ph en

neil

brian

Refer to: Appendix 02: Path through UnSpace: Project in Unspace Appendix 03: Cut up V&A: Project in Unspace Appendix 04: Rowan Tree: Project in Unspace Appendix 05: UnSpace as Canvas: Project in Unspace Appendix 06: Picket Fence: Project in Unspace Appendix 07: Uncertain Exhibition: Project in Unspace Appendix 08: Urban Suture: Forgotten Spaces competition

E xplorat ion in to uns pac e

AGIT-PROP

“A surplus of freed-up space provides new possibilities. A dearth of long term options for repurposing replaced by the ephemeral activities of interested parties who have little capital to spare. They experiment with new uses and forms of operation, create social interactions, and give new cultural meaning to what was not there.” 26 The study of uncertain spaces in Dundee has been undertaken and understood through a network of mini projects all feeding intuitively off one another. Although quite different in technique they follow a few distinct rules: 1. They try to subvert and challenge the way in which we understand and explore our environment 2. They are all participatory; action, movement and primary observation in UnSpace (being, seeing, doing). 3 They explore alternate programs for city space. 4. They explore the possibilities of participation in our environment, our ability to change and effect change and to learn in the process 5.They?(as per the other rules) Explore notions of public and private space (where people can and can’t go). .

Agit-prop “political propaganda disseminated” 27 These projects are a template for urban engagement, using real conditions, real sites and real responses. “a whole toy box full of playful, inventive strategies for exploring cities...just about anything that takes pedestrians off their predictable paths and jolts them into a new awareness of the urban landscape.” 28 As a core group of 5 urbanist friends we wanted to experiment at a city scale, using agit prop projects to formulate and test ideas and theories and to push at the boundaries. These mini projects took the form of urban agitation of some form, erecting fences, breaking barriers, creating exhibits. This was a way of stimulating what we saw as the “banalization” which Guy Debord alludes to, in his essays for the Situationist International. At first we were not aware of how these projects would help us to formulate these

26 27 28

(OSWALT, Philip, 2006) (UNKNOWN) (HART, Joseph, 2004) 39

AGIT-PROP

fig42.

brian murphy and red paint

ideas, or how they would guide us, although they related to specific elements in each AGIT-PROP of our projects. Subversive art and architecture has always been represented in these unspaces for the purely practical reasons of freedom of space, of ownership and the unnoticed qualities. But they also happen here for political reasons, to highlight the dysfunction inherent in the system. Dereliction neglect of our urban spaces often reflects the same conditions of our social structures. A rough neighborhood is not only dangerous it is usually dilapidated. Redfern in Sydney is a good example where the social ills are reflected by the physical environment. There, activists express their disdain and opinion through the intensive application of graffiti and other such subversive acts. OWNERSHIP “‘public space’ is such a tired cliché it can hardly be used…for if there is one space our freedom is curtailed it is precisely here. Public space is instead a forum for the speedy transportation of people and goods for commerce tourism and consumption” 29 All 5 of the 6 projects were implemented outside of the law due to issues of ownership. The properties were either state owned (Cut up V&A, Rowan Tree, Path through UnSpace, UnSpace as canvas) or private (Picket fence). Approval was not sought for these interventions as, although the projects were illegal, the offence was of a minor nature. Each of these sites has an owner or guardian which is mainly the state, but then all “public spaces” are legally owned. Shopping malls, although public space, are privately owned. So, what defines ownership? Is it the title deeds, the freedom of access, use or some other definition?. When traversing the city on our dérive from the affluent west to the impoverished east of the city, we noticed an increasing lack of barriers to public and private space. Where large villas in the west had high walls, blocking views and access, the east side tenements had shared stairwells on to shared gardens. These projects attempted to push the envelope of what was deemed to be the public’s right of access (visual and physical) and what was not. we challenged the right to break barriers in to public space, by hanging paintings, by planting trees on sidewalks and other acts of minor improvement. They described a role for the ordinary citizen to take a proactive stance in their environment, and so becoming the architects for the future of their environment, their community and their city.

(PETER, Akay and, 2006) 41

AGIT-PROP

fig43.

uncertain exhibition

AGIT-PROP REINTERPRETED UNDERSTANDING OF SPACE Travelling to a foreign country one experiences the banal reality, of other people’s everyday life, with fresh eyes. In all 6 projects the team was looking for new ways to experience the spaces that the projects were placed in. The hanging artwork to the archways of weavers yard transformed that space into a ‘gallery’ for viewing art. There are other spaces similar to this in the city where this theme was not pursued. The display of artwork requires a certain quality of light, a spatial dimension for viewing an appropriate ambiance. By displaying artwork in ideal locations with these qualities we can allow the user -passerby to look on with intrigue and get an experience from the existing conditions of a space which they could not have before. The city becomes a series of these small events, re evaluating the banal streetscape. EVENT “The static notion of form follows function long favored by architectural discourse needs to be replaced by attention to the actions that occur inside and around the buildings – to the movement of bodies, to activities, to the properly social and political dimensions of architecture...The promiscuous collision of programs in space in which the terms intermingle, combine and implicate one another in the production of a new architecture” 30 The UnSpaces which are successful, the ones which mediate between functions in the city, the ones which contain activity, are primarily event based. It is the event and not the architecture which gives value. It is precisely the clash of program, which benefit these spaces . The lack of prescription allows interpretation for multiple use. The UnSpaces with little worth are the ones which are devoid of life and activity. They are urban voids. One such space was at the bottom of the stairs, beside the Solemn store, in the Matthew building. This space was devoid of architectural intent, the leftover ambiguous service zone which all large buildings seem to inevitably spawn . The idea behind the groups exhibition was to highlight these sorts of spaces within the university, using event, not architecture to drive activity in to the cracks of our university UnSpaces. Subsequent to the exhibition I have discovered musicians using the windowless space to drink a beer and play alone.

(TSCHUMI, B, 1995) 43

ENCLOSURE In the wasteland of Roseangle kids had started to colonize different spaces, as hang outs for drinking and the lighting fires. A lot of the evidence of the activity was pro social with seats arranged around a campfire, a barbeque grate. There was also evidence of a lot 0f anti social acivity like the discarded drinking cans, the binge drinking and destruction of public property. Adolescents were occupying this space due to its unwatched character; There are no parents, onlooker or police to be mindful of. In much of this essay, ‘enclosure’ is being promoted as a powerful condition for freedom of self expression, away from social policing, but it can also be a condition for destructive behaviour . The book Lord of the Flies where children are left to their own devices, barbarism takes over. Without policing, in some way, social etiquette breaks down. There is always the dilemma of how to temper enclosure without creating an alienating space to the point where it becomes a breeding ground for lawlessness. In the project Path through wasteland, an upright sleeper was removed which acted as a barrier preventing pedestrian flow in to the wasteland. This subtle intervention retained the valued sense of enclosure but altered a social order through the potential of pedestrian activity. ARCHITECTURAL ALLEGORY The placing of a white picket fence and a red post box around abandoned buildings could be seen to be about beautifying the city. It could also be about the requesting of feedback about how one experiences such spaces, posted through the letter box. It could be about shining a spotlight and highlighting the decay in the city, which the city council seems to refuse to address. It may be all of these things. It is also a metaphorical play on using the strength of the symbol inherent in the picket fence, the symbol of the suburban dream. It’s about the way of seeing and experiencing. One person sees a garage under destruction, another sees a broken home, a narrative is built in the mind. The broken floor boards, the window which looks on to nowhere, no furniture and no roof. This is the ultimate symbol of despair, the broken home. PATH These spaces are in a constant flux, where there is a balance between them either becoming positive contributors to the environment or wasteland nightmares. It is a fine line. The isolation from public scrutiny allows a freedom of expression; there is a difficulty in moderating how that expression is manifested. Is it in play or is it in drug and other abuse.

AGIT-PROP

AGIT-PROP There was a discovery of two sites of acts of delinquency, where evidence of drug use, property destruction, underage drinking and sexual activity was found. This in the old railway site for the project Path through Wasteland and it showed that the balance had swung to the negative socio activity. In removing a barrier and opening up a route, albeit still restricted, pedestrian traffic was introduced on to the site to moderate activity. Following this intervention of this project, dirt bikers colonized the site by building their ramps and bringing in furniture.

legitimise unspace

LEGITIMISE UnSPACE

legitimise unspace

Two the projects undertaken, the one in London and that in Dundee, are about finding architectural means to legitimize these UnSpaces. They are about extracting the positive aspects of the site and solving the negative issues associated with wasteland.

FORGOTTEN SPACES COMPETITION despite high demand for real estate in London, there still remain pocket of estranged land, which could be developed to provide improved links and amenities for local communitiesâ&#x20AC;Ś Forgotten spaces seeks out under used areas in something mssing here?of London, the places that do not yet have a place in the minds and hearts of local communities, and explores their possibilities. The extract, above, is from the Forgotten Spaces competition brief. The brief was loose with a stipulation that the project should serve a function for the local community. The borough which this project focused on was Hackney, a bustling area of London with many urban community centers. The focus of the project was on the banks of the Central canal in an area where a developer led construction project was replacing old factories and storage shed with new dense accommodation for the upwardly mobile London elite.

legitimise unspace

PRIMARY RESPONSE Regentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s canal was chosen as the link between all the forgotten spaces, The canal also was connected to the proposed Olympic site and was in itself a forgotten site. The canal, a once vibrant working artery has been reduced to infrequent leisure use. It provides much sought relief as a pedestrian path and a perpendicular connector as an alternative to the major roads which flow in to the city. With the Olympics coming to London in 2012, there was the question of how to engage the inner city communities with the Olympics which is to be in close proximity. My initial response to the project

was to invigorate the UnSpaces along the canal by using barges to connect the spaces to the Olympics. Then in turn each of the spaces would act as event spaces, showcasing the different sports, represented in the Olympics. They would be ephemeral, and like the Olympics, could be demounted as these spaces became developed. Other programs could occur, focused around the idea of event. Market spaces, outdoor theatre, bars and libraries could be possible where converted barges acted as support structures, supplying facilities. The Unspaces are where the activity occur, and could have as little intervention as just a floor platform.

legitimise unspace

FINAL PROPOSAL A following a critical review highlighted that the primary response to this project was one that would rid these unspaces of their uncertain qualities and that a solution should be found which emphasizes the boundless possibilities restricted only by the user’s imagination. While the concept of the event and of the canal as link was retained, a new formal approach was entertained. The ‘uncertain theatre’ was developed as a way of expressing all of the most powerful elements of the chosen site while keeping the space free for interpretation by the user. The sculpturally reductive corten steel pavilion brought together three elements of the traditional theatre; the stage, the wing and the

backdrop. The loose arrangement of these elementary forms provides articulated space for multiple activities. It is an extension of the public realm of the street, a sideways step from the bustle, for play, contemplation, social gathering, musical performance, etc.

fig44.

UnSpaces along regents canal 49

legitimise unspace

fig45.

Forgotten spaces matrix

legitimise unspace

fig46.

proposal image

FU T U R E R E L I CS from the uncertain present

legitimise unspace

The question of legitimizing UnSpace is one of architecturalising it. This section attempts to answer the question: How can this be achieved since uncertainty occurs purely by the lack of architectural program? On initial inspection the site seems to be typical of an urban blight space. It is overrun with weeds and water ponds due to bad drainage. It is unlit and is a dumping ground for the councilâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s building waste. Since it was last used as a railways siding (which ceased in the 1980â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s) it has been scraped clear in anticipation of purchase for development which has never materialized. Due to its close proximity to a residential area and its link towards the city, this space has been frequented by different users; the stay at home mother, walking her dog, the family on a Sunday stroll, teenagers getting drunk on the weekend and bikers practicing tricks, etc. By installing abstracted structures/follies which relates directly to uses and process existing on the site this, project seeks to legitimize those uses, giving further freedom and flux. These are permanent incisions into the wasteland and form a framework for future development. They are relics for a city in hyperflux. While this project is about legitimizing the space the character and the atmosphere of this UnSpace it is as much a statement that these spaces are of huge value to a developing culture. It is a process of quantifying that value. Emscher Park by Peter latz 31 is an example of how industrial buildings and landscape can be reinterpreted after their use, their abstract forms and patinated steel structures makes for the creation of alluring space. This reverses that idea of, what if the landscape of interpretation came first and the uses were built around them. Abstract forms in the landscape perhaps become the relics to which future developments have to respond to.

(SAINT, Marcial Echenique & Andrew, 2001) 53

legitimise unspace

LINKING UNSPACES The initial and strategic response to this project was to find a thread which linked it to similar spaces along a notional route. To connect the city with the Tay following a desire line which binds 4 UnSpaces concluding at the reclaimed land by the airport, avoiding streets and avoiding cars space; to drift. Each of the spaces chosen would have qualities outlined above, worth legitimizing. Although outside the limits of the design project, each space would in some way be legitimized architecturally. It could be a surface, an edge condition, a folly, landscaping or a designed destruction of existing structures, which invites the citizen to engage with the space.

DESIGNED DESTRUCTION What if dereliction, decay, demolition and waste were all part of a strategy for the reinvigorating of the life of a site. What if destruction was designed and purposeful? Why not retain frames, walls and landscapes as unprogrammed spaces for interpretation. Perhaps dereliction could be made safe, just as are the castles and abbeys which have no present use or future worth. How would Uncertain spaces look then, what would their potential be for exploration/ reinterpretation and how much richer could our urbanscape be. It has become apparent that growth isn’t the only process which the city should be designed for. It seems that decay, destruction and demolition are as important to the natural, healthy cycle of Dundee. Our cities are not based on slow organic growth like that of Florence, but based more on the Tokyo model. Tokyo is a city which re imagines itself as a totally different form every 30 years (the average life span of most of its high rise buildings). Unlike Tokyo, however, Dundee’s flux is much slower as there is not as much competition for space in the city. Detroit, the birth place of Motown and for a long time the heart of the automotive industries in the USA, brings to light the inadequacies of current urban design theory, when dealing with a post industrial city in decline. Like Dundee the evacuation of the major single industry from the city has left it in financial ruin. Investment in the city is scarce and the building stock is crumbling and in deca. In their article Decamping Detroit 32 Charles Waldeham and Marili Santos-Munne describe Detroit’s planning commission’s proposal to abandon the most vacant areas in Detroit.

(MANY; OSWALT, Philip, 2006)

legitimise unspace

Marie Farrell-Donaldson, publicly called for the discontinuation of services to, and the relocation of vestiges from, the most vacant portions of the city: The city’s ombudsman… is essentially suggesting that the most blighted bits of the city should be closed down. Residence would be located from dying areas to those that still had life in them. The empty houses would be demolished and empty areas fenced off; they would either be landscaped or allowed return to ‘nature’” Deconstruction is applied as a positive process by a group of demolition workers in Detroit. The one positive aspect from the film Requiem for Detroit 33 which is a damning insight in to the capitalist ills which played a part in the downturn of the once thriving city was that while recycling the materials from the demolition of dwellings, they also recycled the land. This land then became available for other function and uses. They also recycled the investment which was put in to the buildings, reaping monetary gains from the materials. Finally and most significantly the project brought the community together to rid their neighborhood of decay which had blighted it.

AGAINST STERILIZATION Wabi – Sabi, a Chinese philosophy of beauty is based on three rules: Nothing lasts, nothing is finished and nothing is perfect. These rules apply as much to art aesthetic as to architecture of the city. Carlo Scarpa was an architect who dealt directly with these notions. His cemetery at Braom is an exemple of how process can be as much a tool for architecture as light, or enclosure. The fairfaced concrete slowly corrodes in the Italian sun, engaging the construction in the process of aging. His material choice of stone, timber, copper or concrete are detailed in a way as to mature and age with grace, rather than to decay as Le Corbusier’s villa Savoy did in the 1940’s. In Bernard Tschumi’s Advertisements for Architecture, 1977 he says: “the most architectural thing about this building is the state of decay which it is in” of the Villa Savoy. This notion of flux and constant change is relevant to the old rail yard site as there is a real danger that any architectural proposition, unless temporary, will affect (Alter, determine?)the future potential of conventionally programmed building. In conversation with David Macdougall, a senior planner, at Dundee city council, the notion of sterilization was discussed Once a wasteland site became inhabited by a rare plant/animal species that the site would be sterilized against future development. He

(Reqium for Detroit, 2009) 55

legitimise unspace proposed that this would also occur if the site became legitimized architecturally. This is a major concern as, if in the process of legitimizing uncertainty in the city, it prevented the potential for future development. It is essential these spaces remain in flux. It is this state that gives them their abandoned qualities. There are no signs up and there are no gates and wardens. The space does not have a name, it does not have a function, and it does not have a purpose. It does however contain, and nurture event.

FRAMEWORK FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT “The space freed up under the structure is left undefined by price, creating a gigantic experimental field for ambitions and interventions” 34 this was said in relation to Cedric Prices plan to demolish Battersea Power Station while retaining only the smoke stacks. The form rail yard, the site of my final project, is earmarked for residential development by the Scottish Enterprise board. Similar sites in proximity have been developed for student accommodation under the same development project. These student flats are generally of the lowest quality build and do not engage successfully with their surroundings mostly shut off by large perimeter fences. They do not account for or engage with any notions of community and activities associated with that. They essentially form an island, remote and cut off from its urban context. The proposal for the former rail yard site sets out a frame work for future development to engage with existing activities. Unlike previous developments, both the natural environment and the activities contained will form a context within which the new development sits. This thereby strings a connection between the past and the future, flux is not seen as a disconnection but rather as a potential connecting agent. Bernard Tshumi at La Villette structured the layout of follies as to allow them to be read in isolation, although they all speak they all speak the same language “The grid of red follies create reference points and are non-contextual in their form and colour, in favour of an intertextuality that leads to a dissolving of a priori meanings” 35 In this way the follies proposed for the old rail yard, as with La Villette, will establish an atmosphere and structure while legitimizing the valued uncertainty without sterilizing the site to future development.

34 35

(OSWALT, Philip, 2006) (ANON, 1999)

CONCLUSION It has become apparent that the role of the architect is to nurture uncertainty in these spaces as a positive attribute. By linking UnSpaces, as alternate routes, through the city, devoid of cars, the architect can connect and engage communities. By structuring UnSpace, into zones of activity, and legitimizing that activity with architecture, it is possible to promote activity which strengthen social bond. During the course of this research it has become clear that the question of legitimization of UnSpace, in the city, is as much an architectural one as it is a cultural and eventually a political one. Through the design proposals (described above) we have seen that with Architecture the social value, of these spaces, can be greatly increased but before this can occur, there needs to be willingness, a shift in the collective consciousness towards the wasted land which increasingly occupy the city.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ANON. 1999. Parc de la Villette. [online]. Available from World Wide Web: <http://www.archidose. org/Feb99/020199.htm> BALLARD, J. G. 1974. Crash. London: Jonathan Cape. CUPERS, Kenny and Markus MEISSEN. 2002. Uncertain Spaces. Wuppertal: Muller and Busmann. DEBORD, Guy. 1981. Introduction to a critique of Urban Geography; Situationist International Anthology. Berkely: bureau of Public secerets. DETTMAR, Jorg. 2003. Event Landscape. berlin: Bund Deutscher Landschaftsarchitektur-press. DIJK, Hans van. 1998. Colonizing the Void. Rotterdam: NAI Publishers. Easy Rider. Directed by Dennis HOPPER. 1969. HART, Joseph. 2004. A New Way of Walking. [online]. Available from World Wide Web: <http:// www.utne.com/pub/2004_124/promo/11262-1.html> HUIZINGA., Johan. 1955. Homo Ludens. Boston: Beacon Press. JONES, Stanlyr James. 1968. Dundee and District. Dundee: Dundee local executive commitee of the British Assocition for the advancement of science. LANDSCHAFTSARCHITEKTEN, BDLA Bund Deutscher (ed). 2003. Event Landschaft? = Event landscape? Basel: Birkhauser. LAO-TZU. 1993. Tao Te Ching. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. MANY. Shrinking Cities. OSWALT, Philip. 2006. Shrinking Cities. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz. PETER, Akay and. 2006. Urban Recreation. Arsta: Dokument forlag. Reqium for Detroit. Directed by Julien TEMPLE. 2009. SADLER, Simon. 1998. Situationist city. London: The MIT Press. SAINT, Marcial Echenique & Andrew. 2001. Cities for the new Millennium. New York: Spoon Press. The gods must be crazy. Directed by Jamie UYS. Jensen Farley Pictures. 1980. TRANCIK, Roger. 1986. Finding Lost Space, Theories of urban design. New York: Van Nostrand reinhold company. TSCHUMI, B. 1995. Event Cities. Massachusettes: MIT Press.

SELECTED IMAGES

Figure 01-13 Own image Figure 14 Front cover, Time magazine, 06 October 2009 Figure 15 - 46 Own Image

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 01: Dundee An intimate Study; A catalogue of the intimate groupâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s research Appendix 02: Path through UnSpace: Project in Unspace Appendix 03: Cut up V&A: Project in Unspace Appendix 04: Rowan Tree: Project in Unspace Appendix 05: UnSpace as Canvas: Project in Unspace Appendix 06: Picket Fence: Project in Unspace Appendix 07: Uncertain Exhibition: Project in Unspace Appendix 08: Urban Suture: Forgotten Spaces competition Appendix 09: Unfrastructure map