Singapore Net Zero Building by RNL Design

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

1. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

p5-8

2. RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

p 9 - 20

3. ENERGY AND WATER TARGETS

p 21 - 24

4. SUSTAINABLE DESIGN STRATEGIES 5. DESIGN PROPOSAL 6. CERTIFICATION

p 25 - 40

7. WORK SAMPLES

p 73 - 79

p 41 - 59

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

TABLE OF CONTENTS

p 61 - 72

TABLE OF CONTENTS

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Design for One Earth In many ways sustainability is an act of global thinking. Because sustainability is in every way a global set of issues, a global perspective is the place to start for any design problem. Decisions that encompass the global perspective are more informed and lead to more complete sustainable solutions. Global thinking can be thought of as holistic and big picture thinking – just the kind of thinking we need to spur the innovation required for a sustainable world. Global thinking can also be thought of as the global sharing and spreading of ideas – just the kind of collaboration needed for a sustainable world.

The Big Picture

Sustainability is humanity’s progress toward optimal states of human systems and natural systems and the harmony between these states. Can we live abundantly within the limits of one earth? Can we provide future generations a better life than our own? We believe this is the ultimate design problem. RNL’s Design for One Earth is inspired by this idea and our quest to build environments for a high quality of life with a footprint that respects all life. It’s an approach that starts with the global perspective but incorporates sensitivity to local social structures, cultures, environment and climate. The Design for One Earth process uses 12 environmental, economic and social values to frame priorities, set project goals and see those goals to fruition. Through considerations of global and local perspectives, micro and macro scales and present and future thinking, Design for One Earth offers a holistic approach to sustainable design.

Zero Energy

Water Balance

Materials Balance

Zero Waste

Land Balance

Prosperity

Resiliency

Visionary

Health

Beauty

Happiness

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

Carbon Neutral

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

One Earth Values

Energy Use

Energy Generation

The concept of a net zero water building is a building that has a total building and irrigation water budget at or below a water balance target. Typically the water budget is set by the quantity of rainwater than can be captured over the course of the year. Achieving a net zero water balance requires careful reduction in water consumption through the selection of ultra-low flow plumbing fixtures and design for water efficient irrigation. A gray water loop can be used to reuse flow fixture water in flush fixture applications to further the water balance budget. Net zero water buildings can have connection to domestic water sources that can be used to supplement site harvested water sources.

Water Precipitation

Energy and Water

Net zero energy buildings (NZEBs) produce as much renewable energy as they consume over the course of the year. They can be grid-connected or completely off-grid. All NZEBs begin as low energy buildings that then use renewable energy to meet their annual energy needs. Ideally a low energy building will first optimize passive design strategies such as orientation, a high performance envelope and massing for daylighting and ventilation. Next, energy efficient active systems should be incorporated such as efficient lighting, lighting controls, decoupled ventilation systems and efficient heating and cooling systems. Finally, on-site renewable energy systems are optimized for the project.

= Water Consumption

Net Zero Building

RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

Climate Overview The climate is consistently hot and humid year round with no true seasonal variation, aside from varied precipitation during monsoon seasons. All year long the diurnal temperatures range from about 23°C to about 36°C with a mean dry bulb temperature of 27°C. The dew point of outside air is about 24°C on average. Relative humidity is about 83% on average. Average annual cloud cover is approximately 85%. Cloudy and overcast conditions result in a dominance of diffused exterior illumination and solar radiation. %

Avg. Temperature (°C)

Relative Humidity (%)

°C

Monthly Design Data

90+ 80 70 60 % 50 90+ 40 80 30 70 20 60 10 50 <0 40 30 20 10 <0

45+ 40 35 °30 C 25 45+ 20 40 15 35 10 30 5 25 <0 20 15 10 5 <0

°C

% 100

°50 C

100

52 48

20 16

4 100

12 200

4 0

Diurnal Weather Averages

32 28 24

40 20

20 10 4

60 40

16 8

32 20

30 20

Wk 52

44 40

Avg. Cloud Cover (%)

Avg. Wind Speed (km/h) km/h

45+ 40 35 30 km/h 25 45+ 20 40 15 35 10 30 5 25 <0 20 15 10 5 <0

90+ 80 70 60 % 50 90+ 40 80 30 70 20 60 10 50 <0 40 30 20 10 <0

km/h

52 48

% 100 44

Hr 24

20 16

6040

12 8

16 12

4 8

4020

0 20 4

8 4

24 Hr

20 16

3020

12 8

16 12

4 8

40 30 20

2010

0 10 4

32 28

24 20

16 12

4 8 4

Location: SINGAPORE, SGP (1.4°, 104.0°) 0

20 16

32 28

40 Hr

80 60 20

52 48

44 Wk

40 100

km/h 50

Location: SINGAPORE, SGP (1.4°, 104.0°) © Weather Tool

Annual Wind Rose Frequency (Hrs)

Hours

December Wind Rose

September Wind Rose

March Wind Rose

June Wind Rose

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

Annual wind conditions are dominated by north or south low speed winds. Winter and spring winds are predominately from the north to northeast and the summer and autumn winds are predominately from the south to southeast. Average wind speeds are low, typically from 1 to 3 m/s.

RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

Wind

Solar Radiation The solar geometry has the sun nearly directly overhead during the spring and autumn equinoxes. During the winter solstice the sun path provides direct solar radiation on the south façade and during the summer solstice the sun path provides direct solar radiation on the north side. East and west facing glazing should be minimized and/or significantly shaded. The north and south faces should be shaded for approximately 100% of direct solar radiation.

Direct Solar Radiation (W/m2) W/m2 900+ 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 <0

Annual Incident Solar Radiation SINGAPORE, SGP (1.4°, 104.0°)

Wh/m² 4000.0

W/m2 Wk 52 48

1000 44 40 36 800

3500.0

32 28

Hr 24

24 600

3000.0

16 400

12 8

2500.0

200

2000.0

Diffuse Solar Radiation (W/m2) W/m2 900+ 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 <0

1500.0

1000.0

W/m2 Wk

500.0

52 48

1000 44 40

0.0

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec 800

Total Annual Collection: 661.45 kWh/m² Underheated Period: 146.75 kWh/m² Overheated Period: 169.52 kWh/m²

32 28

Hr 24

24 600

Summer Winter West East

16 400

12 8

8 200 4

Location: SINGAPORE, SGP (1.4°, 104.0°) © Weather Tool

The generated Urban Lobby Buona Centre also sculpts the important entrance into The heavy pedestrian flow fromofthis HubVista makes Buona Vista Centre Vista Xchange via the publicworking thoroughfare Avenue West and the key public commercial area, where major spacesfrom andCommonwealth vibrant

Location

North Buona Vista Road. Together the development on the east of North activities are expected to occur. Therefore, the need for hugewith volumes of public Vista Road, it between also continues to form the northern space and design forBuona smooth transition the different modes of gateway into the whole

Buona Vista Centre consists of five parcels, occupying the north-east corner of Vista Xchange. Parcel VX-1-1 is located to the north of Buona Vista Hilltop and

of one-north development. transportation are the key urban design concepts for this site. At an urban scale,

an existing substation; Parcel VX-1-2 is located to the north of Buona Vista MRT

Buona Vista Centre functions as a “lobby”, also know as the “Urban Lobby” 1

station; the other three Parcels VX-1-3, VX-1-4 and VX-1-5, also known as the

Master Plan

For detailed planning Buona Vista Center, refer to the where people gather, disperse, and orientate usersparameters around Vista of Xchange.

“Epicentre”, are located to the south of Buona Vista MRT station and on top of the CCL station as shown in the key plan below.

Development Program in Table 3.1.below: The Urban Lobby of Buona Vista Centre also sculpts the important entrance into Sub-district

Overall

Vista Xchange via the publicDevelopment thoroughfare from Commonwealth Avenue West and

Plot Ratio

Parcel No.

Site Area (m )

Plot Ratio

VX-1-1 2 North Buona Vista Road. Together with the development on5,149 the east of North VX-1-2 10,773 into the whole 4.2 Buona Vista Road, it also continues to form the northern gateway

of one-north development.Buona Vista Center (VX-1)

VX-1-3

5,356

9.3

VX-1-4

12,490

6.6

VX-1-5

493

5.5

For detailed planning parameters of Buona Vista Center, refer to the Development Program in Table 3.1.below: Sub-district Development

Key Plan

Parcellation Strategy 2

Parcel No.

Site Area (m )

As Buona Vista Centre is located in the vicinity of major transportation nodes

Overall

Plot Ratio

Encumbrances Site Area: 10,773 sm

VX-1-1

Plot Ratio: 5,149

4.2 2

10,773

4.2

Plot Ratio

As Buona Vista Centre is located in close proximity to the existing transportation

VX-1-2

Concept

Table 3.1) Development Program for Buona Vista Center

Buona Vista Center (VX-1)

within Vista Xchange, such as the existing Buona Vista MRT station, the future

Allowable GFA: 45,247 sm

nodes, a substation and situated canal, the parcellation strategy of 5.5 VX-1-3 5,356 9.3 on an existing the site VX-1-4

Parking Parking of Count has12,490 to take into consideration the Ratio: functionality each parcel with the 6.6

VX-1-5 mentioned

Retail Area:

4,500 sm

(4/100sm)

180 spaces

493 - each parcel has to be designed with access for encumbrances, I.e. Office Area: 40,747 sm (1/100sm) 407 spaces

Buona Vista CCL MRT station, two bus stops and taxi stand, and future proposed

parking, servicing, drop-off area and still maintain the main pedestrian flow and

bus interchange and PMS station, it is essentially, a Transportation Hub, where

Parcellation Strategy

urban concepts the masterplan. OfficeinParking: 13,024 sm

various modes of transport gather within it and the people on these modes of

Encumbrances

transport are distributed through it.

As Buona Vista Centre is located in close proximity to the existing transportation

Key Plan

Retail3.1) Parking: 5,760Program sm Table Development for Buona Vista Center

Total Building Area: 64,031 sm

• masterplan creates2,a great deal of pedestrian & 2005. porosity via “thickened plane” Urban Design Guidelines Report, Chapter 2.1.8.2 – Urban Lobby, connections p.2-3, March

nodes, a substation and situated on an existing canal, the parcellation strategy of

Concept

CONFIDENTIAL • use of ground area to provide parking, service & connections to transit

the site has to take into consideration theused functionality eachthese parcel • “new” ground plane to cover & of connect useswith the

As Buona Vista Centre is located in the vicinity of major transportation nodes

mentioned encumbrances, each parcel has for to 45,247 be designed • per I.e. masterplan, site allows sm GFA with access for

Urban Guidelinessuch for Vista Xchange withinDesign Vista Xchange, as the existing Buona Vista MRT station, the future Sub-district VX-1

• not area using and GFA from west site atthe thismain time pedestrian flow and parking, servicing, drop-off still maintain

Buona Vista CCL MRT station, two bus stops and taxi stand, and future proposed

3-1 CONFIDENTIAL

March 2005. RSP

• parking ratio assumed urban concepts in the masterplan.

bus interchange and PMS station, it is essentially, a Transportation Hub, where various modes of transport gather within it and the people on these modes of

With refe 1

Urban Design Guidelines Report, Chapter 2, 2.1.8.2 – Urban Lobby, p.2-3, March 2005.

Design Guidelines for Vista Xchange strict VX-1

Type of R

Corner Ve

3-1

March 2005. RSP

Maximum

RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

transport are distributed through it.

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

VX-1, BUONA VISTA CENTRE CCL station as shown in the key plan below.

Corner Ve

3.1.2.3 Pedestrian System

With refe

Diagram 3.1.2b) Buildable area for Thickened Ground

covered w Walkway

Diagram 3.1.2c) Conceptual Section A -A

Middlelandscape

132.2.9 of V Diagram 3.1.2d) Plan of internal road connect to L1b

Site Analysis ghim moh rd

Site Access

MAIN VEHICULAR SITE ACCESS

-Main vehicular access off of Commonwealth Ave -Parking + Service access from W. Commonwealth Ave

Transit

-Elevated MRT station to South of site -Sub-Grade MRT station at East end of site

Drainage

SUB-GRADE RAIL LINE

-Sub-grade Drainage Channel to remain -Potential for rain water harvesting and storage

BELOW GRADE DRAINAGE CHANNEL BUS STATION

comm

onwe

alth

ave

w commonwe

alth ave NO VEHICULAR SITE ACCESS

SERVICE ROAD

vist

a ex cha

nge

gre

ta vis na uo nb

ro c

ste

rd r

ELEVATED RAIL STATION

PROGRAM AREAS (SM) Office

Retail

Mechanical

Parking Level 2,302 Ground Level 1,242 Level 2 2,962 81 Level 3 2,962 81 Level 4 2,962 81 Level 5 2,962 81 Level 6 2,962 81 Level 7 2,962 81 Level 8 2,962 81 Level 9 2,962 81 Level 10 2,962 81 Level 11 0 335 Level 12 2,962 81 Level 13 2,962 81 Level 14 2,962 81 Level 15 2,962 81 Level 16 2,962 81 Level 17 2,962 81 Level 18 0 335 Level Roof

Totals

44,430

1,242

4,181

Occupant 20 50 0 Density m2/person

Common Area

Parking

276 3,942 1,125 264 264 264 264 264 264 264 264 264 264 264 264 264 264 264 264 264

5,889 0

3,942

Total Area 6,520 2,367 3,307 3,307 3,307 3,307 3,307 3,307 3,307 3,307 3,307 599 Interstitial Floor 3,307 3,307 3,307 3,307 3,307 3,307 599 Interstitial Floor

59,684

Occupants

2,222

2,246

RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

Levels

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

Program

Precedents ZEO - Zero Energy Office, Malaysia Energy Centre Bangi, Malaysia Office 4,000 m2

ENERGY EUI: 50 kWh/m2/year EUI: 0 kWh/m2/year (w/P PHOTOVOLTAICS A: 47 kWp (poly-crystalline) B: 6 kWp (amorphous silicon) C: 11.7 kWp (mono-crystalline, see-through) D: 27 kWp (mono-crystalline) Total: 92 kWp COST 21% additional construction cost (excl. PV) 45% additional construction cost (incl. PV) STRATEGIES

Daylighting (almost 100%) EE lighting + task lights EE office equipment EE server room Floor slab cooling (18째C) Phase-Change material tank (10째C) EE ventilation Controls + sensors Double glazing Insulation

Singapore, Braddell Office, Classrooms, + Resource Center 4,500 m2 (retrofit)

ENERGY EUI: 60 kWh/m2/year EUI: 0 kWh/m2/year (w/PV) PHOTOVOLTAICS Total: 190 kWp (207,000 kWh) ENERGY SAVINGS S$84,000 / year STRATEGIES Daylighting Natural ventilation Solar chimney Green walls and roof Low-e glazing BIPV sun shades Light shelves Light tubes / mirror ducts Motion sensors CO2 sensors Daylight sensors Displacement cooling Personalized ventilation LED task lights T5 fixtures EE chillers / cooling towers Single coil twin fan system

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

ZEB - Zero Energy Building at BCA Academy

RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

Precedents

Precedents Asia Square “The Human Building” Singapore, Marina Bay (completion 2011/2013) Twin-Tower Mixed-Use 190,000 m2 Grade A Office Space 280-room five-star hotel 5,600 m2 Retail Space 9,300 m2 Open Public Space

ENERGY ETTV: 37.01 W/m2 PHOTOVOLTAICS Total: 53 kWp ENERGY SAVINGS 4,285,678 kWh/y STRATEGIES

Sunpipes to harvest daylight into carpark / stairs Enthalpy heat recovery wheel Pre-cooling at PAHU Integrated heatpipes for cooling coil at PAHU Daylight sensors Lighting control system

ST Diamond Building

Putrajaya, Malaysia Corporate Office for Energy Commission of Malaysia 4,923 m2

ENERGY EUI: 85 kWh/m2/year EUI: 75 kWh/m2/year (w/PV) PHOTOVOLTAICS Total: 71.5 kWp ENERGY SAVINGS 874,082 kWh/y STRATEGIES

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

Precedents

RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS

Self-shaded facades, 25째 tilt Tilted glazing admits more diffuse light Atrium reflector panels provide light to lower levels Automated solar blinds (6 configurations) Slab cooling system Sunken garden provides air + light to car park Naturally ventilated car park Rainwater harvesting

Precedents Ocean Financial Centre

Singapore, Raffles Place (completion 2011) 43 Story - Grade A Office Tower 5 Story Car Park 1 Story Basement Retail Link 96,063 m2 GFA ENERGY ETTV: 42.76 W/m2 EEI: 174 kWh/m2/y

ENERGY ETTV: 42.76 W/m2 EEI: 174 kWh/m2/y

PHOTOVOLTAICS Total: 75 kWp

ENERGY SAVINGS 9,080,000 kWh/y

ENERGY SAVINGS 9,080,000 kWh/y STRATEGIES

Triple-Glazed facade glass Power saving LED lighting Regenerative Drive Lifts for off peak operations Paper Recycling Green walls Rainwater harvesting Heat recovery for hot water production Car parking guidance system Occupancy sensors for toilet rooms and staircases

ENERGY AND WATER TARGETS

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

ENERGY AND WATER TARGETS

zvhhh 700

Energy Use Intensity

Monthly Cooling Load - Baseline Building

600

The baseline energy use is for a conventional office building in Singapore is assumed to be 190kWh/m2/year. HVAC including cooling, dehumidification and ventilation is typically the largest energy end use. Plug loads, if unmanaged, can be a close second in terms of end use energy. Lighting is also a significant energy end use. Low energy and zero energy precedents in Singapore and Malaysia demonstrate that a very low energy use can be achieved. Based on these precedents and an analysis of the energy reduction potential for lighting and plug loads, the energy target for the prototype is established at 53 kWh/ m2/year which is a 72% reduction below the baseline. Passive strategies such as daylighting help to further lower EUI. Being aggressive on EUI is critical as it reduces the energy generation required. In order to achieve an annual net-zero energy use, renewable energy will be supplied predominantly through Photovoltaic panels providing solar energy and the remaining with be supplied by taking advantage of the local palm oil industry and using the waste byproduct to run on-site fuel cells.

Walls Roofs

500

INT Surroundings Underground Surroundings

400

Infiltration Window Conductive

300

Window Solar Occupants Light Fixtures

200

Misc. Equipment 100

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Baseline Energy Energy Target

190

kWh/m2

< 72%

53 kWh/m

Renewable Energy Budget

Domestic Hot Water and Desiccant Dehumidification (9.4%) -5 kWh/m2 HVAC (54.7%) - 29 kWh/m2 Lighting (3.8%) - 2 kWh/m2 Plug Loads (32.1%) - 17 kWh/m2 Domestic Hot Water (2%) - 4 kWh/m2 HVAC (42%) - 80 kWh/m2 Lighting (20%) - 37 kWh/m2 Plug Loads (36%) - 69 kWh/m2

53 kWh/m

Photovoltaic Panels (68%) - 36 kWh/m2 Biogas/Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electricity (22.6%) - 12 kWh/m2 Biogas/Hydrogen Fuel Cell Thermal (9.4%) - 5 kWh/m2

The baseline water use is for a conventional office building is assumed to be 64,527m3/year based on assumed flush and flow rates per LEED 2009. Based on water-efficient fixtures and irrigation systems, our water target is a reduction of 51% over the baseline. With an abundant average annual rainfall, the rainwater can be collected and used in conjunction with water reuse strategies to offset building water use, cooling tower make-up water and irrigation.

250

200

150

100

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Baseline Water Water Use Target

64,527

m3 / year

Flush Fixtures [14.6%) - 9,433 m3 Flow Fixtures [10.9%) - 7,046 m3 Irrigation [12.7%) - 8,192 m3 Cooling Tower - [61.8%) - 39,856 m3

<51 %

31,526 3 m / year

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

Water Use

Singapore Precipitation by Month

Water Source/Reuse

32,662 3 m / year

Flush Fixtures [18.2%) - 5,743 m3

Rainwater Roof Harvest [47%) - 15,198 m3

Flow Fixtures [12.3%) - 3,879 m3

Rainwater Site Harvest [34%) - 11,247 m3

Irrigation [12.4%) - 3,919 m3

Condensation Harvest [12%) - 3,885 m3

Cooling Tower [56.1%) - 17,714 m3

Greywater [7%) - 2,332 m3

ENERGY AND WATER TARGETS

mm 300

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN STRATEGIES

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN STRATEGIES

Daylighting Daylighting is a significant strategy for lighting energy reduction, as well as reduction in cooling load. Daylit hours in Singapore strongly align with the building operation hours throughout the year, making daylight a strategy that can work practically 100% of the normal building operation time. • • • • •

Sky conditions can vary from clear skies to overcast skies, but cloud cover and overcast sky conditions are very common. Under clear sky conditions the sun path illuminates the southern façade of the building during the winter and the northern façade during the summer. Under overcast conditions the zenith of the sky dome is the brightest. The wide range of sky conditions and a range of sun paths that impact all building façade orientations through the year, create a dynamic set of conditions under which to design effective daylight strategies.

Winter Solstice - sun path

The daylighting design goals include: • Daylight 100% of the depth of the floorplate • Minimum daylight levels of 250 lux and maximum levels at 1500 lux • Reduce direct solar gain and glare during the clear sky conditions • Allow adequate diffuse light during overcast sky conditions

Horizontal Illumination (Daily)

Summer Solstice - sun path 40% WWR

70% WWR

50% WWR

100% daylighting critical to hitting energy target Integration of daylighting controls for the lighting system Control of glare and reduction of solar heat gain Maintain design illumination levels with in the building Benefits include increased worker productivity and health

30% WWR

40% WWR

50% WWR

60% WWR

70% WWR

80% WWR

NREL Research Support Facility Sage Electrochromic Glazing Displaying Range of Glazing Tints Summer Soltice,

Clear Sky South Faรงade 9:00 Noon 3:00 40% 25% 15% 40% 40% 40% 40% 25% 15% 5% 5% 10%

Overcast Sky North Faรงade 9:00 Noon 3:00 March 40% 25% 40% June 40% 25% 40% Sept 40% 25% 40% Dec 40% 25% 40%

Overcast Sky South Faรงade 9:00 Noon 3:00 40% 25% 40% 40% 25% 40% 40% 25% 40% 40% 25% 40%

Winter (Clear Sky)

The key strategy employed to address the wide range of design conditions for daylighting is the utilization of electrochromic glazing. Electrochromic glazing uses a low voltage charge to adjust the tint, and with it the solar heat gain coefficient and visible light transmittance, of the glass. With electrochromic glazing any piece of glass can be tuned to meet the daylighting goals based on orientation and sky conditions, as well as through sensor or occupant controls in the space. The exterior skin of the building will be truly dynamic, with each building orientation changing glazing properties throughout the day.

Summer (Clear Sky)

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

Clear Sky North Faรงade 9:00 Noon 3:00 March 15% 25% 40% June 5% 5% 10% Sept 15% 25% 40% Dec 40% 40% 40%

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN STRATEGIES

Daylighting

Visible Light Transmittance (VLT) North/South Facade Schedule

Daylighting Results

The plan simulations shown represent the three seasonal and sky variations that occur throughout the year that weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve tempered through the dynamic electrochromic glazing. March is also representative of September due to the climatic similarities and June is also representative of December. Additionally, Overcast conditions throughout the year are represented by the March simulations below. The visible light transmittance for the North and South Facades change to temper the daylight entering the building during the day to create and even and pleasant distribution of daylight.

9:00 am

12:00 pm

3:00 pm

9:00 am

12:00 pm

3:00 pm

9:00 am

12:00 pm

3:00 pm

June 21 Clear

March 21 Clear

March 21 Overcast 28

Baseline (based on 50% VLT all Facades)

Design March 9 am Overcast

Design March 3 pm Overcast

Baseline (based on 50% VLT all Facades)

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

Design March 3 pm Clear

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN STRATEGIES

Glare Studies

Design - March 9 am Clear

Envelope

Solar Radiation Study June 21 - Sept 21

The design of the envelope is provide for a performance, functional and aesthetic characteristics. From an energy perspective the envelope should reduce thermal loads (solar heat gain, infiltration and transmission) at the perimeter while satisfying daylighting design requirements throughout the year. The project has a target ETTV (Envelope Thermal Transfer Value) of 30.0 W/m2.

309.5

154.8

0.0 kWh/m2 Summer - North Facade

Summer - South Facade

To achieve an ETTV as low as 30.0 W/m2 a high performance glazing system utilizing electrochromic glass is being proposed. The glazing system design has been optimized to provide design levels for daylighting throughout the year while dramatically reducing direct solar heat gain. This is accomplished through the dynamic control of glass tint and with it control of visible light transmittance and solar heat gain coefficient. The tuning of the glass tint based on solar conditions is discussed in more detail in the daylighting section of this report. The thermal performance of the glazing system is described below. • • • • • • • • • • •

1.0

4.5

Aspect Ratio 4.5 to 1.0

Glass spec: SageGlass Classic, Insulated Double Pane Frame spec: YYK AP, YCW 750 XT (dual thermal barrier) Spandrel panel: Glazing system with 2” extruded polystyrene (R10) Window to wall ratio: 0.80 (all orientations) Center of glass U-factor: 0.28 Btu/hr-sf-°F / 1.59 W/m²K Glazing system U-factor: 0.36 Btu/hr-sf-°F / 2.04 W/m²K Opaque / Spandrel wall U-factor: 0.07 Btu/hr-sf-°F / 0.40 W/m²K System/glazing SC at 40% tint: 0.41 System/glazing SC at 20% tint: 0.27 System/glazing SC at 5% tint: 0.11 Vegetated screens/plantings at all east and west facing facades have an assumed additional SC of 0.5, resulting in an overall SC of 0.1 for the east and west facades.

North/South Envelope Window to Wall Ratio: 80%

East/West Envelope

Window to Wall Ratio: 80%

ETTV at 40% Tint = 58.16 w/m2 ETTV at 20% Tint = 36.84 w/m2 ETTV at 5% Tint = 21.35 w/m2

Roof Rainwater 15,198 m3

Cooling Tower 17,714 m3

Cooling Coil Condensation 3,885 m3

Flow Fixtures 3,879 m3

Irrigation 3,919 m3

Greywater 2,332 m3

Water Supply 31,626 m3

Domestic Backup Supply

Water Use 33,662 m3

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN STRATEGIES

Flush Fixtures 5,743 m3

Site Rainwater 11,247 m3

Water Storage (300 m3 each) 900 m3

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

Zero Water Diagram

Hybrid Ventilation

Supply Ventilation Wind Driven Natural Ventilation

Desiccant De-humidification

Filter Desiccant Conditioner

Water Storage

Absorption Chiller

Cooling Coils Supplemental Fan Power Active Chilled Beam Cooling

Return Ventilation Wind Driven Natural Ventilation Filter Desiccant Conditioner Hydrogen Fuel Cell

Waste Heat Supplemental Fan Power Active Chilled Beam Cooling Return Air

Natural ventilation can provide passive comfort under certain conditions in the Singapore climate. The primary disadvantage of natural ventilation is the introduction of high humidity outside air, which could condensate on cool surfaces. The dew point temperature for the outside air is relatively high (typically 24째C). The concern for condensation from natural ventilation would be problematic with the active chilled beam system used to provide space conditioning. Therefore, natural ventilation will not be used in the main interior spaces, but could be considered for separate, transitional type spaces. The design incorporates a hybrid ventilation system that relies on several passive or passive assisted techniques for supplying ventilation air. This is accomplished through the use of an innovative wind-assisted ventilation shaft concept. Although the wind speeds in Singapore are typically low, they do have a consistent north or south direction to them. The design has multiple wind-scoop outside air intakes above the floors being served. The air houses use wind pressure and a cooling coil to pre-cool the air allowing it to drop into the ventilation system. The air houses are also equipped with supplemental fan powered air handling units to provide adequate air supply when wind speeds are particularly low. A liquid desiccant dehumidification system is integrated into the air house. The return air has a passive operation as well. Separate return air shafts are routed to exhaust at the same level above serviced floors and utilizes the buoyancy of the warmed return air along with a waste heat from the fuel cells introduced at the top of the return air paths to accelerate the stack effect and pull return air from the building.

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN STRATEGIES

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

Hybrid Ventilation

11.0

Electric Lighting

10.5 10.0

Conventional Practice

Daylighting is the primary lighting source and the artificial lighting system is designed to supplement and complement daylighting as needed to meet the lighting requirements of the occupants. The high performance lighting system is comprised of efficient fixture and lamp technology, a simple but effective controls system and a layered approach to lighting design. Layered Lighting Design: 1. Ambient lighting • Dimmable to supplement daylighting • Maintain 250 lux minimum • T-8 Energy savers with direct/indirect pendant and LED down lights 2. Task lighting at desks • 6 watt LED task light at each desk • To provide task lighting at about 500 lux 3. Vertical lighting • Provides visual interest and decreases eye strain • LED wall washers

9.5 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0

Net Zero Energy Practice Connected Load

5.5

Lighting Controls Logic: • Manual on/off by occupants • Lighting controls are designed to keep the lights off or dimmed whenever possible and are typically not used to turn lights on. o Daylight controls to turn off or dim o Time clock control to turn off at the end of building hours o Vacancy sensors to turn off lights whenever vacancy is sensed o Occupancy/vacancy sensors for specific spaces such as restrooms

5.0

Power Density (W/m 2)

4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5

Net Zero Energy Practice

1.0 0.5 0.0

12 Time of Day

Occupancy and Daylighting Sensor

LED Downlight

Plug Loads

Conventional Practice

10.5 10.0

Plug loads, if left unmanaged can be a significant portion of a commercial buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy use and make net zero energy an unattainable goal. A low energy plug load strategy includes several integrated steps: 1. Use only equipment that is needed and use shared equipment and appliances whenever possible. 2. Use the highest energy efficiency equipment and appliances possible. 3. Use time clock controls, occupancy/vacancy sensors, occupant education and built in energy management features to assure that all equipment is off when not in use â&#x20AC;&#x201C; particularly during unoccupied hours. 4. Use regenerative elevators in lieu of traditional elevators to save 40 to 50% on elevator energy. 5. Engage and involve the occupants in the energy goals of the building.

9.5 9.0 8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0

6.0 5.5 5.0

Net Zero Energy Practice

4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

12 Time of Day

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN STRATEGIES

Power Density (W/m 2)

6.5

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

11.0

Cooling and Dehumidification

Liquid Desiccant System

Occupied Space

Outside Air

Conditioner

Dehumidification is accomplished with the use of a liquid desiccant system that is recharged with waste heat from the fuel cells. The two main components to the liquid desiccant system are the conditioner and regenerator. The conditioner introduces humid outside air to the liquid desiccant solution, which absorbs the moisture from the air. The dehumidified air is filtered and cooled for building ventilation supply air. The then diluted liquid desiccant solution is sent to the regenerator where waste heat is used to evaporate water from the solution and the into an exhaust air stream to the outside.

Exhaust to Outside Return Regenerator Air

Dry Supply Air Desiccant Loop

Cooler Heat Exchanger

Waste Heat From Fuel Cell

Space cooling is accomplished through the use active chilled beams. Active chilled beams are finned radiators located at ceiling level that are supplied with chilled water and ventilation air. The benefits of active chilled beams include the decoupling of ventilation and dehumidification from cooling.

Dehumidified Air

Dehumidified Outside Air Ice Thermal Storage

Cooling Loops Use ice for daytime cooling Mixed and Conditioned Air

Chilled Beam 36

Return Air

Mixed and Conditioned Air

Chiller Nighttime Ice Generation

The renewable energy systems are sized and planned to offset the annual targeted energy use of the building â&#x20AC;&#x201C; or approximately 2,491 MWh per year of electricity and 259 MWh of thermal energy. The roof of the building is oversized to maximize the area of roof mounted photovoltaic arrays. Using a high efficiency module the roof-mounted PV can generate about 68% of the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s annual energy needs. The remaining renewable energy is supplied by a series of fuel cells that run on renewable biogas rather than natural gas. 7,200 m2 Roof Area

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

Renewable Energy

1,868 MWh/ year of electricity

E Building Electrical Use: 2,491 MWh/ year

623 MWh/ year of electricity 259 MWh/ year of thermal energy (reclaimed waste heat) Hydrogen Fuel Cell

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN STRATEGIES

Photovoltaic Panel

Photovoltaic Panel Average Solar Insolation 4.5 kwh/m2/day Photovoltaic Panel Grid - Based Electricity

DC Disconnect

Inverter

Optional Battery System

AC Disconnect

System Monitoring

Panel Board

Building Electricity

Utility Meter

Domestic Hot Water Supply

Palm Oil Effluent

Heat Methane Gas

Compost

Electricity

CH4 Anaerobic Digester

The fuel cell is a highly integrated aspect of the energy system for the building. Its primary purpose is the generation of renewable electricity for building use. The renewable energy innovation is to run the hydrogen fuel cell using biogas generated from abundant regional palm oil refuse. The organic refuse can be broken down into biogas (methane) and compost using an anaerobic digester. The design makes practical use of a waste product of the fuel cell process â&#x20AC;&#x201C; and that is waste heat. The system will capture waste heat to provide additional energy related functions including reforming the biogas to hydrogen, regenerating the liquid desiccant, driving heating domestic hot water and assisting the return airflow in the hybrid ventilation scheme. A solid oxide fuel cell is an ideal fuel cell technology for this application because it has a high efficiency, 60% or greater, for generating electricity. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) use waste heat from the non-combustion electricity generation process to reform methane into a hydrogen fuel gas. SOFC can also be designed to supply a small amount of waste heat, which can be used for other thermal energy applications in the building such the domestic hot water and liquid desiccant recharging.

Hydrogen Fuel Cell

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

Fuel Cell

Desiccant Dehumidification

Air

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack Steam Reformer Heat and Steam

Hydrogen Fuel Gas

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN STRATEGIES

Methane (CH4)

100% Daylight/Controls Efficient lighting Reduced & Managed Plug Loads

Plug Lighting Loads

System Diagram Full system / cycle approach minimizes waste -2 kWh/m2

• waste heat from fuel cell provides energy to other parts of the system • Hybrid ventilation reduces fan energy • Ice thermal storage reduces peak demand and reduces fuel cell size

-17 kWh/m2

Wind Driven Ventilation Tower

-5 kWh/m2

+53 kWh/m2

Ice Thermal Storage

Waste Heat

Domestic Hot Water

Demand

Chiller

Supply

Active Chilled Beam

-29 kWh/m2

Domestic Hot Water

Pre-Cooling Coils

Renewable Energy

Supplemental Fan Power

Ventilation / Cooling

Liquid Desiccant De-Humidification

Palm Oil Effluent Compost

Anaerobic Digester

Hydrogen Fuel Cell

100% Daylight

Photovoltaic Panels

E 40

DESIGN PROPOSAL

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

DESIGN PROPOSAL

Site Strategy Site Access: ghim moh rd

- Main Vehicular Access off of Commonwealth Ave. - Drop-off and Pickup Zone off of Commonwealth Ave. - Service Access from Rochester Street into Parking Level - Rochester Street Shall Provide Parking Garage Access site access:

ghim moh rd

Transit:

main vehicular site access? setbacks /easementcomm onwe required from power alth ave substation?

- Existing Bus Stop on North West of Site Sidewalk Access - Transit Station Access From Parking Level and Ground Level - Setbakcs and Easements From Rail Considered in Design

- Collect Site Drainage for Irrigation Use - Collect Roof Drainage for Building use - All Excess Water Overflows into Monsoon Channel

setbacks /easement required from rail lines?

bus station?

1. existing bus stop on north west of site? 2. any access to transit station from within si 3. setbakcs and easements from rail?

drainage:

w commonwea

lth ave

comm

onwe

drainage issue? internal station access?

w commonwe

alth

1. potential to collect monsoon storm and re 2. potential to re-route drainiage? 3. easements?

ave

power station: 1. setbacks and easement? 2. potential to re-route drainiage? 3. easements?

he ste ro c en

service road?

gre

he ro c

vist

a ex cha

nge

gre

vis

rail station

ste rd r

nge

a ex cha

vist

vehicular site access?

vis

alth ave

main vehicular access off of commonweal any vehicular access off of n buona vista rd service access from w. commonwealth ave any ability to connect rochester st through commonwealth ave?

transit:

Drainage:

future rail line

1. 2. 3. 4.

building: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

parking - above grade vs. subsurface? height limit? can we achieve optimal orientation? what is actual buildable area? setbacks from street, rail + power station?

HARDSCAPE VEGETATIVE AREAS SHADE TREES ORNAMENTAL TREES VEGETATED ROOF

ghim moh rd

site access:

main vehicular site access? setbacks /easement required from power substation? bus station?

1. 2. 3. 4.

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

Site Plan - Overall

ROADS / WALKS

main vehicular access off of commonweal any vehicular access off of n buona vista rd service access from w. commonwealth ave any ability to connect rochester st through commonwealth ave?

future rail line

transit:

setbacks /easement required from rail lines?

1. existing bus stop on north west of site? 2. any access to transit station from within si 3. setbakcs and easements from rail?

drainage: comm

onwe

drainage issue? internal station access?

alth

1. potential to collect monsoon storm and re 2. potential to re-route drainiage? 3. easements?

ave

power station:

1. setbacks and easement? 2. potential to re-route drainiage? 3. easements?

w commonwe

alth ave vehicular site access?

service road?

a ex cha

nge

parking - above grade vs. subsurface? height limit? can we achieve optimal orientation? what is actual buildable area? setbacks from street, rail + power station?

vis

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

gre

DESIGN PROPOSAL

vist

ro c

ste rd r

rail station

building:

Water Retention Plan

EXISTING STORM CHANNEL BUILDING USE COLLECTION BASIN IRRIGATION USE COLLECTION BASIN

ghim moh rd

site access:

main vehicular site access? setbacks /easement required from power substation? bus station?

1. 2. 3. 4.

main vehicular access off of commonweal any vehicular access off of n buona vista rd service access from w. commonwealth ave any ability to connect rochester st through commonwealth ave?

future rail line

transit:

setbacks /easement required from rail lines?

1. existing bus stop on north west of site? 2. any access to transit station from within si 3. setbakcs and easements from rail?

drainage: comm

onwe

drainage issue? internal station access?

alth

1. potential to collect monsoon storm and re 2. potential to re-route drainiage? 3. easements?

ave

power station: 1. setbacks and easement? 2. potential to re-route drainiage? 3. easements?

w commonwe

alth ave vehicular site access?

ar d

service road?

vist

a ex cha

nge

gre

vis t na uo nb

ro c

ste

rail station

building: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

parking - above grade vs. subsurface? height limit? can we achieve optimal orientation? what is actual buildable area? setbacks from street, rail + power station?

CIRCULATION PARKING AREA VERTICAL CIRCULATION

ghim moh rd

site access:

main vehicular site access? setbacks /easement required from power substation? bus station?

1. 2. 3. 4.

main vehicular access off of commonweal any vehicular access off of n buona vista rd service access from w. commonwealth ave any ability to connect rochester st through commonwealth ave?

future rail line

transit:

setbacks /easement required from rail lines?

1. existing bus stop on north west of site? 2. any access to transit station from within si 3. setbakcs and easements from rail?

drainage: comm

onwe

drainage issue? internal station access?

alth

1. potential to collect monsoon storm and re 2. potential to re-route drainiage? 3. easements?

ave

power station:

1. setbacks and easement? 2. potential to re-route drainiage? 3. easements?

w commonwe

alth ave vehicular site access?

ar d

service road?

nge

parking - above grade vs. subsurface? height limit? can we achieve optimal orientation? what is actual buildable area? setbacks from street, rail + power station?

uo nb

gre

DESIGN PROPOSAL

a ex cha

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

r rd ste he

vist

building:

vis t

rail station

ro c

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

Parking Plan

MECHANICAL/SERVICE

Ground Floor Plan

SERVICE RETAIL LOBBY

ghim moh rd

VERTICAL CIRCULATION/SUPPORT

main vehicular site access? setbacks /easement required from power substation? bus station?

site access:

1. 2. 3. 4.

main vehicular access off of commonweal any vehicular access off of n buona vista rd service access from w. commonwealth ave any ability to connect rochester st through commonwealth ave?

future rail line

transit:

setbacks /easement required from rail lines?

1. existing bus stop on north west of site? 2. any access to transit station from within si 3. setbakcs and easements from rail?

drainage: comm

onwe

drainage issue? internal station access?

alth

ave

power station: 1. setbacks and easement? 2. potential to re-route drainiage? 3. easements?

w commonwe

alth ave vehicular site access?

service road?

a ex cha

nge

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

parking - above grade vs. subsurface? height limit? can we achieve optimal orientation? what is actual buildable area? setbacks from street, rail + power station?

ste he ro c

vist

building:

vis

rail station

gre

A 46

1. potential to collect monsoon storm and re 2. potential to re-route drainiage? 3. easements?

VEGETATION TERRACE

ghim moh rd

VERTICAL CIRCULATION/SUPPORT

main vehicular site access? setbacks /easement required from power substation? bus station?

site access:

1. 2. 3. 4.

main vehicular access off of commonweal any vehicular access off of n buona vista rd service access from w. commonwealth ave any ability to connect rochester st through commonwealth ave?

future rail line

transit:

setbacks /easement required from rail lines?

1. existing bus stop on north west of site? 2. any access to transit station from within si 3. setbakcs and easements from rail?

drainage: comm

onwe

drainage issue? internal station access?

alth

1. potential to collect monsoon storm and re 2. potential to re-route drainiage? 3. easements?

ave

power station:

1. setbacks and easement? 2. potential to re-route drainiage? 3. easements?

w commonwe

alth ave vehicular site access?

service road?

nge

parking - above grade vs. subsurface? height limit? can we achieve optimal orientation? what is actual buildable area? setbacks from street, rail + power station?

uo nb

gre

DESIGN PROPOSAL

a ex cha

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

r rd ste he

vist

building:

vis

rail station

ro c

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

Single -Tenant Office Floor Plan

OFFICE AREA

Multi -Tenant Office Floor Plan

MULTI-TENANT CORRIDOR MULTI-TENANT OFFICE SPACE MULTI-TENANT OFFICE SPACE MULTI-TENANT OFFICE SPACE VEGETATIVE TERRACE

ghim moh rd

VERTICAL CIRCULATION/SUPPORT

main vehicular site access? setbacks /easement required from power substation? bus station?

site access:

1. 2. 3. 4.

main vehicular access off of commonweal any vehicular access off of n buona vista rd service access from w. commonwealth ave any ability to connect rochester st through commonwealth ave?

future rail line

transit:

setbacks /easement required from rail lines?

1. existing bus stop on north west of site? 2. any access to transit station from within si 3. setbakcs and easements from rail?

drainage: comm

onwe

drainage issue? internal station access?

alth

ave

power station: 1. setbacks and easement? 2. potential to re-route drainiage? 3. easements?

w commonwe

alth ave vehicular site access?

ar d

service road?

a ex cha

nge

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

parking - above grade vs. subsurface? height limit? can we achieve optimal orientation? what is actual buildable area? setbacks from street, rail + power station?

ste he ro c

vist

building:

vis t

rail station

gre

A 48

1. potential to collect monsoon storm and re 2. potential to re-route drainiage? 3. easements?

HARDSCAPE VEGETATION AREAS

ghim moh rd

VERTICAL CIRCULATION/SUPPORT

main vehicular site access? setbacks /easement required from power substation? bus station?

site access:

1. 2. 3. 4.

main vehicular access off of commonweal any vehicular access off of n buona vista rd service access from w. commonwealth ave any ability to connect rochester st through commonwealth ave?

future rail line

transit:

setbacks /easement required from rail lines?

1. existing bus stop on north west of site? 2. any access to transit station from within si 3. setbakcs and easements from rail?

drainage: comm

onwe

drainage issue? internal station access?

alth

1. potential to collect monsoon storm and re 2. potential to re-route drainiage? 3. easements?

ave

power station:

1. setbacks and easement? 2. potential to re-route drainiage? 3. easements?

w commonwe

alth ave vehicular site access?

ar d

service road?

nge

parking - above grade vs. subsurface? height limit? can we achieve optimal orientation? what is actual buildable area? setbacks from street, rail + power station?

uo nb

gre

DESIGN PROPOSAL

a ex cha

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

r rd ste he

vist

building:

vis t

rail station

ro c

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

Ventilation Level Floor Plan

MECHANICAL

Section A

PARKING EL: -4m

Section B

LEVEL R00F EL: 110m

LEVEL 18 EL: 100m

LEVEL 17 EL: 95m

LEVEL 16 EL: 90m

LEVEL 15 EL: 85m LEVEL 14 EL: 80m

LEVEL 15 EL: 85m

LEVEL 13 EL: 75m LEVEL 12 EL: 70m

LEVEL 11 EL: 60m

LEVEL 10 EL: 55m

LEVEL 09 EL: 50m

LEVEL 08 EL: 45m

LEVEL 07 EL: 40m

LEVEL 06 EL: 35m

LEVEL 05 EL: 30m

LEVEL 04 EL: 25m

LEVEL 03 EL: 20m

LEVEL 02 EL: 15m

GROUND EL: 0m

LEVEL 14 EL: 80m

PARKING EL: -4m

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

PEDESTRIAN CIRCULATION

Circulation Diagram

DESIGN PROPOSAL

VEHICULAR CIRCULATION

XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX PASSENGER PICKUP / DROP-OFF EXTERIOR LOBBY RETAIL FORECOURT / CAFE INFORMAL SEATING FORMAL SEATING

XXXX XXXX

Public Spaces Diagram

XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX LOW-WATER SHADE TOLERANT VEGETATION

XXXX XXXX

LOW-WATER PARTIAL SUN VEGETATION

XXXX XXXX

LOW -WATER FULL SUN VEGETATION

Plant Typology Diagram

DESIGN PROPOSAL

XXXX XXXX

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

XXXX XXXX

STORM WATER CONVEYANCE

Site Drainage Diagram

LOW-WATER PLANTINGS MATERIALS STRATEGY RECYCLED / SALVAGED CONTENT FSC CERTIFIED WOOD ENERGY STRATEGY VEGETATIVE COOLING LOW REFLECTIVE PAVING

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

REUSE FOR BUILDING / IRRIGATION

Site Sustainability Diagram

DESIGN PROPOSAL

WATER STRATEGY

Building Form Diagram

Typical Office Plan

-Low Daylighting Potential -Large East and West Exposure

-Floorplate sized for 100% daylight -Reduced East and West Exposure

-Consolidate Floorplate -Potential for Non-Daylight Space -Shaded East and West Exposures for Reduced Heat Gain

Net Zero Office Plan

-Repositioned Floorplate to Maximize Daylighting

DESIGN PROPOSAL

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

Northeast Perspective

South Perspective

DESIGN PROPOSAL

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

West Perspective

East Perspective

CERTIFICATION

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

CERTIFICATION

LEED Scorecard

Yes

0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Y 1 5 0 6 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Yes

Y 4

2 4

0 0

Sustainable Sites c d d d d d d d c d d d c d d d

SSp1 SSc1 SSc2 SSc3 SSc4.1 SSc4.2 SSc4.3 SSc4.4 SSc5.1 SSc5.2 SSc6.1 SSc6.2 SSc7.1 SSc7.2 SSc8 SSc9

Construction Activity Pollution Prevention Site Selection Development Density & Community Connectivity Brownfield Redevelopment Alternative Transportation, Public Transportation Access Alternative Transportation, Bicycle Storage and Changing Rooms Alternative Transportation, Low-Emitting and Fuel-Efficient Vehicles Alternative Transportation, Parking Capacity Site Development, Protect or Restore Habitat Site Development, Maximize Open Space Stormwater Design, Quantity Control Stormwater Design, Quality Control Heat Island Effect, Non-Roof Heat Island Effect, Roof Light Pollution Reduction Tenant Design and Construction Guidelines

Water Efficiency d d d d

WEp1 WEc1

WEc2 WEc3

Water Use Reduction Water Efficient Landscaping Reduce by 50% 4 No Potable Water Use or Irrigation Innovative Wastewater Technologies Water Use Reduction 30% Reduction 35% Reduction 4 40% Reduction

Yes

28 Points

Required

Y Y Y

1 5 1

Energy & Atmosphere c d d d

EAp1 EAp2 EAp3 EAc1

2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

10 Points Required 2 to 4 2 4 2 2 to 4 2 3 4

4 2 2 3 3 0

0 0 0 0 0 2

0 0 0 0 0 0

d c d

EAc2

c c

EAc5.2

EAc3 EAc4 EAc5.1 EAc6

Fundamental Commissioning of the Building Energy Systems Minimum Energy Performance Fundamental Refrigerant Management Optimize Energy Performance 12% New Buildings or 8% Existing Building Renovations 14% New Buildings or 10% Existing Building Renovations 16% New Buildings or 12% Existing Building Renovations 18% New Buildings or 14% Existing Building Renovations 20% New Buildings or 16% Existing Building Renovations 22% New Buildings or 18% Existing Building Renovations 24% New Buildings or 20% Existing Building Renovations 26% New Buildings or 22% Existing Building Renovations 28% New Buildings or 24% Existing Building Renovations 30% New Buildings or 26% Existing Building Renovations 32% New Buildings or 28% Existing Building Renovations 34% New Buildings or 30% Existing Building Renovations 36% New Buildings or 32% Existing Building Renovations 38% New Buildings or 34% Existing Building Renovations 40% New Buildings or 36% Existing Building Renovations 42% New Buildings or 38% Existing Building Renovations 44% New Buildings or 40% Existing Building Renovations 46% New Buildings or 42% Existing Building Renovations 21 48% New Buildings or 44% Existing Building Renovations On-Site Renewable Energy (1%) Enhanced Commissioning Enhanced Refrigerant Management Measurement & Verification - Base Building Measurement & Verification - Tenant Submetering Green Power

37 Points Required Required Required 1 to 21 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 4 2 2 3 3 2

Yes

Y Y 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Indoor Environmental Quality d d d d c c c c c d d d d d

EQp1 EQp2 EQc1 EQc2 EQc3 EQc4.1 EQc4.2 EQc4.3 EQc4.4 EQc5 EQc6.2 EQc7.1 EQc8.1 EQc8.2

Minimum IAQ Performance Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring Increased Ventilation Construction IAQ Management Plan, During Construction Low-Emitting Materials, Adhesives and Sealants Low-Emitting Materials, Paints and Coatings Low-Emitting Materials, Flooring Systems Low-Emitting Materials, Composite Wood and Agrifiber Products Indoor Chemical & Pollutant Source Control Controllability of Systems, Thermal Comfort Thermal Comfort, Design Daylight & Views, Daylight 75% of Spaces Daylight & Views, Views for 90% of Spaces

Yes

12 Points

Required

1 1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0 0

Yes

1 1 1 1

0 0 0 0

Yes

Required 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Innovation in Design d d d d d c

IDc1.1 IDc1.2 IDc1.3 IDc1.4 IDc1.5 IDc2

Innovation or Exemplary Performance: Optimize Energy Performance Innovation or Exemplary Performance: On-Site Renewable Energy Innovation or Exemplary Performance: Water Use Reduction Innovation: Pilot Credit Rainwater Management Innovation: Pilot Credit Renewable Energy Distributed Generation LEED速 Accredited Professional

Regional Priority

6 Points 1 1 1 1 1 1

4 Points

1 1 1 1

90 13

d d d d

RPc1.1 RPc1.2 RPc1.3 RPc1.4

Regional Priority: EAc1 Regional Priority: EAc3 Regional Priority: WEc1 Regional Priority: WEc3

Project Totals (pre-certification estimates)

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

LEED Scorecard

1 1 1

110 Points

Certified 40-49 points Silver 50-59 points Gold 60-79 points Platinum 80 points and above ?

Y 0

0 2

0 0

1 0

Materials & Resources d c

MRp1 MRc1.1

MRc2

c c

MRc3

MRc5

MRc6

MRc4

Storage & Collection of Recyclables Building Reuse, Maintain Existing Walls, Floors & Roof Reuse 25% Reuse 33% Reuse 42% Reuse 50% Reuse 75% Construction Waste Management 50% Recycled or Salvaged 75% Recycled or Salvaged Materials Reuse (5%) Recycled Content 10% of Content 2 20% of Content Regional Materials 10% of Materials 20% of Materials Certified Wood

13 Points Required 1 to 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 to 2 1 2 1 to 2 1 to 2 1 2 1 to 2 1 2 1

CERTIFICATION

Yes

BCA Green Mark Scorecard

CERTIFICATION

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

BCA Green Mark Scorecard

CERTIFICATION

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

BCA Green Mark Scorecard

CERTIFICATION

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

BCA Green Mark Scorecard

CERTIFICATION

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

BCA Green Mark Scorecard

WORK SAMPLES

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

WORK SAMPLES

RNL Work Samples NREL RSF I

Golden, Colorado, United States National Renewable Energy Laboratory Research Support Building 20,624 m2 ENERGY

EUI: 110 kWh/m2/year EUI: 0 kWh/m2/year (w/PV)

PHOTOVOLTAICS Total: 1.6 MWp

ENERGY SAVINGS (Before PV) 6,125 MWh/y

STRATEGIES

- Building orientation optimized - Labyrinth thermal storage - Transpired solar collectors - Daylighting - Triple glazed, operable windows with individual sunshades - Precast concrete insulated panels - Radiant heating and cooling - Underfloor ventilation - Energy efficient data center and workstations - On-site solar energy system

Denver, Colorado, United States Office Building 50,632 m2 Office; 44,6 m2 Retail; 22,967 m2 Garage ENERGY

EUI: 145kWh/m2/year

ENERGY SAVINGS 4,957 MWh/y

STRATEGIES

- Underfloor Air Distribution (UFAD) - Waste heat recovery - Full economizer capability on air systems - Daylighting - Plug loads reduced to .75 watts/sf - Lighting loads reduced to 1.10 watts/sf - 12,000sf vegetative roof deck - irrigation reduction by 60% - 100% storm water detention w/water quality enhancement - Low flow fixtures + waterless urinals reduce water over 40% - Low VOC emitting materials

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

1800 Larimer

WORK SAMPLES

RNL Work Samples

RWDI Work Samples King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KUAST) Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia University Campus

STRATEGIES

-Buildings are specifically located and grouped to passively manage the microclimate and reduce energy demand. - Solar towers use the sun and prevailing winds to improve thermal comfort. -Monumental roof shielding the campus buildings, reduces solar loads. -Solar thermal arrays for hot water heating -Rooftop photovoltaic solar plants. -Atria and courtyards provide natural daylight and facilitate natural ventilation. -Light colored paving to reflect heat, and shaded trellises improve comfort and reduce heat-island effect. -Rainwater harvesting and low-irrigation landscaping to reduce water consumption. -Heat wheel energy recovery . -Chilled beams for thermally dominant areas . -Under-floor air distribution systems in office and administration areas. -High-efficiency lighting with daylight and occupancy sensors. -Demand-based dedicated outdoor air systems with carbon dioxide monitoring and control. -Electric Segway sharing program for short-distance travel and an electric vehicle sharing program for longer-distance travel.

Masdar City

United Arab Emirates Modern Arabian City Focused on Sustainable Urban Development

STRATEGIES

City is shaped with regards to the sun and prevailing winds to passively manage the microclimate and reduce energy demand. Wind towers to improve outdoor thermal comfort. Building performance optimization: efficient envelope and systems, smart building management. Stringent building efficiency guidelines for insulation, low-energy lighting, the percentage of glazing (i.e., windows), optimizing natural light, and installing smart appliances.

SINGAPORE net zero building case study

RWDI Work Samples

10MW solar photovoltaic plant.

Evacuated tube solar collectors to provide domestic hot water. Concentrated solar and geothermal heat to run absorption chillers. Water-use reduction technologies: highly efficient fittings, fixtures and appliances, smart water meters. Treated wastewater is 100% recycled for use in landscaping, Public transport system of electric buses, electric cars, and other clean-energy vehicles. Personal Rapid Transit (PRT) and Freight Rapid Transit (FRT) system of electricpowered, automated, single-cabin vehicles. Utility management integration to monitor and manage citywide consumption of power and water, and CO2 generation. Pedestrian-friendly city with narrow streets, large vehicle-free neighborhoods, reliance on public versus private transportation, largely shaded walkways, integrated planning and self-sufficient neighborhoods.

WORK SAMPLES

Building integrated photovoltaics.

RWDI Work Samples University of California Irvine Medical Education Building Irvine, California Medical Teaching Facility

STRATEGIES

-Zoning for mixed-mode ventilation strategy. -Solar chimneys to improve thermal comfort. -Low-e window glazing. -Reflective roof and paving surfaces. -Shades and sunscreens to reduce solar loads. -Carbon dioxide monitoring. -Low-flow plumbing fixtures. -Construction waste recycling. -Building is oriented to maximize natural daylighting .

WORK SAMPLES

SINGAPORE net zero building case study