Springfields Country Park - Technical Study - RMGB

SPRINGFIELDS COUNTRY PARK TECHNICAL STUDY

A technical report produced by Ryan Bailey

Ryan Bailey C3330597 MA Landscape Architecture LA705 Advanced Landscape Architecture Studio Major Design - Technical Study Leeds Beckett University

CONTENTS Introduction Topography Analysis Phasing Strategy Route Typologies Route Views Strategy Landfill Construction Softscape Transect Site Sections

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

SPRINGFIELDS COUNTRY PARK

1.0

INTRODUCTION This report aims to explore the technical details involved in realising the progressive rehabilitation scheme for Springfields Farm Aggregate Quarry. The document explores the more technical details within the parkland, resolving areas of detail which showcase the projects individuality, creating well considered and innovative design solutions.

This report is to be read in conjunction with the Springfields Country Park Design and Acess statement.

TOPOGRAPHY ANALYSIS The topography of the site at present is in a perpetual state of undulation.

Due to the quarries nature, it is rarely still and always evolving. It’s topography ranges from it’s highest point at 110m to it’s lowest at approximately 82m.

The proposed contours shown on the following pages have been designed to achieve succinct phasing patterns within the quarry, allowing the progressive transformation from quarry to parkland. Levels have been retained where appropriate and introduced where necessary. The upper wetlands, sitting at 110m have been retained creating a diverse feature within the parkland. The landfill mounds have been proposed along the eastern boundary of the park running from cell 1 in the north to cell 3 in the south with heights ranging from 112m, 108m and 106m respectively.

These landforms encase the park from the eastern edge, creating high points within the park which create excellent vantage points over the site and it’s progressive development. Where levels in the park reach low points e.g.82m and 84m quarrying work has been proposed to be ceased at these levels and no infill material provided. This has been designed to create a dominant feature within the park, similar to that of the Thames/ Chilterns Valley landscape but on a much more intimate scale.

2.0 The proposed site contours have been formed to provide an overall landscape character, indicative of it’s basic landform structure. In particular areas throughout the site a more detailed study would need to be undertaken in order to resolve more complex level issues, such as; water management systems, (swales and land drains) and retaining walls.

These have not been designed in detail, however, site sections Fig 8.0.a, Fig 8.0.d and Fig 8.1.a within chapter 8 have been produced to provide a general overview of these.

Fig 2.0.b - Typical view of the Chilterns Valley landscape

Fig 2.0.a - Valley landscape concept diagram

PROPOSED SITE CONTOURS Proposed contours 3d computer model

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Ryan MG Bailey - Landscape Architect rmgbla@gmail.com

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Springfields Country Park Quarry Rehabilitation Client

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5. All materials/items used to be as specified or alternatives to be approved by landscape architect.

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Springfields Country Park Quarry Rehabilitation Client

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PHASE ONE

PHASE TWO

PHASE THREE

PHASE SIX

3.0

PHASING STRATEGY The Springfields Country Park project aims to achieve a diverse and exciting public park for the residents and wider community of Beaconsfield. The site has been broken down into six phases, employing a progressive rehabilitation scheme which takes place over a period of 13 years, aiming to slowly introduce visitors to the site alongside the working quarry. The scheme allows visitors into the park to oversee the quarrying process, both informing and educating them, whilst showcasing the detriment caused to the landscape through this process.

PHASE FIVE

PHASE FOUR

Overview The above diagram shows the basic structure of the quarry in it’s simplistic form. The diagram shows the routing of the main proposed quarry access tracks, previously quarried extraction areas, proposed quarry extraction areas and landfill cells. The proposed landfill sites have been split into three cells, each to be filled over a 1 year time span, equating to a 3 year total filling period. This would allow the landfill to be capped prior to the arrival of phase two construction.

The basic structure of the quarry extraction areas have been proposed and designed in a way to allow consecutive implementation of the parks phasing. Phase one has been situated to the very south of the site and phase three closest to the bagging plant. This allows quarried areas to be slowly transformed over time, retaining access and quarrying activity on-site whilst the quarries phasing is implemented.

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

PHASE 3

Cell 1

Cell 2 Phase 3

Phase 3 key:

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ll 3

Phase 2

Phase 1

Phase 3 key:

key:

Constructed phasing

Constructed phasing

Constructed phasing

Phase completion

Phase completion

Phase completion

Quarry bagging plant

Quarry bagging plant

Quarry bagging plant

Phase 2

Previously quarried area

Phase 2

Previously quarried area

Previously quarried area

Landfill cell

Landfill cell

Landfill cell

Quarry extraction

Quarry extraction

Quarry extraction

Planted woodland

Planted woodland

Planted woodland

Main access routes

Main access routes

Phase 1

Main access routes

Phase Completion 2017 1 year implementation period

Phase Completion 2020 3 year implementation period

Phase Completion 2022 2 year implementation period

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Phase one sets out to introduce the first constructed parkland phase, transforming the upper deck of the quarry into an inviting and evolving space.

This area of the parkland begins the project with excitement, creating new public access points, viewing platforms and areas for wildlife and relaxation.

The upper wetlands park improves existing landscape features through the revitalisation of the wetlands and reed beds, encouraging and promoting wildlife to the park.

Phase two sees the transformation of the landfill cells, after being capped (see chapter 7.1 for details) making the area safe for human interaction and habitat creation.

Phase three sees the extension of Dipple Wood to the east of the site, enahncing biodiversity through successional woodland creation. Phase three also achieves the connection of the site periphery trail.

PHASE 4

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Constructed phasing

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Quarry bagging plant

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Previously quarried area

Previously quarried area

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Quarry extraction

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Planted woodland

Planted woodland

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Main access routes

Main access routes

Main access routes

Phase Completion 2025 3 year implementation period

Phase Completion 2028 3 year implementation period

Phase Completion 2029 1 year implementation period

Phase 4

Phase 5

Phase 6

Phase four ceases the quarries extraction at it’s lowest levels of 82m allowing for the creation of a diverse valleyed landscape on an intimate scale. This phase achieves a milestone within the project as it sees the public space dominating the private quarry areas.

Phase five removes all quarrying activity from the site. This is been achievable as the park design has stripped out the need for rehabilitation in the form of more landfill and therefore will require less work in the form of extraction and landfilling due to the schemes progressive restoration approach.

Phase six invites the introduction of visitors into the undulating moundscape of the previously quarried landscape, enabling visitor integration with the monumental aggregate mounds.

Restored and improved upper wetlands area

Phase One Implementation Implemented signage educating visitors of the quarry processes and parkland phasing scheme

Fig 3.0.a - Phase one site and viewpoint

Phase 1 observation deck allows users to interact and view active quarrying work

Bagging plant with main quarrying activity taking place

Existing lower walk retained and improved

Phase One Boundary Walk

Fig 3.0.b - Phase one site and view location

Boundary route implemented allowing users to observe active quarrying

Post and wire fence on a temporary basis Retainment of Key Industrial Buildings

Views of quarry expansion and extraction taking place

Water bodies - Filled from pumped overflow areas

Phase Two Implementation Viewing areas over the quarrying activity Quarry excavation

New planting introduced

New routes for exploration

Fig 3.0.c - Phase wo site and view location

ROUTE ANALYSIS The route typologies throughout the parkland have been divided into two categories which note the suitability of the trails for varying users.

The routes have been designed to include even distribution of all park users, allowing all user types to be able to navigate at least the length of the parkland. This sees the introduction of surface typologies, which are explored in further detail throughout this document.

The proposed route structure throughout the site has been explored with P two route typologies. These typologies are SR1 and SR2.

4.0

P P

Facilities

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WC

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WC

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Stroll Route 1 Comprising footpaths suitable for all park users - Cyclists please give right of way to foot users.

Stroll Route 2 Comprising footpaths suitable for most park users. Undulation and surfacing not recommended for wheelchair users.

Visitor Centre

Waste Peak

Central Plaza

Active friendly route Comprising footpaths with undulation, uneven surfacing and varying widths.

Cyclists to be cautious on narrow routes.

Landfill Loop

Facilities

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Stroll Route 1 Comprising footpaths suitable for all park users - Cyclists please give right of way to foot users.

P

Stroll Route 2 Comprising footpaths suitable for most park users. Undulation and surfacing not recommended for wheelchair users.

Visitor Centre Upper Wetlands Waste Peak

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Visitor Centre

i Quarry Remains

Landfill Loop

Quarry Lake

Quarry Basin

Extension Wood

Central Plaza

Route Materiality Hoggin and resin bound Trails 4.1 Hoggin is an aggregate material widely used for roads, pathways, trails and driveways. It is made up from a precise mixture of sand, clay and gravel, creating a stable and usable material which can be easily laid and maintained. With the careful use of site won material being used for the creation of a bespoke hoggin mix, costs can be greatly reduced and site sustainability greatly increased. Due to the quarries geology, being a sand and aggregate quarry should allow most of the materials needed (sand, clay and gravel) to be reclaimed from the site with expected minimal importation of clay.

Hoggin mixture should be made up of a well graded mix of sand, clay and gravel, removing any pieces larger than 40mm. This can be achieved on site through a screening process, ensuring that a careful mixture is created, being sure that the mixture is stable and remains so over time.

When laying hoggin, the mixture should be laid on a well compacted type 1 sub-base, being sure to fill any voids in the sub-base. Hoggin should then be laid on-top of the sub-base in successive layers being careful to not exceed 60mm per layer to ensure proper compaction is achieved throughout. Once the hoggin has been laid gravel should be spread across the surface to a depth of roughly 50mm which is then to be rolled into the surface. (This step should be completed on the same day as laying).

Resin bound gravel will be supplied by Addagrip, as no on-site capabilties can provide the same aesthetic. However, where suitable and approved by an engineer, the use of site-won material is to be used for a type 1 subbase material which can be blended and used on-site. This would consist of a crushed concrete and stone mix as to make sure the quality addears to the Department of Transport Specification for Highway Works, Clause 803. The use of crushed concrete can be won on-site from the break out of concrete from existing quarry access routes which are to be removed.

This would create a recycled aggregate, further improving sustainability due to a reduction in exported waste.

Presure treated softwood timber edge 50x50x150mm fixed using galvanised nails to timber pegs 50x50x450mm driven into ground at 1200mm centres 80 - 100mm Hoggin (Site won recycled gravel mix) To be laid in successive layers not exceeding 60mm.

Hoggin to be graded on site.

Fig 4.1.a - Hoggin pathway

150mm well compacted type 1 sub-base

Geo-textile liner Prepared sub-base/existing

Fig 4.1.c - Typical use of hoggin pathway Fig 4.1.b - (1:25) Hoggin path and timber edging

Grass seeded using Emorsgate EG22c wear tolerant turf mix with clover providing a wear resistant sward 150mm good quality top-soil in accordance to BS EN 3882:2007 Kinley systems Aluexcel edging 65mm Product code: AE65FM Steel peg fixings - 5 per 2.5m Resin bound gravel Addabound Golden Beach, 6mm aggregate by Addagrip.

Minimum 16mm depth over 50mm depth AC14 surface binder course.

Fig 4.1.f - Resin bound surfacing

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100mm depth well compacted type 1 granular sub-base or locally available (Recycled quarry material subject to engineers approval).

Geotextile membrane Q20 170.

Fig 4.1.e - (1:25) Resin bound gravel and steel edge

Fig 4.1.g - Kinley systems steel edging

Fig 4.1.d - Typical use of resin bound gravel

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4.2 Quarry exploration boardwalk sees the implementation of a raised boardwalk which weaves it’s way through the undulating remains of the previously quarried landscape. This allows users to safely immerse themselves within its remains, whilst more informal pathways cut through quarried areas allowing further human interaction with the man-made undulations. .

The decking will be supplied by Millboard, making use of 100% recycled materials forming a composite decking material which is both highly sustainable and well suited for the site conditions.

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Route Materiality Boardwalk

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Proposed materials Millboard composite decking - enhanced grain Dimensions - 50x32mm in 3200mm lengths Colour: Golden Oak Millboard composite square edging Dimensions - 50x32mm in 3200mm lengths Millboard composite joist Dims: 125x50mm in 3000mm lengths Millboard composite bearer Dims: 125x50mm in 3000mm lengths

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Concrete footing as per engineers detail.

Posts to have a minimal of 1/3rd of their length in ground. Subject to a minimum of 400mm to be in ground.

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Pre-cast concrete pier ontop of compacted gravel sub-base layer. See engineers detail for further specifications. Concrete footings generally C20 mix, conforming to BS EN 197-1:2011.

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Millboard composite post 100x100 in 3000mm lengths

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Product Codes: Millboard composite decking - Golden Oak Millboard composite square edging - Golden Oak Joists/Bearers - P1205B300 Post sections: P1010B300 A2 Stainless Steel fixings: FT50P500

Fig 4.2.a - 1:20 section through composite boardwalk

Decking walkway

xpansion joint to be left between ends of all bearers and joists. ways be positioned over joists. e fixed using 6x100mm stainless steel screws. ave a 7mm pre-drilled clearance hole for screw. ng post to bearer use 10x180mm stainless steel cup square hex bolt. o be fixed with a minimum 20mm over joists. oards to be fixed using Millboard Durafix A2 stainless steel fixings 4.0x50mm plicable all Millboard products to be specified in colour: Golden Oak

Notes: A 10mm expansion joint to be left between ends of all bearers and joists.

Cuts to always be positioned over joists.

Joists to be fixed using 6x100mm stainless steel screws.

Joists to have a 7mm pre-drilled clearance hole for screw.

When fixing post to bearer use 10x180mm stainless steel cup square hex bolt.

Decking to be fixed with a minimum 20mm over joists.

Decking boards to be fixed using Millboard Durafix A2 stainless steel fixings 4.0x50mm Where applicable all Millboard products to be specified in colour: Golden Oak Refer to manufactures details if required.

· · · · · · · · ·

Informal exploration walk

Decking walkway

Fig 4.2.b Typical section through quarry area showing unulations

Fig 4.2.d - 1:20 Plan view showing decking joints Fig 4.2.c - 1:20 section through composite boardwalk

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Gabions secured together using helicalls/spirals. Internal windlass ties to be placed at the third height centrally to ensure gabion stability.

Pre-cast concrete with h

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The gabion seating element sees the implementation of a multi-functional gabion.

This would form the function of both a retaining wall and a bespoke seating element. The gabions will form a bounding edge for the quarry remains, allowing the encroachment of the quarry into the central plaza, whilst the seating will allow users to experience the quarries edge on a more intimate scale.

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This edge treatment will also be used in other areas throughout the site. Heights may vary accordingly to suit site conditions and retainment purposes.

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Visitor Centre Bespoke Seating

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Pre-cast concrete with honed coarse aggregate seating top 100x450x5mm Steel plate, welded to upright plate. Fixed in place with anchor bolts through pre-drilled holes.

385x450x25mm Steel plate, prefabricated off-site. Welded to upper fixing plate and lower fixing plates (off-site).

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Concrete footings to engineers details.

Concrete C20 mix conforming to BS EN 197-1:2011.

Prepared granular sub-base MOT type 1 (or other specified)

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150x450x20mm steel fixing plate, welded to upright plate.

Fixed using anchor bolts to concrete footings.

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Fig 4.3.a - 1:20 Gabion basket seating element (detail A,B and C for further details)

Fig 4.3.c - Quarry encroachment concept diagram

Gabion baskets 450x750x1000mm (where bench isn't present) Site-won infill material - gravel screeding to be dealt with on site before Quarry closes.

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Fig 4.3.b - Plan view of gabion seating element

Notes: Where gabion seating is present bespoke gabion elements will need to be used, allowing seating element to be implemented. This will require a bespoke gabion basket.

Gabion baskets to be weld-mesh baskets for stability and aesthetics.

Where seating elements are not integrated, gabions to be placed on a prepared gravel/sand sub-base.

Steel bench supporting beams to be pre-fabricated and delivered on-site.

Pre-cast concrete seating with exposed aggregate to be pre-fabricated and delivered on-site.

Site won material to be screeded on-site filtering out material smaller than 100mm.

Gabions secured together using helicalls/spirals. Internal windlass ties to be placed at the third height centrally to ensure gabion stability.

s 450x750x1000mm (where bench isn't present) material - gravel screeding to be dealt with on site closes.

seating is present bespoke gabion elements will need to be used, allowing seating element to be implemented. This espoke gabion basket. s to be weld-mesh baskets for stability and aesthetics. elements are not integrated, gabions to be placed on a prepared gravel/sand sub-base. pporting beams to be pre-fabricated and delivered on-site. ete seating with exposed aggregate to be pre-fabricated and te. rial to be screeded on-site filtering out material smaller than 100mm. ed together using helicalls/spirals. Internal windlass ties to be placed at the third height centrally to ensure gabion

Gabion baskets 450x750x1000mm (where bench isn't present) Site-won infill material - gravel screeding to be dealt with on site Pre-cast concrete with honed coarse aggregate seating top before Quarry closes.

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Notes: Where gabion seating is present bespoke gabion elements will need to be used, allowing seating element to be implemented. This will require a bespoke gabion basket.

Gabion baskets to be weld-mesh baskets for stability and aesthetics.

Where seating elements are not integrated, gabions to be placed on a prepared gravel/sand sub-base.

450x750x1000mm (where bench isn't present) SteelGabion bench baskets supporting beams to be pre-fabricated and delivered on-site.

Site-won infill seating materialwith - gravel screeding to betodealt with on site and Pre-cast concrete exposed aggregate be pre-fabricated beforeon-site.

Quarry closes. delivered Site won material to be screeded on-site filtering out material smaller than 100mm.

Gabions secured together using helicalls/spirals. Internal windlass ties to be placed at the third height centrally to ensure gabion Notes: stability.

Where gabion seating is present bespoke gabion elements will need to be used, allowing seating element to be implemented. This will require a bespoke gabion basket.

Gabion baskets to be weld-mesh baskets for stability and aesthetics.

Where seating elements are not integrated, gabions to be placed on a prepared gravel/sand sub-base.

Steel bench supporting beams to be pre-fabricated and delivered on-site.

Pre-cast concrete seating with exposed aggregate to be pre-fabricated and delivered on-site.

Site won material to be screeded on-site filtering out material smaller than 100mm.

Gabions secured together using helicalls/spirals. Internal windlass ties to be placed at the third height centrally to ensure gabion Pre-cast concrete with honed coarse aggregate seating top stability.

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0 Detail A: Shows 15 the bespoke gabion measurements, which will need to be pre-fabricated before arrival to site.

Detail B and C: Show the pre-fabricated steel seating supports working in conjunction with the pre-cast concrete seat.

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385x450x25mm Steel plate, prefabricated off-site. Welded

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Detail C

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100x450x5mm Steel plate, welded to upright plate. Fixed in place with anchor bolts through pre-drilled holes.

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Pre-cast concrete with honed coarse aggregate seating top

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.65 R729

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Pre-cast concrete with honed coarse aggregate seating top

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Route Views Strategy

OP1

5.0

Route views walk implements a variety of observation platforms throughout the park enabling visitors to benefit from the site phasing, experiencing views of the quarry and parkland. Viewpoint walk provides a 3.8 mile site wide trail, allowing users to fully immerse themselves within the parkland setting and it’s imposing industrial structures. The viewpoint trail is expected to take users Approximately 2 hours to complete (including stopping times).

The viewing points have been strategically located throughout the parkland at various levels and locations. Their locations have been designed to work alongside the parks phasing, creating viewports that are capable of offering exciting views both during the quarries working life and once the quarry has transformed into a parkland.

OP3 OP4 OP7 OP6

V.4 V.1 V.S

OP2

V.2 V.3

V.7

V.6

OP5

V.5

Fig.5.1.a - Proposed View over parkland towards visitor centre from Woodland Observation Platform (OP5) Indicative of final completion (Phase 6)

Observation Examples 5.1 This page demonstrates two of the observation platforms within the park, visualising how views are expected to look and how those platforms provide spaces for visitors.

The inset plans show their location within the park and demonstrate how the views work within the site. On the next few pages observation platform 2 (OP2) has been explored in further detail demonstrating how the decking would be constructed and how design detailing will be used to create inviting and innovative areas to view the park.

Fig.5.1.b - Location of OP5 within park showing clear viewport, offering far reaching views across the park.

Fig.5.1.d - Observation platform 1 (OP1)

Fig.5.1.c - Location of OP1 within park showing clear viewport, offering vistas over the working quarry.

Observation Platform Technical Resolution 5.2 OP2 (Observation Platform 2) has been the focus for the decking exploration within the technical report and aims to showcase how it’s form and function can be achieved through construction, suitably chosen materials and engaging design detailing. This detail approach on OP2 can be implemented throughout the site as the construction of the decking areas will remain the same. (Construction of structural frame to be achieved through consultation with a structural engineer.)

Fig.5.2.a - Plan view detail of observation platform 2

Observation Platform Materiality 5.3 Materials for the construction of the observation deck have been chosen due to their industrialised aesthetics and structural durability. The structural supporting frame will be constructed using cor-ten steel I beam columns, closely resembling a long-standing industrialised structure.

Materials used for the upper deck construction will have slight variation through the use of decking (Streetlife solid deck 70) with an integrated cor-ten steel strip running the length of the platform.

Cor-ten Strip The cor-ten strip has been designed to be an integral part of the observation platform, animating the decking, guiding users along the platform to it’s edge where lies the views of the quarry. The cut-out patterns have been designed to slowly tell a story of the park, at first inviting the users onto the platform, introducing the site phasing with key dates which eventually lead to the main signage. Arrow shape cut outs have been integrated into the strip, which mimic the quarries use of conveyors to transport material around the site (see fig 5.3.a & b).

78.35

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Fig 5.3.a - Showing pattern on typical quarry conveyor

Fig 5.3.b - Showing typical quarry conveyor in use

100

100 400 599.57

Fig 5.3.c Inset plan showing cut-out pattern in cor-ten and how this animates the platform showing what’s beneath.

Fig 5.3.d - Construction dimensions to be used for water jet cutting by JGB Steel

Corten steel sheet 600 (w) x 5000 (l) x 30 (t) Attached with bolts Pre-drilled countersunk holes

Fig 5.3.e - Materials layers used for construction

Stainless steel frame 600 (w) x 5000 (l) x 40 (t) Frame pre-fabricated with predrilled thread tapped holes.

Welded to steel I beams Timber decking - Solid deck 70 70 x 70 x (2 &3m lengths) Supplied by StreetLife Fixed using supplied fixing clamps (see detail Fig 5.4.d)

Steel I beam joists 100 (w) x 100 (H) x 4 (t) Steel I beam dimensions to be approved by civil engineer.

Steel I beam 200 (w) x 200 (H) x 6 (t) Steel I beam dimensions to be approved by civil engineer.

Fig 5.3.f - Exploded axon showing how material layers are used

Observation Platform Bespoke Corten Strip 5.4 The bespoke cor-ten strip will be an individually designed strip for each of the observation platforms. These will invite the users onto the platform, briefly describing the phasing and it’s date of completion and the view ahead.

Fig 5.4.c -Detail plan of decking I beam structure spacings and measurements 5000

Fabrication

200 1800

1800

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Fig 5.4.b - Inset showing balustrade detail

3000

3000

JGB Steelcraft have been appointed as the primary fabricators on this project due to their ability to handle all of the manufacturing processes from sourcing the steel, fabrication (water jet cutting, cnc folding, welding etc.) and delivery.

Water jet cutting has been chosen to be used for all cor-ten cutouts due to it’s accuracy and ability in producing detailed cuts which is also cost effective. Where cor-ten water jet cuts are exposed on outer edges, they should be cut to a quality rating of Q5 and typically where cuts do not have exposed edges, such as text cuts, they can be cut to a rating of Q3. This aims to speed up cutting time, inturn reducing costs.

JGB Steelcraft (Uk) Limited Tel: 0141 892 2000

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Fig 5.4.a - Showing steel structural construction detail for the observation platform with cantilevered edge

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1:20 @ A3 1800

Fig 5.4.e -Detail section showing decking structure, balustrade and signage.

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Fig 5.4.d - Showing indicative detail of Streetlife Solid deck 70 butterfly fixing method.

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Fig 5.4.f -Showing construction detail of material intersection

Fig 5.4.g - Detail section showing cor-ten sheet fixings and dimensions

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Observation Platform Signage 5.5 The signage for OP1 has been designed to be inclusive for all users of the site including the use of wheelchairs.

The seamless integration of the cor-ten signage and cor-ten strip continues the flow of human activity towards the edge of the observation platform and informative signage. Details on this page aim to show the generalised aesthetic of the signage and measurements, enabling its construction. The signage is to be implemented on a rotation basis which can be seen on the next page. This shows how the sign is predicted to evolve over time, alongside the evolving landscape through it’s phasing strategy. The smaller signage below is to be used as secondary signage, promoting wayfinding across the parkland.

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Route S2 1.1 mile

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Imagery is used to show people how the view has changed, depicting what the landscape used to be.

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Grade B Cor-ten steel 30mm thickness Signage sheet to be 2550mm in length.

Pre-fabricated to specified angles.

5

Secondary Signage 600

Integrated text informs visitors of the landscape characteristics and other information.

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250

Grade B Cor-ten steel 10mm thickness 30x7.5mm risers on underside 3mm border plate to hold signage print in place.

Clear perspex sheet to be fastened in place between cor-ten sheets.

Secured using tamper prood security screws pre-drilled and threaded holes.

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Quarry Basin Way

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30

Secondary signage located around the park will be used as a means of wayfinding for users. This signage is minimilistic in it’s aesthetic, however, also offers valuable information to it’s viewers.

Materiality and detailing reflect it’s cold industrial past, such as the Cor-ten steel and gabion wire mesh, both used in other areas of the parkland. Etched text within the cor-ten reminds people of the parks transition.

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Etched text is used to infrom vistors of the route they are using and distances left on that route.

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Notes: Grade B Cor-ten steel EN 10025-5:2004 Supplied by JGB Steel Craft (JGB will be carrying out all steel fabrication for project due to their in-house capabilities).

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Notes: Grade B Cor-ten steel EN 10025-5:2004 Supplied by JGB Steel Craft (JGB will be carrying out all steel fabrication for project due to their in-house capabilities).

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The first round of park signage on OP1 sees an educational feature within the park, depicting quarrying activities taking place within the park through image annotation.

This will enable visitors to locate key areas within the working quarry. A diagram will sit below further depicting the quarries processes, from material extraction to site delivery.

Fig 5.6.a - Typical round 1 signage

Fig 5.6.b - Typical round 2 signage

The second round of signage, generally implemented within phases 4/5/6 will indicate how the transformation of the quarry has taken place, how it aims to be transformed with a visualisation to show this. The sign will also invite users to create their own parkland vision and submit this as part of a park wide competition aiming to gain community interest.

Balustrade cut outs allow children to explore viewports onto the quarry and parkland.

Informative Plaques depict quarry activities, species types, views and other local quarries in the area. To be updated as the parkland evolves over time. Park users are invited to submit species sightings online to inform the information on the plaques.

Observation Interest 5.6

Fig 5.6.c - Typical round 3 signage

Observational interest details have been integrated into the platform design in the forms shown on this page.

These aim to animate the space in an innovative way, providing features which will further immerse the users within the landscape whilst catering for a variety of visitors and community involvement.

The third round of signage, implemented upon completion sees the signage transforming to show the masterplan of the rehabilitated landscape. This masterplan will be annotated allowing users to see the definition of each area. Images beside this will show how the park used to look before the transition from quarry to parkland.

Cor-ten plaques to be fixed to balustrade using countersunk anti-taper screws. Plaque widths not to exceed 175mm, lengths to be from 150mm - 500mm with a thickness of 10mm.

Fig 5.6.d - Cor-ten steel balustrade detail information plaques

Fig 5.6.e - Cor-ten steel balustrade detail Viewing window

Case Study Coldstones Cut 5.7 Coldstones Cut, situated on Greenhow Hill in Pately Bridge, West Yorkshire is one of the highest quarries in England. Despite the quarry lieing over 1400m above sea level, it’s careful use of bunding surrounding the site minimises it’s impact within the landscape, undisturbing to the passing eye.

Coldstones Quarry is one of the last remaining quarries within the area of Greenhow, operated by Hansons, providing aggregate and asphalt for major construction projects throughout the UK. Several small limestone quarries operated in Greenhow over the last two centuries and during the 1900’s the surrounding hills were dominated by these.

Quarrying activity currently takes up an area of approximately 30 hectares, working on 6 benches, 15-18m high, reaching depths of 330m at the base of the quarry. Although the quarry is a much deeper quarry than that of Springfields Farm Quarry, similar principles that have been introduced here can be put into place at Springfields Quarry, enabling views and education to be facilitated for.

Coldstones Cut is an art installation created by Adrew Sabin on a monumental scale. The art installation forms an array of viewing platforms which allow users to view the large void hole caused by the quarrying activity, whilst also being able to witness the quarrying processes live. The installation aims to educate people about the quarry, showcasing what the quarry produces, how it extracts the minerals and where they end up.

Within the viewing platforms visitors can find useful signage explaining the processes involved. Ecology viewpoints and directional/distanced locations can also be seen within two of the platforms, further animating the spaces, adding extra interest and interaction for the users.

A similar approach is to be used for Springfields Farm Quarry/Springfields Country Park, allowing the transitional progress of quarry to parkland to be viewed by visitors to the park during it’s six phases. This would also aim to achieve an educational purpose, similar to what has been achieved at Coldstones, allowing users to uderstand the processes behind quarrying and unleashing the detrimental scar caused to the landscape through quarrying. However, Springfields Farm aims to showcase how this detrimental scar can be rectified and transformed into a thriving and successful rehabilitated landscape.

LANDFILL CONSTRUCTION 6.0 What is a landfill site?

A landfill site is, in it’s simplest form is an area within the landscape designated for the burial of household and construction waste. This waste is topped up over a number of years, generally constrained by planning permission granted before commencing landfill. The waste has a number of coverings, most notably an impermeable clay layer which is widely known as ‘landfill capping’, these contain the waste below an impermeable mound preventing pollutants from migrating into surrounding areas, leading to ground contamination and water contamination.

The landfill cap is formed of six distinct layers, each playing a crucial role in the survival and longevity of the landfill. These six layers are described in further detail below (see Fig 6.0.a and 6.0.b for construction detailing).

The Clay Capping Barrier provides a final covering for the landfill, providing an impermeable cap for the waste beneath, also helping to stabilise the landfill slopes.

The Gas Venting Layer captures gas created from the decomposition of waste material. This underground pipe network allows the gas to be purified in an on-site or external gas plant, allowing the gas to be used to heat and power peoples homes (in this instance, mainly on-site facilities).

However, under calculations of it’s energy output, this could also be used to power the houses of local residences, providing funding for the parkland.

The Impermeable Plastic Liner prevents the percolation of water into the landfill, forming leachate. The liner also captures and prevents the emissions of air-polluting gases.

The Drainage Layer aids and directs the flow of stormwater off the hills, which helps to keep the landfill stable.

The Barrier Protection Material protects the landfill and the capping beneath, whilst also adding a layer of clean soil which enables users of the park to safely interact with the landfill.

The Planting Soil Layer forms the final layer of the landfill cap, where native grasses and plants are used to help the stabilisation of the materials beneath, preventing erosion and enabling the creation of new habitats.

Fig 6.0.b - Diagramatic landfill formation

Fig 6.0.a - Frank O’Connel - New York Sanitation Department

Compacted Clay Capping Layer

Impermeable Geomembrane Liner

Waste Material

Top Soil - 150mm Min

Landfill Gas Well - Header Pipe Barrier Protection Material 600mm Min Drainage Layer Gas Vent Layer

Barrier Protection Material 600mm Min

Compacted Clay Capping Layer

Drainage Layer Gas Vent Layer

Waste Material

Compacted Clay Capping Layer Waste Material

Waste Material Landfill Gas Well - Header Pipe Impermeable Geomembrane Liner

300mm Drainage Layer Lechate Collection Pipe 60 mil HDPE Geomembrane Liner

Top Soil - 150mm Min Barrier Protection Material 600mm Min

Waste Material

Compacted Clay Liner

Drainage Layer Gas Vent Layer

Waste Material

300mm Drainage Layer Lechate Collection Pipe 60 mil HDPE Geomembrane Liner

300mm Drainage Layer Lechate Collection Pipe 60 mil HDPE Geomembrane Liner

Compacted Clay Liner

Compacted Clay Liner

Prepared Sub-Grade

Prepared Sub-Grade

Compacted Clay Capping Layer Waste Material

Prepared Sub-Grade

Fig 6.0.c - Uppper landfill capping layers

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Fig 6.0.d - Bottom landfill capping layers

300mm Drainage Layer Lechate Collection Pipe 60 mil HDPE Geomembrane Liner

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Landfill Levels 6.1 Landfill Levels The landfill mounds should, where appropriate use slopes at an optimal gradient of 3:1, creating the optimal environment for drainage and soil stabilisation. Where slopes of a 3:1 gradient have not been created due to aesthetical design decisions or site limitations, drainage channels should be used as a means of directing the flow of water.

Fig.6.1.a - Illustrative sections through landfill mounds

Stormwater management Stormwater management is often an issue with landfill mounds and their ability to convey water. Water needs to be carefully dealt with through the design and construction of swales, drainage channels and downchutes, these are capable of transfering water to holding basins and wetlands where the water can be safely stored and filtered. The images and diagram below show the direction of waterflow and use of swales to convey water into the wetlands in periods of heavy rainfall. Drainage channels surround the landfill mounds directing the water to the swales.

Fig 6.1.d - Stormwater management at Freshkills park.

Gabion baskets form a cascading feature which directs water.

W ate r W ate r

me

ca tch

me

Wat er ca tchm

ca tch

nt sw ale

nt sw ale

ent s wale

Fig.6.1.b - Landfill mound heights and cell sizes

Fig 6.1.c - Indicative pattern of stormwater run-off through the use of drainage swales with indicative contours

W etl a

nd

SOFTSCAPE TRANSECT Introduction The key objectives of the soft landscape strategy for Springfields Country Park follow through from the objectives set out in the Design and Access statement (See softscape strategy in Design and Access statement for details). These objectives see the creation of an ecologically rich landscape, making use of native species and species which have already been found thriving in the South Buckinghamshire area, enabling the landscape to remain sensitive to it’s setting. Careful introduction of new species will make way for seasonal interest throughout the park, whilst the manipulation of planting scales will create segregated areas within the wider landscape ensuring the delivery of meaningful places at a human-scale.

7.0 Tree species and their distribution are key to the establishment of the parkland, utilising vistas strategically located throughout the site towards the old quarry machinery. The tree positioning will provide informal foiling of these views, allowing the manipluation and enhancement of these from dedicated observation platforms which allow uninterrupted views across the parkland towards the old quarry machinery and the new visitors centre.

The transect diagram opposite shows the generalised habitats and characteristics that are intended to be created through the landscape.

Some of these habitat areas have been explored further on the next few pages,

Birch Coppice Shelter Wood Specialist Horticultrure

Quarry Experiment

Fig.7.0.a - Masterplan showing transect in context

Wetland Zone

Wildflower Meadow

Quarry Basin

Woodland Extension

Coppice Walk 7.1 Coppice walk invites a traditional method of woodland management back into the new landscape, creating both an aesthetically pleasing woodland comprising multi-stem trees, flourishing woodland fauna and an ecologically rich habitat due to it’s constantly evolving state. The coppice will adopt an approach which is suited for it’s distinct scale and purpose where individual trees are to be coppiced on rotation cycles rather than the traditional method of coppicing panels at a time. This would enable the establishment of a woodland which is more sparse in appearance, inviting users into the informal pathways. The introduction of multi-stem trees creates further aesthetical appeal within the woodland, predominantly alongside pathways.

Fig.7.1.a

Fig.7.1.b

Fig.7.1.c

Marginal/Aquatic Planting Marginal planting enhances existing reed beds, creating buffers between the waters edge and the surrounding pathways, limiting human disturbance to existing wildlife habitats. In certain areas around the wetland, human interaction will be encouraged through informal pathways within the reed beds.

Fig.7.1.d

Fig.7.1.e

Fig.7.1.f

Multi-stem walk Multi-stem walk mimics the use of coppicing through it’s clever use of multi stemmed trees. Himilayan birch creates user interest through it’s contrasting bright white bark against the lower carpet of ferns. Interspersed species within create distinctive interest.

Fig.7.1.g

Tree have been specified in various heights and forms to create an instant impact on the site. Careful distribution of tree planting will allow the woodland to have areas of mixed densities, creating further interest.

+ 110 + 110.3 + 109

+ 107 Contrasting fern and grass planting against multi-stem himilayan birch

good quality tree soil Supplied by: Greentech or similar approved Re-graded slope for tree planting Tree support system: Supplier: Platipus (Tel. 01737 762300) or similar approved Product: Plati-Mat Deadman anchor system or similar approved to suit tree size.

Minimum 100mm horticultural sand to support rootball

Existing consolidated sub-grade / sub-soil.

(De-compact beneath tree pit) Proposed rootball tree Uninterrupted slope prior to tree pit installation

Fig 7.1.l - 1:20 sloped rootballed tree pit construction detail typical of areas ‘Multi-stem walk’ and ‘Birch buffer’

Fig.7.1.h

Fig.7.1.i

Fig.7.1.j

Fig.7.1.k

Coppice Woodland The coppice woodland has been incorporated as an area which provides great aesthetical interest and ecological benefits, whilst also providing materials for natural play features within the parkland (see fig.7.1.7). The coppice will benefit from a multi-species mix, comprising Birch, Hazel and Chestnut.

The understory mix of the coppice will create low lying carpets exuding colour throughout spring and displays of green during summer. See Fig.7.1.12 for coppice progression.

Birch Buffer The Birch buffer will be planted as a buffer between visitors and the proposed access road to the car park. These trees will prodominantly be Birch, planted for it’s resistance against pollution, enabling further buffer planting between the parkland and motorway, The understory here will comprise of mainly shade tolerant plants such as grasses and ferns.

Low growing planting cover, comprising wood anemone, wild garlic and bluebells.

+ 103

Open glades within coppice, inviting user exploration and new habitats

+ 100

Coppice Walk 7.2 The coppice would be managed on a sequential biennial rotation cycle, generally employing a shorter rotation period which will vary from between 3 to 12 years. The coppice is made up of rides which are trackways designed within the woodland allowing for access and management.

The proposed ride system within this woodland is comprised of two distinctions, one of which will have two purposes with it’s main purpose being for pedestrian access and it’s secondary being for woodland management. The secondary rides create smaller management trackways within the woodland and also invite user exploration as they will be notable informal pathways. Woodland glades offer smaller, more open areas of the woodland creating intimate spaces with a rich layer fauna and flora.

7

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Proposed management would invited community interest and action into the parkland through activity days put on by the visitor centre, educating and training interested community members in the ancient woodland management system of coppicing. This would enable and established group of community members to take-part or even eventually take-over the management of the coppice woodland. In doing so, they would reap the rewards for doing so.

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Fig 7.2.a - Sequential biennial coppicing management regime employing a 12 year rotation cycle around a primary and secondary ride system.

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Indicative non-coppice areas comprising multi-stem and 3 trees 11 standard

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“Many different plants and animals – from butterflies to dormice – benefit from the increased light levels and shrubby re-growth that result from coppicing.”

-Small woodland owners group - Coppicing Survey

Tree Planting Species (Latin Name)

Species (Common Name) Specification

Height

Girth

Betula Pendula Betula Pendula Betula utilis jacquemontii Betula utilis jacquemontii Betula utilis jacquemontii Corylus Avellana Corylus Avellana Corylus Avellana Castanea Sativa Castanea Sativa

Silver Birch Silver Birch Himalayan Birch Himalayan Birch Himalayan Birch Hazel Hazel Hazel Sweet Chestnut Sweet Chestnut

4.0m Min. 1.8 - 2.4m Min. 3.0m Min. 3.5m Min. 3.5 - 4.0m Min. 2.0 - 2.5m Min. 1.5 - 2.5m Min. 0.6 - 0.8m Min. 0.6 - 0.8m Min. 1.5m Min.

14 - 16cm N/A 12 - 14cm 14 - 16cm N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Fully furnished: Rootballed Fully furnished feather: bareroot Fully furnished: Rootballed Fully furnished: Rootballed Multi Stemmed: Rootballed Multi Stemmed: Rootballed Multi Stemmed: Rootballed Feather: Bareroot Transplant 1+1: Bareroot Whip: 1 break

Understory Planting Species (Latin Name)

Species (Common Name) Specification

Height and Spread

Anemone nemorosa Allium ursinum Brachypodium sylvaticum Dryopteris filix-mas Euphorbia amygdaloides robbiae Hyacinthoides non-scripta Luzula sylvatica ‘Marginata’ Luzula pilosa

Wood anemone Wild Garlic Wood brome Male fern Mrs Robb’s Bonnet Bluebell Great wood rush Hairy wood-rush

1L Pot 50cc min. Plug: established root 1L Pot 2L Pot 2L Pot Seed 1L Pot 1L Pot

Ultimate - 0.5 x 0.5m Ultimate - 0.5 x 0.5m Ultimate - 0.3-0.9m Ultimate - 1.5 x 1.0m Ultimate - 0.5 x 1.5m Ultimate - 0.5 x 0.5m Ultimate - 0.5 x 0.5m Ultimate - 0.3m

Polystichum setiferum

Soft shield fern

2L Pot

Ultimate - 1.5 x 1.0m

Fig 7.1.b - Coppicing progression

Maintenance Schedule Maintenance will form an important aspect of the establishment and success of the wildflower meadows.

Autumn Sowing (First Year) 1st Cut 2nd Cut 3rd Cut

March to 40 to 70mm Early May to 40 to 70mm Late August to September to 40mm

Thereafter 1st Cut 2nd Cut

March to April 40 to 70mm Late August to 40mm

Within the first year of establishment the meadow will require a slightly more intensive management schedule requiring 3 cuts.

Subsequent years after this will only require 1 or 2 cuttings per year.

Where informal walkways are routed the requirement of more intensive mowing may be required to keep routes well distinguished.

Mowing regimes for these routes will be continually assessed on-site as this will depend on growth rates and human activity.

Fig.7.2.b - Typical mown wildflower route and informal spill out area Fig.7.2.a - Indicative area of wildflowermeadow mix WFG7

Wildflower Habitats 7.2 WFG7 - Wildflower mix - 98,442m2 = 492kg sown at 5g/m2 Wild Flora mix by Germinal seeds has been selected for the main wildflower meadow strip running through the park, highlighted in fig.7.2.a. The wildflower mix has been created as a suitable species mix for sand based soils which are predominantly of a dry nature, utilising an 80% grass to 20% wildflower mix. Grasses contained within this mix are both drought tolderant and provide good stabilisation of ground cover.

Species (Latin Name)

Species (Common Name)

%

Height

CYNOSURUS cristatus FESTUCA arundinacea FESTUCA RUBRA SSP litoralis PHLEUM bertolonii

Crested Dogstail Tall Fescue Slender Creeping Red Fescue Small Leaved Timothy

25% 25% 25% 5%

50 -75cm Up to 200cm Up to 70cm 10 - 15cm

GALIUM verum MEDICAGO lupulina DAUCUS carota LEUCANTHEMUM vulgare ANCHILLEA millefolium SILENE alba LOTUS corniculatus RHINANTHUS minor VERBASCUM nigram ULEX europaeus

Lady’s Bedstraw Black Medick Wild Carrot Oxeye Daisy Yarrow White Campion Birdsfoot Trefoil Yellow Rattle Dark Mullein Gorse

3% 3% 2.3% 2.1% 2% 2% 1% 1% 1% 0.7%

ANTHYLLIS vulneria ECHIUM vulgare RUSEDA lutea RUSEDA luteola LEONTODON hispidus CAMPANULA rotundifolia

Kidney Vetch Viper’s Bugloss Wild Mignonette Weld Rough Hawksbit Harebell

Up to 60cm 5 - 50cm Up to 60cm 30 - 60cm 15 - 60cm 30 - 100cm 5 - 40cm Up to 60cm Up to 120cm Up to 200cm 0.4% 20 - 60cm 30 - 90cm 0.4% 0.4% Up to 60cm 0.4% Up to 150cm 0.2% Up to 50cm 30 - 40cm 0.1% Sowing Rate - 5g/m2

Flowering

Colour

N/A N/A N/A June - August July - August May - August June - August June - August June - August May - August June - September May - August June - September March - June June - September July - October June - August June - August June - September July - September

White White White White

Wildflower meadows have been chosen as a large proportion of the parklands ground cover due to their naturalistic displays, low maintenance regimes and ecological benefits. This creates an appeal for all parties, including visitors, habitats and also funding bodies of the park due to their lower costs.

Wildflower meadows have a unique ability to create naturalistic spaces within their planting through simplistic methods of seeding and management, such as prioritised mowing regimes, allowing informal pathways to easily be

integrated into the planting, reducing the cost implications that would normally be involved for hard landscaping.

Informal paths would comprise seating areas and natural play areas further evoking human interest within the spaces.

Where informal pathways are incorporated into meadowscapes, ground markings are to be marked out prior to hydroseeding of WFG7. Pathway areas to be seeded seperately using Emorsgate EG22c wear tolerant turf mix with clover providing a wear resistant sward.

Hydroseeding Hydraulic Mulch Seeding (Hydroseeding) is the process of applying a specially formulated mixture of slurry, made up of water, seed, hydro-mulch, fertiliser and eco-binder. The application of this is done in one operation, making for a fast an effective way of applying wildflower seeds to large areas.

Hydroseeing has been the chosen method of applicaition for the large areas of wildflower due to the site constraints and areas of planting needed. This will create a cost effective mode of application whilst improving plant establishment.

Hydroseeding on-site to be undertaken by RMB Hydroseeding or other approved hydroseeding specialist.

Hydroseeding is to be used in other areas of the quarry where undulation and large areas means application may be difficult and best acheived using this method.

SITE SECTIONS

8.0

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The following site sections have been taken through the site aiming to illustrate how relationships between level changes and paths could be resolved. These design details could be implemented throughout different areas of the site using a similar design response.

Fig 8.0.b - Section line B-Bb and Detail conotur adjustments at pathways (in black)

Fig 8.0.c - Water filtration

Fig 8.0.a - 1:200 section showing level change from upper wetlands

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Fig 8.0.d - 1:200 section showing level change from upper wetlands

Fig 8.0.f - Section line C-Cc and Detail 20 10 Design realignment to better cater for level 25 change 0 15 5

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3 7.2 10

8.1

00 ng 15 di n La

The following drawings have been produced as a means of exploration into the more technical requirements of level changes on the site. This area has been explored further to resolve design issues that relate to the topography on-site.

00 ng 15 di n La

13

1:

1100mm Cor-ten balustrade to step edge

0

00

15

Steps - rise:150mm tread:400mm Level landings - 1500mm

1:13 graident, Addabound resin bound surface treatment (see detail Fig 4.1.d)

108.95

00 ng 15 di n La

110.00

1:13

13

1:

1:13 107.23

80 10

1:13

10000

00 1:13 0 00

15

1500 Landing

15000

1500 Landing

1500 Landing

6

7900

4.6

10

1500 Landing

15000

1500 Landing

15000

00 ng 15 di n La

108000

Fig 8.1.a - 1:150 Section D-Dd through pathway showing level changes 00 ng 15 di n La

.0

3

1 :1

3

4 10

+ 100.90

1 :1

00

2.

10

D-

+ 104.66

Dd

110.00

.00

0

10 + 102.33

0 .0

13

1:

6

1:13

10

4 10

3

108.00

1:1

1

.00

110.00

N

00

.

04

.00

13

1:

102

+

20

23

15

1:13

104.00

3

1:1

+ 4.

10

3

1:1

33

2.

1:13

+ 90

0.

10

1:13

100.00

10

.00

+

100.00

0 10

N

N

66

1

100

25

102.00

0

.0 00

.00

7.

5 106.00

10

10

D-Dd

p o ste ade t lustr en ba Cor-t mm 1100 edge mm :400 tread 0mm se:15 s - ri Step 0mm - 150 d ings boun l land resin 4.1.d) Leve ound ig b Adda e detail F ent, e graid tment (s 1:13 ea ce tr surfa

0

.0

2 10

0

+ 100.90

0

0

10 5

5

20 15

25

Fig 8.0.b - 1:400 Detail plan inset showing path with contours and tree planting

10 15

104.66

20 107.23

1500 ing Land

1:13 102.33

1:13

25 1500 Landing

100.90

1500 Landing

15000

1500 Landing

15000

1500 Landing

100.00

0

.0

6 10

3 1:1

.00

00 0.

11

108.95

8

10

8 10

+

.00

0

.0

0 11

10

0

11

.00

0 0.0

1500 ing Land

REFERENCES

9.0

Millboard composite decking

Lechate and landfill gas collection

http://www.millboard.co.uk/enhanced-grain-decking/

Landfill Design, Construction and Operational Practice, Waste Management Paper 26B, HMSO. p171

Emmorsgate EG22C grass mix

Remedial engineering

http://wildseed.co.uk/mixtures/view/63/wear-tolerant-turfgrass-mixture-with-clover

Remedial enginering for closed landfill sites, CIRIA, D L Barry et al.

Coldstones Cut

Landscape Architects Pocket Book

http://thecoldstonescut.org/index.php?p=the-coldstones-cut

Landscape Architects pocket book, second edition, Siobhan vernon, Rachel Tennant, Nicola Garmony.

Streetlife solid deck 70 decking

Landscape Architecture Graphic Standards

http://www.streetlife.nl/en/product-selector/product/solideck-70

Landscape Architecural graphic standards, Leonard J. Hopper, RLA, FASLA

What is hoggin

Kinley systems

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-hoggin.htm#didyouknowout

http://kinleysystems.com/product/exceledge/aluexcel-ae65fm/

Coppicing http://www.coppice.co.uk/

Wildflower maintenance Germinal seeds, Wild flora mixtures maintenance guide (PDF)

Buckinghamshire habitats Buckinghamshire and Milton keynes Habitat mapping project (PDF)

Coppiced woodlands and their management http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/pubs93_coppicedwoodlands.pdf

Type 1 MOT and recycling possibilities http://www.pathsforall.org.uk/pfa/glossary-of-path-construction-terminology/type-1.html

Landfill creation http://waste360.com/%5Bprimary-term%5D/landfill-revegetation-hidden-assets

Landfill engineering and capping http://freshkillspark.org/landfill-engineering