A NEW WILDNESS
An open and aggregated zoo for the Yangtze finless porpoise
THE YANGTZE DOLPHIN CONSERVATION NETWORK PUBLICATION FIRST EDITION 2016 DESIGNED AND PUBLISHED BY: XUJIE GARY FANG
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A NEW WILDNESS
ABOUT THE BOOK
We believe public awareness is powerful. Rather than a report of the species conservation project, A New Wildness is part manifesto, part manual, part prospectus. It aims to inspire readers to perceive the wilderness in a broader context and conceptualize the dispersed and interrelated wildness in their own ways of seeing.
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AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION A NEW WILDERNESS FOR PORPOISE 10
SPECIES STATUS
14
A NEW WILDERNESS
16
WILDERNESS ALONG YANGTZE RIVER
20
EXISTING CONSERVATION AT DONGTING LAKE
OPEN ZOO AS CONSERVATION 24
TOWARD OPEN CONSERVATION
30
IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK
36
THE OPEN PLATFORM
METRIC ZOOBOOK 44
ASSEMBLE THE ZOO
46
GENERAL ATLAS OF DONGTING LAKE
54
FROM GENERAL TO GENERATIVE
70
AGGREGATED ZOO BOUNDARIES
98
AGGREGATED ZOO MAP 1.0
REFERENCE BIBLIOGRAPHY
-5-
A NEW WILDNESS
INTRODUCTION
ABOUT THE PROJECT
- Open and aggregated - Zoo as conservation - Boundary as landscape as infrastructure In terms of conservation by design, the design research project will challenge the paradigm of ‘nature reserve’ and explore a new wilderness for the Yangtze Finless Porpoise through the scopes of ‘wildness’, ‘openness’ and ‘aggregated territory’. The design outcome would become an open and aggregated zoo as an alternative for the existing conservation.
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AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
Existing Reserve Stele source: http://blog.voc.com.cn/blog_ showone_type_blog_id_751995_p_1.html
CONCEPTUAL DRAWING
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A NEW WILDNESS
A NEW WILDERNESS FOR PORPOISE
‘FRESHWATER DOLPHIN IS ON THE TOP OF YANGTZE AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM BIOLOGICAL CHAIN, AND THUS REGARDED AS INDEX SPECIES REFLECTING THE STATUS OF BIODIVERSITY AND HEALTH OF ECOSYSTEM FOR YANGTZE BASIN.’
-WWFCHINA, 2014
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AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
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A NEW WILDNESS
SPECIES STATUS CRITICALLY ENDANGERED SPECIES
Yangtze Finless Porpoise Neophocaena asiaeorientalis
IDENTIFYING FEATURES:
DIET:
Observing free-ranging finless porpoises presents
Small fish & crustaceans
a logistical challenge, as these animals take swift surface breaths, lack a dorsal fin, are small in size and have barely visible natural markings. Indeed, these animals are among the most difficult cetacean species to observe visually.
LIFESPAN: Average of 18-25 years
REPRODUCTION: Sexually mature: 4-6 years; Gestation: about 1 year; Giving birth to a single calf and providing milk for over 6 months.
After the Baiji Dolphin was announced functional
According to the IUCN (International Union for
extinct in 2007, the Yangtze Finless Porpoise is the
Conservation of Nature) Red List of Threatened
only fresh water cetacean living in the Yangtze River
Species, the Yangtze Finless Porpoise is rated as
and its connecting lakes.
critically endangered (Iucnredlist.org, 2016) with an estimated population of less than 1000.
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AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
RATE OF ANNUAL POPULATION DECLINE:
5%~7.3%
IUCN(INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE) RED LIST OF ENDANGERED SPECIES:
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED
2700
1000 2011
1990
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2014
2016
A NEW WILDNESS
THE ONLY FRESHWATER CETACEAN IN YANGTZE RIVER
The finless porpoise is the only porpoise species that
Even though several reserves, both natural and
can live in freshwater. It is found in coastal waters
translocated conservations, are set up along the
Southeast and East Asia, with a sub-species, N. p.
middle and lower Yangtze, the population of this
asiaeorientalis, found in the Yangtze River and its
unique species is still declining with the annual rate
adjacent lake systems.
of 5% - 7% for the last ten years (World Wildlife Fund, 2016).
CR
VU N. a. asiaeorientalis:
N. a. sunameri:
Middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, China
Shallow coastal water around the western Pacific Ocean from the Taiwan Strait to the waters of northern China, Korea and northern Honshu, Japan
-12-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
CHINA
YANGTZE RIVER BASIN
MIDDLE AND LOWER REACHES OF YANGTZE RIVER
THREE GORGES DAM
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SHANGHAI
A NEW WILDNESS
A NEW WILDERNESS SCOPE OF WILDNESS
Wilderness is an on-going nature composed by all species living on the planet and reversely having impacts on each. ‘Any way of looking at nature that encourages us to believe we are separate from nature-as wilderness tends to do-is likely to reinforce environmentally irresponsible behaviour’ (Cronon, 1996). New wildness is therefore a scope of rethinking the openness of nature reserve and an alternative for conservation suggesting an aggregated territory zoo.
CONSERVATION CONCERNS
The finless porpoise’s survival depends heavily on habitat stability and food resource availability (Wang, 2009). If conservation just focus on species protection, the three existing measures of protecting the Yangtze Finless Porpoise, which are in situ conservation, ex situ conservation and captive breeding program, may just be ‘virtually equivalent to the ex situ protection of wildlands’ (Soulé, 1991), overlooking the Eco geological and social context.
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AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY DEMANDS
Shallow waters, swamps and etuaries are common areas where they can be found.
Finless porpoise are primarily known for eating fish, prawn, squid, octopus and shrimp.
Finless porpoises are seen as single animals, pairs, or in groups of up to about 20.
Finless poroises are also believed to consume plant-life in
when
environments
offer
sufficient
materials.
-15-
living that plant
A NEW WILDNESS
WILDERNESS ALONG YANGTZE RIVER YANGTZE RIVER, CHINA Translocation protection Artificial Breeding Local Conservation Reserve Area Urban Sprawl Shipdocks Dam Vessel Density
Tian-e-zhou Oxbow Reserve
59 Three Gorges Dam Yichang Hewangmiao Reserve
+
Anqing Section
Baiji Dolphin Aquarium, Wuhan
8 + +
5 +
155 +
+ 15
+
90 Dongting Lake
50km
100km
150km
1
Ton
Xinluo Section
0
+
200km
450 Poyang Lake
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AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
Zhenjiang
20 Nanjing
+ 100 Shanghai
nqing Section
155
+
+
+ 18 Tongling
HABITAT CORRIDOR The habitat corridor of the porpoise is located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from Yichang to Shanghai. The territorial mapping shows that the corridor has been dispersed into patches in between urban sprawls, which matches the finding of the 2012 Yangtze Freshwater Dolphin Survey Report.
-17-
A NEW WILDNESS 4. 1.
3. 2.
1. OX-BOW RESERVE
Threats: _ isolated water _ genetically fragmented population _ limited area _
water
resource
agriculture/aquaculture
2. SAND MINING + VESSEL TRAFFIC
Threats: _ habitat loss _ food shortage _ water pollution _ noise pollution _ injury
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conflicts
with
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
1.
2.
3.
4.
3. CHANNELIZED RIVER
Threats: _ habitat loss _ food shortage _ noise pollution _ injury
4. POLLUTION + VESSEL TRAFFIC
Threats: _ habitat loss _ food shortage _ water pollution _ noise pollution _ injury
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A NEW WILDNESS
EXISTING CONSERVATION AT DONGTING LAKE DONGTING LAKE REGION
East Dongting Lake National Wetland Reserve Concerns: _ lack of alternative livelihood for stakeholders _ conserve through regulation
0
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50km
0
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50km
_ need for operation
Ox-bow Breeding Reserve Concerns: _ isolated water _ genetically fragmented population _ limited area _ water resource conflicts with agriculture
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AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
‘ANY WAY OF LOOKING AT NATURE THAT ENCOURAGES US TO BELIEVE WE ARE SEPARATE FROM NATURE-AS WILDERNESS TENDS TO DO-IS LIKELY TO REINFORCE ENVIRONMENTALLY IRRESPONSIBLE BEHAVIOUR.’ CRONON,1996
WWF proposed reserve on paper Concerns: _ lack of policy support _ conserve through NGO society _ need for public awareness 0
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
If ‘nature reserves are areas of land in predominantly
be equal to the safety zone? However, the paradigm
untouched, natural condition’ (NSW National Parks,
of ‘untouched, nature condition’ may mislead to the
2016), should the area within an enclosed boundary
under controlled idolism of conservation.
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A NEW WILDNESS
OPEN ZOO AS CONSERVATION
‘WHAT THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT NEEDS IS A MASS OF PEOPLE WHO VALUE AND CARE ABOUT IT. THIS MEANS PEOPLE WHO NOT ONLY EXPRESS FEELINGS OF ADMIRATION AND AWE FOR WHALES AND DOLPHINS, BUT WHO ALSO RECOGNIZE THE COMPLEXITIES INVOLVED IN ACHIEVING MEANINGFUL PROTECTION AND ARE READY TO BECOME ENGAGED.’
-BEARZI, MARINE CONSERVATION ON PAPER, 2007
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AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
Z
O
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O
A NEW WILDNESS
TOWARD OPEN CONSERVATION SCOPE OF OPENNESS
Unlike the central authorized paradigm of nature reserve, openness responses to the complexity of
wild
systems
and
emphasizes
collective
conservation. It suggests everywhere is reserve and everyone is responsible to it.
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AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
ZOO REVOLUTION:
1793
1828
1853
MENAGERIE DU JARDIN
LONDON ZOO, TEMPLATE
LONDON ZOO, FIRST
DES PLANTES, PARIS, FIRST
FOR MODERN ZOO WITH
PUBLIC AQUARIUM
MODERN ZOO
TAXONOMIC DISPLAY
The 20th Century saw huge changes for zoos. There
re-establish our connection with animals and the
is a trend that contemporary zoos are more than
wilderness.
just the show cases of animals as innovative ones are now paying continuous support to research,
As we are in the era of shared information, is there
conservation and education.
still value in keeping animals captive in enclosed zoos? Shall we conserve the animals and habitats
The merging position of the zoo and conservation
through setting up an open zoo? If so, how could
is therefore an opportunity for us to rethink and
we zoo it?
-25-
A NEW WILDNESS
1907
1963
1966
TIERPARK HAGENBECK,
TAMA ZOOLOGICAL
LONGLEAT SAFARI PARK,
HAMBURG, FIRST ZOO COMBINED
PARK, TOKYO, FIRST
WILTSHIRE, FIRST DRIVE
NATURALISTIC LANDSCAPES
SAFARI PARK
THROUGH SAFARI PARK
180°0'0"
150°0'0"W
120°0'0"W
90°0'0"W
60°0'0"W
30°0'0"W
0°0'0"
30°0'0"E
60°0'0"E
90°0'0"E
120°0'0"E
150°0'0"E
180°0'0"
60°0'0"N
60°0'0"N
30°0'0"N
30°0'0"N
0°0'0"
0°0'0"
30°0'0"S
30°0'0"S
60°0'0"S
60°0'0"S
180°0'0"
150°0'0"W
120°0'0"W
90°0'0"W
60°0'0"W
30°0'0"W
0°0'0"
30°0'0"E
60°0'0"E
90°0'0"E
120°0'0"E
150°0'0"E
180°0'0"
CONTEMPORARY ZOO: TO UNDERSTAND WILDNESS OF THE ANIMALS
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AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
‘IF YOU WANT TO SAVE JAGUARS AND HUMMINGBIRDS THE ONLY WAY TO DO SO IS TO SAVE THE PLACES WHERE THEY LIVE.’ -David Attenborough, 2012
1995
2011
LONDON ZOO, CAPTIVE
CHESTER ZOO, LAUNCHED
GAZELLES RELEASED BACK
BORNEO CONSERVATION
INTO THE WILD
PROJECT
FUTURE ZOO: TO UNDERSTAND NEW WILDNESS OF THE HABITAT
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2015
2015
A NEW WILDNESS 2015
2012
2013
80km
0
10km
20km
30km
40km
40km
20km
10km
50km
2012
2016
WWF PROPOSED
A NEW WILDNESS:
PORPOISE RESERVE IN
TRANSLATES RESEARCH TO
DONGTING LAKE, CHINA
COLLECTIVE ACTIONS, SUGGESTS OPEN SOURCE DATA COLLECTION
0
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO BOUNDARIES
JUST -28-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
SCENARIO 2046 A NEW WILDERNESS: AN OPEN AND AGGREGATED ZOO FOR THE YANGTZE FINLESS PORPOISE
A T F O E N P L R M O P R
E LD
O
EH
T
EN
I CL
ER
US
AK ST
ZOO
AS RY DA N U PE BO CA DS N LA
LA
INF
ND
RA
SC
ST
AP
RU
CT
EA
S
UR
E
ZOO AS CONSERVATION
ZOO
IT. -29-
A NEW WILDNESS
IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK 1. PEOPLE ENGAGED
The Yangtze Dolphin Conservation Network found in 2012 is the direct client of the project. The protection union, which consists of government department, research institute, and founds, covers the policy making, research, financial support, education and promotion of the conservation. In meeting the requirements of clients, the project proposes a platform for policy operation and researches as well as an open zoo for education and promotion concern.
CLIENT ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT
THE YANGTZE DOLPHIN CONSERVATION NETWORK
_ INSTITUTE OF HYDROBIOLOGY, CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
_ MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
RESEARCH INSTITUTE
FUND _ WORLD WILDLIFE FUND _ WUHAN BAIJI CONSERVATION FOUNDATION
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AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
USER RESEARCHER
_ SCIENTIST _ VISITOR _ DESIGNER _ STAKEHOLDER ... ...
DESIGNER
_ LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT _ RESEARCHER _ VISITOR _ STAKEHOLDER ... ...
_ CASUAL TOURIST _ BIRD WATCHING LOVER _ HIKER _ KAYAKER _ FISHING LOVER _ CAMPING LOVER _ SWIMMER ... ...
VISITOR
STAKEHOLDER AGRICULTURE
_ REED FARMER ... ...
INDUSTRY
_ PAPER MILL _ CHEMICAL FACTORY ... ...
FISHERY
_ FISHERMAN ... ...
CITY
_ YUEYANG CITY ... ...
NGO COMMUNITY
_ SAND MINING _ SHIPPING ... ...
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SPECIES IN DONGTING LAKE
A NEW WILDNESS
2. OUR VISION
We share to understand the new wildness of porpoise habitat and aggregate problem solving for our ecosystem.
O C
P O
E
E
X
I
N S
T
C O L L E C T I V E R
E
G
R
V O
I
V W
I I
N
G
N
G
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AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
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A NEW WILDNESS
3. PHASING_LAKE TO RIVER
PHASE 1_2018
20 + 100 +
59
+
5 +
155 +
10 + + 15 +
+ 18
+
97 450
PHASE 2_2028
25 + 113 +
65
+
7 + 14 + + 18 +
161 + +
138 465
-34-
+ 23
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO Translocation protection Artificial Breeding Local Conservation Urban Sprawl Shipdocks Dam Constructed Area Under Construction
PHASE 3_2038
25 + 113 +
117
+
15 +
178 +
29 + + 34 +
+ 29
+
289 837
PHASE 4_2048
34 + 139 +
208
+
20 +
56 + + 75 +
345 + +
427 1276
-35-
+ 45
A NEW WILDNESS
THE OPEN PLATFORM 1. MULTIPARTY ENGAGEMENT
USER
STAKEHOLDER
CLIENT
Yangtze Finless Porpoise Protection Bureau As our vision is to work with communities to establish the open zoo along the Yangtze River, identifying priorities of client, users and stakeholders is essential to the implementation. The new entity, the Yangtze Finless Porpoise Protection Bureau, is no longer one single group but an alliance for curating data collection, conversation and decision making.
-36-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
research + protection + restoration + promotion
USER
habitat animals
CLIENT CLIENT
public audience
research + protection + policy making CLIENT STAKEHOLDER
research + protection + education
CLIENT
benefit
live data
CLIENT
client’s need
USER
A: ESTABLISH A NATURE RESERVE
PILOT PROJECTS
tion
2. W etla
Ch
STAKEHOLDER
CLIENT
ann
el
nd res tor atio 3. W n ate rp we tlan urific atio d n
COMMUNITY
Aw a
ren
ENGAGEMENT
translate data to actions
Pla
tfo
CLIENT
rm
data base: brief of the zoo
Int erv at entio Sit n e
policy operation
-37-
public as volunteer
B: ZOO AS CONSERVATION
form the zoo
STAKEHOLDER
negotiate with stakeholders
USER
STAKEHOLDER
where the zoo is
benefit stakeholders
USER
live data feedback
ess
live “patrol” team
igra
open-sourced data +
1. M
CLIENT
A NEW WILDNESS
2. ZOO TO ZOOS
The zoo at Dongting Lake will be connected
to
other
ZOO D
conservation
projects and real zoos, sharing the knowledge learnt from the site via the
MELBOURNE ZOO
ZOO B ZOO A
ZOO C
open platform.
DONGTING LAKE CONSERVATION
-38-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
CONSERVATION C
Real zoo, like Melbourne Zoo, which
DONGTING LAKE
is committed to wildlife conservation projects
also
contributes
to
CONSERVATION B
CONSERVATION
conservation projects via the platform.
CONSERVATION D CONSERVATION A
As you enter the zoo, you’ll receive a token. Your token represents 5% of your admission fee to strengthen sustainable alternative livelihoods and encourage support for conservation.
MELBOURNE ZOO
-39-
A NEW WILDNESS
3. COLLECTIVE ENGAGEMENT
WEB PORTAL
APP INTERFACE
-40-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
‘THE FREE AND OPEN SOFTWARE MOVEMENTS PROMISE TO OVERCOME OUR TERRITORIAL ATTITUDES AND TAKE ADVANTAGE OF OUR COLLECTIVE POTENTIAL’ MAU AND LEONARD, 2004
SHARE WITH US
_Making Research Accessible _Collecting Sighting
#INFORMATION @LOCATION
_Close data gaps _Aggregate distributed problem solving
#sosporpoise #wwf #ppa #ihcas
2015
#dtwetland
#bcf
2015
#sosporpoise
#
2015
#fpbookstore
2012
2013
#illegalfishing
40km
20km
10km #sandmining
#injuredporpoise
#wwf
#dongtinglake
#seeporpoise
#sandmining
#dtwetland
#dtwetland
#birdwatching
#seeporpoise
#ppa
#ihcas
0
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
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A NEW WILDNESS
METRIC ZOOBOOK
‘YOU ONLY UNDERSTAND INFORMATION RELATIVE TO WHAT YOU ALREADY UNDERSTAND.’
-WURMAN, 1989
-42-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
IN-SITU WILDERNESS
RESERVE
BOUNDARY
LANDSCAPE
NEW
WHERE
AS
AS
WILDNESS
IS THE
LANDSCAPE
INTRASTRUCTURE
SITE
-43-
A NEW WILDNESS
ASSEMBLE THE ZOO SCOPE OF AGGREGATED TERRITORY
Aggregated territory emphasizes the potential of peripheral sites. It is a collection of dispersed sites in natural and socioeconomic aspects, which functions both physically and virtually. The zoo is looking for utilizing existing infrastructure and setting stage for open sourced conservation.
AGGREGATED SITE
‘Unlike the treelike, hierarchical structure of traditional cities, the contemporary metropolis functions more like a spreading rhizome, dispersed and diffuse, but at the same time infinitely enabling’(Wall,1999). The ‘aggregated territory’ will borrow the idea of a spreading rhizome, explode the linear boundary of the ‘zoo’ into different frontiers and allow for open-ended interactions. Emphasizing ‘aggregated territory’, the zoo embeds the infrastructure of the existing site.
-44-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
‘UNLIKE THE TREELIKE, HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF
TRADITIONAL
CITIES,
THE
CONTEMPORARY
METROPOLIS FUNCTIONS MORE LIKE A SPREADING RHIZOME, DISPERSED AND DIFFUSE, BUT AT THE SAME TIME INFINITELY ENABLING’ -WALL,1999
201
2015
2015
GENERAL MAP 2012
2013
80km
40km
20km
0
10km
10km
20km
SCOPE OF AGGREGATED TERRITORY
-45-
30km
40km
50km
A NEW WILDNESS
GENERAL ATLAS OF DONGTING LAKE A GUIDEBOOK TO DISCOVER YOUR ZOO
In the process of constructing the site for the zoo, regional mapping of the Dongting Lake gathers fragment information from Google earth, researches, news, essays and other sources, such as blogs and websites, visualizing and assembling the connection under the scope of ‘wildness’ and ‘aggregated territory’. The general atlas of Dongting Lake is a collection representing our research to maps as well as a guidebook for you to help us close the data gaps and assemble ideas via wandering at the zoo.
-46-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
Question: How do you see the wilderness?
00
2015
2015
2015
2012
2013
80km
40km
20km
0
10km
10km
WILDERNESS_DONGTING LAKE
-47-
20km
30km
40km
50km
A NEW WILDNESS
Question: Where is the water from?
01
0
WATERSHED
-48-
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
Question: How is the lake flowing?
02
0
WATER FLOW
-49-
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20km
30km
40km
50km
A NEW WILDNESS
Question: What is restraining the vessel traffic line?
03
0
VESSEL TRAFFIC
-50-
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
Question: Could you match the vessel traffic line on the contour map?
04
0
CONTOUR
-51-
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
A NEW WILDNESS
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Question: Is Dongting a lake or a river?
Jan
03-04
05 Feb
2003-10
Mar
Apr
2004-04
May
2004-10
Jun
2003-04Jul
2003-10 Aug
2006-04
Sep
Oct 2004-04
2006-10
Nov 2004-10
2009-04
Low water level
High water level
0
FLOOD
-52-
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
Dec
2009-10
2006-04
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
Jan
2003-04
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug 2003-10
2003-04
Sep
Oct
2004-04
Nov
2004-10
Question: How is the pattern changing?
06
2003-10
2004-04
2004-10
2006-04
2006-10
2009-04
Meadow
Reed
0
WETLAND PATTERN
-53-
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
2009-10
Dec
Jul
A NEW WILDNESS
Question: What is the correlation?
07
0
10km
FLOOD-WETLAND CORRELATION
-54-
20km
30km
40km
50km
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
Question: Where would it be the landing spot for birds?
08
0
10km
BIRD MIGRATION FLYWAY
-55-
20km
30km
40km
50km
A NEW WILDNESS
Question: Is the reserve really covering that much area?
09
0
10km
NATIONAL WETLAND RESERVE
-56-
20km
30km
40km
50km
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
Question: How much reed farm is too much reed farm?
10
0
REED FARM
-57-
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
A NEW WILDNESS
Question: Could you match the map with the watershed?
11
0
10km
PAPER MILL + CHEMICAL FACTORY
-58-
20km
30km
40km
50km
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
Question: Could you find the correlation with the lake flow?
12
High
Low
0
WATER POLLUTION
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10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
A NEW WILDNESS
Question: How does WWF define this boundary? What is it covering?
13
0
10km
WWF PROPOSED RESERVE
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30km
40km
50km
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
Question: What is sand mining for? Why are they mining in the lake?
14
0
SAND MINING
-61-
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
A NEW WILDNESS
Question: Where else could you see a porpoise?
15
0
10km
FINLESS PORPOISE SIGHTED SPOTS
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20km
30km
40km
50km
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
Question: Why are the dead porpoises mostly found in the mouth of Dongting Lake? Were they migrating?
16
2015
2015
2015
2012
2013
0
10km
DEAD PORPOISE FOUND SPOTS
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30km
40km
50km
A NEW WILDNESS
FROM GENERAL TO GENERATIVE AGGREGATED CONNECTIONS
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
There are three main purposes of the
become
mapping, which is to understand of the
players and their stewardship related to
Eco geology of the lake, the needs of
the site. Relatively, three design outcomes
clients and the arguments of related
are proposed as open response to the
stakeholders. The mappings will then
complexity.
-64-
a
matrix
revealing
different
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
03 / 09 / 13 / 14 / 15 / 16 A.
Finding: Heavy vessel traffic and illegal sand mining is causing most of the porpoise deaths and making migration harder. Gaps: 1. regulations for vessel traffic and sand mining 2. migration channel for porpoise
2015
2015
2015
2012
2013
80km
40km
20km
0
-65-
10km
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
A NEW WILDNESS
06 / 07 / 08 / 10 B.
Finding: Wetland ecosystem is fragmented and degraded by reclamation. Gaps: 1. negotiation between reed farm reclamation and wetland protection 2. alternative livelihood for farmer and fisherman
0
-66-
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
01 / 02 / 11 / 12 / 15 / 16 C.
Finding: Water pollution from industry(reed-paper mill/ chemical manufacturing) is a key threat to the porpoise survival. Gaps: 1. infrastructure for water remediation 2. regulation for the industrial emission
2015
2015
2015
2012
2013
0
-67-
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
A NEW WILDNESS
‘WILD SYSTEMS THAT RANGE AND EXPLORE AND MINE THEIR ENVIRONMENT, THAT CAPITALIZE ON ACCIDENTAL SUCCESSES, STORE THEM, AND BUILD UPON THEM.’ KWINTER, 2008
MAPS.
-68-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
YOUR MAP.
-69-
A NEW WILDNESS
AGGREGATED ZOO BOUNDARIES BOUNDARIES OF AGGREGATED TERRITORY
As an open zoo, its boundary is connected to all of us. We might perceive and conceptualize it through a new way of seeing. These three pilot projects are therefore an exploration for us to understand and visualize the boundaries of aggregated territory in a new wilderness. Different from the perception of a site, the zoo is distributed in terms of spatial and social context. ‘These might be called peripheral sites, middle landscapes that are neither here nor there, and yet are so pervasive as to now characterize the dominant environment’(Wall, 1999). Hence, landscape as an agent (Corner, 1999) will intervene with the infrastructure and aim to grow and expand with collective engagements.
-70-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
‘WE NEED TO LEARN A LESSON FROM SCIENCE AND DO WHAT IT’S BEEN DOING ALL ALONG: DISTRIBUTE PROBLEM SOLVING.’ -MAU AND LEONARD, 2004
THREE PILOT PROJECTS
0
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
1.
3.
2.
-71-
A NEW WILDNESS
ZOO BOUNDARY ONE_SAFETY MIGRATION CHANNEL
‘A
precondition
for
effective
implementation of measures to protect a threatened or endangered species is an understanding of the species distribution and an accurate estimate of its abundance’ (Wang, 2009). This statement is one of the requirements of the client, to track the finless porpoise. And WWF, member of the protection network, also suggested a nature reserve along the east Dongting Lake as a migration channel for the species.
A.
2015
2015
BOUNDARY AS LANDSCAPE - MIGRATION CHANNEL FOR PORPOISE
2015
2012
2013
80km
40km
20km
10km
LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE - SHIP CHANNEL FOR STAKEHOLDERS - PORPOISE TRACKING SYSTEM FOR RESEARCHER
0
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
ISSUES
INTERFACE
- SAND MINING
BRIDGE LOOKOUT AS
- HEAVY VESSEL TRAFFIC
- VISITOR CENTRE - SHIP CHANNEL CONTROL TOWER
THREATS
- PORPOISE MUSEUM
- HABITAT LOSS - SHRINKING FOOD RESOURCES
BUOYS AS
- MAN-MADE DISTURBANCE
- NAVIGATION SIGNAL
- POROISE DEATH AFTER INJURY
- SONAR MONITORING SYSTEM
-72-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
PILOT PROJECT LOCATION
2015
2015
2015
2012
2013
0
10km
DEAD PORPOISE FOUND SPOTS
-73-
20km
30km
40km
50km
A NEW WILDNESS
ZOO MAP_MIGRATION CHANNEL
EXISTING: DENSELY OCCUPIED BY SHIPPING
-74-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
FUTURE: SPACE FOR MIGRATION
-75-
A NEW WILDNESS
EXISTING
SHANGHAI GDP: 2,530 BILLION CNY NANJING O M I C Z ON E ON
GUANGZHOU GDP: 1,810 BILLION CNY CHANGSHA
T
Y
A
N
Z
E
R
V
I
Y TR US D N
OM FR
L AR PE
ER RIV
C Z ON E NOMI ECO A T D EL
I
E
INDUSTRY FROM
R
YANGT Z
E RIV
ER
DE LTA EC
GDP: 972 BILLION CNY
G
DEAD PORPOISES FOUND YUEYANG CITY GDP: 288 BILLION CNY
3. EXPORT 1 SAND MINING SHIP: 2. STORAGE
4000 TONS/HOUR
1. EXCAVATION NOISE POLLUTION
2.2 MILLION CNY/YEAR
WATER POLLUTION
D
O
N
G
T
I
N
G
L
A
K
E
HABITAT LOSS
GDP: 851 BILLION CNY
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
FUTURE DONGTING BRIDGE VISITOR CENTRE
MIGRATION/ SHIPPING CHANNEL
PORPOISE BREEDING SANCTUARY BRIDGE PLATFORM: VISITOR/ CHANNEL AUTHORITY
PATROL TEAM: RESEARCHER/ NGO/ VISITOR
RESCUE TEAM: RESEARCHER/ NGO
MIGRATION CHANNEL
R
HE-WANG-MIAO/JI-CHENG-YUAN OXBOW
SHIPPING TRAFFIC SIGNAL
TIAN-E-ZHOU OXBOW
SONAR MONITORING SYSTEM
E
PORPOISE FOUND
ENTRY/EXIT OF SHIP CHANNEL
T
Y
A
N
E
R
V
RESCUE TEAM
Z
I
INJURED PORPOISE REPORTED
G
TWO-WAY SHIP CHANNEL LADDER-TYPE SURWEY PARTH
DREDGING FOR SHIPPING REGULATED PORPOISE FOUND
RESEARCHER OBSERVATION
PORPOISE FOUND ILLEGAL SAND MINING PATROL TEAM
REPORTED
D
O
N
G
T
I
N
G
L
A
K
E
A NEW WILDNESS
MIGRATION CHANNEL PHASING:
0
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
2016
maneuvering lane width ( multiple of B)
SHIP CHANNEL WIDTH
STANDARD OF PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA DESIGN CODE OF GENERAL LAYOUT FOR SEA PORT JTJ 211-99
4.0 3.6
ASSUMPTIONS: TWO-WAY CHANNEL SHIP SPEED: 8-12 KNOTS (KN) CROSS WIND: 15-33 KN CROSS CURRENT: 1.5-3 KN WAVE HEIGHT: HS<1M
3.2 2.8 2.4 2.0 0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
TWO-WAY SHIP CHANNEL WIDTH(W): W=M(B1+B2)
2.0
cross-current (kn)
TYPICAL VESSEL FLEET AT SITE
MINIMUM TWO-WAY CHANNEL WIDTH
W=?
B1
B2 96m
W=m(B1+B2)
96m 136m
180m
228m
264m
272m
MIGRATION CHANNEL
TWO-WAY SHIP CHANNEL + DOCK ZONE
-76-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
0
10km
20km
30km
40km
0
50km
2020
10km
20km
30km
40km
0
50km
2022
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
2024
MIGRATION CHANNEL OPERATION
Indeed, free-ranging finless porpoises are among the most difficult cetacean species to observe visually. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is a rapidly evolving discipline that facilitates the investigation of the behavior of many aquatic mammals over a range of spatial and temporal scales, including at night and during adverse weather.
The migration channel is therefore designed based on the requirement of survey methods. The boundary of the channel consists of a series of buoys, which detect finless porpoise with sonar and perform as traffic signals for vessels.
PUBLIC AWARENESS PROJECT
TRAFFIC SIGNAL
DIEL PATTERN OF BIOSONAR BEHAVIOR AND THE MOVEMENT OF PORPOISES
SLOW < 10 KM/H
SLOW EFFECTIVE DETECTION DISTANCE FOR PORPOISES:
NORMAL
300M
PORPOISE SONAR MONITORING SYSTEM PORPOISE DATA:
A-TAG (ML200-AS2, MARINE MICRO TECHNOLOGY, SAITAMA, JAPAN) THE HYDROPHONES (MODEL MHP-140ST; MARINE MICRO TECHNOLOGY, SAITAMA, JAPAN)
FISH DENSITY DATA:
RAYMARINE HD DIGITAL FISHFINDER (MODEL C80, RAYMARINE UK LTD., FAREHAM, UK)
BOAT TRAFFIC DATA:
PHOTOGRAPHED WITH A PENTAX CAMERA (MODEL OPTIO W60, PENTAX CORPORATION, TOKYO, JAPAN) SHOOTING AT 1 MIN INTERVALS
LADDER-TYPE SURVEY PATH FOR SURVEYS OF RELATIVE ABUNDANCE IN WIDE CHANNELS
-77-
OBSERVING FREERANGING FINLESS PORPOISES
A NEW WILDNESS
INTERFACE_BRIDGE LOOKOUT
-78-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO TOURISM ROUTE 1:
YUEYANG TRAIN STATION
BRIDGE LOOKOUT
JUNSHAN ISLAND (HISTORICAL SITE)
-79-
A NEW WILDNESS
ZOO BOUNDARY TWO_FOOD SUPPLY WETLAND RESTORATION
The lake has shrunk in size by more than a half as a result of large scale land reclamation in 1950s. Due to reed farming and accessibility of water transportation, paper mills were established around the lake. This reed cycle has not only resulted in wetland destruction but water pollution as well as fall in fish stocks.
B.
BOUNDARY AS LANDSCAPE - WETLAND RESTORATION FOR BIODIVERSITY
LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE - CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FOR FISHERY RESOURCE - WETLAND TOURISM AS ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOOD 0
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
ISSUES
INTERFACE
- REED FARM RECLAMATION
MUTIPLE-USE PAVILION AS
- (ILLEGAL) OVERFISHING
- BIRD WATCHING SPOT - WIFI TOWER
THREATS
- CAMPING SITE
- WETLAND DEMOLITION
- KAYAKING STOP
- SHRINKING FISHERY RESOURCES
- WETLAND MONITORING STATION
- DECLINING BIODIVERSITY
- ZOO FACILITIES - ...
-80-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
PILOT PROJECT LOCATION
0
10km
FLOOD-WETLAND CORRELATION
-81-
20km
30km
40km
50km
A NEW WILDNESS
ZOO MAP_WETLAND RESTORATION
EXISTING: OCCUPIED BY REED FARM AND OVERFISHING
-82-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
FUTURE: RESTORE WETLAND AND BENEFIT FROM IT
-83-
A NEW WILDNESS
EXISTING
MIGRATE FROM RUSSIA AND ALASKA TO THE COASTS OF SOUTHEAST ASIA AND AUSTRALASIA
AUSTRALIA REINTRODUCTION OF 20 PÈRE
RUSSIA
UK
R
DAVID’S DEER TO CHINA IN 1985
E
PAPER INDUSTRIES WAS AN IMPORTANT
T
Y
A
R
LAKE SURROUNDING AREAS,
V
E
I
EMPLOYING OVER 18,000 PEOPLE IN CHANGDE, YIYANG AND YUEYANG
G
RE
N
Z
ECONOMIC PILLAR IN THE DONGTING
ED
CITIES
FO
R R PE PA
METHOD
L MIL
ILLEGAL FISHING
MIGRATORY BIRDS ARRIVE: YUEYANG CITY
DECEMBER
REED FARM ILLEGAL FISHING
CURRENT FISHING BAN PERIOD: OVERFISHING
APRIL–SEPTEMBER
REED FARM AGRICULTURE / AQUACULTURE
BYCATCH BY ILLEGAL FISHING METHOD
D
O
N
G
T
I
N
G
L
A
K
E
REED FARM
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
FUTURE MULTIPLE-USE PAVILION
WIFI / POWER TOWER
ECO-TOILET
STORAGE CAPSULE
BIRD WATCHING / KAYAKING STOP
TEA HOUSE
WETLAND HOTEL
27,000 KM FROM AUSTRALIA TO SIBERIA
AUSTRALIA RUSSIA
E
R
UK
DECEMBER
T
Y
PÈRE DAVID’S DEER
A
INTRODUCED FROM
N
Z
E
R
V
BIRD WATCHING FESTIVAL
I
G
PORPOISE FOUND
PROTECTION ZONE
ILLEGAL FISHING WETLAND MONITORING STATION
REPORTED PATROL TEAM
BENEFIT FROM TOURISM WETLAND RESTORATION
FISHERY RESOURCE ILLEGAL SAND MINING PATROL TEAM
REPORTED
D
O
N
G
T
I
N
G
L
A
K
E
A NEW WILDNESS
WETLAND RESTORATION PHASING:
2016 WETLAND RESTORATION
OV
ER FA LAI D CI A LIT IES GR FO ID O F R TO PAV UR IL ISM ION S EX /R ES AS TE N E AR D AG TH CH RI OC CUL E EX CU TUR IST IN PY E GR G ID TO BR EA RE K/K E CL AIM EP L MA EVE RS ES T HL AN O D EX
IST RE ING ED L FA EVE RM ES RE FO CL R AM AT IO N EX IST IN G RE ED FA RM
-84-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
2020
2024
TOURISM ACTIVATION
MA
RS
HL
AN
D
CA
MP
KA YA K
IN
G
ST
OP
BI
RD
EC
O-
W AT C
TO
HI
ILE
T
NG W
AS SM E I UR TIV TO RNA OD TE AL IHO L E LIV
ED RE D _ VE EA RO AR P AP ING 0 RM FA -202 6 1 20
IFI
TO
W
ER MA
RS
HL
AN
D
D
AN
L SH
R
MA
O
ST
RE
D RE
HO
US
E
ST
OR
BI
RD
AG
E
HI
W
IFI
TO
TE
A
W
ER
HO
US
E
M
1K
X
GR
M
ED
R FA
TO
MA
ND
LA
H RS
ID
M 1K
W AT C
NG
H FIS G N I AS N, RE TIO FOR C IN UC ON OD NSI G R P TE SHIN S I S F LE AL EG L IL
RE
SCENARIO 2016-2020
-85-
A NEW WILDNESS
INTERFACE_MULTIPLE-USE PAVILION
-86-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO TOURISM ROUTE 2: BRIDGE LOOKOUT
DONGTING LAKE RESERVE STATION
YUEYANG TRAIN STATION
NEW WETLAND
AGRITAINMENT
-87-
A NEW WILDNESS
ZOO BOUNDARY THREE_FILTER WATER REMEDIATION
Paper industries was an important economic pillar in the Dongting lake surrounding areas, employing over 18,000 people in Changde, Yiyang and Yueyang cities. But the water pollution problem was left unsolved for a long period of time. Shortage of drinkable water has become a concern for the region. And the pollution issue also accounts for the fall in output of fishery and aquaculture, forcing illegal fishing indirectly.
C.
2015
2015
BOUNDARY AS LANDSCAPE - CIVIC PARKS
2015
2012
2013
LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE - WATER FILTER FOR PORPOISE - PHYTOREMEDIATION LABS FOR RESEARCHER - WATER REMEDIATION SYSTEM FOR INDUSTRIAL 0
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
ISSUES
INTERFACE
- INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS FROM PAPER
WATER MONITORING POOL AS
MILLS
- FLOOD LEVEL MONITOR
- AGRICULTURAL/AQUACULTURAL
- PORPOISE RESCUE POOL
EMISSIONS (CHEMICAL FERTILIZER)
- PHYTOREMEDIATION TESTING GROUND
- TOXIC POLLUTANT SPREADING THROUGH
- CIVIC POOL
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
- BOARDWALK IN DRY SEASON
THREATS - POISONED HABITAT - GOUNDWATER POLLUTION - SHORTAGE OF DRINKABLE WATER
-88-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
PILOT PROJECT LOCATION
High
Low
0
WATER POLLUTION
-89-
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
A NEW WILDNESS
ZOO MAP_WATER REMEDIATION
EXISTING: POLLUTANT SPREADING THROUGH HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
-90-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
FUTURE: WATER REMEDIATION SYSTEM AS CIVIC PARKS
-91-
A NEW WILDNESS
T
Y
A
N
Z
E
R
V
E
R
EXISTING
I INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS (PAPER MILLS)
G
GOUNDWATER POLLUTION
YUEYANG CITY
SHORTAGE OF DRINKABLE WATER
TOXIC POLLUTANT SPREADING THROUGH
AGRICULTURAL/AQUACULTURAL
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
EMISSIONS
POISONED HABITAT
LAKE FLOW
AGRICULTURAL/AQUACULTURAL
REED FARM
EMISSIONS
D
O
N
G
T
I
N
G
L
A
K
E
REED FARM
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
FUTURE
CIVIC HALL CIVIC POOL/PORPOISE RESCUE POOL PHYTOREMEDIATION TESTING GROUND
RESERCH CENTRE
CIVIC PARK AS WATER QUALITY MONITOR BOARDWALK
R
DOCK FOR PATROL/RESEARCH TEAM
E
WATER REMEDIATION
T
Y
A
N
Z
R
WATER REMEDIATION SYSTEM FOR INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS
NETWORK
V
E
SYSTEM AS CIVIC PARKS
I
G
WETLAND AS WATER REMEDIATION SYSTEM
D
O
N
G
T
I
N
G
L
A
K
E
A NEW WILDNESS
PHYTOREMEDIATION INFRASTRUCTURE FOR INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS
INDUSTRIAL ZONE 0
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
PHYTOREMEDIATION: TRANSFORM PART OF THE EXISTING FARM TO CONSTRUCTED WETLAND
0
EXISTING POND 1 2 4
AGRICULTURAL ZONE
KM
RESIDENTIAL ZONE
-92-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
MECHANISM OF PHYTOREMEDIATION INFRASTRUCTURE
INDUSTRIAL ZONE N: IO AT F I ED T O M R E A TO OR M P RM D T R Y A AN PH SFO G F ETL AN STIN D W I TR EX CTE E H RU T ST N CO
NITROGEN POLLUTION
AGRICULTURAL ZONE
SCENARIO 2016-2020
-93-
A NEW WILDNESS
WATER REMEDIATION PHASING:
0
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
2016 WATER PURIFICATION INFRASTRUCTURE AS PARK
PH
YT
OR
EM
CO
ED
NS
TR
EX
IST
0
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
IAT
ION
UC T W ET ED LA ND
IN
G
PO
ND
CI
VIC
PA R
K
MA
RS
HL
AN
D
0 M
1K
-94-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
0
10km
20km
30km
40km
0
50km
2020
10km
20km
30km
40km
0
50km
2022
2024
CIVIC PARK AS WATER QUALITY MONITOR
AGRICULTURAL ZONE
PHYTOREMEDIATION EXISTING POND RESIDENTIAL ZONE
PHYTOREMEDIATION AGRICULTURAL ZONE
RESIDENTIAL ZONE
CIVIC HALL
EXISTING POND
CIVIC POOL/PORPOISE RESCUE POOL PHYTOREMEDIATION TESTING GROUND BOARDWALK RESERCH CENTRE AGRICULTURAL ZONE DOCK FOR PATROL/RESEARCH TEAM
EXISTING POND MARSHLAND
-95-
10km
20km
30km
40km
50km
A NEW WILDNESS
INTERFACE_CIVIC POOL/PORPOISE RESCUE POOL
-96-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO TOURISM ROUTE 3:
YUEYANG TRAIN STATION
AGRITAINMENT YUEYANG TOWER (HERITAGE SITE) CIVIC PARK
-97-
A NEW WILDNESS
AGGREGATED ZOO MAP 1.0
RUSSIA
UK
-98-
AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
AUSTRALIA
-99-
A NEW WILDNESS
REFERENCE
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A NEW WILDNESS
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AN OPEN & AGGREGATED ZOO
Cook, P. (1973). Archigram.
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A NEW WILDNESS
ESSAYS ABOUT THE PORPOISE
Wang, Z., Akamatsu, T., Wang, K. and Wang, D. (2014). The Diel Rhythms of Biosonar Behavior in the Yangtze Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis) in the Port of the Yangtze River: The Correlation between Prey Availability and Boat Traffic. PLoS ONE, 9(5), p.e97907. Satoko K, Tomonari A, Songhai L, Lijun Do, Kexiong W, Ding W, Nobuaki A. 2011. Seasonal chanes in the local distribution of Yangtze jinless porpoises related to fish presence. Marine Mammal Science. pp, 10.1111/j. 1748-7692. 00490. X Hobbs, R., Higgs, E. and Harris, J. 2014. Novel ecosystems: concept or inconvenient reality? A response to Murcia et al. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 29(12), pp.645-646.http://bit.ly/GrammarlyB Sciencedirect.com. 2009. Novel ecosystems: implications for conservation and restoration. [online] Available at: http://www. sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534709002018 [Accessed 18 Apr. 2016]. Jack F. Ahern 2016. Novel Urban Ecosystems: Concepts, Definitions and a Strategy to Suppor Scholarworks.umass.edu. [online] Available at: http://scholarworks.umass.edu/larp_faculty_pubs/66/ [Accessed 28 Mar. 2016]. Zhigan M, Xinqiao Z, ShiangLin H, Xiujiang Z, Yujiang H, Lin Z, Zhengyi Q, Jinsong Z, Kexiong W, Ding W. 2016. The Yangtze finless porpoise: On an accelerating path to extinction?. [online] Sciencedirect.com. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect. com/science/article/pii/S0006320714000949 [Accessed 15 May. 2016].
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ABOUT THE DONGTING LAKE & YANGTZE RIVER
Department of Transport of Hunan Province. 2016. 洞庭湖岳阳综合枢纽工程可行性研究报告编制招标公告. [online] Available at: http://xxgk.hnjt.gov.cn/art/2014/8/18/art_205_37061.html [Accessed 30 May 2016]. Yun D, Shuming C, Xiaoyang Z, Yan Z. 2000. Interpretation of the environmental change of Dongting Lake, middle reach of Yangtze River. Geomorphology, pp. 171-181 Yan, Y., Xiao, F. and Du, Y. (2014). Construction of lake bathymetry from MODIS satellite data and GIS from 2003 to 2011. Chin. J. Ocean. Limnol., 32(3), pp.720-731. Yunzhu L, Linlu S, Hairui D, Boyong P, Cai L, Yi Z, Guangchun L. 2013. Disturbance-driven changes to landscape patterns and responses of waterbirds at West Dongting Lake, China. Biodiversity Science, 21(6): 666-676 Hu, Y., Huang, J., Du, Y., Han, P. and Huang, W. (2015). Monitoring Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Flood Regimes and Their Relation to Wetland Landscape Patterns in Dongting Lake from MODIS Time-Series Imagery. Remote Sensing, 7(6), pp.74947520. Jie L, Shanshan H, Guangming Z, Yujie Y, Xu L, Xiaodong L, Fei L, Haipeng W, Lu H, Xun Y. 2014. Application of weight method based on canonical correspondence analysis for assessment of Anatidae habitat suitability: A case study in East Dongting Lake, Middle China. Ecological Engineering, 77 (2015) 119-126 WANG Xiao-mao, OU Fu-ping, WANG Chou-ming, et al. Long-term evolution and influencing factors of macrozoobenthos in Dongting Lake[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2016, 35(2): 336-345 Huijun R, Xueqin L, Xiaogong H, Yingzhi N, Hongzhu W. 2008. Diversity of fish species and its spatio-temporal variations in Lake Dongting, a large Yangtze-connected lake. China. Journal of Lake Sciences, pp. 20(1): 93-99 Yujie Y, Guangming Z, Jie L, Xiaodong L, Zhongwu L, Chang Z, Lu H, Xu L, Lunhui L, Haipeng W, Xun Y. 2014. Effects of landscape structure, habitat and human disturbance on birds: A case study in East Dongting Lake wetlake. Ecological Engineering 67 (2014) 67-75 Yucheng S, Daode Y, Shijie Z, Pengfei L, Hong Z, Huajun W, Zhigang J. 2015. Sex-biased dispersal in naturally re-wild Milu in the Dongting Lake Region, China[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(13): 4416-4424 Statistical model development and estimation of suspended particulate matter concentrations with Landsat 8 OLI images of Dongting Lake, China. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273348714_Statistical_model_development_and_ estimation_of_suspended_particulate_matter_concentrations_with_Landsat_8_OLI_images_of_Dongting_Lake_China [Accessed 20 Sep, 2016]
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A NEW WILDNESS
NEWS & BLOG
Wwfhk.org. 2016. Yangtze Finless Porpoise | Species | WWF. [online] Available at: http://www.worldwildlife.org/species/yangtzefinless- porpoise [Accessed 21 Mar. 2016]. Like-news.us. 2015. Hubei Yangtze finless porpoise Swan Island Sanctuary multiply to more than 50 head - News. [online] Available at: http://www.like-news.us/?i813206-Hubei-Yangtze-finless-porpoise-Swan-Island-Sanctuary-multiply-to-more-than-50-head [Accessed 30 Apr. 2016]. Save Yangtze Finless Porpoise. 2016. Save Yangtze Finless Porpoise. [online] Available at: http://yangtzefinlessporpoise.weebly. com/ [Accessed 4 Mar. 2016]. En.wwfchina.org. (2014). Improved species protection gains new hopes- China’s Ministry of Agriculture implements first g. [online] Available at: http://en.wwfchina.org/?5221/improved-species-protection-gains-new-hopes--chinas-ministry-of-agricultureimplements-first-grade-protection-of-yangtze-finless-porpoise [Accessed 15 Mar. 2016]. Thepaper.cn. 2016. 拯救“微笑天使”：8头鄱阳湖健康江豚已搬到湖北两处保护区_绿政公署_澎湃新闻-The Paper. [online] Available at: http://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1315433 [Accessed 1 May. 2016]. Jun T. 2014. [online] Available at: http://hn.rednet.cn/c/2014/06/06/3368806.htm [Accessed 30 May 2016]. Fancai Z. 2016. 200亿“拯救”洞庭湖毁了江豚？. [online] Available at: http://www.qikan.com/article/1CE82891-0DAB-4A18AC4B-ABD163C6542B [Accessed 30 May 2016]. Weiyin G. 2016. 东洞庭湖江豚之死:资源性湖泊的环保困境. [online] Available at: http://www.qikan.com/article/9B306063-5E214F50-9C58-52F2426E2959 [Accessed 30 May 2016]. Hn.chinadaily.com.cn. (2016). 洞庭湖新发现死亡一头江豚 - 中国日报湖南双语网. [online] Available at: http://hn.chinadaily.com. cn/2013-02/28/content_16264950.htm [Accessed 30 May 2016]. M.thepaper.cn. (2016). “水中大熊猫”江豚又少了一头，每年减少13%死因多没下文_绿政公署_澎湃新闻-The Paper. [online] Available at: http://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1414827 [Accessed 30 May 2016].
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Vip.v.ifeng.com. (2016). 2008-11-21 中国江河水 - 洞庭湖 采桑湖保护站 [online] Available at: http://vip.v.ifeng.com/historyvip/zh ongguojiangheshuivip/200811/7d378a24-e4d1-41f2-9ace-e5509cbbdb15.shtml [Accessed 30 May 2016]. Wwfchina.org. (2016). Critical Places and Species. [online] Available at: http://en.wwfchina.org/en/who_we_are/critical_ ecoregions/ [Accessed 30 May 2016]. Ginger H. (2016). No Fly Zone | The World Of Chinese. [online] Theworldofchinese.com. Available at: http://www. theworldofchinese.com/2013/11/no-fly-zone/ [Accessed 30 May 2016]. Shidi.eco.gov.cn. (2016). 生态中国网. [online] Available at: http://shidi.eco.gov.cn/eco/artlist. do?catid=null&pageNo=2&kw=%E6%B4%9E%E5%BA%AD%E6%B9%96 [Accessed 30 May 2016]. Son Y. 洞庭湖的历史渊源及其沧桑演变（原创）. [online] Available at: http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_8b849b130101hw1x. html [Accessed 30 May 2016].
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A NEW WILDNESS
PRECEDENTS UNDERSTAND TERRITORY
LCLA office, 2013, Baltic Art Park competition, Rome, http://www.luiscallejas.com/BALTIC-SEA-Kunst-Dokk Lateral office, 2015, Making Camp, Chicago, http://lateraloffice.com/MAKING-CAMP-2015 Lateral office, 2012, Drylands Institute, US-Mexico border, http://lateraloffice.com/BANKING-ON-THE-BORDER-2012
PARK/ZOO MAKING
OMA, 1982, Parc de La Villette, Paris, France, http://oma.eu/projects/parc-de-la-villette Bernard Tschumi, 1987, Parc de La Villette, Paris, France, http://www.archdaily.com/92321/ad-classics-parc-de-la-villette-bernard-tschumi James Corner Field Operations, 2001, freshkills park, United States, http://www.fieldoperations.net/project-details/project/freshkills-park.html OMA, 2000, Downsview Park Competition, Toronto, Canada, http://oma.eu/projects/downsview-park Karres + Brands, 2008, De Koog, Netherlands, http://www.karresenbrands.nl/project/ecomare BIG, Givskud, Denmark, http://www.big.dk/#projects-zoo
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LANDSCAPE AS INFRASTRUCTURE
SWA, 2013, Ningbo East New Town Eco-Corridor, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China, http://www.swagroup.com/projects/ningbo-east-new-town-eco-corridor/ University of Arkansas Community Design Center, 2015, Fayetteville 2030: Food City Scenario, Fayetteville, Arkansas, https://www.asla.org/2015awards/94716.html Turenscape, 2014, Slow Down: Liupanshui Minghu Wetland Park, Liupanshui, Guizhou, China, https://www.asla.org/2014awards/002.html MIT CAU + ZUS + URBANISTEN, 2014, New Meadowlands: Productive City + Regional Park, New Jersey, USA, http://www.rebuildbydesign.org/project/new-meadowlands/ National Sun Yat-sen University, 2011, An Emerging Natural Paradise â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Aogu Wetland Forest Park Master Plan, Taiwan, https://www.asla.org/2011awards/217.html Stoss Landscape Urbanism, 2013, Detroit Future City, Michigan, USA, http://scenariojournal.com/article/wild-innovation-stoss-in-detroit/
PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT
The city of New York, 2007, ONE NYC, New York, USA, http://www1.nyc.gov/html/onenyc/index.html Bruce Mau Design, Hoowish Kushner, 2016, New Aging, http://www.brucemaudesign.com/work/new-aging SCAPE, 2009, Oyster-tecture, New York, http://www.scapestudio.com/projects/oyster-tecture/ SCAPE, 2010, Safari 7, New York, http://www.scapestudio.com/projects/981/
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