Values for urbanism 2015

SpatialPlanning &Strategy

VALUES FOR URBANISM URBANISM Challenge(the(future

we have to embrace an expanded understanding of what design is.

2

CONTENTS • Why discuss values in planning?

• where can we find the intrinsic values of

urbanism and planning?

• The evolution of the rule of law in Europe =

meaning of planning in modern liberal democracies

1. Why discuss values in planning?

SIR PETER HALL SAID:

BIJLMERMEER, AMSTERDAM

PRUITT窶的GOE, SAINT LOUIS, MISSOURI

PLANNERS AND DESIGNERS DO NOT “MAKE” CITIES. THEY ARE ONE OF THE AGENTS THAT ACT IN ORDER TO STEER THE CITY

PLANNERS AND DESIGNERS DO NOT “MAKE” CITIES. THEY ARE ONE OF THE AGENTS THAT ACT IN ORDER TO STEER THE CITY

What is planning?

DESIGN aesthetic /function

social Sciences ethics/ values/ideas/

URBANISM

Physical sciences technique

THESE ISSUES ARE INTIMATELY CONNECTED TO THE OBJECTIVES OF PLANNING: • • • •

WHAT IS PLANNING FOR?

PROFIT* PROSPERITY

sustainability

PLANET

PEOPLE

We are replacing ‘profit’ by ‘prosperity’. Prosperity is a much more inclusive term than ‘profit’

WHAT IS A GOOD PLANNER?* * This is part of an exercise proposed by Peter Kroes - TBM <P.A.Kroes@tudelft.nl>

SEVERAL MEANINGS OF ‘GOOD’

CONCLUSION: WE NEED TO TALK ABOUT THE ETHICAL DIMENSION

2. where can we find the intrinsic values of urbanism and planning?

PLANNERS ARE PART OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS OF GOVERNANCE

THE RULE OF LAW IS THE FRAMEWORK

Rule of Law

THE RULE OF LAW •

THE RULE OF LAW IS WHERE SPATIAL PLANNING AND DESIGN ARE LOCATED: THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF CITIZENS, THE GOVERNMENT AND BUSINESS ARE EXPRESSED IN POLICIES, REGULATION S AND URBAN LAWS

3. The evolution of the rule of law in Europe = the meaning of planning in modern liberal democracies

THE RULE OF LAW: •

RELIGIOUS AND TRADITIONAL BELIEFS ARE A KIND OF ‘LAW’, BUT THEY CREATE NO CITIZENSHIP

RELIGION CAN IN FACT BE A FACTOR TO ‘EXCLUDE’ PEOPLE FROM FULL CITIZENSHIP (IN THE CASE OF RELIGIOUS MINORITIES) PORTUGAL AND SPAIN DURING THE INQUISITION AND MODERN-DAY SAUDI ARABIA ARE EXAMPLES OF CITIZENSHIP CONDITIONED TO A DOMINANT RELIGION. IN SHORT, RELIGIOUS VALUES ARE CERTAINLY VERY IMPORTANT, BUT THEY DON’T CONFER ‘RIGHTS’ TO CITIZENS. ONLY AN ORGANISED STATE CAN ESTABLISH THE RULE OF LAW AND ALLOW FOR CITIZENS TO CLAIM FOR RIGHTS.

EARLY EXPERIMENTS WITH LAW AND RIGHTS: THE CODE OF HAMMURABI 1772 BC

THE GREEK POLIS

WESTERN CIVILISATION HAS AN ENORMOUS DEBT TO ANCIENT GREECE, WHERE THE FIRST FORM OF DEMOCRACY AROSE. HOWEVER, DEMOCRACY IN GREECE WAS VERY DIFFERENT THAN MODERN DAY’S DEMOCRACY: FOREIGNERS, SLAVES AND WOMEN WERE COMPLETELY EXCLUDED FROM DEMOCRACY.

THE ROMAN WORLD

THERE WAS A VERY LIMITED FORM OF DEMOCRACY IN THE ROMAN REPUBLIC. BUT THE ROMANS REALLY BROUGHT ABOUT THE NOTION OF CITIZENSHIP AND THE STATE. TO BE A ROMAN CITIZEN MEANT THAT ONE ENJOYED THE PROTECTION OF THE STATE AND BELONGED TO A COMMUNITY OF MEN AND WOMEN WHO BELIEVED IN CERTAIN IDEALS. THIS WAS CALLED THE PAX ROMANA.

pax romana

THE ROMAN LEGAL SYSTEM WAS INCREDIBLY SOPHISTICATED AND COMPLEX. ALTHOUGH RULERS WERE MOSTLY ABOVE THE LAW, THEY ALSO HAD TO RESPECT THE LAW IN SOME WAYS. THE ROMAN SAYING “DURA LEX, SED LEX” (THE LAW IS HARD BUT IT IS THE LAW) EXPRESSES THIS VALUE. BUT MANY GROUPS WERE NOT PROTECTED BY THE LAW AND HAD NO RIGHTS (FOREIGNERS, SLAVES ETC).

the greeks and the romans had â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;exclusive citizenshipâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. not everybody had the same rights.

THE RULE OF LAW AS WE KNOW IT TODAY HAD A LONG WAY TO GO IN WESTERN EUROPE AND THEN THE WORLD

IMPORTANT MILESTONES For the development of the rule of law in the west and inclusive citizenship • • •

THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT (OR THE “AGE OF REASON”): C. 1650-1700

DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN (1789) • •

•

FOR THE DECLARATION OF 1789, RIGHTS ARE • • • •

ALL ARE EQUAL IN DUTIES AND RIGHTS •

THIS IS REVOLUTIONARY BECAUSE...

•

We are not amused!

• The ‘Law is King’ as opposed to the ‘King is the

MODERN DEMOCRACY BORN

ELECTORAL DEMOCRACIES TODAY

SYSTEMS OF GOVERNANCE TODAY

DEMOCRACY ON THE RISE

THE EUROPEAN UNION IS THE MOST INNOVATIVE AND BOLD EXPERIMENT IN HUMAN GOVERNMENT “The [European] Union is founded on the values of : respect for human dignity, liberty, democracy, equality, the rule of law and

respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities” (European Commission, 2003)

A CONSEQUENCE OF MODERN DEMOCRACY AND THE NEED TO REGULATE THE DUTIES AND RIGHTS OF ALL CITIZENS IN THE CITY IS MODERN PLANNING

MODERN PLANNING REGULATE ACCESS AND USE OF LAND, TO MAXIMISE THE USE OF PUBLIC RESOURCES IN INFRASTRUCTURES, TO PROMOTE ECONOMIC PROSPERITY, SOCIAL WELL-BEING AND THE SUSTAINABLE AND FAIR USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES.

SPATIAL PLANNING IS THE RULE OF LAW ORGANIZING SPACE AND DISTRIBUTING RESOURCES AND PUBLIC GOODS THE BEST WAY)

BUT SOMEHOW, THE LACK OF PLANNING SEEMS TO PRODUCE EVEN WORSE SITUATIONS, WHERE RESOURCES ARE NOT USED IN A RATIONAL WAY: MIGINGO IS A TINY ROCK ISLAND, LESS THAN HALF-AN-ACRE OR ABOUT HALF THE SIZE OF A FOOTBALL FIELD, LOCATED IN LAKE VICTORIA, THE LARGEST LAKE IN AFRICA AND THE LARGEST TROPICAL LAKE IN THE WORLD.

SOMETIMES PLANNING ALSO CREATES OR EMPHASIZES DIFFERENCES

BUT IT DOES A GREAT JOB MEDIATING CONFLICT A4 ZUID HOLLAND

PROBLEMS PERSIST WHERE THE RULE OF LAW IS NOT STRONG AND WHERE CITIZENS DO NOT HAVE ACCESS TO RIGHTS

BUT WHERE THE RULE OF LAW IS STRONG, WHERE DEMOCRACY IS MATURE AND THERE IS ACCOUNTABILITY, IT MAXIMISES AND ORGANISES RESOURCES

IT CREATES PUBLIC GOODS AND DISTRIBUTES RESOURCES

SPATIAL PLANNING: • • • •

THE RULE OF LAW CAN BE CLEARLY TRANSLATED INTO SPATIAL FORM RIGHTS AND PUBLIC GOODS ARE MORE EVENLY DISTRIBUTED (ALTHOUGH THIS IS NOT ALWAYS THE CASE)

BUT WHERE THE RULE OF LAW IS WEAK, THERE IS A CLEAR DEFICIT OF CITIZENS RIGHTS AND ACCOUNTABILITY FROM THE AUTHORITIES. THIS IS REFLECTED IN SPACE AND ON THE WAY PUBLIC GOODS ARE NOT WELL DISTRIBUTED AND EVEN CREATED.

SpatialPlanning &Strategy

THANKS FOR WATCHING & LISTENING!

Challenge(the(future